International Federation of Journalists

Journalists and Media Staff Killed in 2000

An IFJ Report on Media Casualties in the Field of Journalism and Newsgathering

CONTENTS:

1. INTRODUCTION 2. COUNTRY BY COUNTRY ANALYSIS 3. CASES OF JOURNALISTS KILLED 4. CASES OF MEDIAWORKERS KILLED 5. CASES UNDER INVESTIGATION 6. INTERNATIONAL CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE SAFE CONDUCT OF JOURNALISM

Introduction

The year 2000 has been marked by a series of assassinations and targeted murders of journalists that highlight the dangers facing reporters everywhere. This annual list of journalists and mediaworkers killed during the year makes grim reading.

This is the tenth year of the publication of the IFJ Killed List and according to the 2000 Report, there were 62 killings, many of them directed against media exposing corruption or expressing political dissent.

The death toll speaks for itself and reveals how journalists risk their lives daily for expressing independent opinions and exposing wrongdoing. In every corner of the world journalists continue to pay a terrible price in the struggle for democracy.

There have been some positive developments this year. The recent decision by a number of major media to adopt a Code of Conduct for Safety for their staff illustrates that some media are taking very seriously the need to create safe working conditions for journalists. The Code, which has been agreed by the BBC, CNN, AP, Reuters and ITN takes up some of the elements of the IFJ’s own Code of Practice for the Safe Conduct of Journalism issued some years ago.

The IFJ’s report lists 37 journalists as having been killed as a result of their work, and details 20 cases as under investigation. The deaths of five media staff are also listed.

The Report highlights a number of dramatic examples of assassination: In Colombia, nine journalists have been targeted by paramilitary groups in the country’s long- running civil conflict; in Spain, Jose Luis Lopez de la Calle, an outspoken critic of the terrorist group ETA, was shot outside his home; in Pakistan, Sufi Mohammed Khan, a reporter who exposed local mafia was killed after death threats; in Mozambique, Carlos Cardoso, a campaigning editor, was gunned down in a military-style ambush; in Russia, Sergei Novikov, a radio station owner who made trenchant criticism of regional political leaders, was shot by a lone killer outside his home.

At the same time journalists covering war zones have continued to be in the firing line. One Palestinian journalist has been killed and about 30 injured in the Middle East conflict and two veteran reporters, Miguel Gil Moreno of AP and Kurt Schork of Reuters, were shot dead in a horrifying ambush in war-torn Sierra Leone.

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Country by Country Analysis

Country Journalists Mediaworkers Cases Under Killed Killed Investigation Bangladesh 2 Belarus 1 1 Brazil 1 Chechnya 3 Colombia 11 6 Democratic Republic of Congo 1 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1 1 Gambia 1 Georgia 1 Guatemala 1 Haiti 1 1 India 4 1 Iraq 1 1 Lebanon 1 Mexico 3 2 Mozambique 1 Netherlands 1 Pakistan 1 3 Palestine 1 Peru 1 1 Philippines 2 Russia 5 3 Sierra Leone 3 South Africa 1 1 Spain 1 Sri Lanka 2 Somalia 1 Tajikistan 1 Ukraine 1 1 United States of America 1 1 Uruguay 1 Zambia 1 1 Total 57 5 20

3

Regional Analysis

Region Journalists Killed Mediaworkers Total Killed Africa 9 9 Americas 20 1 21 Asia 11 3 14 Europe 15 15 Middle East 2 1 3 Total 57 5 62

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Bangladesh's southwestern border. Local sources said that at 8:00 p.m. (local time), as the journalist was Cases of Journalists Killed working at his office in the centre of Jessore, two unidentified men entered Country: BANGLADESH his office and fired two bullets at him. CASENR: 1 One bullet hit his heart and another his Name: Mir Illais Hossein head. He was alone in his office at the Nationality: Bangladeshi time. After hearing the gunshots, Profession: Publisher / Editor people rushed to his room and found News organ: Dainik Bir Darpan him in a pool of blood. He was rushed Sector: Press to Jessore general hospital where Date: 15 January 2000 doctors declared him dead. Age: Police suspect local mafia in this Source: RSF, WAN, IFEX, IPI Indian border province. The journalist Description: On 15 January, three had been reporting on the illegal masked attackers shot and killed Mir activities of a local mafia. He had also Illais Hossain in the city of Jhenaidah, investigated the Sarbahara Party, one Bangladesh. The journalist, also the of the leftist armed movements active leader of Sramajibi Mukti Andolon, a in the region. In March 1999, he leftist party, had apparently received escaped a murder attempt in Jessore. death threats a few weeks earlier from He had recently received death threats Maoist armed movements. In the by telephone. newspaper, he had regularly Additional: Shamsur Rahman Kebol denounced such underground was one of Bangladesh's senior movements. journalists. He earned his reputation as Mir Illais Hossain had recently sought an expert on Indian politics. He had a police protection after receiving death thorough knowledge of the smugglers' threats from extremist armed groups, syndicate active on the border with but this had not been provided. India. He investigated the extremist politics of the region, filed many Country: BANGLADESH stories for his paper and was the leader CASENR: 2 and an activist of the Jessore Union of Name: Shamsur Rahman Journalists (JUJ). The government Kebol recently ran a combing operation Nationality: Bangladeshi against extremist groups in the Profession: Journalist southwestern part of the country. News organ: Janakantha Shamsur Rahman Kebol received Sector: Press several death threats from the Date: 16 July 2000 smugglers' group as well as from Age: 43 extreme leftist groups. The home Source: CPJ, IFEX, EJC, OPC, affairs minister condemned this tragic Media Watch, WAN, RSF, BBC death and ordered local police to start Description: On the evening of 16 an investigation leading to the arrest of July, Shamsur Rahman Kebol, a the journalist's killers. special correspondent with the daily Janakantha and a contributor to the Country: BRAZIL Bengali service of the BBC, was shot CASENR: 3 dead in Jessore, a district town on Name: Zezinho Cazuza

5 Nationality: Brazilian problems, Yatsina was unable to move Profession: Journalist quickly. Approximately 5 kilometres News organ: Radio Xingo FM away from the village, gunmen shot Sector: Radio him dead. Date: 13 March 2000 His body has not been recovered yet, Age: slowing down the investigation Source: SINDIJOR, IFJ process. Description: Cazuza was shot and killed with a shotgun after leaving a Country: CHECHNYA party. Two days later, police arrested CASENR: 5 José Ferreira Melo. Melo confessed Name: Alexander Yefremov having killed Cazuza and handed over Nationality: Russian the weapon to the police. He also told Profession: Journalist police that he had been hired by Mayor Newsorgan: Nashe Vremya Galindo for R$ 3000 to kill Zezinho Sector: Press Cazuza. Mayor Galindo had already Date: 12 May 2000 paid Melo R$ 500. With the R$ 500 Age: Melo bought the shotgun and changed Source: EJC, Freedom Forum, two tyres on his car. The gunman has IFEX, RSF, WAN been emphatic about having been hired Description: Alexander Yefremov, a to kill the broadcaster. Russian reporter for Siberian Cazuza reported daily on his show newspaper Nashe Vremya, was about corruption and wrongdoings in travelling toward Grozny when the City Hall. jeep he was riding in was blown up near the village of Kirov. Two Russian Country: CHECHNYA police officers in the car with him were CASENR: 4 also killed. Name: Vladimir Yatsina Nationality: Russian Country: CHECHNYA Profession: Photographer CASENR: 6 Newsorgan: Itar-Tass Name: Adam Tepsurgayev Sector: News Agency Nationality: Chechen Date: 20 February 2000 Profession: Cameraman Age: 51 Newsorgan: Source: Itar-Tass, IFEX, IFJ, Sector: CPJ, EJC, The Independent, WAN, Date: 22 November 2000 COMTEX Age: 24 Description: Vladimir Yatsina was Source: EJC, AP, News24, RSF, kidnapped and taken to Chechnya in IFEX July 1999 while leaving the Ingushetia Description: Adam Tepsurgayev, a capital Nazran. A month later, freelance cameraman who worked for kidnappers contacted his family and a number of media including Reuters, demanded a ransom of two million was shot and killed in a house in the dollars. In November, they demanded town of Alkhan-Kala, ten kilometres the same amount from the TASS south of Grozny. According to management. statements by his brother, Ali According to an eyewitness account, Tepsurgayev, who was injured in the Yatsina was killed on February 20th as attack, armed men speaking a Chechen a group of hostages was being moved dialect burst into the house and started to the village of Shatoi. Due to health shooting.

