MODERN EGYPT MACMILLAN AND CO., Lwmm LONDON • IOJ.UtAY • CALCUTJ'A IIIL80U1Utl. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 'NEW YORK • BOSTON • C.HICACiO ATLANTA • SAJII' 'FRAJ{CISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ln. TOIW!\"TO MODERN EGYPT
BY
THE EARL OF CROMER
In his first inurvii'W with tht G11'1Jtr110r llj' St. Htlena, Napoleon said nnplzatica/ly, "Egypt is the most important count'} in tlzt tWOrld." RosE, Lift of Napolton, vol. i. p. 356.
Earum prvprit rerum sit himria, 9uibus rtbus gtrtndis inttrfutrit is 'lui narrtf. . GELLJVS, Noctes Atticae, v. 18,
,.a 8' lpya. 1'wv 7rpaxfJ(VT!J)V lv .,.~ 1ro.\(tue ov1< lK 1'0V~ 7ra.pa.1'VXOVTOS' 'II'VV (J a.vop.£VOSI 'l)si!J)O'O.'~' ypa..,.. IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. II MACMILLAN AND. CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1908 CONTENTS PART III (Continued) THE SOUDAN 1882-1907. CHAPTER XXVIII THE FAI.L OF KHARTOUM 0CTODJm II, 1884-JANUARY 26, 1885 PACIE )\lurder of Colonel Stewart-Difficulties of the Expedition-News from General Gordon-Occupation of Ja.kdul-The battle of Abu Klea-Death of Sir Herbert Stewart-The column reaches the Nile-Two steamers leave for Khartoum-They arrive too late-Events at Khartoum- General Gordon's character Capitulation of Omdurman-General Gordon's death-Effect on public opinion • 8 CHAPTER XXIX THE EvAcuA:rtoN oF THE SouDAN JANUARY 26, l88S-DECF•'IIBER 30, 1886 - . . (. - Lord Wolseley urges the necessity of an autumn campaign-The Government hesitate-And then agree-Sir Redvers Buller retreats to Korti- Battle of Kirbekan -The movement on Berber arrested-Operations at Suakin-Action at Hashin And at Tofrik-Suspension of the Suakin operations-The autumn campaign abandoned-Question of holding Dongola Change of Government in England-Evacuation of Dongola Death of the Mahdi-Battle of Ginn iss-Review of British policy 18 v vi MODERN EGYPT CHAPTER XXX THE DEBRIS oF THE SouDAN PAOli: The outlying provinces :-1. Darfour : Surrender of the province The Senoussieh sect-The revolt of Abu Gemaireh. ll. Bahr-~~1- Ghawl: Lupton Bey surrenders-His death. s. Equawria: Emio Pasha summoned to surrender-He maintains his posi· tion-The Stanley expedition. 4, 81nnar: The garrison sur renders . .5. Kauala: The garrison surrenders, 6. Th1.dbyuinian Frontiw Gaf'I'Uo!u : The Hewett treaty-The garrisons of Amadib, Seobit, Galabat, Gera, and Gedaref. 7. Bll'bwa: Its political status-It is occupied by British troops. 8. llaf'l'ar : Withdrawal of the Egyptian garrison-Installation of the Emir Abdullah-Kiog Meoelek occupies the province. 9. Z'!/la : It is occupied by British troops. 10. Tajouf'l'ala : The Frenrh occupy it. 11. M CHAPTER XXXI THE DEFENCE or EovPT 1886-1892 The Egyptian army-Negotiations with the Dervishes-Fighting on the frontier-The siege of Suakin-Defeat of Osman Digna Wad-el-Nejumi-Nejumi advances-The battles of Argin and of T11ski-Death of Wad-el-Nejumi-Results of the battle Situation at Suakin-The reoecupation of Tokar-Defeat of Osman Dignn 60 CHAPTER XXXII THE RECONQUEST OF KHARTOUM OCTOBER 1895-SEPTEllliER 1808 Necessity of reconquering the Soudan-Danger of premature action -The Italian defeat at Adua-It is decided to advance on Dongola-Provision of funds-Sir Herbert Kitchcner-lndian .expedition to Suakin-Railway construction-Battle of Firkct -Capture of Dongola-The Egyptian Government repay tl1e money advanced by the Commissioners of the Debt-The British Government advance £800,000-Question of a further offensive movement-Capture of Abu Hamed and Bcrber Reoccupation of Kassala-British troops sent to the Soudan The battle of the Atbara-The battle of Omdurman-Cost of the campaign-The War Office-The policy of reconquest 79 CONTENTS vii I CHlPTER XXXIII Tat NEw SouDAN 'PAD! Question of the future political status of the Soudan-Anomalies of the British position - Objections to annexation-And to complete incorporation with Egypt-Intricacy of the problem -The two flags-Speech at Omdurmnn-The right of con quest-The Agreement of January 19, 1899-Its unusual nature-Its reception by Europe-Advantages of a Free Trade policy lll PART IV THE EGYPTIAN PUZZLE CHAPTER XXXIV THE DWELLERS IN EGYPT The Englishman's mission-Conditions under which it was under token-Population of Egypt-Its mixed character-Hostility to England- Maio tenets of Islam-Its fnilure as a social system-Degradation of women-Immutability of the law Slavery-Intolerance-Incidents of religious belief and cere monial-Mental and moral attributes-Seclusion of women Polygamy-Divorce-Coarseness of literature and conversation ·-Filial piety-Government-Conservatism-Spirit of the laws -Language-Art-Music-Customs-Obstacles to England's mission 123 CHAPTER XXXV THE MosLEMS Classification of the population - The Turco • Egyptians-The Egyptians-The hierarchy-The Grand Mufti-The head of the El- Azhar University- The Grand Kadi- The Sheikh e!-Bekri-Mohammed el-Saadnt-Abdul-Khalik ei·Saadat Mohammed Abdu-Mohammed Beyram-'l'he Omdehs and Sheikhs-Their submissiveness to the Pashas-Their sympathy with Arabi-Their tyranny over the fellaheen-Their feelings towards England-The Fellaheen-The Bedouins 168 APPENDIX.-Translation of a Letter from a Sheikh of Keneh to a Sheikh of the Mosque of Seyyidna-Hussein at Cairo • iOO viii MODaRN EGYPT CHAPTER XXXVI THII CHRISTIANS p,uur: The Com-The conservatism of their religion-Their character Their attitude towards the English-The reform movement The SniANS-Their position-Their unpopularity-Their attitude towards the English-The AR)IFSIANS- Their sub serviency to the Turks-Nubar Pasha-His son Boghos Yacoub Pasha Artin-Tigrane Pasha-The Egyptians should not be weighed in European scales eo1 CHAPTER XXXVII THE EuaoPEANtsEn EGYPTIANS The Europesnised Egyptians are generally Agnostics-Effects of Europeanising the East-Gnllieised Egyptians-Attractions of French civilisation- Unsuitability of the French system to . form the Egyptian character-The official classes genem.lly hostile to England . . l!iltl CHAPTER XXXVIII Tm: EuRoPEANS Number of Europeans-The Levantines-Their ebaracteristics The Grepks-Their commercial entet'Prise-The English-The Army of Occupation-Anglo- Egyptian officials- Feelings entertained by other Europeans towards the English-Summary of the classes friendly and hostile to England . • . ~.t-5 CHAPTER XXXIX THE MACIIINERY or GovEnNMF.NT Nature of the machinery-Parts of the machine-!. TnE SliLTA>I -The Firman of 1892-The Sinai Peninsula-~. TnE Kutnn'E -Rescript of August 28, 1818-Constitutionalism of Tewfik · Pasha-3. TRE Mnnsn:ns-The Departments-Position of an Egyptian Minister--4. TRE OnGANIC LAw of May 1, 1883- The Provincial Councils -The Legislative Council - The Legislative Assembly ~60 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER XL THE BRITISH OFFICIALS PAOli QuaUfications required of an Anglo-Egyptian official-Positions of the civil and military officials-The French in Tunis-The Financial Adviser-Sir Edgar Vincent-The Judicial Adviser -History of his appointment-Sir Raymond West-Justice under Egyptian management-Sir John Scott-The Public Works Department-Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff-Sir William Garstin-The Financial Secretary-Blum Pasha-Lord Milner -Sir Eldon Gorst-Sub-Departments of Finance-The Interior-Public Instruction-European and Egyptian officials 280 CHAPTER XU TnE INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS Internationalism -I. Tm: ComnsSJOlil or THE Puuuc DEBT Functions of the Commission - The Egyptian Accounts - The Reserve Fund-Uselessness of the Commission-S!. Tru: RAILWAY An)JINISTRATIO!ii-S. Tm: DAmA SAlliED- 4-. TnE Do>rAn<~ Amm CHAPTER XLII THE J UlliCIAJ. SYSTEM The Mixed Courts-Nubar Pasha's objects in creating them Attributes and composition of the Mixed Courts-Defects in the institution-The Consular Courts-The Native Tribunals and the Kadi's Courts-Summary of jurisdictions in Egypt . 316 CHAP'l'ER XLIII THE WoRKERS oF THE MACHINE Importance of persons rather than of systems-The British Consul Gencral-Tewfik Pasha-The Prime Ministers-Clu!rif Pasha -Nubnr Pasha-Rinz Pnsha-Mustnphn Pasha Fehmi 3~1 X MODERN EGYPT PART V 1 BRITISH POLICY IN ~GYP'!' CHAPTER XLIV THE STRUGGLE FOR A Poucv 1882-1883 l'AOI Intentions of the British Government- Proposal to reduce the garrison-Sir Edward Malet's opinion-Difficulty of combining reform and evacuation-I recommend reduction and concentra- tion at Alexandria-The Government approve of this re<'om- mendation-The reduction Is countermanded • 3-1-.Q APPE!IDtx.