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A Geomorphological and Sedimentological Approach To A Geomorphological and Sedimentological Approach to Understanding the Glacial Deposits of the Lake Clearwater Basin, Mid Canterbury, New Zealand. A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment Of the requirements for the degree Of Master of Science in Geology In the University of Canterbury By M. D. Evans University of Canterbury 2008 - 1 - A springtime view of Mt Potts taken from across Lake Clearwater. - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ..................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables ...................................................................................................... 8 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 General Introduction ……………………………………………….. 10 1.2 The Study Area …………………………………………………….. 12 1.2.1 Geological Setting ……………………………………….. 13 1.2.2 The Catchment …………………………………………… 15 1.2.3 The Rangitata River ……………………………………... 16 1.2.4 The Clearwater Basin …………………………………..... 17 1.2.5 Glacial Ice in the System ………………………………… 17 1.3 Objectives of this study …………………………………………..... 17 1.4 Thesis Layout ………………………………………………………. 18 Chapter 2 A Review of New Zealand’s Glacial Literature 2.1 Historic Literature ...........................................……………………. 20 2.2 Recent Glacial Research in New Zealand (1958 to Present) …….. 21 2.2.1 North West Nelson ……………………………………… 23 2.2.2 The Hope-Waiau Valley, North Canterbury ……………. 24 2.2.3 The Waimakariri Basin ………………………………….. 25 2.2.4 The Rakaia River, Mid Canterbury ……………………… 26 2.2.5 The Lake Heron Basin, Mid Canterbury ………………… 27 2.2.6 The Lake Clearwater Basin, Mid Canterbury …………… 29 - 1 - Chapter 3 Geomorphological Features of the Clearwater Basin 3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………… 33 3.2 Methodology ………………………………………………………. 33 3.3 Non Depositional Landforms ……………………………………… 34 3.3.1 Fault Traces ……………………………………………… 34 3.3.2 Trimlines ………………………………………………… 36 3.3.3 Lake Basins ……………………………………………… 36 3.4 Depositional Landforms …………………………………………… 39 3.4.1 Alluvial Fans …………………………………………….. 39 3.4.2 Colluvial Deposits ……………………………………….. 39 3.4.3 Landslide Deposits ………………………………………. 40 3.4.4 Kame Deposits ……………………………………………. 42 3.4.5 Kettle Features (Kettle Holes) …………………………… 43 3.4.6 Eskers and/or Esker-like Drainage Features .……………. 44 3.4.7 Moraine Deposits ………………………………………… 46 3.4.8 Glacio-fluvial and Outwash Surfaces .…………………… 51 3.5 Sub Glacial Bedforms ……………………………………………… 54 3.5.1 Fluting ……………………………………………………. 54 3.6 Geomorphological Interpretation .………………………………… 55 Chapter 4 Sedimentology of the Clearwater Basin 4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………… 63 4.2 Sedimentary Logging Techniques …………………………………. 63 4.3 IRSL Dating Methods ……………………..………………………... 64 4.4 The Upper Potts River Outcrop . ..………………………………….. 65 4.4.1 Upper Potts Outcrop Unit Descriptions ………………….. 68 4.4.2 Upper Potts Outcrop Unit Interpretation ………………… 76 - 2 - 4.5 The Lower Potts River Outcrop …………………………………… 79 4.5.1 Lower Potts River Unit Descriptions ……………………. 81 4.5.2 Lower Potts River Unit Interpretation …………………… 84 4.6 The Lake Emma Moraine Complex ……………………………….. 85 4.6.1 The Lake Emma Moraine Complex Unit Descriptions ….. 87 4.6.2 The Lake Emma Moraine Complex Unit Interpretation … 93 4.7 The Hakatere Gravel Pit Outcrop ………………………………….. 96 4.7.1 The Hakatere Gravel Pit Unit Descriptions ……………… 98 4.7.2 The Hakatere Gravel Pit Unit Interpretation …………….. 100 4.8 Sedimentological Summary ………………………………………… 101 Chapter 5 Surface Exposure Dating (SED) of the Clearwater Basin Glacial Deposits 5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………… 103 5.2 Sample Collection …………………………………………………. 103 5.3 Sample Preparation an Isotope Measurement ……………………… 107 5.4 Data Correction ……………………………………………………. 109 5.5 Results ……………………………………………………………… 109 5.6 Summary and Conclusions ………………………………………… 113 Chapter 6 Discussion and Conclusions 6.1 Discussion …………………………………………………………. 116 6.2 Conclusions …………………………..………………………….... 121 6.3 Recommendations for Further study ………………………………. 123 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………… 125 References …………………………………………………………………….. 126 - 3 - List of Figures Chapter 1 Fig. 1.1. Study area location map. Fig. 1.2. Interpretation of fault traces. Fig. 1.3. Outline of the study area and its proximity to the Rangitata River. Chapter 2 Fig. 2.1. A summary of the cosmogenic sampling (1-9) and the terminal ice positions in the Upper Cobb Valley. Fig. 2.2. Summary of Late Pleistocene terminal ice positions in the Rakaia Valley after Soons 1963. Fig. 2.3. Summary of the terminal ice positions in the Rangitata River and the Clearwater Basin after Mabin 1980. Chapter 3 Fig. 3.1. The Lake Heron fault trace in the Clearwater Basin. Fig. 3.2. The extent of the Lake Clearwater landslide. Fig. 3.3. Outline of the landslide deposit near Lake Denny. Fig. 3.4a The kane terraces along the eastern flanks of Mt Guy. Fig. 3.4b Heavily channelled kane desposits, north of Lake Clearwater. Fig. 3.5. Harpers Knob viewed from the upper Potts River. Fig. 3.6. Kettled surface east of Lake Roundabout. Fig. 3.7. Esker-like drainage features in the Spider Lakes area. Fig. 3.8. Esker-like drainage features at Lake Roundabout. Fig. 3.9a The Hakatere and Spider Lakes advance deposits after