6 Ali Tepsurgayev said that his brother Country: COLOMBIA had been killed as punishment for his CASENR: 8 work as a journalist. Reuters officials Name: Maria Elena Salinas in London said Mr Tepsurgayev had Gallego worked for them as a freelancer but Nationality: Colombian had not worked for them in more than Profession: Journalist six months. Newsorgan: Several months ago, Mr Tepsurgayev Sector: Radio provided video footage of a Chechen Date: 5 March 2000 rebel commander, Shamil Basayev, Age: having a leg amputated. Source: Prensa Libre, FIP, OPC, IPI, WAN, IFEX Country: COLOMBIA Description: On Sunday 5 March, CASENR: 7 journalist María Elena Salinas Gallego Name: Antonio Gomez was found dead in the correctional Gomez center, "The Capotal". The journalist's Nationality: Colombian body was found next to two guerrilla Profession: Journalist fighters from the National Liberation News organ: Ecos de la Sierra Army (Ejército de Liberación Sector: Radio Nacional, ELN) who were killed Date: 9 February 2000 during a confrontation with army Age: 60 troops. Source: FIP, Prensa Libre, Salinas was reported missing on IFEX, RSF, IFJ Thursday 2 March after she was Description: Gómez was shot to transferred to the Municipality of San death in his home, just moments after Carlos, to investigate the situation in watching television with his wife the department of Antioquia. Yaneth Castelar and twenty-five year She worked as a professor in the old daughter Diana. Faculty of Social Communications at The killers wore hoods and forced his the University of Medellín and also for wife and daughter to lie on the ground several of the city's radio programs. while they shot the journalist. Gómez, sixty years old, was the owner Country: COLOMBIA of the radio station Echos of the Sierra CASENR: 9 (Ecos de la Sierra), in Palmor, Name: Humberto Bueno municipality of Ciénaga-Magdalena, in Garces Angulo the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta. He Nationality: Colombian used his radio station to promote Profession: Journalist community action campaigns. He was Newsorgan: Presencia Colombiana also the head of a cable television Sector: Press service in the region, where groups Date: 18 March 2000 such as the Revolutionary Armed Age: 48 Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Source: Prensa Libre, FIP, IFJ, Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC), OPC, WAN, IPI, IFEX National Liberation Army (Ejercito de Description: Humberto Good Garcés Liberación Nacional, ELN) and the was murdered by unknown men in a Colombian United Self Defense groups disco in the area of Acopi-Yumbo in (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, the Valley of the Cauca. AUC) are active. He was shot five times.

7 A membership card of Reporters sans Source: Prensa Libre, IAPA, Frontieres, ripped in two, was found in AP, RSF, WAN, CPJ, EJC, FLIP his car. Two men were retained as Description: Two gunmen killed suspects. Ruiz, a correspondent for the regional station Radio Galeón, with two close- Country: COLOMBIA range shots to the head as he crossed CASENR: 10 the market square in the northern town Name: Carlos José Restrepo of Pivijay at around dusk on November Rocha 15, police and colleagues said. Nationality: Colombian Police said they were still investigating Profession: Director / Editor the identity of the attackers. However, Newsorgan: Tangent / Usocoello senior colleagues at Radio Galeón, Sector: Press based in the port city of Santa Marta, Date: 9 September 2000 alleged that Ruiz was killed by Age: 44 members of a right-wing paramilitary Source: Prensa Libre, FIP, group that operates in and around WAN, RSF, IFEX, IAPA Pivijay, in central Magdalena Description: Carlos José Restrepo Province. Rocha, director of Tangent newspaper Ruiz had worked for Radio Galeón on and editor of the daily Usocoello was a free-lance basis for the last three murdered by the AUC in the Tolima years, covering politics, crime, and Department. general news in and around Pivijay. He Restrepo Rocha was paying wages to was a self-taught journalist who began 30 workers when a group of 20 men, radio reporting about 15 years ago for who were identified as members of the Radio Libertad, another regional AUC (Autodefensas Unidas de station headquartered in the port city of Colombia), handcuffed him and then Barranquilla. killed him with 11 shots in the neck and body. Country: DEMOCRATIC His body was found by residents of the REPUBLIC OF CONGO San Luis township in Tolima province, CASENR: 12 125 miles southwest of Bogotá. Name: Crispin Kandolo Additional: Restrepo Rocha, was Nationality: Congolese running for a seat on the local city Profession: Cameraman council. According to local residents a Newsorgan: UNESCO group of some 20 men identifying Sector: Television themselves as members of the AUC Date: 5 September 2000 grabbed him, handcuffed him and took Age: him away, accusing him of being in Source: RSF, WAN, IFEX, IPI, league with left wing guerrillas. JED Description: Crispin Kandolo, a Country: COLOMBIA freelance cameraman, was killed on 5 CASENR: 11 September during an ambush in the Name: Gustavo Ruiz Castillo Kahuzi Biega park, located in Bukavu Nationality: Colombian (eastern region of the Democratic Profession: Journalist Republic of Congo). Some ten others News organ: Radio Galeon died in this attack. Sector: Radio Since 24 July, a team of technicians, Date: 15 November 2000 officials and soldiers has been Age: 39 working, at the request of UNESCO, to

8 demarcate the Kahuzi Biega Park, in Description: Russo's body was order to put an end to conflicts discovered on the side of a road near between the population bordering on the town of Gombori (eighty the park and the park authorities. The kilometres north-east of Tbilisi) on 16 journalist was covering the activities of October. According to the results of this team when the events took place. the autopsy, the journalist died According to the governor of South- following a violent shock to the chest Kivu, Norbert Basingizi Katintima, the that could have been caused by a blow men were surrounded and attacked by from an iron bar or the impact of a Interahamwe militiamen. The body of vehicle. the journalist and those of many others Georgian forensic experts believe the were burned by the assailants. journalist died on the morning of 16 October. His body was found some Country: GAMBIA fourteen hours later. Next to the body, CASENR: 13 the police recovered a rope that had Name: Omar Barrow evidently been taken from the Nationality: Gambian journalist's house and then used to tie Profession: Journalist him up. Newsorgan: SUD FM After the body was discovered, the Sector: Radio police and several of Russo's friends Date: 10 April 2000 went to his apartment, which had Age: 28 apparently been searched and looted. Source: CPJ, IFEX, OPC, CPU, Russo's laptop computer, mobile IPI, WAN telephone, video camera, and three Description: Omar Barrow, a news videotapes were missing. editor with the privately owned Georgian authorities have not ruled out Senegalese radio station SUD FM, the theory that Russo was killed which broadcasts in the Gambia, was because of his journalism. shot dead on April 10 by a uniformed Nevertheless, officials have also member of the Gambian army's anti- speculated that he might have died as riot unit. the result of a robbery or a random hit- Two bullets hit Barrow in the armpit as and-run incident. he stood inside the Red Cross Additional: As a foreign compound in Kanifing, a suburb of correspondent for Radio Radicale, Banjul, where he had volunteered as a Russo had previously covered Algeria, first-aid medical assistant during a Burundi, Rwanda, Colombia, Bosnia, violent student demonstration. and most recently Kosovo. During his assignment in Tbilisi, he was Country: GEORGIA constantly in touch with Chechen CASENR: 14 refugees living in the eastern part of Name: Antonio Russo Georgia. After Russian authorities Nationality: Italian denied him an entry visa to Chechnya, Profession: Journalist Russo entered the breakaway republic News organ: Radio Radicale illegally on several occasions to Sector: Radio interview Chechen military Date: 16 October 2000 commanders and former Chechen Age: 40 President Aslan Maskhadov. Source: Reuters, WAN, EJC, Apparently, Russo planned to return to IFEX, CNN, RSF, CPJ, TOL Italy with video footage of Chechnya at the end of the month.

