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Evaluation of Urban Air Mobility Systems Considering Regulatory and Operational Constraints The present work was submitted to the Institute of Aerospace Systems presented by Myriam VILAR LLIDÓ Student ID No.: 383098 Bachelor-Thesis Evaluation of Urban Air Mobility Systems Considering Regulatory and Operational Constraints Aachen, August 3!", 2018 OF AEROSPACE SYSTEMS AEROSPACE OF E Supervising professor: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eike Stumpf Assistant supervisor: Michael Husemann, M.Sc. RWTH 1st examiner: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eike Stumpf 2nd examiner: Dr.-Ing. Ralf Hörnschemeyer UNIVERSITY AACHENRWTH INSTITUT Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eike Stumpf Wuellnerstrasse 7 Bachelor’s Thesis 52062 Aachen GERMANY For Myriam Vilar Llidó Phone: +49 241 80-96804 Matriculation number 383098 Fax: +49 241 80-92233 Aachen, September 3, 2018 Evaluation of Urban Air Mobility Systems Considering Regulatory and Operational Constraints For the past few decades, the range of urban means of transportation has been widening significantly as a consequence of society’s needs increasing and becoming more demanding when it comes to urban mobility. Such continuous growth of coexistent ground vehicles around city centers is becoming a millstone for society as it is leading to issues, such as traffic jams, increasing CO2 emissions and other air pollution. However, reducing the variety of urban transport cannot solve these problems, as the population size is constantly enlarging, and thus, so is the mobility demand. Therefore, the solution to supply urban mobility without further overcrowding the city centers is to incorporate the airspace as a new transportation dimension. This thesis aims at evaluating the implementation of urban air mobility with the purpose of alleviating ground congestion and ultimately, improving the urban quality of life. In order to determine the most efficient way of implementing urban air mobility, this bachelor’s thesis considers the following aspects: Why will urban air mobility be accepted by society, what type of vehicle will carry out preferred transportation mode, what limitations might arise and what regulations must be complied. With the purpose of answering these questions, this thesis provides a synthesis of a previous extensive reading about how social demand of mobility has evolved, as well as an assessment of several models of air vehicles with the aim of determining the most suitable design. By considering relevant navigation laws that an air vehicle must fulfill when integrated in the urban airspace, this thesis provides a tradeoff between optimal technical parameters and legislation limits. Consequently, a set of improvements on the initial selected vehicle are suggested in order to obtain an optimum design which accomplishes an entire satisfaction of the regulations while fulfilling the society’s mobility requirements. The thesis comprises following tasks: - Literature research on the emergence of social demand of mobility - Literature research on airspace legislation - Synthesis of external research - Study of already-proposed prototypes of personal air vehicles - Implementation of external research to suggest improvements of results - Documentation of the process and results The thesis starts on May 15th, 2018 and is supervised by Mr. Michael Husemann, M.Sc. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eike Stumpf Acknowledgements First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor Mr Michael Husemann, M. Sc., who was abundantly helpful and offered invaluable assistance, support and guid- ance over the journey of this Bachelor’s thesis. Special thanks to my friends studying in RWTH Aachen, for making the library a pleasant place to work. Also, to my friends in Spain, who despite the kilometres between us, have supported me unconditionally. Their motivation and humour have made the journey easier and a lot more enjoyable. I am also greatly indebted to my entire family, for putting all their faith in me. Most im- portantly, none of this would have ever been possible without the continued and unwaver- ing support of my parents José Luis and Miriam, and my brother Alejandro. In these cases, words simply are not sufficient. - II - Content 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 2 The Evolution of Urban Mobility ............................................................................... 3 2.1 The Rise of Cities ................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Urban Mobility at a Tipping Point ........................................................................ 4 2.3 Urban Air Mobility ............................................................................................... 7 3 Personal Air Vehicle ................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Introducing the PAV .......................................................................................... 10 3.2 Concept Designs and Approaches ...................................................................... 12 3.3 Examples of Modern PAVs ................................................................................ 15 3.4 The PAV Market ................................................................................................. 20 3.5 Volocopter 2X ..................................................................................................... 25 4 Socio-Economic and Technological Challenges ....................................................... 32 4.1 Safety .................................................................................................................. 33 4.1.1 Weather ................................................................................................... 35 4.1.2 Induced Errors ......................................................................................... 38 4.1.3 Cyber-Security ........................................................................................ 39 4.2 Environment ........................................................................................................ 41 4.2.1 Energy Consumption ............................................................................... 42 4.2.2 Noise ....................................................................................................... 44 4.2.3 Further Environmental Aspects .............................................................. 46 4.3 Technical and Operational Limitations ............................................................... 47 4.3.1 Automation and Autonomy ..................................................................... 48 4.3.2 Infrastructure required by the PAVs ....................................................... 49 5 Laws and Regulations ................................................................................................ 51 5.1 Certifications ....................................................................................................... 51 5.1.1 Vehicle Certification ............................................................................... 52 5.1.2 User Certification .................................................................................... 54 - III - 5.2 Airspace Management ........................................................................................ 58 5.2.1 Airspace Classes ..................................................................................... 60 5.3 Airspace Safety ................................................................................................... 65 5.3.1 Air Traffic Management ......................................................................... 65 5.3.2 Terrorism ................................................................................................. 68 6 Integration of UAM .................................................................................................... 70 6.1 Case Study .......................................................................................................... 71 6.1.1 Airspace Integration Principles for UAM ............................................... 72 6.1.2 Airspace Integration Strategies for UAM ............................................... 73 6.1.3 Enabling Capabilities .............................................................................. 83 6.2 Improvements on the Reference PAV ................................................................ 90 6.2.1 Overall Scenario ...................................................................................... 90 6.2.2 Volocopter 2X 2.0 ................................................................................... 91 7 Summary and Outlook ............................................................................................... 95 List of References .............................................................................................................. 97 - IV - List of Figures Figure 2.1: Share of urban and rural populations, 1950-2050 (as a proportion of total population) [3] ....................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2.2: Air passengers carried, including domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered [12] ................................................................................................. 9 Figure 3.1: PAV Categories [44] ......................................................................................... 13 Figure 3.2: Uber Elevate eCRM-001 model
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