Quick Study Guide

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Quick Study Guide

CHAPTER Progress Monitoring Online 1 1 For: Self-test with vocabulary practice 1 1 Web Code: nba-1361 Quick Study Guide ■ Have students use the Quick Study ■ Major Themes of the Renaissance ■ Causes and Effects of the Guide to prepare for this chapter’s • Importance of classical learning Protestant Reformation tests. Students may wish to refer to • Emphasis on the individual the following pages as they review: • Adventurous spirit and willingness to experiment Cause and Effect • Focus on realism in art and literature Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes Major Themes of the Renaissance • Questioning of traditional religious ideas • Roman Catholic Church • Johann Tetzel sells becomes more worldly. indulgences in Wittenberg. Section 1, pp. 48–50; Section 2, ■ Important Figures of the Scientific • Humanists urge a return • Martin Luther posts p. 57 to simple religion. 95 Theses. Revolution • Shift to more uncertain, • Luther translates the Important Figures of the Scientific urban-based economies Bible into German. Person Achievement Date causes people to look for • The printing press spreads Revolution society that makes more reform ideas. Section 5, pp. 72–76 Nicolaus Developed the sun-centered model of 1543 sense to them. Copernicus the universe • Calvin and other reformers • Monarchs and other preach against Roman Tycho Brahe Built astronomical observatory to Late 1500s leaders question the pope’s Catholic traditions. Causes and Effects of the Protestant and Johannes calculate the planetal orbits; supported authority and wealth. Reformation Kepler Copernicusís views Section 2, pp. 57–58; Section 3, Galileo Developed telescope to view the planets 1600 Galilei and confirmed Copernicus’s theory The Protestant Reformation pp. 61–65; Section 4, pp. 66–71 Francis Called for new scientific method Early 1600s Bacon Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Key Events of the Renaissance and René Developed new philosophy of Early 1600s Reformation Descartes human reasoning • Peasants’ Revolt • Religious wars in Europe Isaac Newton Developed laws of gravity and motion; Late 1600s • Catholic Reformation • Founding of Lutheran, Section 1, pp. 48–50, 52–53; Section invented calculus • Strengthening of Calvinist, Anglican, 2, p. 56; Section 3, p. 63; Section 4, p. the Inquisition Presbyterian, and other Robert Boyle Identified basic building blocks of matter, Late 1600s Protestant churches 67; Section 5, pp. 72–73 opening the way for modern chemistry • Luther’s calls for Jewish expulsion result in • Weakening of Holy Jewish migration to Roman Empire ■ For additional review, remind L3 Eastern Europe • Increased anti-Semitism students to refer to the

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide ■ Key Events of the Renaissance Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 34–35, 37, 39, 41, 43 and the Reformation Section Summaries, pp. 36, 38, 40, 1300s 1434 42, 44 The Renaissance The Medici family begins in the gains control of city-states of Italy. Florence’s government. ■ Have students access Web Code nbp- 1361 for this chapter’s timeline, which includes expanded Chapter Events entries and additional events. World Events 13001350 1400

■ If students need more instruction on 1324 1368 1450 Mansa Musa The Ming dynasty The kingdom analyzing timelines, have them read makes hajj. is founded in China. of Songhai the Skills Handbook, p. SH32. emerges in West Africa. ■ When students have completed their study of the chapter, distribute Chapter Tests A and B. Teaching Resources, Unit 1, Solutions for All Learners

pp. 16–21 L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proﬁcient Readers L2 English Language Learners

For students acquiring basic skills: For Spanish-speaking students: Adapted Reading and Note Taking Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide Study Guide For Progress Monitoring Online, Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 34–35, 37, Spanish Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 34–35, 37, refer students to the Self-test with 39, 41, 43 39, 41, 43 vocabulary practice at Web Code Adapted Section Summaries, pp. 36, 38, 40, Spanish Section Summaries, pp. 36, 38, 40, nba-1361. 42, 44 42, 44