-Despatch from Sir Evelyn Baring to Enrl Granville, dated October 9, 1883 362 CHAPTER XLV THE NoRTHBROOK M1ss10N 5EPTIWBER-NOVEMBER 1884 It is decided to send a Special Commissioner to Cairo-The policy of repotting-Lord Northbrook arrives in Egypt-His financial proposals-His General Report-The Government reject. his proposals . 366 CHAPTER XLVI THE WoLFF CoNVENTION AuoVST 188/l-Ocroum 1887 Sir Henry Wolff appointed Special Commissioner-Convention of October 24, 1885-Moukhtar Pasha-Convention of May 22, 1887-Comparison ofthe two Conventions-Frontier affairs The army-Civil reforms-Evacuation-France and Russia oppose the Convention-The Sultan refuses to ratify it Moukhtar Pasha permanently located In Egypt-Results of the Woltf mission . 379 CHAPTER XLVII THE NEUTRALIUTION ov THE SuEz CANAL Neutralisation of Egypt-Neutralisation of the Canal-The word neutrality-Circn.lai' of January S, 1883-The Suez Canal Com- CONTE:~JTs XI I PAQE mission of 1885-The Commission dissolved-The Wolff Con vention-Signature of the Canal Convention-Its application . 38i ' CHAPTER X.Ulll THE ANGLO-FRENCH AGREEMENT OF 1904. Apparent insolubility of the Egyptian question-Gradual change in public opinion-Statement of Lord EUenborough-The busi ness of diplomacy-The main facts of the problem-The events of 1904-Morocco-Signature of the Anglo-French Agreement -Remarks on the Agreement 388 PART VI THE REFORMS CHAPTER XLIX THE CounoAsH Universal use of the courbasb-Lord Dufferin's Circular-It was parti.aUy inoperative-Final abolition of the courbash 897 CHAPTER L THE ConvEE Connection between the t'Ourbo.sh and the corvee-Merits and demerits of the corvee system-The corv~e law-Dredging the canals-Proposed l't'.duction of the land-tax-Proposal to abolish · the corveeinstead ofreducingthe land-tax-The Powers object -Action of the British Government-The corvee ill not caUed out-A Decree Is issued partiaUy abolishing the corvee-Final settlement of the question in 18911 .WG CHAPTER Ll ConnuPTJON Universality of corruption-Steps taken to arrest it-Example of British officials-Diminution of corrupt practices ~20 xu.. MODERN EGYPT \ CHAPTER LII EuRoPEAN PniVJLEoE PAOI Origin of the Capitulations-Difference between Turkey and Egypt -Abuse of the Capitulations-Rai•on d'&r1 of European privi lege-Anomaly of the British position-Impossibility of arriving at any general solution-1\linor changes-The right to enact by laws-The House Tax-The Professional Tax-Proposal to create a local legislature-Internationalism 'iG CHAPTER Llll FINANCE The first bankruptcy of Egypt-Risk of a set.'Ond bankruptcy-The Race against bankruptcy-The era of reform-Fiscal relief -Reduction of taxation-Increase of revenue-Expenditure Aggregate surplus since 1888-The indebtedness of U1e feUa· been-Distribution of land-Importance of the financial ques· tion 443 CHAl''l'ER LIV IRRIGATION Nature's bounty to Egypt-The work of the Pharaohs-Turkish neglect-Progress under British guidance-Programme of the future-Causes of the progress-Qualifications of the officers selected - Absence of international obstruction - Loan of £l,SOO,ooo-Support of the public-Importance of the work • 4.16 CHAPTER LV THE ARMY Disbandment of the army in 1882-History of the army-Mehemet AU's Syrian campaigns-Ismail Pasha-The Abyssinian cam paign-Tel-el-Kebir-It is decided to fonn a fellaheen army officered by Englishmen-The black battalions-Will the army fight ?-Reasons why the reorganisation has been successfuUy conducted • . , 1 • • • • 466 CHAP'l'h- TuE lN1'~ Uncertainty of British policy-Dilliculties of a~ -Lord Dufferin's Police proposals-Mr. Clift~. Changes msde in the Police organisation-Nu~ , conflict with Mr. Clifford Lloyd-The latter resigns-Frict\ the Interior-Appointment of an Adviser-And of lnspect:Jt •. Difficulties of the present moment \ 1 CHAPTER LVII . Sus-DEPARTMENTS oF THE INTERIOR 1. Pmso11s-State of the prisons in 188~-Reform-2. SLAVERY The Slave Trsde and slavery-The Convention of 1877-The Slave Home-Change of opinion in Egypt-Success of the Convention-:!. MEDICAL A.Yil SAIDTARY AmtmiSTIIATios Egyptian superstitions-Clot Bey-State of things in 1883- Improvements effected-Sanitary reform-Impediments to progress-Treatment of epidemics 491 CHAPTER LVIII JUSTICE Sir Edward Mulct's opinion-The Mixed and Consular Courts The Kadis' Courts-The Native Tribunals-Justice prior to 1883-The French system taken as a model-The judicial machinery- Reforms instituted by Sir John Sc'Ott and Sir Malcolm Mcllwraith-Opposition to these reforms-The personnel of the Courts-Result of the reforms • 514 CHAPTER LIX EDUCATION Educational policy-Obstacles to progress-Want of money-The Pashas-Intellectual awakening of Egypt-The Mosque schools -Primary and Secondary education-Progress made in forming the characters of the Egyptians-Female education 524 1\IOD~kN EGYPT .·· \ \ i i ..:El,l. LX CHAT .£ SouDAN Eunr rJ.OI . . . . • problem-Extent-Population-Results Or•gm of the Ca~~~~nvention of 1899-Executive agency- leg~~~~~Lways-Slavery 548 at any.' law·· · CHAPTER LXI Cl" CoNCLUSION · ·Summary of this work-Changes since the time of Ismail-Tbc British reformers-Their Egyptian allies -Stability of the reforms .SS.S PART VII THE FUTURE OF EGYP'f CHAPTER LXII Tu& FuTUIIE oF EoYI'T Quo Vadill-The question of the occupation-Its duration Egyptinu autonomy-The Capitulations-Desimbility of buin ing the Egyptians- Importance ot finance- Display' of rym· pathy-Conclusion 563 APPENDIX Khedives of Egypt-British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs -British Agents and Consuls-General in Egypt-Chronological Table of Events 573 INDEX 686 APPENDIX KHEDIVES OF EGYPT Name. Bora. Died. Reigned. Mehemet Ali . . 1769 1849 1811-1848 Ibrahim . . . 1789 1848 1848 (June-Nov.) Abbas I. . . 1813 1854 1848-1854 Said . . . . 1822 1863 1854--1863 Ismail. . 1830 1895 1863-1879 Tewfik . . 1852 1892 1879-1892 Abbas II. . . . 1874 ... 1892- BRmSH SECRETARIES OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS Name. Fiom To Earl of Derby . • February 21, 1874 April 2, 1878 Marquess of Salisbury • April 2, 1878 . April 28, 1880 Earl Granville . . April 28, 1880 . J nne 24, 1885 Marquess of Salisbury . June 24, 1885 . February 6, 1886 Earl of Rosebery • • February 6, 1886 • August 3, 1886 Earl of Iddesleigh . August 8, 1886 • January 14, 1887 Marquess of Salisbury • January 14, 1887 • August 18, 1892 Earl of Rosebery • . August 18, 1892 • March 11, 1894 Earl of Kimberley • March 11, 1894 . June 29, 1895 Marquess of Salisbury . June !1!9, 1895 . November 12, 1900 Matuess of Lansdowne November 12, 1900 December 11, 1905 Sir dward Grey • , December 11, 1905 ... 678 574 .£GYPT' BJ.ITISH AGENTS AND CONSULS-GENERAL IN EGYPT Name. From To Lord Vivian . .. May 10, 1876 . March 20, 1879 Sir Frank Lascelles . March 20, 1879 October 10, 1879 Sir Edward Malet . October 10, 1879 . September 11, 1888 Earl of Cromer • September 11, 1888 May 6,1907 Sir Eldon Gorst May 6; 1907 . ... CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS 1875 Adhesion of the British Government to the International Law Courts • July 81. 1876 Mr. Cave reports on the Finances of Egypt • March 28. The Khedive suspends payment of his Treasury Bills . • • . • . . April 8. Creation of the Commission of the Public Debt May!.!. Issue of the Gosehen-Joubert Decree • • November 18. Appointment of English and French Controllers (Mr. Romaine and Baron de Malaret) . December 25. 1877 An English Commissioner (Sir Evelyn Baring) appointed to the Commission of the Debt • March i. Signature of the Anti-Slavery Convention be tween the British and Egyptian Govern- ments . August 4. 1878 The Khedive consents to a full inquiry into the financial position of Egypt . . . April 4. Treaty of Berlin . • . . . August 8. First Report of the Commission of Inquiry . August 19. · The principle of Ministerial responsibUity is re- cognised. Nubar Pasha charged with the formation of a Ministry. Suspension of the Dual Control. Sir Rivers Wilson and M. de Blignieres appointed Ministers of Finance and Public Works respectively • . August 28. Issue of the Domains Loan of .£8,500,000 . October 29. 576 576 .MODERN 1f&£"J'~- /1879 ' Nuhar Pasha and Sir Rivers Wilson assaulted by a crowd of Egyptian officers February 18. Resignation of Nubar Pasha • • February 19. Prince Tewfik appointed Prime Minister . . March 10. Dismissal of the European Ministers. Cberif Pasha appointed Prime Minister . . April 7. Second Report of the Commission of Inquiry, and resignation of the Commissioners April10. The Sultan deposes the Khedive June 26. Ismail Pasha leaves Egypt June 80, Cherif Pasha resigns office . . August 18. The Dual Control revived. M. de Blignieres and Sir Evelyn Baring appointed Controllers September 4. Riaz Pasha forms a Ministry September 22. 