143 -.Part II mentioned resolution of the Organization of Afri- it was necessary that the Council should consider the can Unity; situation as a matter or urgency. It further stated that “5. Requests all States to assist the Organization despite resolutions 1747 (XVI), 1760 (XVII), 1883 of African Unity in the attainment of this objective; (XVIII) and 1889 (XVIII) of the General Assem- bly, the efforts of the Special Committee established “6. Requests the Organization of African Unity, under resolution 1654 (XVI) and of the United Nn- in accordance with Article 54 of the Charter of the tions Secretary-General, and the repeated appeals made United Nations, to keep the Security Council fully by the African Heads of State and Government, the informed of any action it may take under the present had done nothing to apply resolu- resolution; tion 15 14 (XV) to “its colony of Southern ”. “7. Requc,s~s the Secretary-General of the United Moreover, the intensification of repressive measures Nations to follow the situation in the Congo and against the African nationalist leaders, the decision to to report to the Security Council at the appropriate hold elections on the basis of the Constitution of time.” 1961, and the threats of “the so-called Prime Minister The question remained on the list of matters with of the Territory to proclaim the independence” of which the Security Council is seized.‘O” Southern Rhodesia without regard for the opinion of the African inhabitants, had resulted in a deterioration SITUATION IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA of the situation, and had been characterized as consti- Ihxision of 6 May 1965 (1202nd meeting): tuting “a threat to international peace and security”. (i) Requesting the United Kingdom Government At the 1194th meeting on 30 April 1965, after the and all Member States not to accept a uni- representative of the United Kingdom had reaffirmed lateral declaration of independence for South- reservations made at the 1064th meeting regarding ern Rhodesia by the minority government; the lack of competence of the Council on the mat- ter,“” the Council adopted luLI its agenda and con- (ii) Requesting the United Kingdom to take all sidered the question at the I 194th to 1202nd meetings, necessary action to prevent u unilateral decla- held between 30 April and 6 May 1965. The repre- ration of independence; sentatives of Senegal and were invited to take (iii) RequtJsting the United Kingdom Government part in the discussion.40g not to transfer under any circumstances to the Speaking on behalf of all the States members of the colony of Southern Rhodesia, as at present Organization of African Unity, the reprcscntatives of governed, any of the powers or attributes of Senegal l and Algeria + stated at the I 194th and sover~~ignty, but to promote the country’s at- 1197th meetings that recent events and statements tainment of independence by a democratic clearly indicated that Southern Rhodesia had proceeded system of government in accordance with the along the path of illegality, injustice and outrageous aspirations of the majority of the popukz- repression and that the objective of the Govcrn- tion; ment of Southern Rhodesia was to obtain a comfort- (iv) Further requesting the United Kingdom Gov- able majority in the elections which were set for 7 ernment to enter into consultations with all May 1965, so that they would be able to proclaim concerned with a view to convening a con- independence. They accused the United Kingdom of ference of all political parties in order to strengthening the capabilities of the “racist” Govcrn- adopt new constitutional provisions accept- ment of Southern Rhodesia by putting at its disposal able to the majority of the people of Rho- the air power of the Federation of Central Africi after desia, so that the earliest possible date may the dissolution of that Federation in December 1963; be set for independence; and of placing the interests of the settlers over those (v) Deciding to keep the question of Southern of the African majority. As a result, a minority had Rhodesia on its agenda been given the power to legislate and to decide the By letter ‘Oe dated 21 April 1965 the representatives destiny of the African majority. Their adoption of of Algeria, Burundi, , Central African Re- certain “racist and repressive legislation” clearly indi- public, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Demo- cated the policy that would be pursued. cratic Kcpublic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, , The representatives saw the recent agreements that , , Kenya, Liberia, , Mada- Southern Rhodesia had concluded with Portugal and gasca r, , Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, South as an attempt by Mr. Smith “to provide Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Su- against all kinds of foresecablc difficulties”. Recalling dan, Togo, 1 unisia, Uganda, United Arab Republic, that by resolutions 1747 (XVI), 1760 (XVII), 1883 United Republic of , Upper Volta and Zam- (XVIII) and 1889 (XVIII), the General Assembly bia, requested the President of the Security Council had requested the Administering Authority of the Ter- to convene an urgent meeting of the Council to exa- ritory of Southern Rhodesia to take a certain number mine “the very serious situation” existing in Southern of measures to restore security in the interior of the Rhodesia. country, they asserted that it was “high time” for the United Kingdom to take action in conformity with In the explanatory memorandum attached to the those resolutions. They further contended that since letter it was stated that the situation in Southern Rho- Southern Rhodesia was still a British colony and sub- desia was such as to endanger international peace and ject to , the United Kingdom could legally security in Africa and throughout the world, and that use force as it had done in the past; “to admit the 405 The following were subsequent communications on this contrary would be to recognize the right of accession question rcccived during the period covered by this Supple- for a colony which dots not yet fulfil the conditions nrenl: S/61 3X of 5 January 1965 and S/6172 of 3 February 1965. O.K.. 201/1 yr.. Suppl. for Jun.