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Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon Piers D Cambridge University Press 052184455X - Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon Piers D. Mitchell Index More information Index abdominal injury, treatment of, 182, 203 Amalric II of Jerusalem, 92 see also Baldwin I; blade injuries Ambroise (chronicler), 156–7 Ab Sahl al-Mas h, 208–9 amputation Abu Mansur, Shaykh, 37 in battle, 153 Abu Sulayman Dawud, 35 as legal penalty, 114, 124, 126, 134–5 accidental injuries, 113, 138 surgical, 153, 190, 213 aconitum, 155 survival rates, 152–3, 213 Acre, 2, 25 see also mutilation archaeological investigations, 10, 13, 66, anaesthesia/analgesia, 186–7, 198, 201, 202, 67–8 204 as centre of learning, 208–9 anatomy, medieval knowledge of, 140–2 Hospital of St John, 18–19, 79–81, 82–3 animals, experimental use of, 140–1, 162–3 siege (1190), 23, 59, 90, 93–4, 131, 143, 153 Anselmof Ribemont, 163 Templar complex, 86 Antioch, 2, 13, 25–6 Teutonic hospital, 90–1 as centre of learning, 35, 207–8, 218 adab literature, 8–9 Chronicle of (Canso d’Antioca), 139 Adamof Cremona, 210–11 earthquake, 172 Adelard of Bath, 207 hospitals, 50 Agnes, sister (of the Order of St John), 61, 63 laws, 170, 220 al-Ghafiki, 209 military activity, 57, 126, 206, 243 al-Ghazi of Aleppo, 165–6 patriarch (1150s), 129–30 al-Majusi, 140, 161 apothecaries, 31 translation of, 26, 152, 207–8 definition/skills, 12–13 al-Mu‘azzam, Sultan, 37 drugs, 10, 13 al-Muhadhdhab Abu Sa‘id, 35 ar-Rashid, caliph, 50 al-Mustansir, caliph, 61 Arabic, literature in see Islamic world; texts, al-Razi, 24, 140, 223–4 Islamic al-Salih Ayyub, Sultan, 213 Aragon, 14, 207, 225 al-Shayzari, 193–4, 223 archaeology, 10, 243 al-Walid, caliph, 50 see also cemeteries; hospitals; infirmaries; Albert of Aachen, 148–50, 156, 160, 163, surgery; names of sites 168 archers Albucasis, 150, 151–2, 153, 181–2, 186, 190, 191–3, combat tactics, 113 194, 199, 211, 223, 228 skeletal characteristics, 109–10 Alexander (of Hungary), 27 see also arrow injuries Alfons III of Aragon, 225 arminjuries, 116–17, 119 alkaloids see medicines: plant-derived peacetime, 114–15, 117 Almeira, siege of, 14, 55 Armenia, 209 aloes, 200 armour, 111–12 Amalric I of Jerusalem, 34, 35, 76, 79, 172, and arrow wounds, 155 209–10 efficacy, 147–8, 163, 177 284 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052184455X - Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon Piers D. Mitchell Index More information Index 285 footsoldiers’, 145–6 blade injuries, 148 knights’, 145 abdominal, 153–4 (see also Baldwin I) Muslim, 146–7 common types/locations, 110–13 Arnold of Villanova, 14, 55–7, 138, 178, 180, 200, treatment methods, 150, 151–2, 182 211, 243 bleeding see blade injuries; bloodletting arrow wounds, 155–8 blinding (as punishment), 126, 170 after-effects, 158 bloodletting, 193–8, 203 multiple, 156–7, 177 arguments for, 193 removal of missile, 155–6, 179 complications, 194–5, 197, 203–4 Arsuf, siege of, 156, 175 impact on patient health, 198 Artois, Robert of, 29 legal regulation, 227, 231, 234 Arundel, William, earl of, 24, 141–2 in military/monastic routine, 55, 69, 83, 88–9, Ascalon, 127, 128, 171 195–6 ascites see dropsy modern analysis, 197–8 Assassins (sect), 153, 154 patients’ responses to, 196 