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■ Cumulative Review ■ Connections to Today Tell students that the main concepts for Use your Concept Connector worksheets and the text to 1. Technology: The Communications Revolution During this chapter are Cultural Diffusion and help answer these questions. In addition, record informa- the Renaissance, new technology like the printing press revo- Science and then ask them to answer the tion from this chapter about the following concepts. lutionized life. Consider the various impacts that the printing Cumulative Review questions on this press had during the Renaissance, in areas ranging from liter- acy to religion. Then choose a modern technology that has page. Discuss the Connections to Today 1. Cultural Diffusion During the Middle Ages, many Euro- topics and ask students to answer the pean peoples were cut off from each other as trade broke had a comparable effect. Write two paragraphs explaining down and disease ravaged populations. With the Renais- why the technology you chose is as important in terms of its questions that follow. sance, renewed trade and increased curiosity about the impact today as the printing press was in Renaissance times. world led to great cultural diffusion. For example, art techniques developed in Italy spread to northern Europe, and vice versa. Compare the cultural diffusion of the Renaissance to the spread of Islam from about 750 to 1200. Consider: Cumulative Review • cultural achievements 1. Responses should show an understand- • trading centers • economic growth ing that like the spread of the Renais- • religious expression sance, the spread of Islam was due in 2. Science: Its Global Impact The Scientific Revolution part to the importance of trade and the 2. Science Many people disputed Copernicus’s heliocentric transformed technology, government, economy, and society in view of the universe, because it challenged the belief of the rise of wealthy trade centers. European Europe. Use of the scientific method allowed Europeans to Earth-centered universe that both made sense to them and Renaissance merchants, like Muslim improve farming techniques and ways of manufacturing was taught to them by the Church. Compare the reaction of traders, spread both wealth and ideas. goods. It helped them to improve mapmaking and navigation people to Copernicus’s ideas with the reaction of people to techniques and to sail across oceans. European governments 2. Responses should note that Newton’s the ideas of Isaac Newton. Why were Newton’s theories not found that these changes increased their income and their seen as controversial? ideas, while new and dramatic, did not power, and so many of them supported scientific research. As directly challenge Church teachings. 3. Cultural Diffusion The European Renaissance ushered in you will read in the next two chapters, Europe’s improved sea Students should also point out that power, military technology, and economic might allowed it to a period of great cultural achievements that would eventu- Newton published his ideas more than a ally influence people far beyond Europe. Compare the conquer parts of Africa and Asia and most of the Americas. achievements of Europe during the Renaissance with Considering these developments, explain how the world today hundred years after Copernicus; people achievements of the Tang and Song dynasties of China. is different from the world before the Scientific Revolution. were more used to radical ideas and Consider the following: architecture, print technology, more likely to give them serious thought literature, and painting. rather than simply reject them. 3. Responses should note that both Europe and China during these periods made great cultural and technological For: Interactive timeline achievements. Students should also Web Code: nbp-1361 understand that the Chinese achievements came earlier and in some cases 1512 1517 1534 1633 paved the way for later European 1456 Michelangelo Martin English Galileo is tried The Gutenberg completes Luther Parliament before the developments. For example, the Chi- printing press the Sistine posts his passes the Inquisition for nese invention of movable type made produces the Chapel frescoes. 95 Theses. Act of his theories. possible the later European invention first printed Bible. Supremacy. of the printing press. 1500 1550 1600 Connections to Today 1453 1492 1532 1620 1. Answers will vary. The invention cho- Constantinople Christopher Spanish forces defeat Pilgrims found the sen by the student should have a clear falls to the Columbus the Incan empire of Plymouth Colony and wide-ranging impact similar to Ottoman Turks. reaches the South America. in Massachusetts. that of the printing press. Caribbean islands. 2. Answers will vary. Students should draw on chapter content and background knowledge to explain how the Scientific Revolution changed the world. Solutions for All Learners

L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proﬁcient Readers L2 English Language Learners For additional review of this

Use the following study guide resources to help Use the following study guide resources to help chapter’s core concepts, remind L3 students acquiring basic skills: Spanish-speaking students: students to refer to the Adapted Reading and Note Taking Spanish Reading and Note Taking Reading and Note Taking Study Guide Study Guide Study Guide Adapted Concept Connector, pp. 249, 309 Spanish Concept Connector, pp. 249, 309 Concept Connector, pp. 245, 290

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Chapter Assessment Chapter Assessment