9 News organ: Radio Haiti Inter Country: GUATEMALA Sector: Radio CASENR: 15 Date: 3 April 2000 Name: Roberto Martinez Age: 69 Nationality: Guatemalan Source: RSF, IFEX, CPJ, Profession: Photographer AMARC, FENAJ, FELAP, WAN, Newsorgan: Prensa Libre OPC, EJC, Nando Times, AP, IPI, Sector: Press Freedom Forum Date: 27 April 2000 Description: On the morning of 3 Age: 37 April, Jean Leopold Dominique was Source: FIP, IFEX, OPC, APG, killed after parking his car in the Radio RSF, CPJ, EJC, The Nando Times, AP, Haïti Inter lot, just as he was entering WAN, IPI, Freedom Forum the building in which the radio station's Description: On Thursday 27 April, offices are located, in the Delmas photojournalist Roberto Martínez, with neighbourhood (north-east of Port-au- the newspaper Prensa Libre, was Prince). A female journalist with the killed during street demonstrations station affirmed that she heard several provoked by public transport fare gunshots. Seriously injured, increases that were passed by the Dominique was taken to hospital, Guatemala City council. Martínez - where he died from his injuries. One of who was 36 years old and the father of the radio station's guards was also six children - was there as a result of killed during the attack. The journalist the national and international media was known to be close to President coverage of the events and died from a René Préval. He was the most famous shot to the head. Three other reporters political commentator in Haiti, known and television camera operators were for his commitment to democracy and wounded. attacks on dictatorships. The director The journalist was killed when a of Radio Haïti Inter often criticised number of private security agents politicians and businessmen in his opened fire on a group of radio programme “Inter Actualités”. demonstrators. Among them were Additional: In the 1970s, reporters from different media who Dominique spearheaded a free-speech were covering the events. The movement against the dictatorial attackers were captured and have been regime of Jean-Claude Duvalier, who remanded for trial. shut down his station in 1980, and Journalists at the scene identified and Dominique fled into exile. He returned detained the two security guards, who after a popular uprising toppled are now in police custody. At the time Duvalier in 1986. of the attack, Martínez was carrying a Dominique's station was closed down camera and was surrounded by again in 1991 when the army ousted colleagues who also carried cameras then-President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and other professional equipment, whom Mr Dominique followed into clearly identifying them as journalists. exile in the United States. He was a close ally of Mr Aristide and his Country: HAITI successor, President Rene Preval. CASENR: 16 Dominique had often received death Name: Jean Leopold threats. His enemies ranged from far- Dominique right partisans of the 1991 army coup Nationality: Haitian to some far-left supporters of Mr Profession: Owner / Journalist

10 Aristide's fragmented populist responsibility. The media workers had movement. rushed to the State Bank of India, where soldiers were waiting for their Country: INDIA salaries, after learning that a group of CASENR: 17 Kashmiri militants had attacked the Name: V. Selvaraj building. A bomb planted under a car Nationality: Indian exploded near the bank. At least 11 Profession: Journalist people died in the bombing, including Newsorgan: Nakkeeran nine soldiers and two civilians. Bhatia Sector: Press had travelled from New Delhi to cover Date: 31 July 2000 the conflict in Kashmir, which has Age: caused more than 25,000 deaths in the Source: RSF, IFEX, OPC, last eleven years. He was an WAN, IPI experienced photo reporter. Description: Selvaraj, a Hezb-ul Mujahedeen spokesman Salim correspondent for the private biweekly Hashmi was quoted in the 11 August Nakkeeran in Perambalur (Tamil Nadu edition of The Hindustan Times as State), was shot dead on 31 July, near saying, “We are deeply grieved over the Perambalur bus station. Eight the death of a press photographer and suspects were caught by police on the injuries to some journalists.” He said road between Perambalur and Chennai, the attack was targeted against Indian just 45 minutes after the crime was security forces. committed. Police stated that the motive behind the crime had not been Country: INDIA established. But R. Gopal, editor of the CASENR: 19 newspaper, said it was “a warning to Name: Thounaojam those who fight to reveal the truth.” He Brajamani Singh also noted that it was a “calculated and Nationality: Indian cold blooded murder.” Profession: Editor News organ: Manipur News Country: INDIA Sector: Press CASENR: 18 Date: 20 August 2000 Name: Pradeep Bhatia Age: 68 Nationality: Indian Source: CPJ, IFEX, EJC, BBC, Profession: Photographer RSF, WAN, IPI, Freedom Forum Newsorgan: Hindustan Times Description: Brajamani Singh, editor Sector: Press of the private daily Manipur News in Date: 10 August 2000 Imphal (Manipur state), and president Age: 31 of the Manipur State Journalists' Source: CPJ, IFEX, RSF, EJC, Association, was shot dead on 20 The Hindu, Freedom Forum, IPI, August, shortly after leaving the WAN newspaper's office. Two strangers Description: Bhatia died in a bomb followed him on a motorcycle and shot blast in the centre of Srinagar (the him in the head at point-blank range. summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir The killers did not shoot at an State, in western India) on 10 August. employee who was with the editor. No Nine Indian and Kashmiri journalists one has claimed responsibility for the were injured in the bombing, for which murder. Police said that the motive for the separatist movement Hezb-ul the crime has not been established, but Mujahedeen from Pakistan claimed the editor received anonymous death

11 threats on 15 August. In an editorial TV news began with the shocking published the day before the murder, images of the police removing Brajamani Singh urged the people who Cardoso's bullet-ridden body from the had made the threats to either stop or car. make themselves known. Additional: The Mozambican He is regarded as one of the pioneers government quickly condemned of English journalism in the northeast Cardoso's assassination, and has of India. promised to carry out a full investigation. Country: MEXICO Cardoso, 48, was an experienced CASENR: 20 investigative journalist who had Name: Hugo Sanchez become one of Mozambique's foremost Eustaquio media personalities. He was Nationality: Mexican internationally acclaimed for his Profession: Publisher groundbreaking reporting on political Newsorgan: La Verdad corruption and organized crime in Sector: Press Mozambique, a country that is still Date: 19 July 2000 recovering from a brutal, decade-long Age: civil war. Source: IAPA, IFEX Earlier in his career, Cardoso served as Description: On July 19, the editor and later director of the publisher of the newspaper La Verdad Mozambique state news agency AIM, in Atizapán de Zaragoza, Hugo from which he resigned in 1989. Sánchez Eustaquio, was found dead Before founding Metical in 1998, three months after he was kidnapped. Cardoso ran another independent fax newsletter, Mediafax, which he Country: MOZAMBIQUE launched in 1992. CASENR: 21 On November 24, a group of 500 Name: Carlos Cardoso outraged local journalists and citizens Nationality: Mozambiquan marched from the headquarters of the Profession: Journalist Mozambican Journalists Union (SNJ) News organ: Metical in downtown Maputo to the site of Sector: Press Cardoso's assassination in Polana. Date: 22 November 2000 Age: 49 Country: THE NETHERLANDS Source: IFJ, IFEX, MISA, AIM, CASENR: 22 WAN, Article 19, The Guardian, AP, Name: Marcel van NBC, EJC, CPJ, RSF Nieuwenhoven Description: The editor of the Nationality: Dutch independent daily Metical, Cardoso Profession: Journalist / was gunned down in an ambush as he Photographer/ Cameraman left Metical's offices in the Maputo Newsorgan: SBS / Radio Twente suburb of Polana. After two vehicles Internet cut off Cardoso's car, two unidentified Sector: Television / Internet assassins opened fire with AK-47 Radio assault rifles, killing him instantly and Date: 13 May 2000 seriously wounding his driver. Age: 31 A crew from Mozambican Television Source: NVJ (TVM) arrived on the murder scene Description: Marcel van soon after the shooting and the main Nieuwenhoven was caught in an