1880 Repeal of the Law of the Moukabala . January 6. Appointment of a Commission of Liquidation April 2. Sir Auckland Colvin appointed Controller in succession to Sir Evelyn Baring June 28. Promulgation of the Law of Liquidation July 17. 1881 Mutiny of the Egyptian Army. The Minister of War is dismissed . . • . . February 1. The Egyptian Army again mutinies. Fall of the Riaz Ministry. Cherif Pasha becomes Prime Minister . • . . . September 9. The Sultan sends two Commissioners to Egypt October 6. · At the instance of the French and British Governments, the Turkish Commissioners leave Egypt . . October 19. M. Gambetta assumes office November 12. 1882 The British and French GoYemments address a Joint Note to the Khedive • . . January 8. M. Gambetta resigns office. He is succeeded by M. de Freycinet • . . . • January 81. Cherif Pasha is dismissed from office. Mahmoud Pasha Sami appointed Prime Minister, with Arabi as Minister of War . February 5. TAi3LB OF EVENTS 577 M. de Blignier 1- :rigns his appointment of Con- troller-Ge .tal . , . • , , March. The Arabist M' · rs resign, but are reinstated in office ~ 4 • • • • May 28, The British and · rench Consuls-General demand that Arabi s ould leave the country. The Aribist M. . again resigns • . May27. 111e Arabist Mirtistry is again reinstated . • May 28. The Sultan sendS Dervish Pasha as Special Com- missioner to Bgypt . • • . . June 4. A serious riot, atte11ded with loss of life, occurs at Alexandria I, • • • • • June 11. Ragheb Pasha is named Prime Minister, with Arabi as Minister of War • . • . June 17. A Conference, in which Turkey refuses to take part, meets at Constantinople • . . June 28. Bombardment of Alexandria. The Aribists set fire to the town . . • • • July 11. On the motion of M. Clemenceau, the French Chamber passes a vote adverse to the Ministry. M. de Freycinet resigns. M. Duclerc forms a Ministry . August 1. Battle of Tel-el-Kebir . . September 18. Cairo occupied by British troops. Arabi is arrested . . . . September 15. The Egyptian Army is disbanded September 19. Lord Dulferin instructed to go to Egypt October 29. Arabi condemned to exile • . . • December 8. It is decided not to re-establish the Dual Control December. Death of M. Gambetta December 81. 1883 Issue of a Circular prohibiting the use of the courbash . . • January 16, Capitulation of El-Obeid • . ; • • January 19. Sir Auckland Colvin appointed Financial Adviser February 4. Promulgation of the Organic Law . May 1. General Hicks's army leaves Duem . , . Septem her 8. Massacre of Egyptian reinforcements sent from Suakin to Sinkat • • . • . October 16. Sir Evelyn Baring appointed Agent and Consul- General . , • . . . • September 11. The British Government agree to the reduction . of the garrison and the concentration of British troops at Alexandria . • • November I. Sir Edgar Vincent appointed Financial Adviser November 4. VOL. Tl 2 p 578 MODERN EG Total defeat of the Egyptian troops sent the relief of Tokar. · Death of Captai MoncrieiF, R.N. • . . • November+. News of the annihilation of General Hicks army arrives at Cairo • . • November 18. Sir Evelyn Baring recommends the abandonme ofthe Soudan . • • , • • November 19. The British Government agree to the policy o abandoning the Soudan • . • , • November 20. The reduction of the British garrison in E~t countermanded . • • . • November 25. Defeat of the Egyptians at Tamanieb . ,' • December 2. Fall of Dara. Slatin Bey is taken pri!loner. The Province of Darfour falls into the p'ower of the Mahdi . . ' December 28. I I 1884 ChW Pasha resigns office. Nubar Pasha forms a Ministry . • . . . . January 8, General Gordon and Colonel Stewart leave Cairo for Khartoum • • • • . January 26. Defeat of General Baker's force at El Teb February+. Annihilation of the Sinkat garrison . February 8. General Gordon arrives at Berber . February 11 General Gordon arrives at Khartoum . February 18. Sir Gerald Graham defeats the Dervishes at El Teb . . . • • • • February 29. The British Government finally refuse to employ Zobeir Pasha in the Soudan • • • March 5. Sir Gerald Graham defeats the Dervishes at Tamai ...... March 18. The British Government refuse to send troops from Suakin to Berber • • March 25. Fall of the Bahr-el-Ghazal Province • . . April9. All communication with Khartoum is cut off . Aprill9. Fall of Berber . • • • . • . May 19. First Meeting of the London Conference on Egyptian Finance • . . • • June 28. Last Meeting of the London Conference • August 2. The British Government obtain a vote of credit in the House of Commons on account of the · Soudan Expedition • • August 8. Zeyla occupied by British troops • . • August 2+. Lord Wolseley appointed to the command of the Soudan Expedition . • . . August 26. Murder of Colonel Stewart and Mr. Power September 18. TAJhtE OF EVENTS. 579 Berbera occupied by Britis.i troops • . . September 24. Lord Northbrook reports on the Egyptian situa- tion . • : November 20. 1885 Battle of Abu Klea . . . January 17. Sir Herbert Stewart is mortally wounded. The Desert Column arrives at Gubat . • January 19. Sir Charles Wilson leaves Gubat for Khartoum • January 24. Fall of Khartoum and death of General Gordon January 26. The Italians occupy Massowah • • . . February 5. Action of Kirbekan. Death of General Earle . February 10. An Egyptian loan of £9,000,000 is guaranteed by the Powers • • • • • . March 18, Action at Hashin (Eastern Soudan) • . . March 20. Action ofTofrik (Eastern Soudan) . • . March 22. Sir Francis Grenfell appointed to command the Egyptian Army April19. Evacuation of Harrar . . . April26. The British troops retire from Dongola June 13. Death of the Mahdi June 22. Capitulation of Sennar August 19. Capitulation of Kassala . . . . . September 80. Convention sigued at Constantinople under which Sir Henry Wolff and Moukhtar Pasha pro ceed as Joint-Commissioners to E,"YPt October 24. Battle of Ginniss December 30. 1886 The last of the British troops leave Suakin . January 26. Europeans resident in Egypt are rendered liable to the payment ofthe House Tax April 15. 1887 Signature of the Wolff Convention . • • May 28. The Sultan having refused to ratify the Wolff Convention, Sir Henry Wolff leaves Con- stantinople . • • • July 15. Sir Gerald Portal's mission to Abyssinia October 12. 1888 Issue of a Decree partially abolishing the corvee April 2. The Suez Canal Convention is signed, but not made operative • April 29. .;so MODERN ECj'PT Fall of Nubar Pasha. Riaz Pashf~ fonns a .• try i Mlnt.S • • • • itr • • June 9. Decree issued constituting a Reserve Fund of .£2,000,000 • • • . . ' • July 12• Action of Gemaizeh. The Dervishes are driven from the neighbourhood of Suakin December 20. 1889 The power of making by-laws applicable to Europeans is conferred on the Egyptian Government • • • • • January 81. Stanley and Emin Pasha meet at Kavalli . February 17. Sir Evelyn Baring reports that the " Race against Bankruptcy" is practically won . February 18. Battle between the Abyssinians and the Der vishes. Death of King John March 9. Abolition of the Commissions of Brigandage • July. Colonel Wodehouse defeats the Dervishes at Argutn . • • . • . . July 2. Sir Francis Grenfell defeats the Dervishes at Toski Death ofWad-el-Nejumi • • August 8. Sir IDwin Palmer is appointed Financial Adviser in succession to Sir Edgar Vincent October 28, 1890 The repairs to the Barrage are completed June. Issue of a Decree converting the Preference Stock • • . . • . June 7. Issue of a Decree converting the Daira Stock July 5. 1891 Appointment of Sir John Scott to be Judicial Adviser • . • • . • . February 15. The Dervishes are defeated, and the Province of Tokar is reoccupied . . . . . February 19. Fall of Riaz Pasha. Mustapha Pasha Fehmi forms a Ministry May 14. 1892 Death of the Khedive Tewfik . • • • January 7. Total abolition of the corvee for dredging pur- poses. Reduction of the Salt Tax. Aboli- tion of the Professional Tax January 28. ""'1 .. 4BJ.E OF EVENTS 581 •'' 'i Sir Herbert Kitchener l!llcceeds Sir Fl'llllcis Grenfell in command of the Egyptian Army April9. 1898 Dismissal of Mustapha Pasha Fehmi January 15. Riaz Pasha forms a Ministry . January 18. The Dervishes are defeated by the Italians at Agordat . December 4. 