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Nurturing Democracy in Armed Conflicts Through Political Motherhood: a Comparative Study of Women's Political Participation in Argentina and Sri Lanka

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Nurturing Democracy in Armed Conflicts Through Political Motherhood: a Comparative Study of Women's Political Participation in Argentina and Sri Lanka Nurturing Democracy in Armed Conflicts through Political Motherhood: A Comparative Study of Women’s Political Participation in Argentina and Sri Lanka A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science of the College of Arts and Sciences by Crystal Whetstone M.A. Wright State University August 2020 Committee Chair: Dr. Rina Verma Williams, PhD Abstract: This project examines women peace activists mobilized through political motherhood, a gendered form of political participation in which women represent themselves as mothers. I ask: What impacts the legacies of political motherhood movements in terms of duration, visibility and remembrance? By duration, I mean the length of time an organization remains active. Visibility refers to how “seen” a civic group is. Remembrance implies whether an organization’s work is remembered or forgotten. I argue that it is the perceptions of other social movement organizations (especially of feminist and human rights organizations) that contribute to either upward or downward spirals of duration, visibility and remembrance that in turn impact the legacies of political motherhood movements. When social movement actors perceive the duration, visibility and remembrance of a political motherhood movement positively, this upward spiral promotes the legacy of that movement. Conversely, when perceptions of duration, visibility and remembrance are viewed negatively, this downward spiral deadens the legacy of that political motherhood movement. This study compares Argentina’s Madres of the Plaza de Mayo (Madres) and Sri Lanka’s Mothers’ Front using visual analysis, feminist re-reading and counterfactuals. The Madres have been active for four decades, are visible domestically and internationally and widely remembered. Conversely, the Mothers’ Front organized for roughly seven years. While at one time highly visible domestically, the group was never “seen” internationally. Today the Mothers’ Front has been overlooked in terms of popular culture and memorialization, apparently forgotten even domestically. This project concludes that the legacies of political motherhood movements for peace and/or justice are impacted by the perceptions of other social movement actors, which in turn color i understandings of women’s political participation and their struggles for peace and/or justice. Legacy-making holds critical implications for understanding women’s political participation for we cannot explore what is forgotten. In such an exploration, however, we can find that political motherhood struggles for peace and/or justice reveal that the problem is not with the use of political motherhood as a strategy but rather in the political limitations movements face in challenging state and non-state violence. Moreover, we can also find how nonfeminist political motherhood struggles can morph into more maternal feminist ones with more expansive and transnationally connected agendas for peace and justice. Thus, such movements deserve political and feminist attention for what they can tell us about the barriers to and prospects for cultivating women’s political movements for peace and justice, including the majority of those that have been initially motivated by motherhood, now and in the future. ii iii Dedicated to the disappeared everywhere and to those who keep the disappeared alive in their memories and in their politics iv Acknowledgements I wish to show my deepest gratitude to my dissertation chair, Dr. Rina Verma Williams. Rina has been an outstanding mentor and role model to me. I appreciate all her feedback over the years, which sharpened my analytical abilities and made me a more effective writer. Rina gave me the space, guidance and resources to develop as a feminist, interpretive scholar of comparative and international politics and pushed me to develop a deeper understanding of ontology, epistemology and methodology. I still recall our weekly coffee meetups over Fall 2014 when I entered the PhD program. Thank you for everything, Rina! I also wish to express appreciation for my entire dissertation committee, including Dr. Laura Dudley Jenkins, Dr. Amy Lind and especially Dr. Anne Sisson Runyan. Anne’s work ethic and modeling of what it means to be a feminist researcher has had a major impact on me. I’m grateful for the mentoring she’s given me from the time of my independent study with her on Feminist IR. Thank you, Anne! Laura, I have learned from you how to project calm despite the chaos of balancing research, teaching, service and a full personal life. I always appreciate the opportunities you send my way. Thank you. Rina, Anne and Laura, I’m grateful for all the letter writing you’ve done for me! Amy, I thank you for your insights into Latin American