12 explosion at a fireworks factory while Aziz Yusef al-Teneh, 32, was director filming the initial fire. The fire had of the official Palestinian news agency spread rapidly resulting in a series of WAFA's Bethlehem office. He was in explosions. the headquarters of Force 17, a special unit charged with the security of Country: PAKISTAN Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and CASENR: 23 other top officials, when a gas Name: Sufi Mohammad explosion ripped through the building Khan on 19 October. Nationality: Pakistani Two members of Arafat's personal Profession: Journalist guard were killed and 10 others injured News organ: Ummat in the blast. WAFA said Teneh, who Sector: Press was married just a month ago, was Date: 2 May 2000 taken to Amman for treatment. Age: 38 Source: WAN, RSF, IFEX, IPI, Country: PHILIPPINES CPJ, Freedom Forum CASENR: 25 Description: Khan, a journalist with Name: Vincent Rodriguez the daily Ummat (Nation), was shot Nationality: Philippino dead on 2 May. The journalist had Profession: Journalist been reporting on the illegal activities News organ: DZMM of a local mafia involved in drug Sector: Radio trafficking and organised prostitution. Date: 23 May 2000 Khan had received threats for exposing Age: the drug mafia's networks in his reports Source: CMFR, CPJ, RSF, IPI, and it is believed that he was targeted WAN, IFEX, Freedom Forum, OPC because of his professional activities. Description: Vincent Rodriguez, a Half an hour after the killing, a man Pampanga correspondent with the surrendered to the police and confessed Manila-based DZMM radio station, to the killing, describing his actions in was killed during an ambush on Mayor detail. His account was widely covered Catalina Bagasina. in the local press. Rodriguez was part of a seven-boat convoy escorting President Joseph Country: PALESTINE Estrada's son Jojo Osorio Ejercito on a CASENR: 24 tour of coastal villages when the Name: Aziz Al-Teneh ambush occurred. Rodriguez, who was Nationality: Palestinian in the second boat, was shot in the Profession: Journalist head and died instantly. Two other News organ: WAFA journalists were injured when their Sector: News Agency boat crashed into the riverbank. Date: 28 October 2000 Police identified the attackers as rebels Age: 32 belonging to the Rebolusyonaryong Source: PJS, IPI, AFP, MENA, Hukbong Bayan (RHB), a breakaway BBC, Daily Telegraph faction of the communist New People's Description: A Palestinian Army (NPA). RHB members are journalist died in hospital in Jordan on known for extortion, robbery, looting 28 October from injuries suffered in a and gun-for-hire activities in gas explosion in a security Pampanga. Bagasina insists that the headquarters in the West Bank town of ambush was politically motivated. Bethlehem some 10 days earlier.

13 Country: PHILIPPINES Additional: Borovik made his CASENR: 26 reputation in the late 1980s, when he Name: Olimpio Jalapit was correspondent for the glasnost-era Nationality: Philippino magazine, Ogonyok. His critical Profession: Journalist reporting on the Soviet occupation of News organ: DXPR Afghanistan revealed the gritty truth of Sector: Radio the war to Russians, and established Date: 17 November 2000 him as a warrior for openness in the Age: 34 media. Source: WAN, IFEX, Pacific In the 1990s, Borovik continued to Media Watch, RSF, EJC, Freedom uncover the tough realities of Russian Forum, IPI life and politics. He produced an Description: Olimpio Jalapit, 34, was independent, highly rated investigative shot in the head on November 17 in program called “Sovershenno Zamboanga Province. Police Sekretno” (Top Secret), which ran for reportedly believe the lone gunman is eight years before it was taken off responsible a member of the Moro state-run television in retaliation for a Islamic Liberation Front urban hit series of reports in a sister publication, squad. Versiya, which accused several top According to the authorities, the Kremlin officials of corruption. broadcaster had “many enemies” Borovik set a standard for investigative because of his programmes, in which reporting. he denounced corruption in the province. He recently investigated the Country: RUSSIA disappearance of funds from an CASENR: 28 educational foundation. His colleagues Name: Sergei Novikov said he received threats after these Nationality: Russian programmes. Profession: Owner News organ: Vesna Country: RUSSIA Sector: Radio CASENR: 27 Date: 26 July 2000 Name: Artyom Borovik Age: 36 Nationality: Russian Source: RUJ, CPJ, IFEX, IPI, Profession: Journalist / President EJC, Reuters, AFP, CNN, RSF, WAN News organ: Sovershenno Sekretno Description: Novikov, 36, was shot Sector: Television and killed in the stairwell of his Date: 9 March 2000 apartment building at around 9:00 p.m. Age: 38 (local time) on 26 July. The killer, who Source: RUJ, CPJ, IFEX, EJC, remains at large, shot him four times Reuters, The Times, Freedom Forum and then escaped through a back door. Description: Artyom Borovik, a Novikov's employees believe the legendary figure in Russian journalism, murder was politically motivated, since was one of four passengers and five the station has often criticized the crew members who were killed when government of Smolensk Province. their private plane crashed during They point to Novikov's participation takeoff from Moscow on a flight in a 23 July television broadcast during bound for the Ukrainian capital, Kiev. which he and other local journalists Officials are looking into technical discussed the alleged corruption of the explanations for the crash, but foul provincial deputy governor. play has not been ruled out.