1894 Resignation of Ria.z Pasha. Nubar Pasha forms a Ministry Aprill4. Kassala captured by the Italians . . July 17. Appointment of Sir Eldon Gorst to be Adviser to the Department of the Interior • . November 2. 1895 Nubar Pasha resigns. Mustapha Pasha Fehmi is appointed Prime Minister November 11. 1896 Defeat of the Italian Army at Adua . . March 1. The British Government decide to recapture Dongola • . • . . . . March 12. The Caisse de Ia Dette advances .£500,000 to the Egyptian Government March 26. Battle of Firket . . . June 7. Dongola occupied ...... September 28. The Court of Appeal order the Egyptian Govern- ment to refund the money advanced by the Caisse de la Dette December 2. The money is repaid December 6. 1897 Capture of Rejaf by the Belgians • February 7. British mission despatched to Abyssinia March 10. Abu Hamed captured August 7. Berber occupied • . August 81. Suakin-Berber road opened . . . . October 18. Railway from Wadi Haifa to Abu Hamed com- pleted • • • . October 81. Kassala reoccupied by Egyptian troops December 26. 582 MODERN Ec£P':J:' f 'y 1898 \ National Bank created with authority to issue promissory notes . . . . • June 25. Signature of the contract for the construction of the Nile Reservoirs ' February 20. Battle of the Atbara . . . . April 8. Signature of the contract for selling the Daira property . . . . June 21. The French arrive at Fashoda . July 10. Battle of Omdurman . . . September 2. Sir Malcohn Mcilwraith appointed Judicial Adviser • . . . . • . October 20. Sir Eldon Gorst appointed Financial Adviser, and Mr. Machell appointed Adviser to the Interior . . . October 20. The French evacuate Fashoda . December n. 1899 Lord Cromer's speech at Omdurman January 4. Death of Nubar Pasha . . January 14. Signature of the Soudan Convention • . January 19. Destruction of the Kbalifa's army. Death of the Khalifa and his leading Emirs. The Soudan declared open to trade . .. , November 24, Lord Kitchener leaves Egypt. Sir Reginald Wingate assumes command of the Egyptian army . . . . December 21. Soudan railway. opened to Halfaya December 80. 1900 Post-Office Savings Banks established January l. Navig11tion dues on the Nile abolished November 29. 1902 Creation of an Agricultural Bank , , June 1. Commercial Convention signed with France November 26, Inauguration of the Nile Reservoirs . . December 1o, 1908 Octroi duties abolished , . January l. .. ABL:fu_~, EVENTS 583 1904 Sir William Garstin's report on the Nile , , March Ul. Signature o£ the Anglo-French Agreement . April 8. Sir Vincent Corbett appointed Financial Adviser Aprill2. Issue of a Decree giving effect to the Anglo- French Agreement . . · . . • November 28. '•. 1905 Daira debt paid off October 15. 1906 The Salt Monopoly abolished • January 1. The Nile- Red Sea Railway opened . January 27. Mr. Dunlop named Adviser to the Department of Public Instruction . . , . March 24. Sir Nicholas O'Conor addresses a note to the Porte which terminates the " Sinai Penin- sula" incident • . • • May 15. Liquidation of the affairs of the Daira October. Appointment of Saad Pasha Zagloul to be Minister of Education October 29. 1907 Lord Cromer leaves Egypt. He is succeeded by Sir Eldon Gorst • • • • May 6. Mr. Harvey appointed Financial Adviser . October 9. INDEX Abbas I., career and character, i. Ofthe Soudan, ii. li43-M 19-20 general !'!stem, ii. 543-8 Abdul Halim, Prince, i. 136 finance, b. li49 Abdul-Kader Pasha, i. 356-7 taxes, ii. 650..2 Abdui-Kerim, ii. 46 slaverv, ii. 553 Abdul Rahman Bey, ii. 49 Airolles, M. Liron d', Secretary of Abdui-Sbakonr, Emir, i. 4.S3, 463 Commission of Inquiry, i. Abdul Wahab, ii. 37 45, 162 Abu Gemaizeh, ii. 39, 40 Ala.eJ-Din Pasha, i. 369 Abyssinia, King of, treaty with, Alcester, Lord (ako 11ee Sir Beau " frontier garrisons, ii. champ Seymour), Instruc 48 tions to, i. 294 Abyssinian frontier garrisons, ii. Alexandria(BeeakoBombardment), 47-9 Arabi's responsibility for Accounts Department, &:vl>tian, burning, i. 297 Sir Gei-ald Fitzgenilif head Ali Fuad Bey, i. 197 of, i. 28 Ali Niza.mi Pasha, i. 197, 199 Administration, the- Anglo- French Agreement, 1904, Of Interior, ii. 478-lll3 ii.. 388-93 difficulties of reform, ii. Annexation, the question of, i. 478-82 93 police reform, ii. 482-90 Annexation of Soudan by England, Jlrisons, ii. 491-4 its inadvisability, ii. 113 llavery, ii. 496-.504 Anti-Slavery Society and the medical and sanitary, ii. Soudan, i. 403, 517, ii. 600 504-13 Arabi, Ahmed, Pasha Of Justice, ii. 514-23 mutinies, L 178-86 Committee of Surveillance, ii. summons Notables, i. 187 518 motives of, i. 19()..3, 208-9 Lord Cromer's advice on re and Sultan, L 194, 108, 272 form of, ii. 521 Minister for War, i. 243 Of Education, ii. 524-42 the Arabi Ministry, i. 264-78 Jack of money for, ii. li27 resignation and reinstatement Pashadom and, ii. 628-9 of, i. 274-8 public desire for schools, ii. and slaughter of Christians, i. ll32 288 religious instruction, ii. 533 dismisaa.J of, i. 300 elementary education, ii, 533 surrender, tria.l, and exile, i. pupils ancf teachers, ii. 1135 323,336 va.Jue of educating the women, returns to Egypt, i. 337 ii. 639-42 Armenians, the, ii. 219-25 585 586 l\10DER1'! .\FJ; Army, British (in Egypt)- ~ /, Sir Evelyn. &e Jf!rd in 1884, i. 420-1 ( J Cromer, also under Bntish Lord Northbrook on withdrawal Government's Egyptian of, ii. 370 Policy Wolff Convention on withdrawal B,eaman, Mr., ii. 493 of, ii. 376-81 Bedouins, the, ii. 198-9 comment on withdrawal of, ii. . Beit..el-mal, i. 53 380 Belgians, King of the, Gordon Anny, the Egyptian- and Equatorial Provinces, recruitments for, i. 50 i. 464-S mutiny of officers, 1879, i. i4 and the Lado Enclave, ii. 4S-G petition of Arabi, i. 176-7 Berber Expedition, the corre- second mutiny of officers, i. 179 spondence re, i. 637 mutiny and French Consul- Berbera, condition of, ii. 49 General, i. 180 taken by Great Britain, ii. 51 third mutiny, i. 192, 212 Beresford, Lord Charles, ii. 9 Military Budget, 1882, i. 225 Billot, 111., ii. 385 condition of, in Soudan, 1882, Bismarck, Prince- i. 353 on the claims of Egypt's credi- defence of Egypt devolves on, tors, i. 33, 132 ii. 60 epigram, i. 131 British Commanders-in-Chief, on proposed Conference, i. 284 ii. 474 on Arabi's power, i. 293 summary of facts, ii. 466-77 on international mandate, i, ABRim Pasha, i. 311, 314, 315 303 ABRize Courts, ii. 618 his hostility to England, 1883- ABSouan Reservoir, the, ii. 82 1884, i. 410 Asylums1 ii. 511 .. Black ~oops in Egyptian Army, Atbara, battle of, 11. 98-102 11. 416 Austria agrees to bombardment Blignieres, M. de (~~ee a/110 Minis- of Alexandria, i. 295 tries, Emtian)- Frencb Commlllllio11er of Debt, Bahr..ei-Ghazal under the 1\Iahdi, i. 12, 41-2 ii. 41-3 his character, i. 40 Baird, Sir Alexander, i. 34, 35, 38 succeeded by llr. de Bughas, i. Baker, Sir Samuel- 103 on the Soudan in 1870, i. 349 Minister of Public Works, i. on Gordon, i. 662 63 . on Equatoria, ii. 43 dismissed by Ismail, i. 77 Baker, General Valentine, i. 362, French Controller of Finance, ii. 482 i. 1li9, 165, 166, 168, 177, on evacuation of Soudan, i. 182 376-7 resigns, i. 257 despatched to Suakin, comment Blum Pasha, i. 103, ii. 291 on, i. 400 Blundell, Weld, Mr., ii. 39 instructions to, i. 401 Blunt, Wilfrid, i. 235 his defeat, comment, i. 404-9 his Arabist sympathies, i. 255 Bank, Egyptian National employed as intermedinry, i. proposed creation of, i. 12 266 created 1898, ii. ll82 relations with Mr. Gladsto11e, Bankruptcy, Egyptian, ii. 444 i. 279-80 Baravelli, M., appointed Italian Secret History, i. 285, 287, Commissioner of Debt, I. 297' 323, 335 12 Boghos, Pasha Nubar, ii. 221 1!