-March 1965, pp. 6. 41-42. ~7 1194th meeting: para. 6. 4o’5S/6291 ;tnd Add.1. O.R., 20th yr.. SuppI. for Apr.-June 4~ 1194th meeting: para. 7. 1965, pp. 45-47. WY 1194th meeting: pera. 8. Chapter VIII. Maintentrnce of inrernationui peucc and secrrrirp for normal accession to independence”. In suggesting could come from calling for unconstitutional action”, measures that might be employed they recalled the which his Government would not take.‘l” proposals set forth in the draft resolution drawn up At the 1199th meeting on 5 May 1965, the rcprc- by the Special Committee (S/6300), namely that: sentative of the Ivory Coast introduced a draft rcso- (1) the elections of 7 May should be prevented from lution ‘I3 jointly sponsored by Jordan and . taking place; (2) all persons who had been arbitrarily As revised on the same date ‘I4 the draft resolution arrested should be released and all discriminatory laws provided that the Council would inter alia, request promulgated under the 1961 Constitution should be the United Kingdom Government and all United Na- abolished; and (3) public freedoms and civil liberties tions Members not to accept a unilateral declaration should be restored and Southern Rhodesia should bc of independence for Southern Rhodesia by the minority prepared for independence by convening a constitu- Government, and would further request the United tional conference. On the other hand, if the United Kingdom Government to implement certain other mea- Kingdom allowed Mr. Smith to set up a rCgime based sures. on white supremacy, thereby creating a At the 1201st meeting on 5 May 1965, the rcpre- type situation with its inherent danger to international sentative of the USSR introduced amendments ‘l1, to peace and security, then the United Kingdom should the joint draft resolution. As revised ‘l” the amend- bear full responsibility for the serious conscquenccs ments called for deletion of operative paragraphs 3 which would emcrgc.“” and 4 of the draft resolution, and their rcplaccment by a request to the United Kingdom to cancel the At the 1 194th and I 197th meetings held between elections set by the Government of Southern Rhodesia 30 April-4 May 1965, the representative of the United for 7 May on the basis of the Constitution of 1961; Kingdom outlined the policy of his Government re- and for the deletion from paragraph 5 of the words garding Southern Rhodesia in the following terms: ( I ) “not to transfer under any circumstances to its colony the British Government must be satisfied that any basis of Southern Rhodesia, as at prcscnt govcrncd, any of on which it is proposed that indepcndcncc should be the powers or attributes of sovereignty, but to pro- granted was acceptable to the people of the country as mote the country’s attainment”, and their rcplaccmcnt a whole; (2) it was not by unconstitutional or illegal by the words “to take the necessary measures for the action that a way forward must bc sought, but by immcdiatc granting to Southern Rhodesia . . . ” negotiation; and (3) no one must bc left in any doubt of the true constitutional position or of the political At the 1202nd meeting on 6 May 1965, the Coun- and economic conscqucnccs which would flow from cil voted upon the draft resolution and the amcndmcnts an illegal declaration of indepcndcncc. Those principles before it. The USSR amcndmcnts wcrc not adopted. wcrc rcafflrmcd in a statcmcnt on 27 , Thcrc were one vote in favour, 2 against with 8 abs- which concluded as follows: tcntions.41i The joint draft resolution was adopted by 7 votes “In short an illegal declaration of indepcndcncl: in favour to none :lg:hinst, with 4 abstentions.“” It in Southern Rhodesia would bring to an end rcla- read as follows: .‘I!’ tionships between her and Britain, would cut her “The Security Council, off from the rest of ihe Commonwealth, from most “Having examined the situation in Southern Rho- foreign govcrnmcnts and from international organi- desia, zations, would inflict disastrous economic damage “Keculling General Assembly resolutions 15 14 upon her, and would leave her isolated and virtual- (XV) of 14 I&ember 1960, I747 (XVI) of 28 ly fricndlcss in a largely hostile .” ‘I1 June 1962, 1760 (XVII) of 3 1 October 1962, 1883 (XVIII) of 14 October 1963 and 1889 (XVIII) He recalled the efforts of his Government to get of 6 November 1963, and the resolutions of the negotiations started and suggestedthat so long as thcrc Special Committee on the Situation with regard to w&asany prospect of negotiation aimed at avoiding or the Implementation of the Declaration on the prcvcnting disaster it should be pressed to the very Granting of Indcpcndence to Colonial Countries end. Hc further stated “to abandon negotiation now and Peoples, especially its resolution of 22 April would surely be an act of irresponsibility. To do any- 1965 (A/AC.109/112), thing in this Council or any where else to make nego- tiation more diflicult, to wreck what hopes there arc “Endorsing the rcqucsts which the Gcncral As- for pcaccful progress, to take any action hcrc which scmbly and the Special Committee have many times might contribute to the very disaster WC most want addressed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain to prevent - surely that would be a course to bc and Northern Ireland to obtain: universally condemned”. Morcovcr, the British Gov- “((I) The release of all political prisoners, dc- ernment considered that while the responsibility for tainecs and restrictees, bringing Rhodesia forward to indcpcndcncc rcstcd “(h) The rcpcal of all rcprcssive and discrimi- with the United Kingdom alone, Rhodesia was sclf- natory legislation, and in particular the Law and governing in its internal affairs. Conscqucntly, the dcci- sion to hold clcctions on 7 May was a decision for the 41z IlY4th meeting: paras. 