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Keresan Pueblos and Chaco Canyon

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Keresan Pueblos and Chaco Canyon KERESAN PUEBLOS AND CHACO CANYON Speculations on Language Identity, Puebloan Cultures, and Southwestern Prehistory Jay Miller, Ph. D. 2007 Native Communities of the Southwest KERES (Keresic) TANOANS YUMANS Cochiti TEWA Quechan Santo Domingo San Juan Cocopa San Felipe Santa Clara Mohave Santa Ana San Ildefonso Maricopa Sia Pojoaque Walapai Acoma Nambe Yavapai Laguna Tesuque Havasupai TANO Hano (at Hopi) PIMANS TIWA Pima (O'odam) Taos Papago (Tohono O'odam) Picuris Sandia ATHAPASKANS Isleta NAVAHO TOWA Eastern Jemez Western Pecos (at Jemez) APACHE Western Chiricahua ZUNI Mescalero Jicarilla Lipan HOPI (Numic) FIRST MESA Walpi Sichomovi Hano (TANO) SECOND MESA Shimopovi Shipaulovi Mishongnovi THIRD MESA Old Oraibi Kykotsmovi (New Oraibi) Hotevilla Bacavi Moenkopi Contents Chart: Native SW Communities 2 Contents 3 Acknowledgments 5 Glossary 6 Preface 10 INTRODUCTION (1) 17 Orientation 17 Sources 21 Theories 30 THE ORIGIN SAGA (2) 33 Composite 34 Analysis 43 Chart: Ethnography 50 ETHNOLOGY (3) 51 The Ego 51 Laterality 51 Colors 52 Shapes 52 Language 52 The Social Ego 55 Town Officers 56 Priesthoods 57 Kivas 60 Biotic Contexts 62 3 The Towns 63 The Pueblos 68 Chart: Keres Indicators 72 ARCHAEOLOGY (4) 73 Power 74 The Archaic 79 Basketmakers 85 Chaco Phenomenon 97 Post-Chaco 118 Conclusions 121 CHACO AS WHITE HOUSE 124 Turning the Sun 128 November at the Southeast Corner 129 February at the Northeast Corner 132 Implications for Chaco 133 Periodic Rituals at Acoma 134 Southeast Corner 134 Katsina Battle 136 Signal Fires 139 Chaco, White House, Katsinas, and Beyond 140 Abbreviations 148 BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 – 164 4 Acknowledgements A life-long project incurs many debts, beginning with the Keres themselves, who allowed a child to witness the public aspects of their culture and encouraged him to be intrigued. James and Charlotte Toulouse and family made a place for me, and Carmie Lynn Toulouse, with a critical eye, has suffered through all the revisions of this manuscript. Laura Lee, Charlotte Mary, Jeremy Alan, Tamaya Lynn, Trent, Marie, Ella Mae, and many others also helped. As an undergraduate at the University of New Mexico, Stanley Newman, W.W. "Nibs" Hill, Philip Bock, Bruce Rigsby, and, especially, Florence Hawley Ellis and Mary Elizabeth Smith set my academic course. Outside the classroom, Cynthia Irwin-Williams and the Anasazi Origins Project gave me first-hand experience as an archaeologist on Sia Pueblo Land tracing over ten millennia of local developments. Later as an advisor at Salmon Ruin, I was introduced to Chaco outliers and reoccupations. As a graduate student at Rutgers and Princeton, my dissertation, the basis for this monograph after twenty years of improvements, benefitted from the efforts of Robin Fox, my chair, Yehudi Cohen, Warren Shapiro, and Mark Leone. Margaret Bacon, Jane Lancaster, and Martin Silverman gave encouragement. Alfonso Ortiz advised me throughout, often by providing the contrasting Tewa example. Along the way, Esther Goldfrank and Karl Wittfogel fed and cared for me. Merle Williams and Richard O'Connell provided timely support. My parents and siblings aided as needed, as did fellow students Janet Pollak, Michele Teitelbaum, Cheryl Wase, Edward Deal, Nina Versaggi, Nancy Trembly, Kenneth Wilkie, Fiona Anders?, Corinne Black, Karen and Tom Reynolds, John and Luceen Dunn and family, Glenn and Dorothy Williams and family, Andrew and Nancy Core and family, and Roland Wildman. Over the years, Alfonso Ortiz, Elizabeth Brandt, Wick Miller, Tom Windes, Anna Sofaer, and John Stein offered insightful comments. Along the way, elders of the Delaware, Lushootseed, Tsimshian, Colville, and Creek tribes have provided a comparative perspective on the long time frame of Keresan prehistory and culture. Many thanks to all of them. 5 Glossary GLOSSARY Anasazi = The array of archaeological sites and remains -- distributed in Arizona, New Mexico, and adjacent portions of Utah, Colorado, and Mexico -- ancestral to modern Pueblos. Conventionally spanning 2500 years, the sequence is divided into stages of Basketmaker (I, II, III) and Pueblo (I, II, III, IV, V). Other comparable Southwestern archaeological traditions were the Mogollon, Hohokam, and Hakatayan. Archaic = Archaeological time when people lived in camps or rock shelters and used only stone tools to hunt and gather food. Aztec-Tanoan = A segment of the Uto-Aztecan stock spread from New to Old Mexico. Basketmaker = Archaeological periods before people used pottery. Benavides, Fr. Alonso = Official Visitor to the New Mexico missions and missionary among the Rio Grande Pueblos and Navahos, who wrote an Memorial about the missions in 1630. Clan = A kinship grouping traced through