\'DEX 587 Bombardment of Alexandria, Frank Lascelles re Prince the- Tewfik's i\Iinistry,-i. 99 negotiations prior to, i. 267-76 correspondence with Sir F. British Fleet arrives, i. 277 Lascelles re Ismail's en . batteries raised at Alexandria, gagements, i. 132-41 L 293 correspondence with Sir Lord Alcester instructed to stop F. Lascelles re Tewfik work on them, i. 204 Pasha's ~olicy, i. 152-7 French opinion on, i. 294 Mr. Gladstones Government, Austrian o~inion on, i. 295 1880-1885- Turkish op1nion on, i. 296 (Foreign Secretary, Lord the bombardment, i. 296-7 Granville)- Bondholders, the- • (British Agent, Sir Edward point of view of the British, i. 41 Malet)- point of view of the French, i. 42 correspondence ~ith Am Bordeini, Bey, ii. 10, 12, 13-14 bassador in Turkey dur Bontros Pasha Ghali, ii. 211 ing Arabi's mutiny, i. Bowring, Sir John- 196-9 on the Copts, ii. 205-8-13 general policy of, i. 200-i Ueports to Lord Palmerston correspondence with M. on- Gambettaand Sir Edward Europeans in Egypt, i. 17 Malet re Joint Note, i. Osmaolis in Egypt, i. 175 214-29 Brackenbury, General, ii. 24, 60 correspondence · with 1\f. Bright, John, i. 299 Gambettnand Sir Edward British Government's Egyptian Malet re effects of Joint policy- Note, i. 237-46 Lord Beaconsfield's Govern correspondence with M. ment, 1874-1880- Freycinet and Sir E. (Foreign Secretary, Lord Malet during Arabi's Derby)- ministry, i. 254-77 declines to appoint Debt corre..o:pondence with Sir E. Commissioner, i. 12 Malet and Lord Dufferin correspondence with Lord re Conference of Powers, Vivian re Egyptian Debt i. 283-96 and Taxes, i. :J2 correspondence with Lord (•'oreign Secretary, Lord Dufferin re Turkish Salisbury)- troops for Egypt, i. (British Agent in Egypt, Lord 310-21 Vivian)- was a national Government iostructs Lord Vivian to possible at time of Arabi's act with French repre rebellion? i. 323 sentative, i. 37 correspondence with Lord correspondence with Lord Dufferin re Arabi's trial, Vivian re financial situa i. 337-45 tion, i. 41-4 correspondence with Sir E. corr~ndence with Lord Malet re the Soudan, i. Viv1an re Nubar Minis 364-7 try, i. 66-77, 87-8 (British Agent, Sir Evelyn British policy compared Baring (Lord Cromer))- with French, i. 91-4 correspondence with Sir (British Agent, Sir Frank Evelyn Baring re Eng Lascelles) lish troops for Soudan, correspondence with Sir i. 372-3, 376-84 588 MODERNrEGYPT comment on policy of . correspondence re relief of evacuating Soudan, i. &!rdon (Lord Woilleley 384415 and Lord Hartington), i. correspondence with Sir 579-80 Evelyn Baring and mill· (British Agent, Sir Evelyn tary chiefs I'll campaign Baring (Lord Cromer))- in Eastern Soudan, i. comment on Government' e 399-416 delay. i. 582-92 correspondence with Sir correspondence with Sir Evelyn Baring I'll em- Evelyn Baring on fall ployment of Generel of Khartoum, U. 19 Gordon, i. 423-7 · correspondence with Sir Generel Gordon appointed Evelyn Baring and Lord to evacuate Soudan, i. W olseley I'll evacuation 427 of Soudan, ii. 20-9 reasons for and against his Lord Salisbury's Governments, appointment, i. 427-39 1885-1886, 1886-1892- correspondence with Sir (Foreign Secretary, Lord Evelyn Baring re Gor- Salisbury)- don's instructions, i. (British Agent, Sir Evelyn 440-52 Baring (Lord Cromer))- correspondence with Sit Lord W olseley infonned the Evelyn Baring " &!r· Soudan to be evacuated, don's alavery proclama- ii. 29 tion, i. 474 comment on policy of correspondence with Sir evacnation, U. 29-34, 78 Evelyn Baring I'll em- correspondenee with Sir ployment of Zobeir E\·elyn Baring re ad- Pasha, i. 482-9, 494-li29 vanee on Tokar, ii. 75-6 reasona for and against (BritishAgent,LordCromer)- Zobeir's appointment, i. correspondence with, re re- 629-34 conquest of Soudan, ii. correspondence with Sir 82 Evelyn Baring re Berber analysis of Government's policy, Expedition, i. 537- 9, 1882-1883, ii. 349..(;5 642-5 the Northbrook Mission, ii. reasona for and against 366-71 Expedition, i. 646-8 the Wolff Convention, ii. 372· correspondenee with Sir 381 Evelyn . Baring re em- neutreliastion of the Suez ClliiBl, ployment of Turkish ii. 382-7 troops in Soudan, i. the Anglo-French Agreement, 649-52 ii. 388-03 Sir Evelyn Baring points British Secretaries of State for out seriousness of Gor- l!'oreign Affairs, ii. 573 don's position, i. 556 Broadley, Mr., i. 207 did Gordon endeavour to Budgets- carry out Government's Budget of Commissioners, 1879, policy?i. 659-74 i. 123 (Mr. Egerton, Temporary Budget of Kbedive, 1870, i. 126 Agent)- Bughas, M. Bellaigues de- correspondence with Mr. Commissioner of Debt in succes- Egerton I'B relief of sion to M. de Blignieres, Berber, i. 1574-7 i. 103 INDEX 589 Bnller, Sir Redvers, ii. 18-19, 22- ChristiaDll, the Egyptian, li. 201- 23,28 221 Burnaby, Colonel, death of, ii. 7 Chronological Table of Events, ii. Burton, Sir Richard- 575-83 advises occupation of Berbers, Churchill, Lord Randolph, i. 287, ii. 50 339 in Harrar, ii. 51 ClvU Service, Egyptian, ii. 298-9 Butler, Sir William, i. 44, 441, Clemenceau, M., on French inter 447, ii. 127 ference in Egypt, i. 303, 305 Cadastral Survey, i. 55, 104, 115 Clot Bey, Dr., ii. 501 CaUns,Lord,i. 428 Coetlogou, Colonel, i. 375, 384, Calvert1_Mr., i. 142 544, 572 CamellAirps, Egyptian, ii. 60 Cogordau, M., ii. 212 Cameron, Mr., on Mehemet All's Coles Pasha on prisons, il, 494 policy, i. 16 Colleges, EngliSh military, value Canal, the Suez, measures for of training for officinllife, protecting, after bombard ii. ll48 ment of Alexandria, i. 303 Colville, Colonel, on Nile Cam Capitulations, use of, i. 326, ii. paign, ii. 4, 6 428-30 Colvin, Sir Auckland, head of Carter, Mr. Howard, reports a Cadastral Survey caae of torture, i. 50 resigns, i. 104 Cartwright, Mr., i. 289, 292, suooeads Sir Evelyn Baring as 293-4 Debt Commissioner, i. 121 Cave, Mr. Stephen- succeeds Sir Evelyn Baring as Financinl Report of, 1876, i. 4 Controller.Genernl, i. 173 commenta on Balance Sheet, hisactionduriugAI'Iibi'smutiny, 1864-7 5, I. 11 i. 183-6 commenta on law of the Moukli on situation, September 19, bnla, i. 30 1681, i. 206-7 comments on Egyptian officinla, memorandum, September 24, i. 30..1 i. 212 . . Cherif Paaba (B&J al8o under his memorandum re state of Egyptian Ministries) partien in Egypt in Decem eummoued before Commis- ber 1681, i. 218-22 sioners, i. 47 comment on memorandum, i. his policy, i. 153, 197-213 224, 227, 2.~1-2 and Al'libi's mutinr, i. IB7 on evacuntin!l' Soudan, i. 389 on Dual Control, 1. 189 financial adVIser, ii. 2B7 ministry, i. 194-213 Commission of Debt instituted, i. and National party an4 anoy, 12, II. 301l i.206 •. ohjecta, working, and nltem suggests Turkish intervention, tions of, ii. 304-10 i. 244 (S811 al8o Debt) his character ii. 334 Commission of luquiry into Egyp- Chenoside, CoL, ii. 48, 65 tian Finances, 1. 45 Chermside, Sir Herbert, i. 537, ii. work of, I. 47-c63 492 limitation of power of, I. 64 Christianity and the Europeanised report of, i. 110..124 Egyptian, ii. 230 resignation of, i. 124 Christians, attacks on Commission of Liquidation, 1680, slaughter of, I. 287 i. 162 1light of, I. 289 Commission (Iuternationnl), to 590 MODERN EGYPT assess claims re Alexan letter from Sheikh to Sheikh drian destruction, i. 339 referring to " Baring and Commissions of Brigandage1 ii. 289 his English," ii. 200 Conference, International, pro his despatch to Lord Granville posed by England and on withdrawal of British France, i. 283 troops, ii. 362 meets at Constantinople, I. 291 Customs, control of, ii. 292 Conference suspended, i. 312-13 Consular Courts, ii. 319, 514 Daira Debt, i. 13, 60 Consul- General, the British, Daira Khassa loan, i. 123 duties of, ii. 321·7 Daira Sanieh Joan, i. 123, ii. 313-14 Controllers-General of Finances, Dalling, Lord, ii. 165 1879- Daoud Pasha, i. 182 division of work, i. 161-2 Darfur during tbe Mahdi's re their power disappears, i. 257 bellion, ii. 36-41 Cookson, Sir Charles, i. 184, 186, Debt, the E,n>ptian Public- 257, 281, 287 in 1863 and l8i6, i. 11 Copts, the, ii. 201-13 Commission of Debt, i. 12, Corbett, Sir Vincent, ii. 287 ii. 30-!-1 0 Corruption in the public services, Lord Goscben and 1\f. Joubert's ii. 420-ll arrangement of, i. 13 Corvee, the, i. so, ii. 405-19 Sir Evelyn Baring appointed the need for forced labour, ii. British Commissioner, l. 111 409 Funded Debt in 1877-78, i. 33-.5 financial aspect of, ii. 410, 417 !<'ranee and Great Britain act in abolition of, ii. 419 . concert, l. 37 Courbash, the, ii. 397-405. See Commission of Inquiry, i. 45-63 also Corvee addition to Funded Debt, i. 54 Cromer, Lord (Sir Evelyn Bar interest on Debt, i. 65, 98 ing)- Report of Commission of In- (See also fllllkr British Govern quiry, i. 110·27 ment's Policy) resignation of Commission of appointed British Commissioner Inquiry, i. 124 of Debt, i. 15 Commissioners of Debt sue inquires into outstanding claims, Government, i. 126 i. 50-4 Sir Evelyn Baring resigns, i.l27 on the necessary reforms, i. 55- Sir Auckland Colvin appointed 62 Debt Commissioner, i. 127 on the Nubar ministry, i. 71 Commission of Liquidation, i. on differences between Lord 162 Vivian and Sir Rivers Wil internationalism and, ii, 30-!