91-103, 109, 110 rind 117; Rhodcsian Govcrnmcnt, and the United Kingdom Gov- I IY7th meetinc: Daras. 39-43. 41~ S/632Y, ‘i 149th meeting: paras. 61-76. crnmcnt had no responsibility and no authority over 4’tS/6329/Rev.I. Same text as SIRES/202 (lY65). OX., that matter. In conclusion, the rcprcsentativc of the 20rlr yr., H~w~lrrrion.~ nnn fhi.~ionv 01 rlrc~ Smrriry cololcil, United Kingdom warned “that no good but only harm 1965. pp. 6-7. .I’:, S/6332. 1201~ meeting: Deras. 3 I-40. ,JI~ SI6332;Rev.l. 1202ndmekine: Sara. X5 410For texts of relevant statements. see: I lY4th meeting: .*I7 1202nd meeting: para. 86. -’ ’ Algeria.* paras. 51-8X; Seneg;~l.* paras. 14. 20-4X; 1197th .IIR 1202nd meeting: para. 87. meeting: Algeria,* paras. 89-98; Senegal,* paras. 72-80. 41” S/RES/202 ( 196.0, O./Z., 20111 yr.. Hc~.~~drcfir~r~.s crt~cf 41I A/AC.lOY/L.187, annex I, appendix I, para. 8. Decisions of I/W Securily Council, 1965, pp. 6-7. Part II 14.5 Order (Maintenance) Act and the Land Appor- tics in Rhodesia had made an announcement, pur- tionment Act, porting, illegally and unilaterally to declare indepen- “(c) The removal of all restrictions on political dence for Rhodesia. The United Kingdom Government activity and the establishment of full democratic wished to inform the Security Council of the situation freedom and equality of political rights, which had been created and of the steps which it was “Noring that the Special Committee has drawn taking to meet the situation. Consequently, an urgent the attention of the Security Council to the grave meeting of the Council was requested. situation prevailing in Southern Rhodesia and, in On 10 , the President of the Gen- particular, to the serious implications of the elec- eral Assembly transmitted to the Security Council the tions announced to take place on 7 May 1965 under texts of two resolutions (2012 (XX) and 2022 a constitution which has been rcjccted by the ma- (XX) ) adopted by the General Assembly on 12 Oc- jority of the people of Southern Rhodesia and the tober 1965 and on 5 November 1965 respectively, abrogation of which has repeatedly been called for concerning the question of Southern Rhodesia. In his by the General Assembly and the Special Commit- letter 421 to the Council, the President of the General tee since 1962, Assembly referred to paragraphs 12 and 13 of reso- lution 2022 (XX), in which the General Assembly “Deeply disturbed at the further worsening of the “draws the attention of the Security Council to the situation in the Territory due to the application of threats made by the present authorities in Southern the aforementioned Constitution of 1961 and to Rhodesia . . .” and “to the explosive situation in Sou- recent events, especially the minority Government’s thern Rhodesia which threatens international peace threats of a unilateral declaration of independence, and security.” “1. Notes the United Kingdom Government’s statement of 27 October 1964 specifying the con- By letter 412 dated 11 November 1965, the rcpre- ditions under which Southern Rhodesia might scntatives of Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Daho- attain independence; mey, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ga- “2. Notes further and approves the opinion of bon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, the majority of the population of Southern Rho- Libya, , Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mo- desia that the United Kingdom should convcnc a rocco, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, constitutional conference; Somalia, , Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab “3. Requests the United Kingdom Govcrnmcnt Republic, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta and all States Members of the United Nations not and , requested the President of the Security to accept a unilateral declaration of independence Council to convene an “emergency meeting of the for Southern Rhodesia by the minority Govcrn- Security Council to consider the situation created in ment; Southern Rhodesia as a result of the unilateral dccla- “4. Requesfs the United Kingdom to take all ration of independence” by the white minority Govern- necessary action to prevent a unilateral declaration ment there. The letter stated that the unilateral dccla- of independence; ration of independence of Southern Rhodesia had “5. Requests the United Kingdom Government created “a threat to international pcacc and security”. not to transfer under any circumstances to its colo- By letter 4”3 dated 11 November 1965, the rcprc- ny of Southern Rhodesia, as at present governed, sentatives of Afghanistan, Ceylon, , Ghana, any of the powers or attributes of sovereignty, but , Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Madagascar, to promote the country’s attainment of independcncc Mauritania, Morocco, , Philippines, Sierra by a democratic system