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High Country Lakes Technical Report 2020

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High Country Lakes Technical Report 2020 Canterbury high-country lakes monitoring programme – state and trends, 2005-2019 Report No. R20/50 ISBN 978-1-99-002707-9 (print) 978-1-99-002708-6 (web) Tina Bayer Adrian Meredith September 2020 Canterbury high-country lakes monitoring programme – state and trends, 2005-2019 Report No. R20/50 ISBN 978-1-99-002707-9 (print) 978-1-99-002708-6 (web) Tina Bayer Adrian Meredith September 2020 Name Date Prepared by: Tina Bayer & Adrian Meredith May 2019 Internal reviewed by: Graeme Clarke June 2019 & August 2020 External review by: David Kelly- Cawthron Institute July 2019 Approved by: Tim Davie October 2020 Director Science Group Report No. R20/50 ISBN 978-1-99-002707-9 (print) 978-1-99-002708-6 (web) 200 Tuam Street PO Box 345 Christchurch 8140 Phone (03) 365 3828 Fax (03) 365 3194 75 Church Street PO Box 550 Timaru 7940 Phone (03) 687 7800 Fax (03) 687 7808 Website: www.ecan.govt.nz Customer Services Phone 0800 324 636 Canterbury high-country lakes monitoring programme – state and trends, 2005-2019 Executive summary Background: Canterbury’s high-country lakes are highly valued for their biodiversity values and cultural significance, as well as recreation and visual amenities. Several of our high-country lakes are still relatively undisturbed ecosystems with significantly intact ecological values. However, with increasing development and land use intensification, as well as changes in climate, some of our lakes have undergone, or are likely to undergo, significant changes in level regimes, water quality, and ecological condition. The problem: Before establishing the high-country lakes monitoring programme in 2005, we had limited knowledge about the state of our high-country lakes and could not consistently assess potential changes in lake water quality and lake ecological condition. What we did: We sampled more than 30 of our high-country lakes each summer (December-May) from 2005 (or 2008) to 2019 for nutrients, algal biomass and turbidity. The lakes were also surveyed for their ecological condition, i.e. state of the community of aquatic plants (macrophytes) and presence of exotic weed beds, at regular intervals. This report presents a summary of the state and trends in water quality in Canterbury’s high-country lakes with respect to Trophic Level Index (TLI), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), phytoplankton biomass (chl-a) and turbidity, as well as condition of the aquatic macrophyte community (LakeSPI) and recreational water quality (E. coli). Where information on lake cultural health was available, it was also included. What we found: Our large, deep lakes generally have very good water quality. Of the small to medium sized lakes, the majority (20 out of 25 lakes) have nutrient concentrations or algal biomass that are now above the objectives set in the Canterbury Land and Water Regional Plan. While the condition of the five large, low-nutrient lakes (such as Lakes Ōhau and Sumner) has remained steady or improved, the water quality of 10 of the 25 smaller lakes is deteriorating (i.e. concentrations of either nutrients, phytoplankton biomass and/or TLI were increasing). Many lakes with deteriorating water quality are located in the Ashburton Lakes Area and the Upper Waimakariri. Lakes of concern include Lakes Pearson, Grasmere, Denny, Clearwater, Heron and Kellands Pond. Lake Denny, Kellands Pond and the Māori Lakes in particular have significant agricultural sources of nutrients in their catchments. In about half of the surveyed lakes the macrophyte community was in high or excellent condition (according to LakeSPI classification). Slightly more lakes are improving in ecological condition than deteriorating. Popular swimming lakes that were monitored for recreational water quality were generally safe to swim in. Out of 11 lakes currently assessed for cultural health only two were found to be in poor cultural health, the remainder was approximately equally divided between moderate and good. What does it mean? Increasing trends in nutrients, turbidity and/or phytoplankton biomass, and the failure of many smaller lakes to meet the water quality objectives set in the Canterbury Land and Water Regional Plan, highlight the importance to further minimise or reduce nutrient and sediment losses to lakes, particularly in the Sensitive Lake Zones outlined in the Canterbury Land and Water Regional Plan. This report also highlights some limitations of our current high-country lake monitoring programme. We recommend a review of the high-country lakes monitoring programme to identify opportunities to address these limitations. Environment Canterbury Technical Report i Canterbury high-country lakes monitoring programme – state and trends, 2005-2019 How we have considered climate change: Water quality in our high-country lakes is influenced by local climate, and climate change is likely to impact long-term water quality and aquatic ecosystem health. However, this report only analyses 15 years of data, and thus, it is not an assessment of the long-term impacts of climate change on our high-country lakes. ii Environment Canterbury Technical Report Canterbury high-country lakes monitoring programme – state and trends, 2005-2019 Table of contents Executive summary ................................................................................................... i 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 2 Methods .......................................................................................................... 2 3 Limitations of current sampling programme ............................................. 15 4 High-country lakes state and trends .......................................................... 16 4.1 Regional climate summary, 2004-2019 ....................................................................... 16 4.2 Hurunui – Waiau Water Management Zone ................................................................ 17 4.2.1 Loch Katrine – Waitetemoroiti ......................................................................... 17 4.2.2 Lake Sumner - Hoka Kura .............................................................................. 21 4.2.3 Lake Taylor ..................................................................................................... 25 4.2.4 Lake Sheppard ................................................................................................ 29 4.2.5 Lake Marion .................................................................................................... 31 4.2.6 Lake Mason ..................................................................................................... 33 4.3 Selwyn – Waihora Water Management Zone .............................................................. 35 4.3.1 Lake Sarah ...................................................................................................... 39 4.3.2 Lake Grasmere ............................................................................................... 43 4.3.3 Lake Pearson - Moana Rua ............................................................................ 49 4.3.4 Lake Hawdon .................................................................................................. 54 4.3.5 Lake Lyndon .................................................................................................... 58 4.3.6 Lake Georgina................................................................................................. 62 4.3.7 Lake Ida .......................................................................................................... 66 4.3.8 Lake Selfe ....................................................................................................... 70 4.3.9 Lake Coleridge ................................................................................................ 74 4.3.10 Lake Evelyn ..................................................................................................... 80 4.3.11 Lake Catherine ................................................................................................ 82 4.3.12 Lake Henrietta ................................................................................................. 83 4.4 Ashburton Management Water Zone........................................................................... 85 4.4.1 Lake Emily ....................................................................................................... 89 4.4.2 Māori Lake (East/Front) - Ō Tū Wharekai (East) ............................................ 92 4.4.3 Māori Lake (West/Back) - Ō Tū Wharekai (West) .......................................... 97 4.4.4 Lake Denny ................................................................................................... 100 4.4.5 Lake Heron - Ō Tū Roto ................................................................................ 104 4.4.6 Lake Emma – Kirihonuhonu .......................................................................... 108 4.4.7 Lake Camp – Ōtautari ................................................................................... 112 4.4.8 Lake Clearwater - Te Puna a Taka ............................................................... 117 4.5 Orari Temuka Opihi Pareora Water Management Zone ............................................ 122 4.5.1 Lake Opuha ................................................................................................... 122 4.6 Upper Waitaki Water Management Zone .................................................................
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