-10 son, i. 9~ Law of Liquidation, ii. 305 on Report of Commission of changes in functions of Debt Inquiry, i. 122-7 Commission, ii. 310 resigns Commissionership of reduction of debt, ii. 460 Debt, i. 127 Decrees, tbe, of 1876, l. 12, 13, 14 appointed English Controller Derby, Lord, declines to nominate General, i. 169 · Commissioner, i. 12 work of Controller-General, i. on General Bsker's defeat, i. 105-73 405 resigns Controllership, i. 173 Dervi~h Pasha, i. 284, 286, 288·89 returns to Egypt as British Dilke, Sir Charles, i, 235, 428 representative, i. 345 Domains, the, administration of, his speech at Omdurman, ii. 115 I, 63, ii. 31/i INDEX 591 Dongola Expedition, ii. 86 Europeanised Egyptian, ii. financial difficulties, ii. 86, 91 228-44 battle at Firket, ii. 90 Europeans in, ii. 246-59 Dongola taken, ii. 91 Government, the, ii. 260·79 "Droita de voirie," i. 122 (See al8o urnkr Army, Ad Dual Control, the, i. 93, 169, 161, ministration, Ministries, 164-78 British Government, Debt, <.'herif Pasha on, i. 189 Finance, ete.) abolition of, i. 340 El Obeid, fall of, i. 357 Duclerc, M., succeeds M. de El Teb, battle of, i. 414 Freycinet, i. 305 Emin Pasha (Governor of Equa Dues on stamping mata and on toria ), ii. 43-8 sale of cattle, i. 122 "Emprunt Rouznameb,"the, i. 53 Dufferin, Lord, i. 196, 270, 310 English, the (in Egypt), ii. 252-5 negotiates military convention their friends and foes, ii. 256-9 with Turkey, 1, 312-21 English Policy in Egypt. &eunder his mission to Egypt, i. 336 British Government his report, comment on, i. 341- Equatoria under Emin Pasha, ii. 45 . 43-8 IUid the Or~ic Law, ii. 271-79 leased to Congo State, ii. 46 and the courbash, ii, 399 Essad Effendi, i. 272, 285, 289 on slavery, ii. 498 Europeanised Egyptians, the, Dunlop, i\lr., ii. 535 Mglophobia of, ii. 244 Europeans in Egypt- Earle, ,General, tribute to, i. summoned by Mehemet Ali, i. 421, ii. 18, 22, 24 16 Education. See Administration summoned by Ismail, i. 23 Education Department, Dunlop, bad name acquired by, i. 23 Mr., Adviser to, ii. 293 character of official, i. 24 El{erton, Sir Edwin, i. 432, 558 first European Ministers, i. 63 "Egypt for the Egyptians," ng:itation against Ministers, i. 99 thllaeies of such a policy, European intervention, i. 323· i. 327' ii. 526-6 330 E!mlt, Modern- census of, ii. 245 -Before British Occupation orientalisation of, ii. 247 extent of, i. 349 and British officials, ii. 25.5-G state of, 1876, i. 29 privileges of, ii. 428-42 · distribution of power in, i. 175 Famine of 1878, i. 34 condition of, 1882, i. 212, Farag Pasha, ii. 13 323-aO Farrer, Lord, Report on Railways, condition in 1884, i. 417-23 ii. 311 Since occupation- Fehmi, Ali Bey, i. 176 extent of, ii. 126 Fellaheen, the, ii. 192-8 population, ii. 129 Fina.nces (se<1 al8o urnkr Public races in ii. 127-8 Debt) ruling cia';es, ii. 131-2 in 1876, i. 27 Islamism, ii. 132-49 Lord Vivian's report on, i. 26 womeni·position of, ii. lli5 toxes and collection in 1876, familv ife, ii. 160 i. 30-2 law, li. 162 toxes and collection in 1878, Moslems, the, ii. 168-99 i. 38 village, the, h1, ii. 180 Commission of Inquiry in Christians, the, ii. 201-27 Finances, 1878, i. 45 592 MODERN EGYPT work of Commission of Inquiry contrasted with English civilisa in Finances, i. 47-63 tion, ii. 238, 240 administration of, before 1878, French policy (E!m>tian) i. 48 towards bondhoid"ers, i. 35-7 outstanding claims and deficits, general policy in 1879, i. 91-3, 1878, i. 54 130.1 • recommendations of Commis· in respect to Arabi's mutiny, i. sion, i. 55 180, 196 . credit and Oriental view of, i. in respect to British occopation, 58 i. 2()4.5 revenue returns, 1878, i. 65 proposed Anglo-French military meetings between Sir Rivers control, i. 214 Wilson, M. de Blignieres, towards Turkish intervention, and Sir Evelyn Baring re i. 155·6, 269, 275 financial position, i. 88 subsequent to bombardment of report of Commission of In Alexandria, i. 302, 305-6 • quiry, i. 110.27 in respect to Wolff Convention,· condition of finances on acces ii. 372-Sl sion of Tewfik Pasha, i. 149 in 1904, ii. 388 Khedive's right to contract Freycinet, M, de (11111 al8l1 loans withdrawn, i. 168 urnkr British Go\•em• Controllers-&meral appointed, ment's policy}- i. 159 succeeds M. Gambetta, i. 247 Commission of Liquidation, i. suggests deposing Khedive, i. 162, 172-3 260 reform of taxation, 1880, i. 168- suggests sending squadron, i. 171 266 Chamber of Notables claims to suggeslll conference of Powers, vote Budget, i. 242 i. 283, 201 financial \'osition of Soudan, Future of Egypt, the, suggestions 1882, I. 354 and warniuge, ii. 663-71 conference on financial situa tion, 1884, i. lili8 Gambetta, M. (11111 also under Lord Northbrook's proposals, British Governm:ent's ii. 370 . policy}- summary of filets, ii. 443-55 on Tewfik's authority, i. 215 Financial advisers, ii. 287 urges united action by England Financial secretaries, ii. 291 and France, i. 216, 217 Findlay, Mr., ii. 65/l his policy, i. 216 Firket, battle of, ii. 90 prepares Draft Joint Note, i. •'itzgerald, Sir Gerald- 223 head of Accounts Department, negotiations with Lord Granville, i.26 !. 237-46 his work and its results, i. 28 his inlluence on the course of he resigns, i. 103 Egyptian history, i. 247-03 Flogging. See Courbash and on the British occupation, i. Corvee 302 Forced labour. See Corvee Garstin, Sir William, ii. 291, 460 Forster, Mr., on Soudan Policy of Gatacre, General, ii. 101 Government, i. 410 Germany's policy in respect to Freethinker, tbe Egyptian, ii. 232 ~t- French civilisation- in 1879, I. 131, 136 ita attractivenesa to Asiatics, ii. in 1882, i. 292 236 in 1904, ii. 391 INDEX 593 Gessi Pasha, ii. 42 and Zobeir Pasha, i. 454-60, 48() Ghazi, Moukbtar Pasha, ii. 37 4 leaves for Soudan, I. 460·2 Giegler Pasha, I. 372 further instructions, i. 464-.5 Giers, M. de- his proclamations, i. 470 protests against Wolff Con on slavery, i, 471-4 vention, ii. 378 at Khartoum, i. 475 {}inniss, battle at, ii. 30 his policy, i. 476-7 Gladstone, Mr. (liM also undei Precis of correspondence Britisb Government)- between him, Colonel on responsibility for British Stewart, Lord Granville, occupation, i. 160 and Sir Evelyn Baring, denies existence of National i. 480-534 Party in Egypt, I. 226 correspondence with, on nature relations with Mr. Wilfrid of Mahdi's revolt, i. 548- Blunt, i. 279-80 Mi his objection to landing troops comment on his policy, 1884, i. after bombardment of 560-74 Alexandra, i. 298 letters fropt, llia Dongola, i. on military pacification of 577-8 Egypt, L 301 reliefexpedition, i. 574-82 on Baker Pasha's defeat, i. comment on delay, i. 681-2 40/i Khedive's telegram to, i. 693 on Gordon's Soudan policy, i. expedition, ii, 5 478 battles at Abu Klea and in favour of Zobeir's appoint Metemmeb, ii. 6-8 ment, i. li31 Journal, and letters from, ii. 8 on unpopularity of Zobeir's death of, ii. 9-17 ap~intment, i. li33 Gorst, Sir Eldon, ii. 287, 292 on dtfliculties of Egyptisn Goscben, Lord- affairs, i. 582 his mission to Egypt, 18i6, i. comment on his responsibility 13-14 for delay in relieving be appoints Sir Evelyn Baring Gordon, i. 582-92 Commissioner of Debt, i. 15 responsibility for fall of Khar Government of Egypt, ii. 260- toum, ii. 17 279 his phantom policy, ii. 308-9 Graham, Major - General Sir Godeaux, 1\1,1 succeeds Baron des Gerald, i. 410, 414, 415, Michels as French Diplo 536-9, 641-2, 545-6, ii. 24--,; matic Representative, i, 66, Granville, Lord (Bee alBo under 76-7 British Government)- Gordon, General (m also undei his lack of initiative, i. 216 British Govemment) and Egyptian Constitutionalism, invited to inquire into finances, i. 238 I. 44 his policy previous to occupa on value of Soudan, i. 390 tion compared with Lord his mission, I. 417·39 Salisbury's, i. 252-3 his instructions, i. 390, 443-S personal notes on, i. 392, 42() popularity of, i. 427 ·31 his optimism, i. 476 his appointment a mistake, i. Greeks, the, ii. 250..1 438-ll . Grelle, M. Le, ii. 288-9 in Cairo, i. 440 Grenfell, Sir Francis- bis policy, i. 442 Commander- in-Chief of the Governor of Soudan, i. 446, Egyptian army, ii. 63, 64, 450-2 68, 69, 72, 76, 99, 100 VOl .. II 2Q 594 MODERN EGYP'f Grevy, M.