of government in accord- Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Turkey and ance with the aspirations of the majority of the Uganda requested the President of the Security Coun- population; cil to consider the grave situation in Southern Rhodesia “6. Further requests the United Kingdom Gov- arising out of the unilateral declaration of indcpcn- ernmcnt to enter into consultations with all con- dence by the “white minority Govcrnmcnt”. The letter cerned with a view to convening a conference of stated that the unilateral declaration of indcpcndcnce all political parties in order to adopt new consti- aggravated an already explosive situation and thrcat- tutional provisions acceptable to the majority of the cned international peace and security. people of Rhodesia, so that the carliest possible date By letter 4”4 dated 1 1 November 1965, the President may be set for independence; of the General Assembly transmitted to the Security “7. Decides to keep the question of Southern Council the text of resolution 2024 (XX) of the Gen- Rhodesia on its agenda.” cral Assembly adopted on 1 1 Novcmbcr 1965, in which it was recommended that the Security Council De&ion of 12 November 1965 ( 1258th mccting) : consider the situation in Southern Rhodesia as a mat- (i) Condemning the uniluterul declaration of in- ter of urgency. dependence made by a racist minority in Sou- At the 1257th meeting on 12 November 1965, the thern Rhodesia; Security Council decided to include the question on (ii) Deciding to call upon all Stutes not to recog- its agenda 4”s and considered it at the 1257th to 1265th nize thi.r illegal racist minority r&Rime in Sou- 4z1 S/6897. O.R., 20th yr., Suppl. for Ocr.-Dee. 1965, thern Rhodesia and to rejrain from rendering p. 355. any assistance to this illegal regime 422 S/6902, O.R.. 20th yr., Suppl. for Oct.-Dee. 1965, By letter 420 dated 11 November 1965, the perma- pp. 357-358. 423 S/6903, O.R., 20th yr., Suppl. for Oct.-Drc 1965, nent representative of the United Kingdom informed pp. 358-3S9. the President of the Securitv Council that the authori- 424 S/6908, O.R.. 20th yr., Suppl. for Oct.-Dee. 1965, p. 359. IzoS/6896. O.R., 20th yr.. Suppl. for Oct.-Dee. 196S, 42’K1257th meeting, para. 5. For discussion on participation, p. 354. see chapter III, Case 3 and Case 18. 146 Chapter VIII. Maintenance of international peace and security meetings held between 12 and 20 November 1965. The United Kingdom showed disregard for those appre- representatives of Algeria, India, Pakistan., Ghana, hensions and warnings by vetoing the draft resolution Zambia, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Mali, Nigeria, Portu- then submitted by Morocco, Philippines and Ghana. gal, South Africa, the United Republic of ‘Tanzania, He declared that the “unilateral declaration of inde- and later, the representatives of Guinea, Ethiopia, pendence would have serious repercussions in Africa” Mauritania, Gambia, Jamaica, Somalia and Sudan and further stated that at the recent African summit were invited to take part in the discussion.42e Portu- conference, held in Accra from 21 to 25 October, the gal a1 and South Africa 428 declined the Security Heads of State and Government adopted a resolution Council’s invitation to participate in the discussion of on Southern Rhodesia, operative paragraph 3 of which the question. read : In his initial statement before the Council at the “Calls upon the United Nations to regard any 1257th meeting on 12 November 1965, the represen- such unilateral declaration of independence as con- tative of the United Kingdom explained that the stituting a threat to international peace, and to take United Kingdom had asked for the immediate meeting the steps that such a situation requires in accordance of the Security Council in connexion with the situation with the Charter and to help to establish a majority in Southern Rhodesia resulting from the declaration Government in Southern Rhodesia.” of independence made by a racist minority. The Bri- In pursuance of that resolution, the African States tish Government regarded that as illegal and invalid had come to the Security Council and called upon the since only the British Parliament had the right and Council to take appropriate action under Chapter authority to accord independence to Southern Rho- VII ‘so of the Charter, since events in Southern Rho desia. Hc pointed out that the attempt to establish in desia definitely constituted a threat to international Africa an illegal regime based on minority rule was peace and security. The African representatives had a matter of world concern. That was the main reason not come to the Council to endorse half-hearted mea- why the question had been brought before the Secu- sures of doubtful efficacy which the United Kingdom rity Council. After describing the measures which the Government intended to take. What were required United Kingdom had taken to deal with the illegal were stronger and more and more effective measures declaration and restore the rule of law in Southern to be taken to crush the rebellion.431

