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“Social Housing in Africa:” “SOCIAL HOUSING IN AFRICA:” SOCIAL HOUSING IN AFRICA I SOCIAL HOUSING IN AFRICA: A. THE SOCIAL HOUSING: B. THE AFRICAN CONTINENT: I. THE HISTORY OF THE WORD ‘AFRICA’: II. GEOGRAPHY: III. ECOLOGY: IV. CLIMATE: V. ECONOMY: VI. THE RATE OF ECOMIC GROWTH: VII. AFRICAN PEOPLE AND DEMOGRAPHICS OF AFRICA: 1. SAN BUSHMAN MAN FROM BOTSWANA: 2. BERBER BOYS FROM THE ATLAS MOUNTAINS: 3. AFRIKANER TREKBOERS IN THE KAROO OF SOUTH AFRICA: VIII. LANGUAGES: IX. CALTURE: X. RELIGION: XI. POLITICAL MAP OF AFRICA: XII. TERRITORIES AND REGIONS: XIII. SOCIAL HOUSING POLICY FOR SOUTH AFRICA: A. AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR SOCIAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENT: B. MANAGEMENT ACT, 1999: 1. POLICY OBJECTIVES: 2. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL HOUSING: 3. GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR SOCIAL HOUSING: A. PROMOTION AND INTEGRATION: B. RESPONSIVETO LOCAL HOUSING DEMAND: C. SUPPORTIVE: D. INVOLVEMENT OF ALL THE STAKE HOLDERS: E. SECURED TENURE FOR THE RESIDENTS: F. SUPPORTIVE OF MUTUAL ACCEPTANCE: G. FULLY FACILITATED AND SUPPORTED BY ALL GOVERNMENT AND ITS AGENCIES: H. SUSTAINABLITY, VIABLITY AND LEGALLY INDEPENDENCE: I. TRANSPARANCY, ACCOUNTABILITY AND EFFICIANCY: J. STANDARDIZATION AND BEST PRACTICES: K. EFFICIENT USE OF FUNDS/FACILITIES: L. SUPPORTIVE TO WIDE RANGE OF INCOME GROUPS: M. OPERATIVE WITHIN RULES AND REGULATIONS: N. THE STRUCTURE TO BE GENERIC IN NATURE: IX. HOUSING INSTITUTIONS AND HOUSING PROJECTS:: VER-1/1 SOCIAL HOUSING IN AFRICA:” Page: 1 011-Jan-11; 8:56:53 PM/ ASK SOCIAL HOUSING IN AFRICA I. SOCIAL HOUSING IN AFRICA: A. THE SOCIAL HOUSING 1: 1. ‘Social housing’ is an umbrella term referring to rental housing which may be owned and managed by the state, by non-profit organizations, or by a combination of the two, usually with the aim of providing affordable housing. It can also be seen as a potential remedy to Housing inequality. 2. The ‘Public housing’, on the other hand is a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. Although the common goal of public housing is to provide ‘affordable housing’, the details, terminology, definitions of poverty and other criteria for allocation vary. 3. For this article, most of the time, the terms ‘Social housing’, the ‘Public Housing’ and ‘Affordable housing’ will be used interchangeably. B. THE AFRICAN CONTINENT: 1. Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area. With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table) in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14.72% of the world's human population. 2. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent has 54 sovereign states, including Madagascar, various island groups, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a member state of the African Union whose statehood is disputed by Morocco. 3. Africa, particularly central eastern Africa, is widely regarded within the scientific community to be the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago – including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago. 4. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5% in 2011. I. THE HISTORY OF THE WORD ‘AFRICA’: 1. ‘Afri’ was the name of several Semitic peoples who dwelt in North Africa near Carthage ( in modern Tunisia). Their name is usually connected with Phoenician afar, "dust", but a 1981 hypothesis has asserted that it stems from a Berber word ifri or Ifran meaning "cave", in reference to cave dwellers. Africa or Ifri or Afer is name of Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania (Berber Tribe of Yafran). 1Wikepedia, the encyclopedia. VER-1/1 SOCIAL HOUSING IN AFRICA:” Page: 2 011-Jan-11; 8:56:53 PM/ ASK SOCIAL HOUSING IN AFRICA 2. Under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of Africa Province, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya. The Roman suffix "-ca" denotes "country or land". The later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name. 3. Other etymological hypotheses that have been postulated for the ancient name "Africa": a. The 1st century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) asserted that it was named for Epher, grandson of Abraham according to Gen. 25:4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya. b. Latin word aprica ("sunny") mentioned by Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae XIV.5.2. c. The Greek word