- Internationalism, in theory and on British military preparations, practice ii. 301-lll 1882, i. 305 and the Publlc Debt, ii. 304·10 Irrigation (Bell al&o under Corvee } Hake, Mr. Egmont, i. 447, 400, under the Pharaohs and Turks, 555 ii. 4<57 Halim Pasha, i. 13940, 196, 260, Lord Milner on improved, ii. 309 4<'i8-9 Harbour works, Alexandria, their Lord t'romer's report on, II. cost, i. Ill 463 Ha.rdinge, Sir Arthur, ii. li55 Ismail Pasha- Ha.rra.r annexed by Ismail, ii. li2 and Public Debt, i. 11 taken by King Menelek, ii. li3 and European civilisation, i. 23 Hartington, Lord, i. 411, 63i, his extravagance, i. 61-2 580-1, ii. 21, 29 . his power, i. 68-9 Harvey, Mr., ii. 281 cedes his eststes, i. 61 Hassan Bey Osman, ii. 46 and Nubar-Wilson Ministry, L Hassan, P:ii.nce, i. 78 68-7 Hassan Sadik, ii. 46 his exclusion from Council dis Herbin, M., ii. 3 cassed, I. 69-70 Hewett, Admiral, i. 409, .537, Sir Evelyn Baring's views on ii.48 exclusion, i. 71-2 Hicks, General- and officers' mutiny, L 76-81 appointed to Soudan a.rmy, and constitutionalism, i. 83 1883, i. 3M and foreign interference, L 834 complains of his position, I. excluded from Council, i. 89-90 361 and his Foreign Ministers, i. appointed Commander-in-Chief, 09-100 i. 361 his )lOliey, L 105·9, 143-6 his optimism, i. 361-3 advised to abdicate, i. 1&-9 his a.rmy destroyed, i. 368 leaves Egypt, i. 141-2 Colonel Colville on disaster, L Ismail Pasha Eyoub, on the cour 368 bash, ii. 399 Sir RWnald Wingate on battle Ismail Pasha Sadik, his exac . field, i. 369 tions, i. 26 Hicks-Beach, Sir Michael, ii. 94 Italy- Hoskins, Admiral, and French Egyptian policy of, i. 131, ii. Admiral at Port Said, i. 391 303 invited to co-operate with Eng Hospitals, ii. 510-11 , land, i. 308 Hunter, General, ii. 94, 98,99-101 takes M8880wah, ii. 57 Hunter, Guyer, Sir, ii. 608 and Abyssinia, ii. 83 Hunter, Major, ii. 52-3 HW!Sein Pasha Khalifa, i. 467, James, l\lr. F. L., iu Somaliland, 54.1, 554 . ii. 49 Jebel Kirbekan, battle at, ii. 23 Ibrahim, his career and character, Joint Note of 1882, i. 214 i. 18-19 its terms, i. 223 Ibrahim Aga, i. 192 local situation when presented, Indian troops for Sua.kin, ii. 88 i. 224 Interior, the, administration of. presented, i. 227 Su Administration &llDlmsry of views on the, i. International administrations, ii. 229-4.!5 . 304-15 effects of, i. 2311-$3 INDEX 595 Joubert, M., associated with Lord Lascelles, Sir Frank (see also Goschen, i. 13 under British Government's Judicial Advisers, ii. 290 Policy)- Judicial system, ii. 316-20 British Representative in Egypt, Justice. See Administration i. 96 . . · reports agitation, April I, 1879, Kadi, the, legal functions of, ii. against European Ministry, 320 L 99 courts of, ii. 176, 515 Lesseps, M. Ferdinand de, Presi Kalnoky, Count, i. 206 dent of Commission of In Karam Allnh, iL 42, 44 quiry, L 4li, 323 Kassala, during Msbdi's rebellion, Levantine, the, ii. 246-7, 249 ii. 47 Lighthouses, control of, ii. 292 Kbalifa, the (Abdol.lah • el- Liquidation, Law of, i, 162, ii. 305 Taashi) lloyd, Mr. Clifford, L 378, 419, succeeds Mahdi, ii. 30 463, ii. 482-8 battle at Ginni88, effect of, ii. 30 Lupton, Mr. Frank, ii. 42 letter to Queen Victoria, ii. 62 Lyall, Sir Alfred, L 652, ii. 231 battle of 1'oski, effect of, ii. 72 Lyons, Lord, i. 199, 215, 218, death of, ii, 106 237-9, 260, 273, ii. 51 Kharadji lands, i. 114, 121 Khartoum- MaeDouald, Major, i. 338 fall of, ii. 0-17 Mcllwraitb, Sir Malcolm, ii. 116, retaken, ii. 105 290, 518 Khartoum Campaign, ii. 79-110 McMurdo, Captain, ii. 553 cost of, ii. 106-6 McNeill, Sir John, ii. 25 conduct of, ii. 106-9 Macbell, Mr., ii. 292 Khedives of Egypt, ii. 573 Mahdi, the- the powers of, ii. 269-70 of tradition, i. 351-2 (See al8o undm> Mehemet Ali, Mohammed Abmllll proclaims Ibrahim, Abbas L, Said, himself, i. 352 . Ismail, Tewfik) rebellion of, comment on, L 356 Kiuglake, i. 130, 323, 331 Hicks's army destroyed by, i. Kitchener, Major, i. MO, 578 368 Kitchener, Sir Herbert- letter to Gordon, i. 470 to command Soudan force, ii. Lord Wolseley on power of, 86 ii.22 his qualities for command, ii. death of, ii. 30 87-9 succeeded by Khalifa. See Khartoum Campaign, ii. 89-109 Khalifa references to, ii. 28, 69, 116 Mabdiiem, comment on, ii. 63-4 Komaroff, General, ii. 27 Mahmoud Pasha Baroudi, L 179 Kremer, Herr von, Commissioner Mahmoud Pasha Sruni, i. 243, of Debt, i. 12, 60 257 Malaret, Baron de, Controller Land, tenure and taxation- General of E.'qHlnditure, held by Kbe~live, 1876, L 29 i. 14 Law of the Moukabala, i. 29 Malet, Sir Edward (81!6 aliio under ceded by Ismail i. 61-3 British Government), i. Ouchouri and Kharadji lands, 164, 181 i. 114-22 on mutinous army, i. 182 laud-tax, I. 169 on Khedive's view of mutiny, i. Lauds, cultivable, ii. 460 206-6 Laue, E. W., ii. 204 on effect of Joint Note, L 228-9 596 MODERN EGYPT protest to Lord G1'811ville, i. Montebello, Count de, protests 269 8llllinst Wolff Convention, on slaughter of Christians, L ii. 378 288 Morley, Mr. John his illness, i. 289 on Joint Note, i. 227 on funds for Soudan army, L on M. Gambetta's policy, i. 260 3.59 on Zobeir's appointment, i. leaves Egypt, i. 34.5 531 Mallet, Sir Louis, i. 15 on Relief of Gordon, i. 588 Marindin, Colonel, Report on Morocco, Anglo· French agree· Railways, ii. 311 ment, ii. 391 l\Iarriott, General, President of Moslem sects, the, IL 36, 37 Railway Board, i. 14 Moslems in Egypt, ii. 168-99 :Mason Bey, ii. 48 Moudira, the, i. 48, 268, ii. 484-5 1\Ja.ssoiVllh, and Italy, iL 66-8 Moukabsla, law of the, I. 29, 98, Maxwell, Sir Benson, ii. 288 99, 115, 117' 118, 121 Medical reform, ii. 604 Mr. Stephen Cave on, L 30 Medicine, School of, iL li08 repeal of, i. 188 Mehemet Ali- Moukhtar Pasha, ii. 380 his career and. character, i. 16- MUnster, Count, i. 304 18 Mnstapba Pasha Fehmi, L 243, if his general principles had 266 266, ii. 346 been adopted, i. 22 Musnrus PIISha, L 199, 284, 288 and education, il. li30 llfenabrea, General, L 308 Napoleon III. and partition of Menelek, King, ii. 63, 83 North Africa, I. 91 Michels, Baron des- National Movement, Sir Auckland French diplomatic represen• Colvin's Memorandum on, tative, L 37 i. 219-21 succeeded by M. Godeaux, i. National Party In Egypt, its 66 existence, i. 226 Milner, Lord, ii. 127, 291-2, 409 Native tribunals, ii. 287-9 Ministen, Egyptian, the, iL Nejumi, Wad-el-, ii. 64-71 27()..1 . Nekib-el-Ashraf, i. 99 Ministries (E~tian)- Neli doff, M. de, protests against Nubar Pasha s(Sir Riven Wilson Wolff Convention, iL 378 and M. de Blignieres, Neufeld, M., ii. 14 memben of), L 64-81, 384, Neutralisation of Egypt, comment iL 681 on, ii. 383 Ch~rif Pasha's, i. 103, 104, 188- Nile Campaign, ii. 4, G 90, 194-213, 300 Northbrook, Lord- Riaz Pasha's, i. 163-4, ii. 343, on General Gordon, I. 429, 491-2 581 on Zobeir Pasha, i. 630 "Arabi's," 1. 254-78 his mission to Egypt, ii. 366-71 Mustapha Pasha Fehmi's, ii. referencss to, i. 635, 581, 591 346, 680, 581 Nortbcote, Sir Stafford, i. 384, Mixed Courts, i. 33, 419, ii. 316-19 472, li83 Moberly Bell, Mr., i. 515 Notables, Chamber of, the, L 68, Mohammed Ahmed. See Mahdi, 254, 266 the convoked bT IsmaU, i. 68, 73 Mohammed Nebawi, Sheikh, ii. 13 protest of, 1. 101 Mohammed Tahir, i. 467 summoned by Arabi, 107 Moncrief!', Captain, i. 398 at the time of Joint Note, i. Monogamy and family life, ii. 167 224 INDEX 597 claim to vote the Budget, i. 237, Panncefote, Lord, ii. 384 242 Pickthall, Mr. (Folk-Lore of the Nubar Pasha (aee auo under Holy Lanti), i. 19 Ministries, Egyptian) Pinching, Sir Horace, ii. 613 his relations with Ibrahim, i. Pl~ue, the, ii. 613 19 Pollee- on Said's policy, i. 21 Adviser to Minister of Interior his Ministry, 1878-1879, I. 64-81 appointed, ii. 292 his aims and character, i. 70, reforms, ii. 478-82 ii. 335-42 Poll-tax, i. 122 his unpopularity, i. 72 Polygamy 1 effects of, il. 157 assaulted by officers, i. 74 Port&!, Sir Gerald, ii. 655 he resigns, i. 77 Post Office, control of, ii. 292 his Ministry, 1884, i. 384 statistics of, ii. 313 Nur Bey, ii. 46 Power, Mr., i. 3581 384, 475, 515, ii.3 Occupation, the British- · Prisons- analysis of causes leading to, i. Sir Herbert Chermside and 252-3 Mr. Beallllln report on, ii. French opinion, 1882, i. 306-6 492-3 the Tll'lllpr on, i. 306 reform of, il, 494 Italian opinion, i. 307-9 Press, the- Turkish oP.inion, i. 309 vernacular Press attacks Euro preferabU1ty of, i. 328-30 peans, i. 211 Octroi dues, i. 122 retorts of European Press, i. partly abolished, ;. 