Rhodesia, he asked for the goodwill, co-operation and At the same meeting the representative of Senegal l active support of all those who accepted the principles stated that the act perpetrated by the Government of set out in the resolution adopted by the General As- Southern Rhodesia was a true act of international sembly. The representative made it clear that the piracy. If the rebellion went unpunished it would British Government did not “believe the use of mili- damage the moral standing of the British Common- tary force can solve this problem”. He called on every wealth; it would undermine the authority of the United State Member of the United Nations to refuse to Nations Charter and international peace and security recognize the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia, to in Africa. He observed that the steps the United King- prohibit all export of arms to that country, to impose dom proposed were economic sanctions. He appealed exchange control restrictions, to deny all the advan- to all Member States to support the actions of the tages in trade and to ban the import of Southern Rho- United Kingdom but asserted that “the most vigorous desian tobacco and sugar. He considered that “If all measures, including resort to force” should be uscd.43z Members of the United Nations support us sincerely At the 1258th meeting on 12 November 1965, the in applying these measures, the effect on the Southern representative of Jordan proposed that the Council Rhodesian economy will be severe indeed”.“9 adopt a preliminary resolution ‘x’ condemning the il- At the same meeting, speaking on behalf of the legal action of the minority group in Salisbury. The African States, the reprcsentativc of Ghana * rc- Security Council adopted the draft resolution by 10 viewed the history of the problem and pointed out votes to none, with 1 abstention.‘84 that by his unilateral declaration of indcpendcnce, Mr. The resolution read: ‘36 and his “racist accomplices” had precipi- “The Security Council, tated a serious crisis which posed a threat of immense proportions to peace and security in the world. He “1. Decides to condemn the unilateral declara- observed that the act had not come as a surprise. The tion of independence made by a racist minority in African States had warned the United Kingdom, as far Southern Rhodesia; back as 1963, of the dangerous consequences of trans- “2. Decides to calf upon all States not to recog- ferring powerful armed forces to the “racist minority” nize this illegal racist minority rcgimc in Southern Government of Southern Rhodesia. The African States Rhodesia and to refrain from rendering any assist- had then requested the Security Council to call upon ance to the illegal regime.” the Government of the United Kingdom not to trans- Decision of 20 November 1965 ( 1265th meeting) : fer to its colony of Southern Rhodesia any powers or (i) Determining that the situation resulting from attributes of sovereignty until the establishment of a the proclamation of independence by the fully representative Government, and not to transfer to illegal authorities in Southern Rhodesia is the colony of Southern Rhodesia the armed forces and aircraft, as envisaged by the Central African Con- extremely grave, that the Government of the fercncc of 1963. Howcvcr, the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nor- ‘so For discussion concerning the applicability of Chapter d”‘l 1257th meeting, p;~ras. 6-7; 1258th meeting, paras. l-2; VII of the Charter. see chapter Xl. Cases 3 and 6. 125Yth meeting, paras. l-2; 1261~ meeting, paras. l-2; 1263rd 4:‘1 1257th meeting. paras. 38-72. meetinK. Pilr;lS. l-2. Jx 1257th meeting, paras. 95-107. 427s‘/6938, O.R.. 20th yr.. Suppl. for Oct.-Dec. 1965, 431s 12SXth meeting. paras. 4-8. DO. 366-367. 431d 1258th meeting, para. 29. *“s S/6935, ibid., p. 365. .I:‘3 S/KS/216 ( lY65)/Rev.l. O.R., 20rh yr., Rrsolu~ions 43(1 1257th meeting, paras. 10-36. and Decisions of the Security Council, 1965, p. 8. Part II 147 them Ireland should put an end to it and Considering the situation in Southern Rhodesia as that its continuance in time constitutes a *‘a threat to international peace and security”, they threat to international peace and security; re uested that the Council should examine it in the li J t of the provisions of Chapter VII of the Charter, =I (ii) Reamng its resolution 216 (1965) of 12 and invite the United Kingdom to take effective mea- November 1965, and General Assembly sures, Including recourse to force, to restore normal resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960; conditions in Southern Rhodesia so that the (iii) Condemning tk usutpation of power by a people might benefit fully from the provisions of Gen- tact3 settler minority in Southern Rhodesia eral Assembly resolution 1514 (XV). The measures taken by the United Kingdom were inadequate and and regarding tk declaration of indepen- inappropriate in the context of the Southern Rhodesian dence by it as having no legal validity; problem. Economic sanctions alone were not enough. (iv) Calling upon tk Government of the United The measures did not include a total embargo on Kingdom to quell thhis rebellion of tk racist British exports to Southern Rhodesia, including espe minority; cially oil. The embargo on tobacco would not have any immediate effect on the economy of Southern Rho- (VI Furtkr calling upon tk Government of tk desia inasmuch as the recent harvest of tobacco had United Kingdom to take all other appro- already been sold. Moreover, it was pointed out, for priate me-es which would prove eflective economic sanctions to have any visible effect on SOU- in eliminating tk authority of tk usurpers them Rhodesia it would be necessary to ensure that and in bringing the minority regime in Sou- both South Africa and Portugal would not undermine thern Rhodesia to an immediate end; the whole undertaking. In conclusion it was declared (vi) Calling upon all States not to recognize this that the fact that the matter had been before the SCCU- illegal authority and not to entertain any rity Council should not be interprctcd as an intention diplomatic or other relations with this illegal on the part of the African countries to abandon any authority; initiative for taking action if the Security Council were (vii) Calling upon the Government of the United to abdicate its responsibilities or if any action by the Kingdom, as the working of the Constitution Council were to bc blocked by a veto, as had hap of 1961 has broken down, to take immediate pencd in September 1963. At their various meetings, measures in order to allow the people of the African Heads of State or Govcrnmcnt had taken Southern Rhodesia to determine their own decisions on the question of Southern Rhodesia, and future consistent with tk objectives of Gen- it would be very wrong indeed to think that those eral Assembly resolution 1514 (XV); decisions would not be carried out.4:‘a

