Zmienne Losy Starego Cmentarza W Biłgoraju

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Zmienne Losy Starego Cmentarza W Biłgoraju pamięć f remembrance Krzysztof Garbacz archeolog archaeologist Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa The National Heritage Board of Poland Oddział Terenowy w Zielonej Górze Regional Division in Zielona Góra Zmienne losy starego cmentarza w Biłgoraju Changing history of the old cemetery in Biłgoraj Abstrakt Abstract Zabytkowe cmentarze są świadectwem dziedziczonej z pokolenia na Old cemeteries are evidence of the memory about ancestors inherited pokolenie pamięci o przodkach. Niestety, część z nich została w XX w. throughout generations. Sadly, in the 20th century, some of them were zdewastowana i ograbiona z wielu elementów kamiennej architektu- devastated and robbed of many elements of stone tomb architecture. ry nagrobnej. Do tej grupy założeń należy stary cmentarz w Biłgoraju, In this group is the old cemetery in Biłgoraj, Lublin Voivodeship, es- w województwie lubelskim, założony przed końcem XVIII w. Jego użyt- tablished in the late 18th century. Its use was discontinued ca. 1880. kowanie zakończono około 1880 r., ale prawne zamknięcie nastąpiło However, it was not legally closed until 1959. Within several decades, dopiero w 1959 r. W ciągu kilkudziesięciu lat pozbawiony opieki cmen- without care, the cemetery fell into such advanced degradation that tarz uległ tak daleko posuniętej degradacji, że w 1982 r. zarejestrowano in 1982 only three undamaged, free-standing tombstones were regis- tylko trzy nieuszkodzone wolno stojące nagrobki kamienne; pozostałe tered; others survived only in fragments. Some of the trees were de- przetrwały jedynie we fragmentach. Zniszczeniu uległa też część drze- stroyed as well. In 1977, the cemetery was entered into the register of wostanu. W 1977 r. cmentarz został wpisany do rejestru zabytków, dzie- historic sites; ten years later, the design of a lapidarium was created. sięć lat później powstało założenie projektowe lapidarium. Próby rato- Attempts to save the Biłgoraj cemetery coincided with general dis- wania biłgorajskiego cmentarza zbiegły się z czasem ogólnej dyskusji cussion on the state of conservation of necropolises in Poland and na temat stanu zachowania nekropolii w Polsce i szybko postępujące- their quickly advancing degradation, both by vandals and as a result of go ich niszczenia, zarówno przez wandali, jak i wskutek decyzji władz decisions made by administrative authorities who order liquidation of administracyjnych, nakazujących likwidację tych już nieużytkowanych. the disused ones. On the example of the Biłgoraj complex, the author Na przykładzie biłgorajskiego założenia autor starał się pokazać wie- attempted to illustrate the years-long process of post-war destruction loletni proces powojennej destrukcji jednej z tych nekropolii, które bez of one of these necropolises, which survived the period of Nazi occupa- uszczerbku przetrwały czasy okupacji hitlerowskiej. tion without harm. Słowa kluczowe: Biłgoraj, Lubelszczyzna, domniemane grodzisko, Keywords: Biłgoraj, Lublin region, old cemetery, supposed hill fort, stary cmentarz, cmentarz przykościelny, nekropolia podmiejska, church cemetery, suburban necropolis, lapidarium, tombstones, lapidarium, kamienne nagrobki, józefowski ośrodek kamieniarski Józefów stoneworking centre abytkowe cmentarze są świadectwem ld cemeteries are not only evidence of Znie tylko dziedziczonej z pokolenia na pokolenie Othe memory about ancestors inherited through- pamięci o przodkach, lecz także dowodem niekiedy out generations, but also of, often highly developed, wysoko rozwiniętej kultury materialnej, której wy- material culture, the products of which are com- tworem są założenia urbanistyczne z kaplicami i oto- plexes with chapels and tombstones surrounded with czonymi zielenią cmentarną nagrobkami. Niestety, graveyard greenery. Sadly, in the 20th century, some część z tych nekropolii została w XX wieku zdewa- of these necropolises were devastated and robbed of stowana i ograbiona z wielu elementów kamiennej many elements of stone tomb architecture. The old architektury nagrobnej. Do tej grupy założeń należy cemetery in Biłgoraj, Lublin Voivodeship, belongs to stary cmentarz w Biłgoraju, w województwie lubel- this group of complexes. Its history – period of be- skim. Jego dzieje, a więc czas użytkowania, następnie ing used, then years-long degradation and attempts wieloletnia degradacja i próby ratowania wydały mi to save it – seemed to me worthy of paying attention się godne uwagi i opisania, co też stało się przedmio- and describing, which became the subject of this tem niniejszego artykułu. article. 