Cucurbitales
• previously recognized group of 7 N fixing Diversity and Evolution 2 families (some N2 fixers) clade • palmate leaves, cucurbitoid teeth, imperfect flowers, parietal of Rosids placentation Cucurbitaceae Datiscaceae . . . gourds, walnuts, and maples . . .
Begoniaceae
Cucurbitaceae - melons Cucurbitaceae - melons
Mainly tropical and subtropical family of 118 genera, • flowers unisexual and 845 species of herbaceous or woody vines with tendrils plants usually dioecious, (modified inflorescences) cultivated ones monoecious
Male flower
• fusion of perianth (Asterid- like!); stamens are weird, female flower is epigynous Gurania in Panama Cucumis in Wisconsin Female flower Cucurbitaceae - melons Cucurbitaceae - melons
Fruit is a berry with leathery rind = pepo (pumpkin, melon, Note the many small male pickle, gourd) flowers and few female flowers going into fruit and Female flower Echinocystis lobata wild cucumber spiny pepo
Cucurbitaceae - melons *Fagales
• core “Amentiferae” of Engler & N2 fixing Prantl and subclass “Hamamelidae” Sicyos angulata - bur cucumber clade of Cronquist - wind pollinated • trees with unisexual flowers in aments/catkins • inferior G (2-3) • nut - bony 1-seeded
Small “burred” cucumber or pickle-like fruits can be seen on bottom right *Fagales *Fagaceae - beeches • North Temperate family of 7 genera, 670 species (1/2 are oaks) Nothofagaceae - southern beeches - are sister to all others • simple leaves and nut enclosed by subtending bracts
Fagus - beech Castanea - chestnut Quercus - oak
*Fagaceae - beeches *Fagaceae - oaks • Fagus (beech) is characteristic of mesic forests in north temperate deciduous forests • Quercus, the oaks, have bracts below • easy to recognize with gray bark female flower that coalesce into a • 2 pistillate flowers (2 nuts) woody cup of the acorn fruit (nut) surrounded by one set of bracts • hybridizing group and taxonomically challenging
Fagus sylvatica - Europe
Fagus grandifolia - American beech Fagus grandifolia - N. America *Fagaceae - oaks *Fagaceae - oaks White oak - Alleghenian species typical of more mesic woodlands in Wisconsin • White oaks - rounded leaf lobes, thinner walled xylem of summer wood, fruit matures in 1 yr
• Red oaks - bristle tipped leaf lobes, thicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrs
white oak red oak
Quercus alba - white oak
*Fagaceae - oaks *Fagaceae - oaks Bur oak - Ozarkian element species of Red oak - more mesic member of the red xeric oak woodlands and oak savannas oak group; black oak, hill’s oak are more xeric tolerant
Quercus macrocarpa - bur oak Quercus rubra - red oak *Fagaceae - chestnuts *Fagaceae - chestnuts American chestnuts • Castanea, the chestnuts, have 2 Massachusetts in late female flowers per spiny involucre 1800s prior to 1904 chestnut blight
Japanese chestnut in Connecticut - resistant
Castanea dentata - American Castanea dentata - American chestnut chestnut original distribution
*Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - walnuts Well known tree family containing walnuts, hickories, and • Leaves pinnately compound, pecans alternate • Leaves often aromatic from resinous 10 genera and 50 species are divided into two subfamilies peltate glands; allelopathic
Engelhardia Juglans
Juglans cinera Carya ovata Butternut, white walnut shagbark hickory *Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - walnuts
Juglans cinera CA 3-6 CO 0 A 3-∞ G 0 • Trees are Butternut, white walnut monoecious • male flowers apetalous and arranged in pendulous catkins or • Wind pollinated aments on older stems features • calyx small; each flower bracted
Female flower
Male inflorescence Juglans regia English walnut Juglans nigra - Black walnut
*Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - walnuts • fruit a nut - single ovule fused to ovary wall Juglans cinera CA 4 CO 0 A 0 G (2) • surrounded often by persistant involucral bracts which can Butternut, white walnut become fleshy; thus sometimes mistakenly called a “drupe” • female flowers apetalous and in a small group on this year’s new growth
• calyx small, persistant, often fused to involucral bracts; 2 stigma feathery Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory Juglans nigra Black walnut
Juglans cinera Butternut, white walnut
Juglans nigra Black walnut *Juglandaceae - walnuts *Juglandaceae - hickories
• black walnut: one of the most • shagbark hickory: common tree of prized of all lumber trees for fine more mesic to xeric forests over much furniture of North America - oak/hickory forests
Juglans nigra - black walnut Carya ovata - shagbark hickory
*Betulaceae - birches *Betulaceae - birches Female inflorescence North Temperate family of 6 genera and • both female and male (drooping) 110 species of shrubs to trees - birches inflorescences are in aments/catkins and alders • flowers possess no perianth
