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Da "Iustitia" À "Disciplina". Textos, Poder E Política Penal No Antigo

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Da DA «IUSTITIA» A «DISCIPLINA» . TEXTOS, PODER E POLITICA PENAL NO ANTIGO REGIME SUMARIO I . INTRODUQAO . II. O DIREITO PENAL DA MONARQUIA CORPORATIVA . III . O DIREITO PENAL DA MONARQUIA " ESTATALISTA ". IV . O SISTEMA DISCURSI- VO DO C6DIGO CRIMINAL de Pascoal do Melo . «ARQUIVO=TEXTUAL E SIS- TEMATICA . V. OS CODIGOS IDEOL6GICOS DO DISCURSO LEGISLATIVO . 1 . Os crimes contra a reltgtao . 2 . Os crimes contra ordem moral. 3. Os crimes contra a ordem polittca -r lesa-magestade. 4 Os cri- mes contra a ordem politica -a violencta . 5 . Os crimes contra as pes- soas -a honra. 6. Os crimes contra as pessoas -o corpo. 7. Os cri- mes contra a verdade . 8. Os crimes contra o patrim6nio . 9 Con- clusdo . I. INTRODUCAO Em 26 de Novembro de 1786 -quatro dias antes da promul- gatrdo daquele que e considerado como o primeiro «c6digo penal moderno», o c6digo de Pedro Leopoldo da Toscana-, Pascoal de Melo apresentava a Junta do Novo C6digo a primeira parte do seu projecto de c6digo criminal. Apesar de objecto de tres edi(;des 1 e de ser geralmente conhe- cido e citado, este texto nao tern despertado grande atenqao . E, ' Ensaio do Codlgo Criminal a que mandou proceder a rainha D Maria t, Lls- boa (Tip . Malgrense, 1823), XIII + 459 pp Ed Mlguel Setaro, ex-consul de Portu- gal na Russia, que utlllzou um manuscrlto cedldo pelos herdelros do autor Co- dlgo criminal, tntentado pela ramha D Maria l.. Segunda ediqao castigada dos error, Llsboa 1823 (Tip Slmao Tadeu Ferreira), 1823, XIX-144. Ed Francisco Freire de Melo que, posslvelmente corn a colabora(;ao do pr6pno Pascoal de Melo nor tilt]- mos anos de sua vlda, retocou a versao original «porventura corn mais algum fim, do que o de a depurar e cornglr- («Advertenclao da 3a . ed ., IV), pelo que, no dl- zer dos mesmos tercelros edltores, a transformou «por asslm dizer, numa obra no- va». NAo Inclui as «Provas» . C6digo criminal, intentado pela ralnha D Maria l, corn as provas, Coimbra, 1844 (Imprensa da Unlversidade). Segue, fundamentalmente, a prlmelra edlqao . Mas os edltores prometem Inclulr, a final, uma tabela das va- rlantes, entre as duas anteriores edio;6es, todavla, nor exemplares que conheqo, tat tabela nao aparece . No presente texto, seguiu-se a tercelra ediqao Sobre Pas- coal de Melo, v., por todos, VITOR FAVEIRO, 1968 494 A M Hespanha no entanto, trata-se, a meu ver, de uma peqa impair, quer no con- fronto com a tradi(;ao legislativa europeia, quer pela importan- cia que vai ter como modelo (muitas vezes implicito ou silencia- do) das futuras tentativas de codificaqao penal em Portugal Z . Neste estudo, pretendo contribuir para colmatar esta lacuna da nossa historiografia. Ao faze-lo, dou-me conta, porem, do caricter inusitado do em- preendimento, no contexto das actuais tend6ncias da hist6ria ins- titucional e juridica . Numa fase de critica generalizada, e global- mente justa, a uma histbrica juridico-institucional voltada para os textos -legislativos ou doutrinais- e separada do estudo dos factos sociais, eis que me re-proponho um estudo textua13, numa area onde, para mais, proliferam leituras antropoldgicas, socio- logicas e political -a hist6ria do crime e da pena 4. Ocorre, portanto, colocar algumas questoes preliminares so- bre o estatuto tecirico da hist6ria textual, nesta nossa epoca que rompeu definitivamente com os postulados da historiografia ju- ridico-institucional de cariz dogmatico (Dogmengeschichte) . A primeira questao a ser levantada 6 a de saber se tem senti- do, para quem pretenda fazer uma hist6ria dos sistemas de con- trole e marginalizaqao sociais, preocupar-se assim com os textos . Na verdade, e quanto aos textos legais, todos sabem que as leis -mesmo as penais- nunca sao pontualmente cumpridas e que, em alguns casos, nem sequer visam -como diremos adian- te- essa aplicaqao pontual . Que, ademais, elas nao constituem todo o direito, existindo normas socialmente eficazes no piano da marginalizaqAo e da puniqao de diverssissima origem, desde os es- tilos de julgar ate a regras muito pouco estruturadas de compor- tamento social 5. Quanto a doutrina, todos os Clue estao familia- rizados com a literatura juridica cedo descobrem Clue ela consti- tui, nao um espelho da realidade social, mas um seu filtro e re- construqao. Que reclassifica e revaloriza uns factos sociais, Clue si- lencia outros, Clue cria realidades «imaginarias» -e nao me refi- Z Sobre elas, v por ultimo, o original trabalho de J M LOPES SUBTIL, 1986 3 A. M HESPANHA, 1986a, y J .-M SCHOLZ, 1986 Para um balanqo actual, v PH ROBERT, 1985, conjunto slgnlflcatlvo dal onentao;oes hole correntes, em L BERLINGUER, 1986 . 