Mabin 1980. Fig. 3.9b A view across the Spider Lakes 3 deposits. Fig. 3.10. View looking eastward along a small bolder lined ridge crest. Fig. 3.11. Hummocky terrain near the outlet of Lake Clearwater. Fig. 3.12. Fronto-lateral and lateral moraine positions in the Clearwater Basin. Fig. 3.13. A large lateral moraine in the upper Potts area. Fig. 3.14. A large lateral moraine in the Paddle Creek area. - 4 - Fig. 3.15. Glaciofluvial terraces in the upper northwest corner of the field area. Fig. 3.16. Outwash surfaces and fluvial channels of the Spider Lakes 1 moraines. Fig. 3.17. An ice over run, fluted surface near Lake Emma. Fig. 3.18. Meltwater reversal in the Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 3.19. The location of the Spider Lakes 4 moraines. Fig. 3.20. Lateral meltwater channels on the flanks of Mt Guy. Fig. 3.21. The Lake Clearwater moraines. Fig. 3.22. Location of a Lake Clearwater recessional moraine. Fig. 3.23. Glaciofluvial terraces that mark a reversal of drainage and the end of active ice processes in the basin. Chapter 4 Fig. 4.1. The upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.2. Stratigraphic log of the upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.3. Stratigraphic log displaying the clast and fabric data of the upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.4. Large gravel lense in unit 1, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.5a Dispersed intraclasts of unit 1, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.5b Small fold hinges in unit 1, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.5c Fault structures in unit 1, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.5d Bed deformation in unit 1, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.6. Angular diamicton, unit 2, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.7a Flame structures, unit 3, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.7b Contact between units 2 and 3, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.8. Sharp contact between units 3 and 4, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.9. Extensive gravels of unit 5, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.10. Cross bedded, coarse dune sands of unit 6, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.11. Large angular boulders of unit 7, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.12a Glacitectonite in unit 9, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.12b Enlargement of the lineated structure of the glacitectonite, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.13. Unit 10, upper Potts River outcrop. - 5 - Fig. 4.14. Unit 11, upper Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.15. The lower Potts River outcrop Fig. 4.16. Stratigraphic log for the lower Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.17a Wide angle view of the lower Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.17b A 1m high section of a deformed sand lense Fig. 4.17c Lineated fractures in unit 1, lower Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.17d Enlargement of the lineated fractures of unit 1, lower Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.18. Contorted sediments of unit 2, lower Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.19. A 46cm long, enlarged section of unit 3, lower Potts River outcrop. Fig. 4.20. The locations of three outcrops in the Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.21. Stratigraphic logs of the three Lake Emma outcrops. Fig. 4.22a Outcrop 1 of the Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.22b Orange staining in the sediments of unit 1, Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.22c An dropstone in unit 1, Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.23a Cross bedded sand lense in gravel, unit 1-2, Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.23b The range of clast sizes in unit 1-2, Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.24a Truncated gravels, unit 1-2,2-2 boundary, Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.24b Cross bedded and ripple cross laminated sands, unit 2-2, Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.25a Unit 3-2, Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.25b Granule beds in unit 3-2, Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.26a Climbing ripples in unit 1-3, Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.26b Intraclasts in unit 1-3, Lake Emma moraine complex. Fig. 4.27a Deformed gravels, unit 1-3, Lake Emma moraine complex Fig. 4.27b Circular pattern of deformation in gravel, unit 1-3, Lake Emma moraine complex Fig. 4.28. Fence diagram of the Lake Emma moraine complex outcrops. - 6 - Fig. 4.29. The Hakatere Gravel Pit Exposure. Fig. 4.30. Stratigraphic log for the Hakatere Gravel Pit outcrop. Fig. 4.31a Open work gravels of unit 1, Hakatere Gravel Pit. Fig. 4.31b Planar bedded, coarse sands and gravels, unit 1, Hakatere Gravel Pit. Fig. 4.32a Stratified gravels of unit 2, Hakatere Gravel Pit. Fig. 4.32b Stratified gravels of unit 2, Hakatere Gravel Pit. Fig. 4.33 Coarse boulder sized clasts, unit 3, Hakatere Gravel Pit. Fig. 4.34 The focussing of proglacial drainage towards the Hakatere Gravel Pit site. Chapter 5 Fig. 5.1. Location of sites from which cosmogenic samples were obtained. Fig. 5.2a Rock from which sample RAN-LCR-3 was taken.
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