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The Oxfordian Volume 20 October 2018 ISSN 1521-3641 the OXFORDIAN Volume 20 2018 The Oxfordian Volume 20 October 2018 ISSN 1521-3641 The OXFORDIAN Volume 20 2018 The Oxfordian is the peer-reviewed journal of the Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship, a non-profit educational organization that conducts research and publication on the Early Modern period, William Shakespeare and the authorship of Shakespeare’s works. Founded in 1998, the journal offers research articles, essays and book reviews by academicians and independent scholars, and is published annually during the autumn. Writers interested in being published in The Oxfordian should review our publication guidelines at the Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship website: https://shakespeareoxfordfellowship.org/the-oxfordian/ Our postal mailing address is: The Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship PO Box 66083 Auburndale, MA 02466 USA Queries may be directed to the editor, Gary Goldstein, at [email protected] Back issues of The Oxfordian may be obtained by writing to: [email protected] 2 The OXFORDIAN Volume 20 2018 The OXFORDIAN Volume 20 2018 Acknowledgements Editorial Board Justin Borrow Wally Hurst Tom Regnier James Boyd Ramon Jiménez Don Rubin Charles Boynton Vanessa Lops Richard Waugaman Lucinda S. Foulke Robert Meyers Bryan Wildenthal W. Ron Hess Christopher Pannell Editor: Gary Goldstein Proofreading: James Boyd, Janice Jackson, David Haskins, Vanessa Lops, and Alex McNeil Graphics Design & Image Production: Lucinda S. Foulke Permission Acknowledgements Images on the cover and on pages 159, 161 and 162 are from the Cranach Press edition of Hamlet (1930) and are published with the consent of the Edward Gordon Craig Estate (www.edwardgordoncraig.co.uk). All other illustrations used in this issue are in the public domain. Letters by J. Thomas Looney published in The Bookman’s Journal, 1920-1921, are in the public domain. THE OXFORDIAN Volume 20 2018 3 The OXFORDIAN Table of Contents Research Articles 7 Did Edward de Vere Translate Ovid’s Metamorphoses? by Richard M. Waugaman, M.D. This philological study of the 1565 -67 English translation of Ovid’s Meta- morphoses examines the widespread use of hendiadys in both the translation and the Shakespeare plays, including exact parallels in each. It demonstrates that de Vere was the actual translator of this ancient masterpiece and not his uncle Arthur Golding, a Puritan whose religious beliefs conflicted with the licentious contents of Ovid’s narrative poem. 27 The 17th Earl of Oxford in Italian Archives: Love’s Labours Found by Michael Delahoyde and Coleen Moriarty The authors detail the contents of four historical documents they uncovered about the 17th Earl of Oxford in the archives of northern Italy during the past three years. Their scholarship enhances the biography of de Vere from contemporary sources, as filtered through the eyes of European diplomats. 49 “The Knotty Wrong-Side”: Another Spanish Connection to the First Folio by Gabriel Ready The paper examines the ramifications of Ben Jonson’s use of a Spanish poetic form known as the decima in his prefatory poem in the First Folio. The form had specific cultural connotations that were suited to Jonson’s ambiguous messages in the Folio, for the decima was long used by Spanish poets as a technique to mock its subjects rather than celebrate them. 83 Ben Jonson’s “Small Latin and Less Greeke”: Anatomy of a Misquotation (Part 2) by Roger Stritmatter The second part of Roger Stritmatter’s paper examines the tradition which continues to misinterpret Ben Jonson’s phrase “small Latin and less Greek” in the latter’s First Folio poem, implying that the Bard had little knowledge of the Greek and Latin languages and literature. Stritmatter reveals its actual meaning to be at odds with centuries of orthodox scholarship based on Jonson’s employment of poetic structure and covert methods of communi- cation. 4 The OXFORDIAN Volume 20 2018 Table of Contents 105 The True Story of Edward Webbe And Troublesome Travailes by Connie Beane Connie Beane investigates the authorship of an Elizabethan travel book by a merchant seaman named Edward Webbe which alludes to the Earl of Oxford in Italy, uncovering its literary sources and allusions. She proposes that we consider a more likely author for this literary effort, someone who employed a pseudonym to cover his actual identity: Edward de Vere. 131 J. Thomas Looney in The Bookman’s Journal: Five Letters (1920-1921) by James Warren Five letters written by J. Thomas Looney to The Bookman’s Journal in Great Britain in the early 1920s, which center on the literary reception of Shakespeare Identified, were re-discovered by James Warren, and are re-published here. The letters, hitherto unknown to scholars, defend the methods which Looney employed in his research and the accuracy of his findings. 157 Geoffrey Fenton A Note by Warren Hope A note by Warren Hope looks at the contemporary connections between Geoffrey Fenton and the 17th Earl of Oxford’s circle in literary, financial and political terms. 