14 Apparently, Novikov received death BBC, OSCE, IPC Lagos, EJC, ABC, threats earlier this year after Financial Times, Human Rights Watch announcing his intent to run for the (Global news coverage) governorship of Smolensk Province. Description: Escorted by at least 10 He then petitioned the local pro-government soldiers, Gil Moreno prosecutor's office for protection and de Mora and Kurt Schork were permission to carry a weapon. travelling in two vehicles when the group was ambushed by rebels about Country: SIERRA LEONE 50 miles east of the capital, Freetown, CASENR: 29 near Rogberi Junction, an area hotly Name: Saoman Conteh contested by pro-government forces Nationality: Sierra Leonean and rebels of the Revolutionary United Profession: Journalist Front. News organ: New Tablet Two other Reuters journalists, South Sector: Press African cameraman Mark Chisholm Date: 8 May 2000 and Greek photographer Yannis Age: Behrakis, suffered slight injuries in the Source: RSF, WAN, Freedom same attack. Forum, IPI, CPJ, IFJ, EJC, AP, OPC, Additional: Gil Moreno was the ANB-BIA, Media Foundation for West 25th AP journalist to die in the line of Africa duty since the organization was Description: Saoman Conteh was founded in 1848. Previously, APTN shot dead in the streets of Freetown on producer Myles Tierney was fatally 8 May as he was covering a shot in Sierra Leone a year ago. demonstration outside the home of Gil Moreno provided news dispatches Foday Sankoh, Vice-President of from war zones where he often was the Sierra Leone and Revolutionary United only journalist to witness dramatic Front (RUF) leader. People inside the events. house opened fire on the crowd and a He had covered conflicts in Kosovo, bullet hit Saoman Conteh. He was Chechnya, Iraq, Congo and other parts confirmed dead on arrival at of the world for APTN. Connaught Hospital a few hours later. Of reporting from Chechnya, Gil RUF members also killed four Moreno said in a recent first-person demonstrators. Thousand of people account: “Every minute of every day were protesting against the detention of you think you are going to die.” United Nations soldiers by RUF rebels. Country: SIERRA LEONE Country: SIERRA LEONE CASENR: 31 CASENR: 30 Name: Kurt Schork Name: Miguel Gil Moreno de Nationality: American Mora Profession: Journalist Nationality: Spanish News organ: Reuters Profession: Cameraman Sector: News Agency News organ: APTN Date: 24 May 2000 Sector: News Agency / Age: 53 Television Source: AP, Reuters, IFJ, IFEX, Date: 24 May 2000 CPJ, RSF, IPI, WAN, Freedom Forum, Age: 32 BBC, OSCE, IPC Lagos, EJC, ABC, Source: AP, Reuters, IFJ, IFEX, Financial Times, Human Rights Watch CPJ, RSF, IPI, WAN, Freedom Forum, (Global news coverage)

15 Description: Escorted by at least 10 Additional: Mr. Lopez, who had pro-government soldiers, Gil Moreno served five years in prison during de Mora and Kurt Schork were General Francisco Franco's travelling in two vehicles when the dictatorship, was an advocate of group was ambushed by rebels about peaceful dialogue in the struggle 50 miles east of the capital, Freetown, between Basque separatists and the near Rogberi Junction, an area hotly Spanish state. contested in recent days by pro- Lopez de la Calle was an outspoken government forces and rebels of the critic of ETA’s violent campaign for Revolutionary United Front. independence, and had received death Two more Reuters journalists, South threats from the group in the past. African cameraman Mark Chisholm and Greek photographer Yannis Country: SRI LANKA Behrakis, suffered slight injuries in the CASENR: 33 same attack. Name: Anton Mariyadas Additional: Schork was a Nationality: Sri Lankan distinguished correspondent who Profession: Journalist reported from conflicts around the News organ: Sri Lanka Broadcasting world, including Bosnia and East Corporation Timor. Sector: Radio Date: 1 January 2000 Country: SPAIN Age: 41 CASENR: 32 Source: FFE, RSF, IFEX, EJC, Name: Jose Luis Lopez de la CPJ, WAN Calle Description: Mr. Anton Mariyadas, a Nationality: Spanish radio journalist of the State owned Sri Profession: Journalist Lanka Broadcasting Corporation was News organ: El Mundo shot by a gunman of the Liberation Sector: Press Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE) around Date: 7 May 2000 midnight of December 31, 1999. He Age: 62 died a short while later. Mr. Mariyadas Source: IFJ, FAPE, El Mundo, was killed by a person using a revolver AP, Nando Times, UPI, UCJ, RSF, opposite the premises of St. Anthony's CPJ, FNSI, IFEX, WAN, EJC, News Church at Rampikulam, Vavuniya in 24, the North of Sri Lanka. He had gone Description: El Mundo journalist there with another colleague, to Jose Luis Lopez de la Calle was killed provide live radio coverage of the outside his home in the Basque Catholic midnight mass, to mark the Country. New Year. He was shot in the head and stomach Police and residents of the area hold as he was leaving his home in the LTTE responsible for this killing. Andouain. According to police, his So far, the LTTE has not denied its killing is in response to his outspoken involvement in this murder. opposition to the Basque guerrilla group ETA. Country: SRI LANKA Apparently, no witnesses were at the CASENR: 34 scene of the crime. The journalist's Name: Myilvaganam body was found by a neighbour who Nimalarajan had heard gunshots. Nationality: Sri Lankan Profession: Freelance Journalist

16 News organ: Sinhala, BBC, IBC, Source: RSF, IFEX, CPJ, WAN, Ravaya Virakesaree IPI Sector: Television, Radio, Press Description: Ahmed Kafi Awale, a Date: 19 October 2000 commentator for Radio of the Somali Age: 40 People, was shot dead while he was Source: WAN, IFEX, OPC, reporting in Mogadishu's Bakara FMM, CPJ, EJC, The Times, market. Three other people were killed Journalism News, Federation of Media and seven others injured. The Employees Trade Unions, IPI, RSF, attackers, thought to be local criminals Freedom Forum took flight when market guards shot Description: On 19 October, back. Myilvaganam Nimalaranjan died after being shot by unidentified attackers. Country: TAJIKISTAN Nimalaranjan was working in the study CASENR: 36 of his home in Jaffna, the centre of Sri Name: Saifullo Rakhimov Lanka's seventeen-year-old civil war, Nationality: Tajik when gunmen shot him through a Profession: Chairman window. The assailants then threw a News organ: State Radio and grenade into the living room, injuring Television both his parents and his eleven-year- Sector: Radio / Television old nephew. Date: 21 May 2000 Nimalaranjan worked for several local Age: newspapers, radio and TV stations and Source: EJC, Nando Times, AP, was a regular contributor to the BBC's Reuters, WAN, IPI Sinhala and Tamil services. According Description: Saifullo Rakhimov was to his colleagues, Nimalaranjan's shot daed by six gunmen who blocked reporting may have led to his murder. his car as it neared his house. The Nimalaranjan had reported on alleged gunmen, dressed in camouflage vote rigging in the 10 October uniforms, opened fire with a parliamentary elections and the submachine gun, hitting Mr Rakhimov problems facing people displaced by in the chest and head. the war between government troops and Tamil separatists. Before the Country: URUGUAY attack, he had filed reports critical of a CASENR: 37 former Tamil militant group that now Name: Julio Cesar Da Rosa fights alongside government troops Nationality: Uruguaian against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Profession: Journalist Eelam. At present, no one has claimed News organ: CV 149 Radio del responsibility for the murder. Centro Sector: Radio Country: SOMALIA Date: 24 February 2000 CASENR: 35 Age: 36 Name: Ahmed Kafi Awale Source: FIP, IAPA, IFEX Nationality: Somali Description: Julio Cesar Da Rosa, Profession: Journalist news director and owner of radio News organ: Radio of the Somali station CV 149 Radio del Centro in the People northern Uruguayan town of Baltasar Sector: Radio Brum, Artigas province, was killed on Date: 26 January 2000 February 24. Age:

17 Police charged a former public official, Nery Colombo, with the murder. They said he was angered by comments De Rosa had made about him in one of his broadcasts which, local media reported. He felt his political career was ruined. Colombo resigned after an investigation was begun into allegations of misconduct. He stormed into Da Rosa's office, opened fire, killing Da Rosa, and then shot himself, eyewitnesses said.