Terms, People, and Places Chapter Focus Question Terms, People, and Places 12. How did the Renaissance shape European art, thought, and 1. patron 4. compromise Complete each sentence by choosing the correct answer religion? from the list of terms below. You will not use all of the 2. vernacular 5. heliocentric terms. Critical Thinking predestination 3. patron indulgence ghetto 13. Geography and History How did Italy’s geography humanism predestination heliocentric encourage the spread of the Renaissance? Main Ideas vernacular compromise hypothesis 14. Analyze Information In what ways was the Renaissance 6. Artists and writers adopted both a utopian a break with medieval times? In what ways was it a continu- ation of medieval times? new realism and an emphasis on 1. Lorenzo de’ Medici was a _____ of the Florentine arts. 15. Predict Consequences Under what circumstances are humanity. 2. Rabelais and Shakespeare wrote in the _____ to appeal to religious beliefs likely to inspire anger or violence? 7. It quickly spread the works of human- the common people. 16. Analyze Visuals What Renaissance theme does the bas- ists and other Renaissance writers to 3. Calvin’s belief in _____ set him apart from Catholics. relief below express? a large audience. 4. Elizabeth’s sensible _____ helped keep England unified in the face of religious conflict. 8. Artists developed new techniques to 5. Copernicus’s _____ theory of the universe challenged the paint more realistically; writers accepted teachings of the Church. addressed the themes of humanism and wrote in the vernacular. Main Ideas 9. Renaissance thinkers began to ques- Section 1 (pp. 48–54) tion the Church as the sole source of 6. How did the new Renaissance worldview shape the work truth, opening the way for people to of Italian Renaissance artists and writers? question the Church on more specific Section 2 (pp. 56–59) 7. What was the role of the printing press in spreading issues as well. Renaissance ideas? 10. It needed to prevent large numbers of 8. How did northern European artists and writers apply people from embracing Protestantism Renaissance ideas in their work? 17. Test Conclusions The Renaissance and Scientific Revolu- tion are often described as eras of human progress. Evaluate Section 3 (pp. 61–65) and thereby weakening the authority whether this is an accurate description. 9. How did the Renaissance open the door to the Protestant Ref- of the Church. 18. Recognize Cause and Effect Why did England escape ormation? the kinds of religious wars that tore apart other European 11. Scientists began to question accepted Section 4 (pp. 66–71) teaching, relying instead on their own nations? 10. Why did the Church respond with its Catholic Reformation? 19. Synthesize Information An English author wrote, “The observations and reasoning to get to Section 5 (pp. 72–76) preaching of sermons is speaking to a few of mankind, but the truth. 11. How were the scientists of the Scientific Revolution influenced printing books is talking to the whole world.” How does this by Renaissance ideas? statement suggest a relationship between two of the key Chapter Focus Question events discussed in this chapter? 12. Renaissance thought was profoundly affected by a new worldview that ● Writing About History • Think of arguments that both support and oppose your position, embraced curiosity, exploration, and and answer them. the importance of humanity. Renais- Writing a Persuasive Essay European history from • Gather evidence that supports your position. 1300 to the 1600s was a time of great change, discov- sance people remained religious, but Drafting ery, and religious upheaval. Write a persuasive essay they no longer accepted religious • State your position in a thesis statement. that presents your position on either the Renaissance, • Organize your arguments into a draft outline. authority unquestioningly. Instead, the Reformation, or the Scientific Revolution. Consult • Write the introduction, body text, and closing arguments. Be they used their expanding knowledge page SH16 of the Writing Handbook for additional sure to support your arguments with a variety of points, includ- in other fields to shape their own reli- help. ing facts, comparisons, and statistics. gious thinking. Prewriting Revising • Choose a topic and decide what your main position • Use the guidelines for revising your report on page SH17 of the will be. Critical Thinking Writing Handbook. 13. Italy’s Mediterranean location, 80 between Europe and the East, encouraged trade. Trade, and with it a flow of 15. Sample: When there is great uncertainty— people did not benefit greatly from the new ideas and wealth, encouraged the whether financial, social, or religious— period’s advances and still lived in poverty. development and spread of the people are more likely to feel threatened by 18. Queen Elizabeth’s efforts to make com- Renaissance. those with different religious beliefs or promises satisfied both Protestants and ways of life. 14. It broke with medieval times by ques- Catholics and averted religious warfare. tioning religious authority and by 16. the importance of education 19. The Protestant Reformation could not emphasizing the importance of the 17. Answers may agree with this description have spread so quickly nor had such a human world. It continued medieval because great discoveries were made, great impact without the invention of the ways by highly valuing religion and advancing science and enriching art. printing press. a sharply defined social structure. Other answers may suggest that most