168 211 Officials, British, ii. 280-300 Prime Minister, the Egyptian, his · qualifications of ideal official, ii. importance, ii. 333 281 Prime Ministers from 1882, ii. their position, ii. 282 334 the need for, il. 293-8 Privilege, European, ii. 426 their numbers, il. 298-9 its interference with reform, ii. Omar Pasha Lutfi, i. 106 431 Omdehs, the ii. 186 reforms of, il. 437 Omdurman, battle of, il. 104 Lord Cromer's report on, ii. Organic law, the, proposed re- 437 vision, I. 254, ii. 271-9 Protectorate, British, petition in Osman Digua- favour of, i. 331 the Mahdi's Emir, i. 396 Public School, the English, value his campaign in Eastern Soudan, of training for officilll life, i. 306-9 ii, 648 his hold on Eastern Soudan, ii. Public Works Department, ii. 63 290-1 Osman Pasha Rifki, i. 176, 179, 262-3 Queen Victoria- Ouchouri land-tax, the, i. 68, 99, and Zobeir's appointment, i. 114, 121 li31 increased, i. 168 and thll of Khartoum, ii. 15- 16 Paget, Sir Augustus, i. 307 Pall .Mall GIUiette, i. 389, 424, 427, Radwan Pasha, ii. 52 434, 474, 477, 632 Ragheb, Pasha, i. 293 Palmer, Sir Elwin, ii. 287 Railways, Egyptian- Palmerston, Lord, i. 10, 83, 84, 92 thlsification of accounts, i. 27 598 1\IODERN EGYPT constructed during Khartoum on soldier's advice on strategic Campaign, ii. 90 points, ii. 75 administration, ii. 31()..13 on public indifference, ii, 77 in Soudan, ii. 653 Salt TIIX, i. 169 Religion in Egypt (ue under Sandwith, Dr., ii. 508 Moslems and (.,'hriRtians) Sanitary Department, ii. li13 Raouf Pasha, ii. 62 Sanitary reform, ii. li04 Reinach, M. Joseph, on M. Gam Sartorius, Colonel and Mrs., i. betta's Egyptian policy, i. 397 247-53 Saurma, Baron de, i. 130 Riaz, Pasha (8tle al8o under Schoolmasters, native and foreign, Ministries, Egyptian)-- . ii. 293 Vice- President Commission of Schools, village, ii. 534 Inquiry, i. 46 Schweiofurth, Dr., i. 256 Minister of Interior and Justice, Scott, Sir John, ii. 200, li18 i. 90-1 Scott-Moncrieff,SirColin, ii. 29o-1, deno110ced as friend of Chris 410 tians, i. 99 Scatter, Sir Charles, Report on relations with M. de Blignieres, Railways, ii. 312 i. 182 Senior, Mr. (Con1111rsaU0118 and Minister of Interior, i. 300 Jouma/8 in E!l!lpt), i. 21 his aima and work, ii. 342-6 Sennar during Mahdi's rebellion, Ring, Baron de, i. 180, 295 ii, 46 Rodd, Sir Rennell, ii. 655 Senonssi movement, the, ii. 39 Rogers, Sir John, ii. 613 Seymour,Admiral Sir Beauchamp, Romaine, Mr., Controller-General arrives at Alexandria, i. of Revenue, i. 14 277 Rosebery, Lord, ii. 413 Shahin Pasha, i. 80, 105, 120 Rothschild, Messrs. Sheikh-el-Bekri, i. 99, ii. 176 loan, 1878, i. 63, 65 Sheikh-ei-Mirgbani, ii. 37 loan to pay mutinous officers, Sheikh-el-Obeid, i. li18 i. 78 Sheikh-el-Seoonssi, ii. 37 Rouznsmeh loan, i. :!3, 114-16 his relations with Mahdi, ii. 38- Rowsell, Mr., i. 258 39 Rundle, Major, i. 540 Sheikh Mohammed Abd u, ii. 179 Russia's policy in respect to Egypt, Sheikh Mohammed Beyram, ii. i. 131 181-4 Sheikh Mohammed Nehawi, 'ii. Saad Pasha Za,cloul, ii. 535 13 Saad Rifaat, l\[ajor, ii. 48 Sheikh Mohammed-el-Saadat, ii. Saba Pasha, ii. 292 177 Said Pasha, his career and charac Sheikhs of villages, the, i. 48, ii. ter, i. 20 18B St. Hilaire, M, Barthelemy, i. their views of the English, ii. 197, 199, 200-1, 214 191 Salisbury, (Lord, 1u al8o unde-1- Sienkiewicz, M., i. 187, 197, 198, British Government)- 224, 228, 240, 272, 276 criticises Government action, Sirdar, the, JIOBition of, ii. 283 1881, i. 201 Slatin Bey, 1. 367, ii; 36 his policy previous to occupa Slave Trade, the, ii. 74, 49li tion comJI3red with Lord Slavery- Granville s, i. 252-3 in Soudan, I. 350 on Hicks expedition, i. 307 General Gordon on, i. 471-2 moYes vote of censure, i. 384 position of the sian, ii. 496-7 INDEX 599 Lord Duft'erin on, ii. 498 death of, ii. 3 disappearing, ii. 49!h504 references to, i. 390, 442, 444, Smith, Col. Holled, ii. 76 453, 458, 460-2, 471, 477, Soudan, the (•u abJo under British 481-2, 484, 499, 600, 502, Govemment)- ii04, 606, 615 extent of, January 1883, i. 349 Sturge, Mr., I. 517 Sir Samuel Baker on, i. 349 Suakin- Colonel Stewart on, i. 3.50-9 suggested Turkish troops for, financial position of, 1882, i. 354 i. 381 Grant for army, 1883, i. 3.55 Dervish victories near, I. 396-7 the Mahdi, I. 3.56 General Baker at, i. 401-9 Mr. Power and Lord Dufferin General Graham at, i. 410-15, on army, i. 3.58 537-8, 544, ii. 24-5 General Hicka in, i. 3r.o-s Colonel Boiled Smith at, ii. 76 comment on Policy of Evacua Indian troops for, ii. 88 tion, i. 384-!Jii Succession, the Egyptian Law of, Osman Digna, i. 397-8, 415 i. 136, 165 Colonel Baker at Suakin, i. Suez Canal- 400-5 CreditBill,i.304 Sir Gerald Graham at Tokar, neutralisation of, ii. 382-7 i. 411-14 Commission to discuss, ii. 385 Battle of El-Teb, I. 414 Convention put in·force, ii. 387 comment on expedition, i. 414 Suleiman Pasha, i. 361 the Berber Expedition, i. 636-08 Suleiman Wad Gamr, ii. 4 Battles at Abu Klea and Sultan Pasha, i. 224, 265, 2i6 Metemmeh, ii. 6-8 Sultan, the, (m also 'lliJder fall of Kh11rtoum, ii. 9 'fnrkey)- evacuation of, ii. 27-29 his relations with the Khedive, fate of Provinces of, ii. 35-09 ii. 264-9 comment on evacuation, ii. Superstitions, ii. 606-6 29.34, 78 Syrians, the (Christian), ii. 213-l~ reconquest of, ii. 79-110 .Atbara, ii. 98-102 Taha Shahin, ii. 13 Omdurman, ii. 104 Tajourrah annexed by France, Khartoum occupied, ii. 105 ii. 54 political atatus of new Soudan, Tarnai, battle at, i. 415 ii. 116-19 Taxes. Sa Io'inances size of new Soudan, il. 545 Tel-el-Kebir, battle of, i. 323 administration of. Sa Adminis Tewfik Bey, i. 397 tration Tewfik Pasha- Stephenson, Sir Frederick, i. 376, President of Council, i. 89-90, 421, 640-1, 546, 548, 574, 100 679, 680, ii. 30 proclaimed Khedive, i. 141 Stewart, Sir Herbert, ii. 3·7, 18 condition of Egypt at accession, Stewart, Colonel- i. 149-51 on the Soudan, i. 3.50, 353-4-7- and Arabi, i. li6-03, 254-78, 8-60 335 with Gordon, i. 427, 433 Sir Edward 1\Jalet's defence of, contrasted with Gordon, I. 434 i. 261 his reports, etc., on route to and slaughter of Christians, i. Khartoum i. 466-9 288 on Gordon's policy in Soudan, I. and Gordon, i. 441, 693 482-4 his character, ii. 327 43 on value of Soudan, I. 603 Tigrane Pasha, ii. 221-6 600 MODERN EGYPT Timu, The, i. 515 Vivian, Lord (~ee al8o undC7' Tissot, M., i. 27 4, 283 British Govemmenta) Tokar, Sir Evelyn Baring advises British Representative in Egypt, occupation of, ii. 74 I. 14 Sir Francis Grenfell on, ii. 76 Reporta on Finances, 1876, i. Colonel Holled Smith takes, 27,36 ii.77 on funded debt, 1877, i. 33-4 Tosld, battle of, ii. 64-0 on Ismail's hostility to Nubar, Tonlba Pasha, L 275 i. 67..8 Trade, Egyptian, French capital his disagreement with Sir R. employed in, L 303 Wilson, i. 95 Trescow, M. de, i. 162 succeeded by Sir Frank l.ascelles, Tribunals, InternationaL See i. 96 Mixed Courts Tribunals, native, ii. 319-20 Waddington, M., I. 36, 37 Tricon, M., i. 139 Wakfs, the, L 63, iL 409 Tnnis, French Protectorate over, Wallace, Sir Donald Mackeuzie, i. 332 i. 324 government of, ii. 284-6 Walne, Mr., on Said's policy, i. Turco-Egyptian, the, character 21 istics of, ii. 169-73 Watson, Col, i. 437, 540 Turkey's Egyptian Policy Weighing dues, i. 122 proposal that Sir Evelyn Baring West, Sir Raymond, ii. 288 should be Minister of Fin· Willcocks, Wm., Sir, ii. 410 ance to Sultan, i. 69 Wilson, Sir Charles W., i. 368, re Ismail's deposition, i. 129,140 ii. 6, 8, 9, 12, 28 subsequent to Ismail's deposi Wilson, Sir Rivers (m al8o Minis tion, 1. 154-S tries, Egyptian) French and British Govern Vice-President of Commission of ments, traditional policy Inquiry, i. 45 towards, i. 155-6 appointed Minister of Finance, during Arabi's mutiny, L 194 i. 63 France and Englsnd and, i. 196 assaulted by officers, I. 74 Turkish envoys in Cairo, i. 199 on reinstatement of Nubar, i. 68 re Joint Note, i. 25B-9 his disagreement with lArd and the Powers, 1882, i. 282-li Vivian, i. 95 after slaughter of Christians, President of Commission of I. 288 Liquidation, i. 162 and Military Convention with references to, i. 78-9, 88, 91-6-8, Great Britain, i. 30B-21 100-2-3, 172 relations between Khedive and Wingate, Sir Re¢nald- Snltan of, ii. 264-9 on defence of Khartoum, ii. 16 and WolffConvention,ii. 372-81 ou withdrawn Soudan garrisons, Turkish Commissioner in Egypt, li. 31, 39, 41, 43, 47 ii. 380 on Nejumi, ii. 64, 68, 70, 71 Sirdar, ii. 105 Ulema, the, characteristics of, on Soudan, ii. 54j)..(J, 1154 ii. 173-86 reference to, li. 66-8, 70 Ulemas, I. 99 Wodebouse, Colonel, ii. 67-8, 70 Unified Debt, I. 13 Wolff, Sir Henrr,, Convention with University of El-Azhar, il 532 Turkey, li. 372-81 Veterinary College, ii. 612 Wolseley, Lcird, i. 301, 323, 1179, Vincent, Sir Edgar Vincent, I. 422 681-2 value of his work, ii. 287 marehes to relieve Gordon, ii. ll INDEX 601 correspondence with British Young Egypt, ii. 228-43 Govel'llment after fall of Y oussuf Mansom', ii. 14 Khartoum, U. 20-29 Youssuf Pasha Shubdi, ii. 61-2 \Vomen, Egyptian, position of Yousuf Pasha Kemal, i. 102 (Mohammedan), U. 155-6 importance of educating, ii. 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