5 Sobre a multlpllcldade de normas de conduta e de tecnologias de controlo social, v A . M HESPANHA, 1987 . Da atustuia- d adiscipfinan 495 ro apenas aquilo que os pr6prios juristas consideram como fictio- nes iuris, mas a coisas de cujo caracter -construido» eles pare- cem nao se dar conta- e as trata como reais. E, no entanto, os textos, nao apenas sao, eles mesmos, reali- dades da histbria juridica e institucional, como mantem uma in- tima rela(;ao com outras realidades de que se alimenta quotidia- namente a tal hist6ria social das instituic,6es. Comeqo por este ultimo aspecto . Um dos temas actuais da his- tbria penal europeia e o das grandes linhas de evolu(;Ao da crimi- nalidade na Europa, da idade media aos nossos dias. Explorando uma sugestdo inicial de uma transiqao da criminalidade violenta para a criminalidade patrimonial (from violence to theft) ', tem-se procurado, com base em estudos estatisticos dos registos judi- ciais, comprovar ou infirmar esta tese. Mas, «furto» ou «violen- cia» sao realidades conceituais e nao empiricas (no sentido mais lhano da palavra). E realidades conceituais que, como se vera, ex- perimentaram mudanqas bruscas no decurso da evolucao dogma- tica de ciencia penal . Como os factos sociais do passado nos che- gam atraves de textos -e de textos que os filtram pelas catego- rias da grande tradiqao dogmatica europeia- esta tradicao tex- tual acaba por constituir uma chave indispensavel para fazer a hist6ria dos factos empiricos. Mas, mais do que isto, parece importante sublinhar como os textos, em si mesmos, sdo factos socials «htstoridveis» ; como nao sao apenas receptaculos neutros e disponiveis de ideias ou de coi- sas, mas realidades internamente estruturadas, dotadas, por as- sim dizer, de uma villa e l6gica evolutiva pr6prias. Realidades que seleccionam as coisas (os objectos) de que neles se pode falar; que atribuem um certo estatuto s6cio-institucional ao autor e que pre-figuram um certo audit6rto; que autorizam certa maneira de argumentar ou de provar e excluem outras; que, entre si, auto- nomamente dialogam, convidando a leitura de outros textos e, em contrapartida, interditando certas referencias (i .e ., que criam uma certa intertaxtualtdade)' . 6 Sobre o tema, v JENS CHR V JOHANSEN, 1986 ' Cf para estes aspectos, M FOUCAULT, 1969 (estruturas discursivas a condiq6es da pritica discursiva), P ZYMA, 1977, 1980 (sobretudo para o concerto de intertex- to) Apresentaqao geral destes temas, em portuges, CARLOS REIS, 1981 . Aplicaqao ao discurso juridico, A M HESPANHA, 1978a 496 A M. Hespanha Falar de autonomia dos textos pode constituir um equivoco, se nao se esclarecer imediatamente que este sistema interno dos discursos e a outra face das condicoes sociais e institucionais e ate materiais em que eles sao produzidos . Condiqoes sociais, ins- titucionais e political modelam o universo dos autores e dos lei- tores e estabelecem o modelo das suas rela(;6es reciprocal. Cir- cunstancias materiais (v .g., estado dal bibliotecas) e culturais (v.g., linguisticas) condicionam o universo dal referencias . Por sua vez, sao de novo pondi<;oes sociais e political que estabelecem os limites do impacto social (da recepqdo) de um texto $. E este o contexto teorico, e esta a pre-compreensao metodol6- gica, em que vai decorrer a seguinte apresentaqao do Projecto de C6digo Criminal de Pascoal de Melo . Numa primeira parte (caps. II e III), procuraremos definir o es- paqo politico em que se situa (em que e eficaz) o grande discurso penalista de que faz parte a obra de Pascoal de Melo. Estudare- mos, para isso, o espaqo punitivo do direito legal doutrinal -a que por simplifica(;ao chamaremos o direito real-, na orbita do qual este discurso se situa, a fim de surpreender as apostas poli- ticas que ai se jogam. Num piano, as apostas da coroa, enquanto promotora desta es- pecifica ordem penal ; noutro, as dos pr6prios juristas, enquanto titulares da mediaqAo juridica letrada . No primeiro plano, veremos comp, durante o periodo da mo- narquia «corporativa)) 9, o direito real constituiu uma ordem ju- ridtca apenas virtual, mais ortentada para uma intervenqao siin- b6lica, ligada a promo(;ao da imagem do rei como sumo dispen- sador da justiqa, do que para uma intervenqao normativa que dis- ciplinasse, efectivamente, as condutas desviantes . Este caracter virtual da ordem penal real expltca, por sua vez, o caracter «li- vresco» da teoria penal que incide sobre ela e a sua aparente in- sensibilidade aos problemas sociais e humanos da puniqao. Tan- to comp a lei, o discurso dos juristas nao esta decisivamente vo- " Sobre o concerto de «reccp~aou, v . as obras citadas na nota 7 Sobre a ani- lise pragmMico-politica dos textos edos discursos-alem de M FoUCAULT, 1969-, P BoURDIEU, 1976, 1980 e 1984 ' Uuhramos este concerto com o %entUdo que resulta dal conclusoes apresen- tadas em As vesperas do Leviathan (A M HESPANHA, 19866) Da Qiumtza- d adisciplinan 497 cacionado para uma modelaigao quotidiana da pratica penal . Nao e que esta esteja completamente fora do horizonte do discurso, mas impoe-se ai tanto como a tradi(;ao literaria. Por isso, gritan- tes questoes de politica criminal -como, por exemplo, a da uti- lidade social das penas ou a da preven(;ao penal- sao completa- mente submergidas pelo peso da tradiqao textual e pelos cliches.
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