(viii) Calling upon all States to refrain from any The representatives of Pakistan, * Algeria, l the action which would assist and encourage the Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, * Ethiopia, * the United illegal regime and, in particular, to desist Republic of Tanzania, + Zambia, + Malaysia, Mauri- from providing it with arms, equipment and tania, * Jamaica, * Sudan, * Somalia, l and Jordan military material, and to do their utmost in at the 1259th to 1264th meetings, held between 13 order to break all economic relations with and 19 November 1965, stated that the illegal uni- Southern Rhodesia, including an embargo lateral declaration of independence made by the Sou- on oil and petroleum products; thcrn Rhodesian authorities had threatened interna- (ix) Calling upon tk Government of the United tional peace and security. The developments and events Kingdom to enforce urgently and with vigour in Southern Rhodesia had given cause for the serious all tk measures it has announced, as well concern which had been expressed in the resolution as those mentioned in the previous para- passed by the Heads of African States and Govcrn- graph; ments at their conference at Accra in October 1965, which had called upon the United Kingdom to regard (xl Calling upon the Organization of African any such unilateral declaration of independence as Unity to do all in its power to assist in the constituting a threat to international pcacc, and to implementation of tk present resolution, in take the steps that such a situation required in accord- conformity with Chapter Vlfl of the Charter ance with the Charter in order to help to establish a of the United Nations; majority Government in Southern Rhodesia. They WI Deciding to keep the question under review pointed out that the United Nations, in its Committee in order to examine what other measures it of Twenty-Four, in the General Assembly and in the may deem necessary to take Security Council, had been seized of the question of The representatives of Mali, * India, * Nigeria, * Southern Rhodesia for a considerable time. The prc- and the USSR, speaking at the 1258th meeting rccallcd sent state of affairs in Southern Rhodesia was the rc- resolutions 1747 (XVI), 1755 (XVII) and 1760 sponsibility of the United Kingdom, which did not com- (XVll) of the Gencrai Assembly, and pointed out that ply with resolutions 1747 (XVI), 1760 (XVII) 1889 the General Assembly reaflirmed the fact that Southcm (XVII) and 2022 (XX) of the General Assembly. Rhodesia was a Non-Self-Governing Territory within They stated that the Council should conduct its deli- the meaning of Chapter XI of the Charter, and that bcrations in the light of Chapter VII under the terms the United Kingdom was completely responsible for of Articles 39 to 5 I. Noting that the measures pro- the Territory. They then enumerated the efforts de- posed by the United Kingdom for dealing with crises ployed at the United Nations and by the Organization were inadequate, they advocated “the most vigorous of African Unity, to lead the United Kingdom to mcasurcs”, including resort to force, to counter “the change the course of the dangerous evolution of that situation in Southern Rhodesia. 4:~ 1258th meeting: paras. 31-136. 14.8 Chapter VIII. Muinroumce of ittternutionul peuce ~trd securir) _~ --- __- - ~~ ~-~~ act of international piracy committed by the Govern- The Council agreed that it should be given priority ot’ ment of Mr. Ian Smith”.4J7 consideration.‘.” At the 1259th meeting on 13 November 1965, the At the 1265th meeting on 20 November 1965, the representative of the United Kingdom introduced a President (Bolivia) informed the Council that Bolivia draft resolution 48n under the operative paragraphs of and Uruguay had modified operative paragraph 1 of which the Security Council would: ( 1) refuse to re- their draft resolution.44? cognize the unilateral declaration of independence by At the same meeting the Council voted upon the the former rkgime in Southern Rhodesia as having any joint draft resolution before it. The joint draft rcsolu- legal validity; (2) reiterate its call to all States to tion was adopted by 10 votes in favour to none against refuse to recognize the illegal rkgime and unconstitu- with 1 abstention.