aphrike (Αφρική), meaning "without cold." This was proposed by historian Leo Africanus (1488–1554), who suggested the Greek word phrike (φρίκη, meaning "cold and horror"), combined with the privative prefix "a-", thus indicating a land free of cold and horror. d. Massey, in 1881, derived an etymology from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, "to turn toward the opening of the Ka." The Ka is the energetic double of every person and "opening of the Ka" refers to a womb or birthplace. Africa would be, for the Egyptians, "the birthplace." e. Yet another hypothesis was proposed by ‘Michèle Fruyt’ in ‘Revue de Philologie’ 50, 1976: 221–238, linking the Latin word with ‘africus’ 'south wind', which would be of Umbrian origin and mean originally 'rainy wind'. 4. The Irish female name ‘Aifric’ is sometimes ‘anglicised’ as ‘Africa’, but the given name is unrelated to the ‘geonym’. II. GEOGRAPHY: As a whole, ‘Africa’ is the largest of the three great southward projections from the largest landmass of the Earth. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea, it is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez (transected by the Suez Canal), 163 km (101 miles) wide. (Geopolitically, Egypt's Sinai Peninsula east of the Suez Canal is often considered part of Africa, as well.) III. ECOLOGY: 1. From the most northerly point, ‘Ras ben Sakka’ in ‘Tunisia’ (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, ‘Cape Agulhas’ in South Africa (34°51'15" S), is a distance of approximately 8,000 km (5,000 miles); from ‘Cape Verde’, 17°33'22" W, the ‘westernmost point’, to ‘Ras Hafun’ in ‘Somalia’, 51°27'52" E, the most easterly projection, is a distance of approximately 7,400 km (4,600 miles). The coastline is 26,000 km (16,100 miles) long, and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is illustrated by the fact that Europe, which covers only 10,400,000 km² (4,010,000 square miles) – about a third of the surface of Africa – has a coastline of 32,000 km (19,800 miles). 2. Africa's largest country is Sudan, and its smallest country is the Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia. VER-1/1 SOCIAL HOUSING IN AFRICA:” Page: 3 011-Jan-11; 8:56:53 PM/ ASK SOCIAL HOUSING IN AFRICA 3. According to the ancient Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while "Asia" was used to refer to ‘Anatolia’ and lands to the east. A definite line was drawn between the two continents by the geographer Ptolemy (85–165 AD), indicating Alexandria along the Prime Meridian and making the ‘isthmus’ of Suez and the ‘Red Sea’ the boundary between Asia and Africa. As Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge. 4. Geologically, Africa includes the Arabian Peninsula; the Zagros Mountains of Iran and the Anatolian Plateau of Turkey mark where the African Plate collided with Eurasia. The ‘Afrotropic ecozone’ and the ‘Saharo’-Arabian desert to its north unite the region biogeographically, and the Afro-Asiatic language family unites the north linguistically. IV. CLIMATE: The climate of Africa ranges from tropical to subarctic on its highest peaks. Its northern half is primarily desert or arid, while its central and southern areas contain both savanna plains and very dense jungle (rainforest) regions. In between, there is a V. ECONOMY: 1. Although it has abundant natural resources, Africa remains the world's poorest and most underdeveloped continent, the result of a variety of causes that may include the spread of deadly diseases and viruses (notably HIV/AIDS and malaria), corrupt governments that have often committed serious human rights violations, failed central planning, high levels of illiteracy, lack of access to foreign capital, and frequent tribal and military conflict (ranging from guerrilla warfare to genocide). According to the United Nations' Human Development Report in 2003, the bottom 25 ranked nations (151st to 175th) were all African. 2. Poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and inadequate water supply and sanitation, as well as poor health, affect a large proportion of the people who reside in the African continent. In August 2008, the World Bank announced revised global poverty estimates based on a new international poverty line of $1.25 per day (versus the previous measure of $1.00). 80.5% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population was living on less than $2.50 (PPP) a day in 2005, compared with 85.7% for India.
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