the mother or the father and named for a plant, animal, or other entity from nature or culture. Most Pueblos have matrilineal clans, traced through mothers and daughters. Therefore, a man is more closely related to his sister's children than to his own and, as mother's brother, had primary responsibility to train and discipline his nieces and nephews. Cochise = Archaic period complex of southern Arizona, ancestral to Mogollon. Context = A three-part relationship basic to the organization of Keresan culture. The outside, inside, and center are each occupied by members as symbolic expressions of Man, Woman, or both. Entrada = Spanish word for the arrival or entrance of expeditions into the New World. Esoteric = Sacred and secret information protected by leading members of priesthoods and clans to enable them to sustain their members and conduct proper religious observances. Gauwatsaishoma = The hole in our earth that leads through three underworlds to Shipop. Gender = The cultural concepts related to males and females. Gomaiyawish = Spirits who act as scouts. Red ones are friendly, but white ones are not. They look like Zuni Mudheads. Gowiye = The official successor of the cacique. Hakatayan = Archaeological tradition of the upper Colorado River between Arizona and California leading to the Yumans. Hohokam = Archaeological tradition of southern Arizona leading to the Pimans (O'otam). Hokan = a stock or collection of remotely related native languages spoken by widely scattered populations in California and southern Mexico. Hosta Butte = tabletop mesa south of Chaco Canyon whose name is applied to scattered, unit, Bc, or small house ruins found throughout the Southwest. Glossary Hydraulic = Waterworks to enable irrigation either by diversion to channel runoff or by conservation to retain it in reservoirs or some combination of both. I = Iatiku, spirit of the Earth, who is represented by the perfect cornear fetish of initiated priests. Iyanyi = Keresic term for the all-pervasive, powerful energy animating the universe. Katsina = Spirits, both males and females, who live under a lake in the west and bring rain to Pueblos who perform masked dances in their honor. Keres = Seven modern Pueblo towns in central New Mexico. Keresan = Comparative term for all the towns. Keresic = The language of these towns, lacking any closely related languages, although a distant origin with the Hokan stock has been proposed. Kiva = A religious building or church, which evolved from the pithouse, used by modern Pueblos. Either round or square, it is entered by a ladder through a hatchway in the roof to represent the emergence from the underworlds. On the floor are a hearth, standing slab altar, and a sipapu hole. Around the sides is a built-in bench, called the "fog seat" to represent billowing clouds, where sacred items are kept. Modern towns have large moiety kivas and smaller chambers used by the priesthoods. Archaeological kivas include the Great Kiva, which served a community, and regional styles known as Chaco, with a subfloor ventilator, or Mesa Verde, with a keyhole shape. Kiva Wing = An alignment linking together certain priesthoods, clans, and buildings to articulate the organization of a Keres town. Kopishtaiya = Celibate spirits who live in the east. Koshari = Sacred clowns of winter, painted in black and white bands, who were the first of the managing priesthoods (See p 55). Kwirena = Sacred clowns of summer, each side painted a different color, with sparrow hawk feathers in the hair (See p 55). Linebreak = The gap in the painted line that rims the lip of a pot. McElmo = Archaeological style associated with Mesa Verde, from the canyon of the same name. Maiyanyi = Spirits of the earth. Marked = Specific instance of a relationship in which the generic example is called unmarked. For Keresans, Man is marked, exclusively manly, and Woman is unmarked, with both male and female attributes. Masawi = Elder war god twin and senior war captain. Mesa Verde = Archaeological style of southwestern Colorado, noted for its cliff-dwelling ruins in caverns in the canyon walls. Moiety = A kinship or social group that divides a society into two halves or sides. Tewa moieties are called Summer and Winter. Glossary Mogollon = Archaeological tradition along the border of Arizona and New Mexico noted for its brownware pottery. N = Younger sister at Shipop during the creation and later patron of Europeans and Navahos. Variant spellings include Naotsiti, Nutsityi, Nowutset, or Nowshsiti (See p 45). Numic = Native language family throughout the Great Basin of Nevada and Utah. Opi = War or Warrior priesthood. Oshara = Archaeological sequence within the Anasazi tradition distinctive of the Keresans. Oyoyewi = Younger war god twin and second war captain. Pecos = Important Towa ruin, easternmost of the Pueblos, excavated by Alfred
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