“” The resolution 444 read as follows: tional rtZgime in Southern Rhodesia; (3) call upon “The Security Council, all States to refrain from any action which could give aid and comfort to that rbgirne; and (4) call upon “Deeply concerned about the situation in Sou- all States to lend all necessary assistance and support them Rhodesia, to the United Kingdom Government in making effect- “Considering that the illegal authorities in Sou- ive the measures, taken by that Government, including thern Rhodesia have proclaimed independence and the financial and economic measures, to bring the re- that the Government of the United Kingdom of bellion in Southern Rhodesia to an end. Great Britain and Northern Ireland, as the admin- istering Power, looks upon this as an act of re- At the same meeting on behalf on the African dele- bellion, gations the representative of the Ivory Coast intro- “Noting that the Government of the United King- duced a draft resolution 430 under the operative para- dom has taken certain measures to meet the situa- graphs of which the Security Council would: ( 1) determine that the situation resulting from the declara- tion and that to be effective these mcasurcs should tion of independence constitutes a threat to interna- correspond to the gravity of the situation, tional peace and security; (2) declare illegal the sei- “ 1. Determines that the situation resulting from zurc of power by the racist minority settler rdgime in the proclamation of independence by the illegal Southern Rhodesia; (3) call upon the United King- authorities in Southern Rhodesia is extremely grave, dom and all other States to take immediate steps to that the Government of the United Kingdom of protect the lives of the 4 million Africans and other Great Britain and Northern lreland should put an inhabitants of the Territory who oppose this rebellion; end to it and that its continuance in time constitutes (4) further call upon the United Kingdom Govcrn- a threat to international peace and security; ment, in addition to the measures it had proposed to “2. Rea@ns its resolution 2 16 ( 1965) of 12 take with regard to the situation in Southern Rhodc- Novcmbcr 1965 and General Assembly resolution sia, to suspend the 1961 Constitution; (5) call upon 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960; all States not to recognize the racist minority settler “3. Condemns the usurpation of power by a rkgime and to withdraw recognition of any State recog- racist settler minority in Southern Rhodesia and rc- nizing that rCgime; (6) demand that the rebellion gards the declaration of independence by it as by the racist minority settler r6gimc bc immediately having no legal validity; crushed and law and order established in that African “4. Calls upon the Govcrnmcnt of the United Territory; (7) demand further that majority rule be Kingdom to quell this rebellion of the racist mino- established in the Territory on the basis of the prin- rity; ciple “one man, one vote”; (8) call upon all States to enforce on the illegal rtgime in Southern Rhodesia “5. Further calls upon the Government of the a complete interruption of economic relations, in- United Kingdom to take all other appropriate mea- cluding an embargo on supplies of oil and petroleum sures which would prove effective in eliminating the products, and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio authority of the usurpers and in bringing the mino- and other means of communication and severance of rity rCgimc in Southern Rhodesia to an immediate diplomatic and consular relations, in accordance with end; Article 4 I of the Charter; (9) dccidc to take all the “6. Calls upon all States not to recognize this enforcement measures provided for under Articles 42 illegal authority and not to entertain any diplomatic and 43 of the Charter against the racist minority set- or other relations with it; tler rCgime; and ( 10) authorize the Secretary-General “7. Culls upon the Government of the United to ensure the immediate implementation of that reso- Kingdom, as the working of the Constitution of lution and to report as soon as possible. 1961 has broken down, to take immediate measures At the 1264th meeting on 19 Novcmbcr 1965, the in order to allow the people of Southern Rhodesia represcntativc of Uruguay introduced a draft resolu- to determine their own future consistent with the tion 4ao jointly sponsored by Bolivia and Uruguay. objectives of General Assembly resolution 15 14 (XV); 437 For texts of relevant statements see: “8. Culls upon all States to refrain from any 1259th meeting: Pakistan.* paras. l-14; Algeria,* paras. action which would assist and encourage the il- 34-46; Ivory Coast. pnras. 44-71: Sierra Leone; paras. 73-88. legal regime and, in particular, to desist from pro- 1260th meeting: Ethiopia.* paras. 3-28; the United Republic viding it with arms, equipment and military mate- of Tanzania.* paras. 30-64; Zambia.’ paras. 66-86, Malaysia, paras. X7-107; Guinea. p;IriIs. 109-125. rial, and to do their utmost in order to break all 1261st meeting: Mauritania,* paras. 4-31. economic relations with Southern Rhodesia, in- 1262nd meeting: Jamaica.* paras. 9-34. 1263rd meeting: Sudan.* paras. 25-41; Somalia.* paras. 43-58. 4’1 1264th meeting, para. 3. 1264th meeting: Jordan, pares. 10-18. 442 1265th meeting. para. 3. ,a:~ S/6YZH. 1259th meeting, para. 3 I. 4.13 1265th meeting, para. 4. 4~’ S/602Y. 1250th meeting. para. 70. i44 S/RES/217 (19651, O.R., 20th yr., Resolrttiorts atrd “” S/6955. 1264th meeting, paras. 