Total Journalists Killed: 37

18 Cases of Mediaworkers Killed people on the Lebanese side of the border were preparing to fire a missile Country: HAITI at the tank. CASENR: 1 Additional: The BBC has demanded Name: Jean Claude that Israel pay compensation to the Louissaint family of Abed Takoush, who was Nationality: Haitian killed while working with Jeremy Profession: Security Guard Bowen, BBC correspondent in south News organ: Radio Haiti Inter Lebanon. Sector: Radio The BBC says it will continue to press Date: 3 April 2000 for answers from the Israeli military. Age: Source: RSF, IFEX, EJC, Country: PAKISTAN AMARC, FENAJ, WAN, OPC, CPJ CASENR: 3 Description: On the morning of 3 Name: Najmul Hassan Zaidi April, Journalist and owner, Jean Nationality: Pakistani Leopold Dominique was killed after Profession: Advertisement Manager parking his car in the Radio Haïti Inter News organ: Nawa-i-Waqt lot, just as he was entering the building Sector: Press in which the radio station's offices are Date: 6 November 2000 located. A female journalist with the Age: station said that she heard several Source: CPJ, IFEX, PPF, RSF, gunshots. Jean Claude Louissaint, one WAN, EJC, BBC of the radio station's guards was killed Description: Three people were during the attack. killed and at least three others were wounded by a bomb blast inside the Country: LEBANON offices of the Nawa-e-Waqt group, CASENR: 2 which publishes the Urdu-language Name: Abed Takoush daily Nawa-i-Waqt, the daily Nation Nationality: Lebanese and a number of other publications. Profession: Driver The building was used by advertising News organ: BBC staff, as journalists had moved to Sector: Television another location after arson and rocket Date: 23 May 2000 attacks on the building a few years Age: 53 ago. It was originally thought that the Source: BBC, EJC, OPC, CBC, blast was caused by a car bomb, but it The Times was later revealed that the bomb had Description: Abed Takoush, a been taken into the advertising Lebanese driver working for BBC TV manager's office by a woman. Two News, was killed when a missile fired people - including the woman - died on from an Israeli tank hit his car. Other the spot, and another died later in members of the BBC team were hospital. working nearby. Mr Takoush had Witnesses said the force of the blast worked for the BBC for 25 years. destroyed the building's main gate and The Israeli army (IDF) said the death damaged walls and windows of a was a ''tragic mistake'' but at the same nearby hospital, as well as setting some time defended its soldiers who had cars on fire. acted ''in accordance with the relevant procedures for such a situation''. The Country: PAKISTAN IDF said the tank crew suspected the CASENR: 4

19 Name: Ziaul Haq Nationality: Pakistani Profession: News organ: Nawa-i-Waqt Sector: Press Date: 6 November 2000 Age: Source: PPF, IFEX Description: see casenr. 3

Country: PAKISTAN CASENR: 5 Name: Sajid Mehmood Nationality: Pakistani Profession: Computer Operator News organ: Nawa-i-Waqt Sector: Press Date: 11 November 2000 Age: Source: PPF, IFEX Description: Another victim of the bomb explosion in the offices of the Nawa-i-Waqt group, on November 6, died in a hospital in Karachi on Saturday, November 11. Sajid Mehmood, a computer operator in the advertisement department, was critically wounded in the blast, with burns to 70 percent of his body.

Total Mediaworkers Killed: 5

20 Date: 7 February 2000 Cases Under Investigation Age: Source: FIP, Prensa Libre, IPI, Country: BELARUS WAN, IFEX, IFJ CASENR: 1 Description: John Restrepo Abello, Name: Dmitry Zavadsky cameraman for Barrancabermeja's Nationality: Russian local television channel, was Profession: Cameraman assassinated by unknown individuals News organ: ORT in Girón, province of Santander. Sector: Television Restrepo was killed in the home of his Date: brother, Fabio Leonardo Abello, who Age: was also killed. As of yet, authorities Source: Reuters, CPJ, IFEX, have found no clues as to the motives OSCE, Charter 97 of the crime that occurred over the Description: Dmitry Zavadsky, a weekend. The FARC is suspected to be cameraman for Russian Public behind the double murder. Television (ORT) disappeared in Minsk on July 7. Country: COLOMBIA On November 20, practically all CASENR: 3 independent editions and foreign Name: Fabio Leonardo journalists, accredited in Belarus, Abello received information that Dmitry Nationality: Colombian Zavadsky was dead. The information Profession: Journalist apparently came from an anonymous News organ: KGB officer. Sector: Television The message also contained Date: 7 February 2000 information of arrests made related to Age: the missing cameraman. Source: FIP, Prensa Libre Nine people were arrested. They are Description: Fabio Leonardo Abello, believed to have orchestrated his was murdered presumably by the abduction. Five of the suspects are FARC together with his brother, acting officers of the President's cameraman John Jairo Abello; Fabio Security Service. Leonardo had worked as host for the The suspects confessed to the murder local channel of television Enlace 10 of Zavadsky and pointed to an exact in Barrancabermeja. location in a forest near Minsk, where they buried his body. The investigators Country: COLOMBIA found a spade with blood stains on it. CASENR: 4 A forensic investigation proved it to be Name: Marisol Revelo Baron the blood of Dmitry Zavadsky. Nationality: Colombian However, no exhumation has been Profession: Journalist carried out. News organ: Sector: Television Country: COLOMBIA Date: 4 July 2000 CASENR: 2 Age: 25 Name: John Restrepo Abello Source: Prensa Libre, FIP, Nationality: Colombian IFEX, IAPA, CPJ, BBC, EJC, IPI, Profession: Cameraman WAN News organ: Description: Rebelo, 25, had been Sector: Television working for a local TV news

21 programme sponsored by an Florenci by individuals who appeared environmental agency known as the to be common criminals, and who Regional Autonomous Corporation. allegedly entered his house in order to She was killed on 5 July when an steal money from him. However, less unidentified gunman fired three bullets then two weeks later, his colleague, into her stomach on the doorstep of her Alfredo Abad was assassinated. home in the port of Tumaco on the Florencia, is a site of frequent clashes Pacific coast. After the attack, the between right-wing paramilitary perpetrator escaped on a motorcycle. gunmen and urban commandos of At present, no one has claimed Colombia's main Marxist rebel group. responsibility for the murder. Country: COLOMBIA Country: COLOMBIA CASENR: 7 CASENR: 5 Name: Alfredo Abad Name: Juan Camilo Restrepo Nationality: Colombian Guerra Profession: Director / Journalist Nationality: Colombian News organ: Voice of the Jungle Profession: Director Sector: Radio / Television News organ: Galaxia Date: 13 December 2000 Sector: Radio Age: 36 Date: 31 October 2000 Source: Reuters, IPI, EJC, AP, Age: IAPA, RSF, FIP, CPJ, IFEX Source: Prensa Libre, WAN, Description: Gunmen on a CPJ, IPI motorcycle shot and killed a reporter in Description: Juan Camilo Restrepo a war zone in southern Colombia on 13 Guerra, director of the community December. radio station " Galaxia ", was murdered Police said the two attackers pumped on 31 October in Ebejico-Antioquia four rounds from close range into where he had been broadcasting. No Alfredo Abad, 36, as he drove off from further details are currently known his home for work in the southwestern about his murder, but it is thought that city of Florencia. he was killed by the AUC Abad died instantly. He was the (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, director of an affiliate of the Caracol Self-Defence Units of Colombia) radio news network in Florencia and paramilitaries. ran a local television news program. Police and colleagues said there were Country: COLOMBIA no immediate clues to the identity of CASENR: 6 the gunmen, who sped off after the Name: Guillermo León killing. Agudalo Florencia, is a site of frequent clashes Nationality: Colombian between right-wing paramilitary Profession: Journalist gunmen and urban commandos of Newsorgan: Voice of the Jungle Colombia's main Marxist rebel group. Sector: Radio Additional: Mr Abad, president of a Date: 1 December 2000 Caqueta press association, was the Age: second Voice of the Jungle journalist Source: Prensa Libre, RSF, to die violently in the past two weeks. IFEX, EJC, AP, IAPA, FIP, CPJ Description: Guillermo León Country: FEDERAL REPUBLIC Agudalo was stabbed in his home in of YUGOSLAVIA / KOSOVO

