W. JOSEPH CAMPBELL
Media Myth Alert
DEBUNKING, DISTORTION, FACT-CHECKING, GETTING IT WRONG, HISTORY, MEDIA- DRIVEN MYTHS, RESEARCH, VIETNAM WAR
In essay about fake news, ‘Vox’ offers up media myth of the ‘Napalm Girl’
In 'Napalm girl', Debunking, Error, Media myths, Newspapers, Photographs on July 6, 2017 at 9:15 pm In a lengthy essay posted yesterday about “fake news (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/12/11/addressing-fake-news-stirring-up-media-myths/),” the online site Vox (h ps://www.vox.com/pages/about-us) summoned a persistent media myth (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/media-myths-faqs/) — that of the evocative “Napalm Girl (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/exaggerating-the-power-of-napalm-girl- photo/)” photograph, taken in Vietnam 45 years ago.
The essay (h ps://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/7/5/15906382/fake-news-free-speech-facebook- google) invoked the photograph in discussing how remedies for “fake news (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/12/14/media-myths-prominent-cases-of-fake-news- masquerading-as-fact/)” can be worse than the malady.
It ruminated about “potential unintended consequences of cracking down on fake news” and noted the controversy last year over “Facebook’s mishandling of the iconic photo of a naked 9-year-old Vietnamese girl running from the United States’ napalm bombing of her village during the Vietnam War. After a Norwegian author published the photo as part of a commentary on the evils of war, Facebook took the photo down, saying it violated standards regarding nudity on the site.”
Indeed, Facebook goofed up (h p://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2016/09/09/facebook_censors_napalm_girl_photo_changes_min thoroughly in that episode.
But what most interests Media Myth Alert (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/about/) is the essay’s passage about “the United States’ napalm bombing of her village during the Vietnam War.” That’s an erroneous reference to a misguided aerial bombing on June 8, 1972, during which napalm was dropped near the village of Trang Bang, in what then was South Vietnam.
Nick Ut (h p://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/oped/bs-ed- napalm-girl-20170401-story.html) of the Associated Press took the memorable photograph of 9-year-old Kim Phuc and other terror-stricken children fleeing the a ack. Kim’s arms were outstretched and her face was contorted in agony. Her clothing had been burned away.
The napalm a ack was carried out not by the United States but by Skyraider warplanes of the South Vietnamese Air Force, a empting to roust communist forces dug in near the village.
Contemporaneous news accounts were quite clear about ‘Napalm Girl,’ 1972 (Nick Ut/AP) who dropped the napalm.
Christopher Wain (h p://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia- pacific/8678478.stm), a veteran British journalist, wrote in a dispatch for the United Press International wire service, “These were South Vietnamese planes dropping napalm on South Vietnamese peasants and troops.” Donald Kirk (h ps://www.policyforum.net/authors/donald-kirk/) of the Chicago Tribune (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/media-myth-distorts-chicago-tribune-timeline-of- newspaper-history/) reported the “napalm [was] dropped by a Vietnamese air force Skyraider diving onto the wrong target.”
The headline on the New York Times dispatch (h p://www.nytimes.com/1972/06/09/archives/south- vietnamese-drop-napalm-on-own-troops.html) from Trang Bang said: “South Vietnamese Drop Napalm on Own Troops.” And the Boston Globe declared: “”S. Viet error kills 20 in napalm inferno.”
The fight at Trang Bang was — as I point out in the new edition (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/10/30/memorable-late-october-a-new-edition-of-ge ing-it- wrong-and-more/) of my media-mythbusting (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2010/11/19/mythbusting-at-the-smithsonian/) book, Ge ing It Wrong (h ps://www.amazon.com/Ge ing-Wrong-Debunking-Greatest- Journalism/dp/0520291298/ref=asap_bc?ie=UTF8) — “an all-Vietnamese encounter.” The notion that U.S. warplanes dropped the napalm that burned Kim Phuc and others is false, but enduring (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/08/28/a-sort-of-correction-from-the-nytimes/).