159 The Tragedie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke by Gary Goldstein An article celebrating a fine arts production of Hamlet describes the design achievement of the Cranach Press of Weimar, Germany, which published its edition back in 1930. The article reprints several line illustrations by Gordon Craig from that seminal edition (also featured on the cover). THE OXFORDIAN Volume 20 2018 5 The OXFORDIAN Book Reviews 167 Is This Shakespeare’s Dramatic Juvenilia? Shakespeare’s Apprenticeship Ramon Jiménez Reviewed by Felicia Hardison Londré 171 Rediscovering Ancient Greece in Shakespeare’s Plays Shakespeare and Greece Alison Findlay and Vassiliki Markidou, Eds. Reviewed by Earl Showerman 177 Six Shakespeares in Search of an Author My Shakespeare: The Authorship Controversy William D. Leahy, Ed. Reviewed by Michael Dudley 183 100 Years of Shakespeare Films Shakespeare Films: A Re-evaluation of 100 Years of Adaptations Peter E. S. Babiak Reviewed by William Boyle 191 The Quest for the Historical Shakspere The Fictional Lives of Shakespeare Kevin Gilvary Reviewed by Warren Hope 6 The OXFORDIAN Volume 20 2018 Did Edward de Vere Translate Ovid’s Metamorphoses? by Richard M. Waugaman, M.D. keptical scholars of the authorship issue sometimes ask, rhetorically, “What difference does it make who wrote Shakespeare? It makes no Sdifference to me.” Readers of the present essay may likewise wonder, “What difference does it make if de Vere translated Ovid?” So let me be- gin by addressing that question. First, the “Golding” translation is widely acknowledged to be one of the four most important literary sources for Shakespeare. If de Vere was the translator, it strengthens his claim to have written the works of Shakespeare. Secondly, those who love Shakespeare want to know what else he wrote. Thirdly, Shakespeare is a prime exemplar of genius, and everything we can learn about his creative development will enhance our understanding of the nature of creative genius. Among the most implausible features of the traditional authorship theory is the assump- tion that Shakespeare began writing at the height of his creative powers, with no developmental trajectory. If de Vere translated Ovid as an adolescent, we have a more realistic picture of the maturation of his literary genius from precocious child to author of Shakespeare’s mature works. In the process, this more realistic picture of his creative development helps refute the foundationally flawed misconception as to how Shakespeare’s literary genius developed. The term hendiadys refers to a particular sort of word pair, defined by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as “a figure of speech in which a single complex idea is expressed by two words connected by a conjunction.” Hendiadys is “not a very common figure in Ovid” (S.G. Owen in Ovid, 1903, 83; emphasis added)—but it abounds in the English translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses by Arthur Golding, which several researchers attribute to the young de Vere, Golding’s nephew.1 In it, 390 word pairs were introduced that are not found earlier in Early English Books Online (EEBO).2 The first two uses of the word given by the OED are in the 1589Arte of English Poesie,3 which I have attributed to de Vere (Waugaman, 2010a and 2010b); and the 1592 The English Secretary by Angel Day, who served as one of de Vere’s literary secretaries (Anderson 230).4 Hendiadys is found more often in Shakespeare than in any other Elizabethan writer, so its profusion THE OXFORDIAN Volume 20 2018 7 Did Edward de Vere Translate Ovid’s Metamorphoses? in the Golding translation of Ovid is very convincing evidence of de Vere’s hand in the work and shows that de Vere helped introduce hendiadys into English literature. Introduction to the “Golding” Ovid Books One through Four appeared in 1565, when de Vere was only fifteen. Its dedicatory epistle states that it was written at Cecil House, when both de Vere and his maternal uncle Arthur Golding lived there. The entire book was published in 1567 and reprinted in 1575, 1603, and 1612, attesting to its pop- ularity. It was the only English translation of the work directly from the Latin original until 1621. In addition to its immense influence on Shakespeare, this translation also influ- enced Spenser and Marlowe. They each knew Latin well enough to read Ovid in the original, so their respect for this translation increases the likelihood that it was by a writer of the caliber of Shakespeare rather than of Golding. John F. Nims, in his Introduction to Ovid’s Metamorphoses, the Arthur Golding Translation 1567, muses about the flagrant paradox of Golding, the “convinced Puritan who spent much of his life translating the sermons and commentaries of John Calvin” under- taking to English this work of Ovid, “the sophisticated darling of a dissolute society, the author of a scandalous handbook of seduction” [i.e., The Art of Love] (xiv).
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