8-9. lkcisions of the Security Council, 1965, pp. 8-9. eluding an embargo on oil and petroleum products; question of convening the Security Council to consider “9. Calls upon the Government of the United the matter had been raised, 1700 more marines and Kingdom to enforce urgently and with vigour all the 2,500 paratroopers were sent to the Dominican Repub- measures it has announced, as well as those men- lic. Moreover heavy armaments and even tanks had tioned in paragraph 8 above; been utilized by the United States units in engagements with “patriotic” Dominican forces. It was thus clear “IO. Culls upon the Organization of African that what was intended to be saved was a “reactionary Unity to do a!1 in its power to assist in the imple- dictatorship of the militarists” against which the Do- mentation of the present resolution, in conformity minican people had taken up arms. Besides, no longer with Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United was a secret being made of plans to keep United Nations; States troops in the Dominican Republic even after “1 I. Decides to keep the question under review order had been re-established in that country. in order to examine what other measures it may Furthermore, the representative of the USSR main- deem it necessary to take.” tained that in sending troops to the Dominican Repub- In view of the adoption of the draft resolution of lic, the United States had not ascertained beforehand Bolivia and Uruguay, the representatives of the Ivory the view of the members of the Organization of Coast 44s and the United Kingdom 446 stated that they American States (OAS), but had put before it a fait would not press for a vote on the draft resolutions accompli as it had ony been convened after their which they had respectively introduced. landing in Santo Domingo. Under those circumstances the concern and apprehension with which the other SITUATION IN THE DOMINICAN REPURLIC countries of the viewed the interference by 1 NITIAL PROCEEDINGS the United States troops was understandable. The “aggression” committed by the United States By letter “’ dated I May 1965, the permanent rep- against the Dominican Republic was fraught with the resentative of the USSR requested the President of most serious consequences for the maintcnancc of the Security Council to convene an urgent meeting in international peace and security. The Security Council order “to consider the question of the armed inter- should therefore condemn the armed intervention of ference by the United States in the intcrna] afTairs the United States in the internal affairs of the Domini- of the Dominican Republic.” can Republic as a violation of international peace and At the 1196th meeting on 3 May 1965, the Council as an action incompatible with the obligations assumed decided ‘I” to include the question in the agenda. The by the United States under the United Nations Char- representative of Cuba was invited to participate in ter. The Council should further call upon the Govcrn- the discussion.‘-” ment of the United States immediately to withdraw The Council considered the question at its I !96th, its troops from the territory of the Dominican Repub- I 198th, 1200th 1202nd to 1204th. 1207th to 1209th. ]ic 45,) 1212th to !223rd, 1225th to 1233rd meetings held At the same meeting the representative of the United between 3 May and 26 July 1965. States explained that despite the efforts of his Gov- Decieion of 14 May 1965 (1208th meeting) : ernment and the Organization of American States to build a stable and free society capable of economic, (i) Calling for a sfrict cease-fire; social and political development, the people of the (ii) inviting the Secretary-General to send, as an Dominican Republic had suffered from constant tur- urgent measure, n representative to the Do- moil and political conflict since the overthrow of the minican Republic for the purpo.ve of reportin,g Trujillo dictatorship. During the previous week that to the Council on the situation; instability “erupted” and officials who had governed (iii) Calling upon all concerned in the Dominican that country for a year and a half were violently Republic to co-operate with the representative forced out. As rival groups strove to capture power of the Secretury-General in the carrying out fighting broke out between and among them and the of that task. Dominican Republic was left without effective govern- At the I 196th meeting on 3 May 1965, the repre- ment for some days. As the situation deteriorated cer- sentative of the USSR stated that the Council had been tain of the contending forces indiscriminately distri- convened to deal with an armed intervention of the buted weapons to civilians and as armed bands began United States in the internal affairs of the Dominican to roam the streets of Santo Domingo, looting, burning Republic. Under the “false pretext of protecting and sniping, law and order completely broke down, American lives” fourteen thousand United States troops and several foreign embassies were violated. had already been landed on the territory of the Do- In the face of uncontrollable violcncc, the Govern- minican Republic, and the city of Santo Domingo had ment which had replaced the Reid Cabra! Govern- actually been taken over by the United States forces. mcnt also quickly crumbled in a few days. In the On 28 April, over 405 United States marines Iandcd absence of any govcrnmenta! authority, Dominican on Dominican territory and cvcn if the United States law enforcement and military oflicials informed the version of its actions was to bc accepted those troops United States Embassy that the situation was com- would have been more than suflicient to evacuntc pletely “out of control”, that the police and other au- United States citizens whereupon they would have thorities could no longer give any guarantee concerning been removed from that country. But even after the the safety of citizens of the United States or of some thirty other countries. Faced with that emergency, the (13 1265th meeting, p:~r-a.38. ((I’ 1265th meeting. pnra. 63. United States on 28 April had dispatched the first of 447 St’63 16, O.R.. 20th yc’ar, Suppl. Ior April-Jurlt 1965, its security forces sent to Dominican territory. Since p. 70. their arrival, nearly 3,000 foreign nationals from thirty 448 1196th meeting: preceding para. I. 44” 1196th meeting: para. 1. 4A1’ 1196th meeting, paras. 1 l-30, 44, 51, 52.