• fruit a small nut or 1 seeded samara, subtended by 3-lobed bract
Male inflorescence
Betula papyrifera - paper birch *Betulaceae - birches *Betulaceae - birches
Ostrya virginiana - eastern hop hornbeam, ironwood
Alnus, the alders
Betula papyrifera - Betula allegheniensis Corylus americana paper birch Yellow birch Hazelnut, filbert
Myricaceae - sweet gale Casuarinaceae • Small family 3 genera that fix • small family of 100 species - atmospheric nitrogen the she oaks of Australia
• Dioecious shrubs or subshrubs with sweet aromatic smell
Casuarina - evergreen with equisetoid leaves
Myrica gale - sweet gale Comptonia peregrina - sweet fern *Sapindales *Sapindales • long recognized group of 9 families • chemically distinct (lemon smells) • woody, compound leaves • preferential herbivory by hemipteran • nectar disk Calophya • 1-2 seeded fruit
Sapindaceae Acer platanoides
Calophya on Schinus (Anacardiaceae) Bitter triterpenoids
Rutaceae Geijera multiflorum
*Anacardiaceae - sumacs *Anacardiaceae - sumacs
Woody, worldwide family (70/985) Semecarpu CA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2- s with alternate, compound leaves and 3) pungent, often nasty volatiles or • flowers are small, congested, black exudates (phenolics) variously unisexual or perfect but with disk Rhus glabra - smooth sumac Rhus glabra - smooth sumac
Magnifera - mango *Anacardiaceae - sumacs *Anacardiaceae - sumacs
Semecarpu CA 5 CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2- s 3) • one-seeded drupes (mango, pistachio, cashew)
Rhus glabra - smooth sumac
Magnifera - mango
Rhus hirta - staghorn sumac
*Anacardiaceae - sumacs *Anacardiaceae - sumacs
Toxicodendron vernix - poison sumac Multi-stemmed shrub in wetlands
Toxicodendron radicans - poison ivy: variable in habit Toxicodendron includes our 3 poisonous species *Anacardiaceae - sumacs *Sapindaceae - maples Largely tropical woody family of 735 genera and 1600 species and One of the most poisonous members of this family is includes previously recognized smaller temperate families (maples the source of Chinese or Japanese lacquer. What is the - Aceraceae, buckeyes - Hippocastanaceae) species? • most have opposite, compound leaves • 1-2 seeded drupes or samaras
Sapindus -soapberry
*Sapindaceae - maples *Sapindaceae - The family includes 2 of the most important or dominant tree CA 4-5 COmaples 0 or 4-5 A 8, 10 G species in many of our forest types - sugar maple and red maple • maple flowers(2) typically unisexual by abortion. Perianth 4-5 merous, but petals lacking in sugar and silver maples and boxelder
• nectariferous disk is often present in the whorl associated with stamens
Male flower
Acer platanoides - Norway maple Acer saccharum - sugar maple Acer rubrum - red maple Introduced ornamental *Sapindaceae - *Sapindaceae - maples CA 4-5 COmaples 0 or 4-5 A 8, 10 G • superior pistil(2) composed of 2 carpels and 2 extended styles • note reduced and probably non-functional stamens
Female flower
Acer platanoides - Norway maple
• fruit is a schizocarp - each carpel separates into a one seeded mericarp
• fruit is also a samara - 2 winged achenes
*Sapindaceae - maples *Sapindaceae - maples
Acer saccharum/nigrum Sugar/black maple Acer rubrum - Red maple One of the most dominant mesic forest tree species Another dominant throughout Wisconsin is hydric-xeric forest tree the sugar maple; leaves species throughout smoothed lobed; flowers Wisconsin and eastern without petals North America *Sapindaceae - maples *Sapindaceae - maples
• only dioecious Acer negundo - boxelder species of maple and only one with compound leaves
• initially male only, as they age they switch to female
Acer saccharinum - silver maple
Silver maple is characteristic of wet conditions, fast growing, and with whitish underside to leaves; like sugar maple has no petals
*Sapindaceae - maples Simaroubaceae - tree of heaven
• horsechestnuts are now included in The tree-of-heaven is originally from Asia, Sapindaceae along with the maples. widely planted, and somewhat naturalized.
• leaves are palmately compound and opposite. Like most members of the family, the tree is strongly (pungently) odored.
Aesculus hippocastanum - horsechestnut
Aesculus glabra - Ohio buckeye Ailanthus altissima - tree of heaven Rutaceae - citrus Rutaceae - citrus
Largely alternate, compound leaved family Native clonal and spiny armed (except oranges and relatives) shrub with pinnately compound leaves; flowers reduced Family is well known for its volatile terpenoid compounds that the leaves & flowers emit Potentially invasive shrub in drier habitats
Zanthoxylum americanum Prickly-ash
Citrus sinensis
Ptelea trifoliata (hop tree, wafer-ash) - medicinal plnat
Meliaceae - mahogany
Mahogany - Swietenia brasiliensis - important lumber tree in Neotropics