22 CASENR: 8 Nationality: Kurdish Name: Shefki Popova Profession: Journalist / Editor Nationality: Albanian Kosovar News organ: Media Profession: Journalist Sector: Press News organ: Rilindja Date: Sector: Press Age: Date: 10 September 2000 Source: Radio Free Europe Age: 50 Radio Liberty Source: IFJ, IFEX, Media on Description: Sarbast Mahmud, a Media, ANEM, WAN, IPI, Reuters, Kurdish journalist and the editor of the EJC, RSF, Freedom Forum newspaper Media, was murdered in Description: Popova was attacked by Irbil, capital of Kurdish Democratic two individuals near the cultural centre Party-controlled Iraqi Kurdistan, of Vucitrn, a city with a majority according to a report in Kurdish Media Albanian population located 30 dated 1 June. kilometres from Pristina. The journalist No one has yet claimed responsibility. was shot, then stabbed. The two attackers escaped. Popova was well Country: MEXICO known in the region and had worked CASENR: 11 for the Albanian-language Rilindja Name: Pablo Pineda newspaper for 26 years. He also Nationality: Mexican contributed to the newspaper's radio Profession: Journalist / station, of the same name. Photographer An inquiry has been opened by the News organ: La Opinion United Nations police. Sector: Press Date: 9 April 2000 Country: INDIA Age: 38 CASENR: 9 Source: IPI, IFEX, RSF, OPC, Name: Adhir Rai EJC, WAN, Media Central, Reuters, Nationality: Indian FIP, Freedom Forum Profession: Professor / Freelance Description: On 9 April, Pineda's Journalist body was discovered by border guards News organ: from the state of Texas, in the United Sector: Press States, who, at 2:45 a.m. (local time) Date: 18 March 2000 noticed a ‘suspicious package’ being Age: deposited on the banks of the Rio Source: The Hindu, The Grande. The journalist was last seen Tribune, CPJ the previous evening at the local police Description: Rai was assassinated station in Matamoros. At 9:30 p.m., while on a journalistic assignment, Pineda left the station after having according to a brief report published in received a call on his cellular phone, the English-language newspaper The and after informing one of his Hindu. In addition to serving as the colleagues, who was also at the station president of the Deoghar Working at the time, that he would return soon. Journalists Union, Rai was also a According to the autopsy report, the lecturer at a local college. journalist was shot in the head by a 9 mm calibre pistol and died at about Country: IRAQ midnight. Pineda was a journalist for CASENR: 10 La Opinión, and covered local police Name: Sarbast Mahmud and crime matters.

23 Martin Castillo, chief police reporter Ciudad Juárez, Gustavo Elizondo, have with La Opinion, said Mr Pineda's publicly vouched for the journalist's aggressive approach to his work had integrity and have said there was no made him unpopular with both the indication that he was involved in any police and criminals, adding that Mr illicit activity. Pineda had survived an attack by a gunman in December. Country: PERU CASENR: 13 Country: MEXICO Name: Luis Caviedes Nunez CASENR: 12 de la Torre Name: Jose Ramirez Puente Nationality: Peruvian Nationality: Mexican Profession: Journalist Profession: Journalist News organ: Sur Oriente, Frecuencia News organ: Radio Net 1490 Integral Sector: Radio Sector: Radio Date: 28 April 2000 Date: 2 July 2000 Age: 29 Age: 50 Source: WAN, IFEX, RSF, Source: ANP, FIP, IFJ, ICFTU, OPC, CPJ, IPI, EJC, Nando Times, UCJ, SNPN, IPI, WAN, IFEX AP, FIP Description: The founder of the Description: The body of radio Asociación Nacional de Periodistas del reporter José Ramírez Puente, the host Peru (ANP)-Quillabamba branch in of a popular news program in the Cuzco, Luis Caviedes Nuñez de la Mexican town of Ciudad Juárez, across Torre, who worked for the Sur Oriente the border from El Paso, Texas, was and Frecuencia Integral radio stations found in his car late Saturday evening. in Quillabamba-Cuzco, was found Ramírez, a 29-year-old reporter with unconscious on Sunday 2 July at 7:00 the private station Radio Net, had been p.m. on the banks of the Chuyapi stabbed 36 times. The murder is River. He suffered from bruises and believed to have taken place Friday injuries to the right side of his head evening, April 28. and right eye, and was taken to the Ramírez began his career with the Quillabamba hospital by the police, radio stations 860 and FM Globo. He where he consequently died of his then worked as a print reporter with the injuries. Ciudad Juárez-based daily El Norte before taking up a job with Radio Net. Country: RUSSIA His daily news show, “Juárez Hoy”, CASENR: 14 started airing about a month ago. Name: Igor Domnikov Broadcast from Monday to Friday, the Nationality: Russian hour-long program featured breaking Profession: Journalist news and interviews with politicians, News organ: Novaya Gazeta business leaders, and others. Sector: Press Additional: Some time after the Date: 16 July 2000 body was discovered, local police Age: 42 announced that they had found eight Source: RUJ, CPJ, IFEX, WAN, bags of marijuana in the boot of Mr Moscow Times, RSF, IPI Ramírez's car, although local Description: Domnekov, a journalist journalists said they believed the drugs with the twice-weekly Moscow had been planted. Mr Ramírez's newspaper Novaya Gazeta, died on 16 colleagues, and even the mayor of July from injuries sustained during an

24 attack on 12 May. Domnekov suffered U.S.-funded RFE/RL, which beams serious head injuries during an assault daily news programming to Tajikistan. outside his apartment building in Before his killing, Khatloni had been which he was repeatedly struck with a investigating human rights abuses in hammer by unknown individuals. He Chechnya. At present, no one has been never regained consciousness. arrested nor has a motive been Additional: Novaya Gazeta has provided for the killing. often published investigative stories on corruption, implicating individuals Country: RUSSIA close to the government and the CASENR: 16 security services. The newspaper has Name: Sergei Ivanov also been critical of the actions of Nationality: Russian Russian forces in Chechnya. Profession: Director News organ: Lada TV Country: RUSSIA Sector: Television CASENR: 15 Date: 3 October 2000 Name: Iskandar Khatloni Age: 30 Nationality: Tajik Source: RUJ Profession: Journalist Description: On October 3, at about News organ: Radio Free Europe 10.00 pm in Toliaty, the body of the Radio Liberty Director-General of TV Channel “Lada Sector: Radio TV’, Sergei Ivanov, was found with Date: 21 September 2000 seven bullet wounds in his head and Age: 46 chest. The killer disappeared after Source: RUJ, WAN, IFEX, firing at his victim. OPC, Reuters, EJC, CPJ, IPI, RFERL Sergei Ivanov who was 30 years old, Description: Radio Free has headed the Toliaty television since Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) 1993. He had no business outside his reporter Iskandar Khatloni was work. Police have started a criminal attacked in his Moscow apartment by investigation. an unknown, axe-wielding assailant. Khatloni was struck twice in the head, Country: SOUTH AFRICA according to the Moscow bureau of CASENR: 17 RFE/RL. He then stumbled onto the Name: Coletane Markham street and collapsed, to be found later Nationality: South African by a passer-by. Khatloni died later that Profession: Editor night in Moscow's Botkin Hospital. News organ: Sowetan Sunday World Local police have opened a murder Sector: Press investigation. Date: 5 May 2000 At the time of his death, Khatloni was Age: 35 known to be working on stories about Source: FXI, IPI, ANC the Russian military's human-rights Description: Coletane Markham, abuses in Chechnya. The topic is 35, was a sub-editor on The Sowetan, controversial in Russia; earlier this South Africa's largest circulating daily. year a senior official in the Media On the night of May 5 she was Ministry announced that RFE/RL was attacked outside her home in the town “hostile to our state”. of Roodepoort (a few kilometres west Additional: Khatloni had worked of Johannesburg) by a person since 1996 as a Moscow-based unknown. Her head was battered in journalist for the Tajik service of the presumably with a hammer and she