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Document-Based Assessment Document-Based The Impact of the Printing Press Document C Assessment “As if to offer proof that God has chosen us to accomplish a ■ In a time when new ideas and discoveries were commonplace, the To help students understand the docu- special mission, there was invented in our land a marvelous invention of the printing press was no less than astonishing in its ments on this page, give them the fol- new and subtle art, the art of printing. This opened German impact. Documents A, B, and D describe the spread of printing lowing TIP: As you read each eyes even as it is now bringing enlightenment to other coun- during the Renaissance. Document C, written by a historian in the tries. Each man became eager for knowledge, not without document, try to identify the 1500s, describes its impact at the time. feeling a sense of amazement at his former blindness.“ writer’s point of view. Document A —From Address to the Estates of the Empire “In 1455 all Europe’s printed books could have been carried in a by Johann Sleidan ■ To provide students with further single wagon. Fifty years later, the titles ran to tens of thou- practice in answering Document- sands, the individual volumes to millions. Today, books pour off Document D Based Assessment Questions, go to presses at the rate of 10,000 million a year. That’s some Document-Based Assessment, 50 million tons of paper. Add in 8,000 to 9,000 daily newspa- The Spread of Printing in Renaissance Europe

pers, and the Sundays, and the magazines, and the ﬁgure rises pp. 41–53 10˚ W 0˚ tic Sea to 130 million tons . . . It would make a pile 700 meters Bal [2,297 feet] high—four times the height of the Great Pyramid.“ Printing presses before 1471 ■ Printing presses 1471–1500 If students need more instruction on —From Gutenberg: How One Man Remade Leipzig synthesizing information, have them the World with Words by John Man Cologne read the Skills Handbook, p. SH35. 50˚ N Mainz Document B Nuremberg Paris Strasbourg “Printing spread from Mainz to Strasbourg (1458), Cologne Vienna A (1465), Augsburg (1468), Nuremberg (1470), Leipzig (1481), and tlantic Augsburg Vienna (1482). German printers, or their pupils, introduced the Ocean ‘divine’ art to Italy in 1467, Switzerland and Bohemia in 1468, Venice

France and the Netherlands in 1470, Spain, England, Hungary, Florence and Poland between 1474 and 1476, Denmark and Sweden in 1482–1483. By 1500 the presses had issued about six million N Rome 40˚ N books in approximately forty thousand editions, more books, W E Toledo probably, than had been produced in western Europe since the S fall of Rome . . . Now individuals could afford to own books, Conic Projection where before they had normally been owned almost exclusively 0200 400 mi by institutions—monasteries, cathedral chapters, and colleges.“ 0200 400 km —From The Foundation of Early Modern Europe, 1460–1559 by Eugene F. Rice, Jr.

Analyzing Documents Use your knowledge of the Renaissance and Documents A, B, C, and D to answer questions 1–4. 1. According to Document B, the increased supply and lower 3. What does German historian Sleidan, in Document C, imply is cost of books had what effect? the most important role of the printing press? A More people became teachers. A spreading the Protestant religion B More people became printers. B teaching German history to other countries C More people bought books. C making books cheaper D More people bought printing presses. D giving Germans more knowledge 2. What information about printing can be found only on 4. Writing Task How did the invention of the printing press Document D? affect the spread of the Reformation? Use speciﬁc evidence A speciﬁc dates when printing presses were introduced from the documents above, along with information from this B areas where the concentration of printing presses was chapter, to support your answer. densest C numbers of printing presses introduced into selected cities D countries where printing presses were introduced

81 ● Writing About History As students begin the assignment, refer them to Students’ essays should make a clear argument, Answers page SH16 of the Writing Handbook for help in supported with speciﬁc details and facts. Essays writing a persuasive essay. Remind them of the should have a clear structure, with an introduction, 1. C steps they should take to complete their assignment, a body, and a conclusion. They should show evi- 2. B 3. A including prewriting, drafting, and revising. For help dence that the student has considered opposing 4. Responses should show a clear understanding in revising, remind them to use the guidelines on points of view. For scoring rubrics for writing assign- that the printing press had a dramatic impact page SH17 of the Writing Handbook. ments, see Assessment Rubrics, p. 8. on the spread of the Reformation, and should be supported with speciﬁc examples from the chapter and the documents.