219 pamięć f remembrance Zanim powstał cmentarz Before the cemetery Biłgoraj to nieduże miasto powiatowe, leżące w połu- Biłgoraj is a small provincial town, located in southern dniowej Lubelszczyźnie, nad przecinającymi Równinę Lublin region, on the banks of Biała and Czarna Łada Biłgorajską rzekami Białą i Czarną Ładą (il. 1). – rivers transecting the Biłgoraj Plain (fig. 1). Do założenia miasta na terenie porośniętym lasa- The town itself was settled in 1578, in the area mi Puszczy Solskiej, w połowie drogi między Gorajem overgrown with the woods of Solska Forest, halfway a Tarnogrodem, doszło w 1578 roku dzięki inicjatywie between Goraj and Tarnogród, on the initiative of Lu- podkomorzego lubelskiego Adama Gorajskiego. Akt blin chamberlain Adam Gorajski. The settlement act lokacyjny podpisał król Stefan Batory. Początkowo, was signed by King Stefan Batory. Initially, in the 16th w XVI i XVII wieku, Biłgoraj pozostawał w rękach and 17th centuries, Biłgoraj remained in the hands of rodziny Gorajskich. Do następnych właścicieli nale- the Gorajski family. Subsequent owners included rep- żeli przedstawiciele Szczuków i Potockich, a od 1806 resentatives of Szczuka and Potocki families, and from roku Stanisław Nowakowski, były szambelan króla 1806 on – Stanisław Nowakowski, former chamber- Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego. Nowy właściciel lain of King Stanisław August Poniatowski. The new zbudował w Rożnówce, nieopodal miasta, pałac oraz owner built a palace and arranged a park in Rożnówka, urządził park. W tym czasie Biłgoraj liczył poniżej just outside the town. During this period, Biłgoraj had 3000 mieszkańców (w 1827 roku 2945 mieszkańców a population of less than 3000 inhabitants (in 1817 – i 416 domów). 2945 residents and 416 houses). Po śmierci Stanisława Nowakowskiego (1841) do- After Stanisław Nowakowski’s death in 1841, the bra biłgorajskie odziedziczył syn Edward, który dopro- Biłgoraj estate was inherited by his son, Edward, who wadził do zadłużenia majątku. W tej sytuacji przejął drove the property into debt. In this situation, the es- go Walerian Płatonow, mąż Teodory, najstarszej córki tate was taken over by Walerian Płatonow, husband szambelana, a po nim brat Waleriana – Mikołaj Płato- of Teodora, the oldest daughter of the chamberlain, now, który w 1864 roku sprzedał dobra rządowi. and after him – Mikołaj Płatonow, Walerian’s brother, W okresie I Rzeczypospolitej Biłgoraj znajdował who sold the property to the government in 1864. się w granicach województwa lubelskiego, po rozbio- During the I Rzeczpospolita, Biłgoraj was within rach znalazł się w zaborze austriackim, potem w Księ- the borders of Lublin Voivodeship, after the Parti- stwie Warszawskim, a od 1816 roku w Królestwie tions it belonged to the Austrian Partition, then to the Kongresowym. Najpierw miasto należało do powiatu Duchy of Warsaw, and from 1816 on, to the Congress tarnogrodzkiego, a po utworzeniu w 1866 roku powia- Poland. Initially, the town belonged to Tarnogród tu biłgorajskiego stało się jego siedzibą. province, and upon creating Biłgoraj province in 1866, W zasadzie od początku istnienia Biłgoraj był it became its seat. miastem kilkuwyznaniowym. Sam jego założyciel Basically from the beginning of its existence, należał do działaczy kalwińskich i dzięki niemu już Biłgoraj has been a multi-religion town. Its founder w 1578 roku powstał tu zbór. Początkowo katolicy himself was a Calvinist, and thanks to him a congre- dysponowali małą kaplicą, a opiekę nad nimi sprawo- gation was built in the town as early as 1578. Initially, wali franciszkanie z pobliskiej wsi Puszcza Solska, do the Catholics had a small chapel at their disposal, and której w 1644 roku sprowadził ich Tomasz Zamoyski. the religious services were provided by Franciscans Dopiero w roku 1699 ówczesny właściciel miasta, Mar- from a nearby village of Puszcza Solska, where they cin Szczuka, ufundował drewniany kościół. W 1732 were brought by Tomasz Zamoyski in 1644. Only in roku ksiądz Mateusz Pawłowicz rozpoczął budowę 1699, the town-owner at the time, Marcin Szczuka, murowanego kościoła barokowego, a jej zakończenie founded a wooden church. In 1732, Rev. Mateusz nastąpiło za sprawą kolejnego właściciela, Eustache- Pawłowicz initiated the construction of a brick ba- go Potockiego. Wkrótce po założeniu Biłgoraja po- roque church, and its completion is credited to the jawili się w nim Żydzi, którzy z czasem zbudowali next owner, Eustachy Potocki. Soon after the settle- tu drewnianą synagogę. Świątynia przetrwała do ment of Biłgoraj, Jews came to it, and with time built 220 pamięć f remembrance pożaru w 1867 roku, po czym na jej miejscu w roku 1875 wzniesiono nową, murowaną. Ponadto w mieście żyli unici. Cerkiew unicka była wzmiankowana już w 1654 roku, a murowana świątynia została zbudo- wana w latach 1790-1793. W 1875 roku zamieniono ją na prawosławną, zaś w roku 1919 wyświęcono jako katolicki kościół filialny1. Początkowo katolicki kościół parafialny pw. Wnie- bowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny otaczał
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