25 died instantly. Her assailant drove her He disappeared in September not long car to a nearby police station and after he complained of government abandoned it there. No one has been harassment. arrested and police have been unable to establish a motive for her death. Country: UNITED STATES of She was conducting an investigation AMERICA into child prostitution around that time CASENR: 19 but police have not been able to Name: James Edwin Richards establish whether her death was Nationality: American connected with this or whether it was Profession: Journalist linked to her private life. News organ: Neighborhood News Sector: Internet Newsletter Country: UKRAINE Date: 18 October 2000 CASENR: 18 Age: 55 Name: Georhiy Gongadze Source: Reuters Nationality: Ukrainian Description: The controversial editor Profession: Journalist of an online newsletter covering crime News organ: Ukrainska Pravda in the Los Angeles beach community Sector: Internet Newspaper of Venice was shot and killed in what a Date: Los Angeles city councilwoman called Age: 31 an assassination. Source: AP, EJC, BBC, IPI, James Edwin Richards, 55, a longtime CPJ, Reuters, NVJ, UCP, IFJ, Freedom community activist, was shot to death Forum in the early morning hours as he was Description: Colleagues of a missing walking near his house, Los Angeles Ukrainian journalist, Georgiy police said. Gongadze, say they have seen his body No witnesses or motives were in a morgue near Kiev. identified, police said. The journalists were alerted by police Friends said Richards might have been questions about some of Gongadze's targeted because he was a controversial possessions. They said the body had figure in the neighborhood. His been beheaded and burned by acid, but newsletter, Neighborhood News they had seen personal possessions that reported extensively on crime. confirmed its identity. Although by no means a journalist of The body, which had been buried in a the mainstream, Richards reported on wood, had been found at the beginning everything from petty theft to drug of this month. The journalists said they sales and drive-by shootings, and was had returned with a coffin to take it often first to arrive at a crime scene, away, but were told it was no longer at often getting there before police. the morgue. The Ukrainian police responded that there were no new Country: ZAMBIA developments in the case. CASENR: 20 Mr Gongadze founded the popular Name: Antonio Paciencia Internet newspaper Ukrayinska Pravda Nationality: Angolan (Ukrainian Truth) that has been critical Profession: Journalist of President Kuchma, the so-called big News organ: Angola Sate Radio business ''oligarchs'' and the official Sector: Radio media. Date: 2 October 2000 Age:

26 Source: BBC, OPC, PANA, RSF, WAN, CPJ, UJA Description: An Angolan journalist who had disappeared during a media tour of refugee camps in western Zambia was found dead in the Zambezi River near the town of Senanga, according to Zambian police authorities. Antonio Paciencia, an editor at the state-operated Radio Nacional de Angola (RNA), was travelling with a group of journalists from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) who were visiting refugee camps on Zambia's border with Angola. The media tour was organized and hosted by representatives of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Paciencia's body showed no signs of physical violence, and Zambian police authorities say they are investigating the circumstances of his death. Diplomatic sources quoted in a Reuters report noted that as a journalist working for a government station Paciencia had taken a risk by visiting a camp dominated by supporters of Jonas Savimbi, the leader of the Angolan UNITA rebel group.

Total Cases Under Investigation: 20

27 List of Sources

AMARC World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters ANEM Association of Independent Electronic Media APG Asociacion de Periodistas de Guatemala Article 19 Charter 97 CMFR Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists EJC European Journalism Center FAPE Federacion de Asociaciones de la Prensa Espanola Federation of Media Employees Trade Unions FELAP Federacion Latinoamericana de Periodistas FENAJ Federaçao Nacional do Jornalistas FFE Foundation for Freedom of Expression FIP IFJ Latin America Office FMM Free Media Movement FNSI Federazione Nazionale della Stampa Italiana Freedom Forum FXI Freedom of Expression Institute Human Rights Watch IAPA Inter American Press Association ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions IFEX International Freedom of Expression Exchange IFJ International Federation of Journalists IPC International Press Center IPI International Press Institute JED Journaliste en Danger Media Central Media Foundation for West Africa Media on Media Media Watch MISA Media Institute of Southern Africa NVJ Nederlandse Vereniging van Journalisten OPC Overseas Press Club of America OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe Prensa Libre PJS Palestinian Journalists Sindicate PPF Pakistan Press Foundation Pacific Media Watch Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty RSF Reporters sans Frontières RUJ Russian Union of Journalists SINDIJOR Sindicato dos Jornalistas de Sergipe SNPN Sindicato Nacional de Periodistas de Nicaragua UCJ Union of Cyprus Journalists WAN World Association of Newspapers

28 International Code of Practice for the Safe Conduct of Journalism

The dangers posed to journalists and media staff working in dangerous situations and conflict zones are the subject of extensive record. The IFJ has recorded the deaths of more than 700 journalists and media staff over the past ten years.

Many journalists are killed, injured or harassed in war zones, either targeted by one side or another or caught in the crossfire of violence. Others are the victims of premeditated assault and intimidation either by criminals, terrorists or by agencies of the state – the police, the military or the security forces – acting secretly and illegally.

Very often there is little that journalists or media organisations can do to avoid casualties. There will, inevitably, be accidents, no matter how much care is taken to provide protection and there is little one can do when those targeting media use ruthless and brutal methods to crush journalistic inquiry.

However, there are steps that journalists and media organisations should take to minimise the risks to staff. In particular, the following are vital considerations in providing protection:

Adequate preparation, training and social protection. It is essential that journalists and media staff be in a state of readiness when difficulties arise. There should be a framework for providing individuals with health care and social protection.

Media professionals must be informed and inform themselves about the political, physical, and social terrain in which they are working. They must not contribute to the uncertainty and insecurity of their conditions through ignorance or reckless behaviour.

Media organisations must guard against risk-taking for competitive advantage, and should promote co-operation among journalists whenever conditions exist which are potentially hazardous.

→ Governments must remove obstacles to journalism. They must not restrict unnecessarily the freedom of movement of journalists or compromise the right of news media to gather, produce and disseminate information in secure and safe conditions.

People Must Keep Their Hands Off Media. Everyone should respect the physical integrity of journalists and media staff at work. Physical interference with filming or other journalistic work must be prohibited.

With these considerations in mind, the IFJ calls on journalists groups, media organisations and all relevant public authorities to respect the following International Code of Practice for the Safe Conduct of Journalism:

29 1. Journalists and other media staff shall be properly equipped for all assignments including the provision of first-aid materials, communication tools, adequate transport facilities and, where necessary, protective clothing;

2. Media organisations and, where appropriate, state authorities shall provide risk-awareness training for those journalists and media workers who are likely to be involved in assignments where dangerous conditions prevail or may be reasonably expected;

3. Public authorities shall inform their personnel of the need to respect the rights of journalists and shall instruct them to respect the physical integrity of journalists and media staff while at work.

4. Media organisations shall provide social protection for all staff engaged in journalistic activity outside the normal place of work, including life insurance;

5. Media organisations shall provide, free of charge, medical treatment and health care, including costs of recuperation and convalescence, for journalists and media workers who are the victims of injury or illness as a result of their work outside the normal place of work;

6. Media organisations shall protect freelance or part-time employees. They must receive, on an equal basis, the same social protection and access to training and equipment as that made available to fully employed staff.

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