astronomy, 208 practitioners, 12, 193 Aubert of Narcy, Lord, 165 procedure, 193–5 autopsy, 142, 162–3, 239 as treatment for illness, 179, 188 Averroes, 208 blunt trauma/weapons see crush injuries Avicenna, 140, 181–2, 200, 201, 208 Bohemond (Frankish leader), 125 Bologna, 11, 42, 154, 224 Baghdad, hospitals in, 51, 52 Boniface VIII, Pope, 141 Balak (Muslimleader), 129 Brienne, Jean de see John I Baldwin I of Jerusalem, 36, 79 Bruno Longoburgo, 211 abdominal wound, 141, 159–63, 180, 182, Bulfarage (Abu’l-Faradj, of Jerusalem), 37 239 burning, injuries/deaths by, 174 death/preservation, 24, 141–2 treatment, 176, 178 military activities, 125–6, 128, 151, 175 Byzantine empire/culture, 7 Baldwin II of Jerusalem, 59, 82, 85, 129 medical practices, 48–50, 100–4, 106, 140, Baldwin III of Jerusalem, 36, 57, 79, 172–3, 217 215 military technology, 174 Baldwin, Prince (later Baldwin IV of Jerusalem), see also medicine: Frankish/Eastern, 35, 60 compared; texts Baldwin Calderun, 168 Baldwin of Ghent, 156 Caesarea, 10, 118, 120–2 Baldwin of Ramla, 130 Cambridge (University), 21 Barac (of Tripoli), 36, 215 camp, living conditions in, 56–7 barbers, 31 see also sieges payment, 15, 43 capital punishment see punishment presence on crusades, 41 castle architecture, 171–2 role/skills, 12, 88, 193 casualties Barhebraeus, Gregorius, bishop, 35, 38, 199, numbers, 143–4, 176–7 209 transportation, 58–9 Bartholomew, Peter, 169 cautery, 116, 150, 181–2, 190–2, 203, 228, battle-axe see blade injuries 235 Becket, Thomas see St Thomas of Canterbury cavalry see horsemen Belmont castle, 10 Celestine II, Pope, 76 Benvenutus Grassus Hierosolimitanus cemeteries, 75, 80–1 (Benvenutus Grapheus/Crassus), 38–9, archaeological investigation, 10, 243 209 battlefield, 109, 110 Bernard, Treasurer of Jerusalem, 188–9, 190 municipal/monastic, 111–22 Bertrand of Tripoli, 82 Champagne, Count Henry of, 18 Bertrandus, magister, 18–19, 70 childbirth, 66 Beugnot, M., 221 children, accidents involving, 138 biography, 8 chirurgicus see surgeons © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052184455X - Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon Piers D. Mitchell Index More information 286 Index Christianity, Eastern subgroups/sects, 31, 36, 95 delirium, 87–8 laws, 220–1 diet medical practitioners, 35–9, 45 deficiencies in, 65, 185–7 medical texts, 209 in Frankish hospitals, 67–8, 88, 92, 99, 106, persecution, 128 217 chronicles in non-Frankish hospitals, 49 accuracy, 6–7, 9 recommendations for wounded, 56 audiences’ characteristics/expectations, 6–7 digestive system, diseases of, 87 authors’ backgrounds, 5–6 diseases bias, 6, 9–10, 42, 108 common to East, 241 composition, 5–6 spread of, 205 geographical origins, 7–9 see also names of complaints (see also under names of regions/cultures) dissection secondhand, 6 practice of, 140, 141, 142, 162–3, 180, 239 chronography, 8 texts on, 140–1 Clarembaud of Noyers, 60 divination, 209–10 classical world division see corpses legal systems, 226–7 doctors literature, 206 (see also epic poetry) categories of, 12–13, 41, 44–5, 205 clergy equipment, 223 medical role, 14–15, 41, 48 ethnic/cultural mix, 31–4, 45, 105, 106, military role, 143 216–18 climate, impact on health, 1 Frankish/Eastern, compared, 239 combat, trial by, 170 income, 15, 34–5, 42–4, 49, 68, 103–4 compartment