It is one of a number of myths a ached to the “Napalm Girl (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/exaggerating-the-power-of-napalm-girl-photo/)” photograph.
Other myths are that the photograph was so raw and compelling that it hastened an end to the war (in fact it went on until April 1975) and that the image galvanized American public opinion against the conflict (Americans’ views about the war had turned negative in early 1968 (h p://www.gallup.com/poll/2299/Americans-Look-Back-Vietnam-War.aspx)). ‘Napalm Girl’ photograph ‘changed us and our stomach for war’: But how? (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2017/03/14/napalm-girl-photograph-changed-us-and-our- stomach-for-war-but-how/) Another myth is that the “Napalm Girl” image appeared on the front pages of newspapers everywhere in the United States.
Many leading U.S. daily newspapers did publish the photograph soon after it was distributed by Associated Press. But many newspapers abstained, perhaps because it showed frontal nudity.
Of 40 leading daily U.S. newspapers included in a review I conducted with a research assistant (all 40 were Associated Press subscribers), 21 titles placed “Napalm Girl” on the front page.
But 14 newspapers examined — more than one-third the sample — did not publish the photograph at all. These titles included the Arizona Republic, Dallas Morning News, Denver Post, Des Moines Register, Detroit Free Press, Newark Star-Ledger, and Pi sburgh Post-Gaze e.
Just three of the newspapers examined — the Boston Globe, New York Post, and New York Times (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/12/15/nytimes-recalls-napalm-girl-and-other-famous-pictures-of- war-overstates-its-impact/) — printed editorials specifically addressing the photograph and its significance.
The editorial in the New York Post asked: “When will this bloodiest and most bestial of wars also be recognized as the monstrous mistake that it is? The picture of the children [fleeing the napalm a ack] will never leave anyone who saw it….”
WJC (h p://www.wjosephcampbell.com)
More from Media Myth Alert:
Media myths: Prominent cases of fake news masquerading as fact (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/12/14/media-myths-prominent-cases-of-fake-news- masquerading-as-fact/) ‘Scorched by American napalm’: The myth of ‘Napalm Girl’ endures (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/08/22/scorched-by-american-napalm-the-media-myth- of-napalm-girl-endures/) No, ‘Forbes’: It wasn’t an ‘American napalm a ack’ (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/09/11/no-forbes-it-wasnt-an-american-napalm-a ack/) 40 years on: The ‘napalm girl’ photo and its associated errors (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/06/03/40-years-on-the-napalm-girl-photo-and-its- associated-errors/) NYTimes ignores former senior AP journalists seeking correction on ‘napalm girl’ context (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/08/17/nytimes-ignores-senior-former-ap-journalists- seeking-correction-on-napalm-girl-context/) A sort-of correction from the New York Times (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/08/28/a- sort-of-correction-from-the-nytimes/) The subtlety of media myths: A ‘New Yorker’ brief and the napalm-a ack myth (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/11/19/the-subtlety-of-media-myths-a-new-yorker-brief- and-the-napalm-a ack-myth/) Arrogance: WaPo won’t correct dubious claim about Nixon ‘secret plan’ for Vietnam (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2013/08/13/arrogance-wapo-wont-correct-dubious-claim- about-nixon-secret-plan-for-vietnam/) Jon Krakauer rolls back claims about WaPo ‘source’ in Lynch case (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2011/11/11/jon-krakauer-rolls-back-claims-about-wapo- source-in-jessica-lynch-case/) Murrow ‘risked his career to confront demagogic Joe McCarthy’? Hardly (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2017/07/01/murrow-risked-his-career-to-confront- demagogic-joe-mccarthy-hardly/) About the ‘Murrow Moment’: A tipping point that wasn’t (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/08/13/about-the-murrow-moment-a-tipping-point- that-wasnt/) ‘A debunker’s work is never done’ (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2010/05/21/a-debunkers- work-is-never-done/) Check out The 1995 Blog (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2014/07/02/check-out-the-1995- blog/) ‘Exquisitely researched and lively’ (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2010/09/16/exquisitely- researched-and-lively/)
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