and queer politics and for a copy of your book Gendered Paradoxes. I’m indebted to the exemplary scholars on my committee who are conducting critical research that has inspired my development professionally and personally. I would also like to pay my regards to Dr. Richard Harknett, chair of the University of Cincinnati’s Department of Political Science, the two graduate directors I’ve known, Dr. Stephen v Mockabee and Laura, and to all of the faculty for creating a department that values graduate students. I appreciated the three years of financial support and professionalization through my Graduate Assistantship. Attending Syracuse University’s Institute for Qualitative and Multi- Method Research (IQMR) through the department’s institutional membership was an incredible experience where I made connections and gained feedback on my dissertation proposal. Likewise, the department’s workshop “Methodological Pluralism & Political Science: Exploring and Extending Bayesian and Critical Methods” facilitated by Dr. Mary Hawkesworth and Dr. Ryan Bakker was an excellent opportunity for me to develop deeper understandings of methodologies and to gain feedback on my dissertation from one of the leading scholars in comparative politics of gender. Finally, visits by Dr. Amrita Basu and Dr. Ann Tickner were pivotal to my professionalization as a researcher working in feminist comparative and international politics. No one deserves acknowledgement more than Ms. Pamela Latham, the light in our department and a stanch advocate of graduate students. Pam has regularly gone out of her way for me. Before my first semester, I dropped by the department and Pam arranged an impromptu meeting with the graduate students and made sure we were well fed with Adriatico’s pizza. Pam has always made sure I had everything necessary to successfully conduct my fieldwork and write my dissertation. I’ve relished our many conversations over the years and deeply value our friendship. Thank you, Pam! I wish to express my deep gratitude for generous financial support and dissertation and fieldwork planning guidance from the American Institute for Sri Lankan Studies (AISLS) through their Dissertation Planning Grant, which enabled me to conduct fieldwork in Colombo, Sri Lanka vi over fall 2017. I’m indebted to Dr. John Rogers and Dr. Vagisha Gunasekara of AISLS for their advice and guidance throughout my time in the field. Through AISLS, I got to know a number of Sri Lankan scholars, activists and research librarians at incredible organizations including the Women’s Education and Research Centre (WERC), the Centre for Women’s Research (CENWOR) and the Women and Media Collective (WMC). I’m particularly grateful to Ms. Shiranee Mills and Ms. Fathima Mubarak at WERC who opened their research library to me and showed me such kindness. Likewise, Ms. Savithri Hirimuthugoda of CENWOR was incredibly welcoming to me and regularly held aside journals, articles and books that she knew would be of use to me. I’m especially indebted to Dr. Selvy Thiruchandran, Ms. Kumudini Samuel and Dr. Malathi de Alwis for sharing their knowledge, insights and memories of the Mothers’ Front. I’m grateful to Dr. de Alwis for connecting me with Ms. Visaka Dharmadasa of the Association of War Affected Women and Parents of Servicemen Missing in Action. I thank Ms. Dharmadasa for sharing with me her insights on the impact of the civil war on women and women’s civic engagement in the postwar period. I also wish to give my sincere thanks to Aruni Jayakody, whom I got to know at IQMR, for sharing with me her extensive list of contacts working in NGOs in Sri Lanka. I’m also grateful to Geethika Dharmasinghe who helped me make connections while in Colombo. I extend my deepest thanks to Dr. Gamini Kulatunga and his family for their hospitality while a renter in their flat. I owe much to Gamini for connecting me with scholars, journalists and other important figures in Colombo who provided me with a wide understanding of the many political perspectives that exist in Sri Lanka. My fieldwork in Colombo was also supported by a Taft Research grant and the Taft Dissertation Fellowship from the Taft Research Center. The Dissertation Workshop conducted by Dr. Laura vii Micciche I took as a fellow was a game changer. I’m grateful to Laura for the writing strategies she shared! I’m also appreciative for the Taft Research Center’s support to conduct fieldwork in Buenos Aires, Argentina in spring 2019. I wish to extend my special thanks to Dr. Gregory Saxton for his advice and guidance while I was in Buenos Aires. He helped me to locate critical sources for my research as well as provided me with informational interview material based on his own research of legislative Argentine politics. I also extend my thanks to Dr. Krista Sigler, the chair of the University of Cincinnati Blue Ash’s Department of History, Philosophy and Political Science, for mentoring me in teaching and faculty life. Her wise words that “Nothing has to get done today” came in handy while doing this dissertation, which felt like a never-ending project.
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