syndrome, 132, 168 legal regulation/licensing see law Conde,´ Pierre de, 20 presence on crusades (evidence/numbers), Conrad III of Germany, Emperor, 36 16–17, 41–2, 45, 239 Conrad of Montferrat, Marquis, 60, 131, professional requirements (in law), 223, 226, 153–4 231 Constantin, master (of Scala), 27 reasons for travel, 11 Constantinople, 7, 168–9 role in legal system, 15–16 Pantokrator xenon (hospital), 48–50, 103, role in military operations, 57 104 training see medicine: study of Constantinus Africanus, 207 see also names of individuals, of types of Cornwall, Richard, earl of, 196–7 practitioner and of countries of origin corpses, preservation of, 24–5, 141–2 dracunculiasis (parasite), 1, 210 crush injuries (blunt trauma), 167–74 dropsy, 192–3, 203, 228, 234–5 accidental, 168 drugs see anaesthesia; medicines; sedatives in natural disasters, 172 Dude de Laon, master, 20 in press of crowd, 169, 170 dysentery, 1 fromprojectiles, 113 treatment, 179 earthquakes see crush injuries currency, medieval, 42–3 Edessa, 2, 82 Cyprus, 2, 41, 64, 83, 130–1 military activity, 35, 126 archival records, 31, 44, 242 education see under medicine laws/punishments, 34, 132–4, 173–4, 220, Edward of England, Prince (later Edward I), 25, 225 95, 154–5 cyrurgicus see surgeons Egypt medical standards, 51–2, 140 Damascus, 36–7, 51 military activity, 58, 63 sultan of, 131 (see also Fifth Crusade; Seventh Crusade) Damietta, 27 Eighth Crusade (1270), 20 David II of Georgia, 165 Eleanor of Provence (queen to Henry III), 25 deadly nightshade, 199, 200, 201 Eli (of Famagusta), 40 Delaville le Roulx, 67 Emfred de Novo Castro, 29 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052184455X - Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon Piers D. Mitchell Index More information Index 287 England Frederick II (Hohenstaufen) of Sicily, 206, 224 archaeological finds, 54, 111–13, 114–15 Frederick of Loupey, Lord, 159 (see also names of sites, e.g. Towton) Fulk, king of Jerusalem, 84, 164, 188 laws, 124 fumitory, 200, 201 medical institutions, 53, 54–5 medical practitioners from, 21–5, 40, 41 Galen, 36–7, 40, 140, 161, 162, 194, 223 epic poetry, influence on chronicles, 6, 139 gangrene, 158, 182 epilepsy, 188 Geffroi (of Nantes), 17 Erard of Siverey, Lord, 154 gender (and injury patterns), 113–14 Eudes de Champagne, 17–18 see also segregation; women Europe, hospitals in, 52–7, 105, 205 Gerard, brother (of the Order of St John), 63, see also names of countries 70, 90, 127 execution see punishment Gerard of Avenses, 156 eyes, diseases/treatments of, 39 Germany archaeological finds, 112, 116 facial injuries, 152, 154 hospitals, 53–4, 217 Famagusta (Cyprus), 13, 226 Gervase (of Tiberias), 151 La Feve` (Templar site), 86 Gilbertus Anglicus (de Aquila), 21–3, 42, 210, 211 field hospitals, 90, 240 Gilles de Corbeil, 21 contemporary descriptions, 55–7, 59, 242 Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke, 125, 128, 149–50, 171, historical development, 57, 59–60 175 Field of Blood, battle of the, 128–9, 164 Greece Fifth Crusade (1217–21), 18–19, 24–5, 26, 143–4 archaeological finds, 112 First Crusade (1096–9), 2, 62, 125–7, 137 Greek fire (siege weapon), 174–6 casualties, 144, 216, 243 Gregory IX, Pope, 94 see also specific engagements, e.g.
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