SNCC Correspondence, Memos, Reports, and Other Materials, 1963
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“A Tremor in the Middle of the Iceberg”: the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Local Voting Rights Activism in Mccomb, Mississippi, 1928-1964
“A Tremor in the Middle of the Iceberg”: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Local Voting Rights Activism in McComb, Mississippi, 1928-1964 Alec Ramsay-Smith A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH HONORS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN April 1, 2016 Advised by Professor Howard Brick For Dana Lynn Ramsay, I would not be here without your love and wisdom, And I miss you more every day. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... ii Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: McComb and the Beginnings of Voter Registration .......................... 10 Chapter Two: SNCC and the 1961 McComb Voter Registration Drive .................. 45 Chapter Three: The Aftermath of the McComb Registration Drive ........................ 78 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 102 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 119 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not have done this without my twin sister Hunter Ramsay-Smith, who has been a constant source of support and would listen to me rant for hours about documents I would find or things I would learn in the course of my research for the McComb registration -
The Making.Indd
PRIMARY SOURCE DOCUMENTARIES: The Making of “We’ll Never Turn Back” (1963) and “Dream Deferred” (1964) by Harvey Richards Written by Paul Richards, Ph.D. Photos by Harvey Richards In 1963 and 1964, my father, Harvey Richards, made two fi lms about the voter registration drives in Mississippi as part of the movement to end racial segregation in the United States. The fi lms are “We’ll Never Turn Back” (1963) and “Dream Deferred” (1964). They were a collaboration be- tween Harvey and Amzie Moore, a Cleveland, Mississippi resident and long time civil rights activist, designed to help organize and raise funds for the Student Non Violent Coor- dinating Committee (SNCC). The following is the story of how these fi lms were made. Late one February night in 1963, Harvey Richards drove his Oldsmobile station wagon full of sound and camera equip- ment, sporting a California license plate, up to the front door of Amzie Moore’s house in Cleveland, Mississippi. Cleve- land, Mississippi is a small delta town in the northern part of the state, about half a day’s drive from New Orleans, Loui- Harvey Richards (baseball cap) meeting with Amzie Moore (white overcoat) and (left to right) E.W.Steptoe, Bob Moses and unidentifi ed man. siana, where Harvey had spent the previous night. Amzie Moore opened his door and the two men, both 51 years old, met for the fi rst time. Harvey was around 6 foot tall, trim at 180 pounds, dressed in a warm canvas jacket and kaiki baseball cap. Amzie dressed in a plaid shirt and worn kaki pants, looked out his front door at this unannounced white stranger. -
Voter Education Project |L\Rr, Secured for North Carolina Durham Man Is Named To
Watts HillPredicts New Era Negro Colleges In NCC Address '*\u25a0 A. L "? " (i 'S TrMflr"- . Voter Education Project |L\Rr, Secured For North Carolina Durham Man Is Named to \u25a0 <3? </* Director Post ?3it Carpila The formation of a North administrators and of trustees, Watts Hill Jr., Carolina Voter Education Pro- COMMENCEMENT PROCES- cession of VOLUME 44 No. 21 DURHAM. N. C. SATURDAY, JUNE 3, 1967 PRICE: 20c SION?Dr. Charles W. Orr, left, trustees to the college's gym- \u25a0 speaker and chairman of the ject, with John Edwards of an- marshal at North Carolina Col- nasium. Among those shown State Board of Higher Educa- Durham as director, was lege's 56th annual commence- are, in foreground. Dr. Bascom tion, and William Jones, col- nounced here this week. ment Sunday, leads the pro- I Baynes, chairman of the board I! lege vice president. The NCVEP has received a one-ear operating grant from 13 Homes Of Burned Project Negroes the Voter Education of the Southern Regional Council. Higher Education Head Atlanta, Georgia, with which N. C. begin to its work. The NCVEP will be a state- In Haywood County, Tenn. wide organization with pre- Sees End Unequal Education cinct, county and congressional Says Gap of Negro district representation. It is similar to the South Carolina No Protection And White Colleges Voter Education Project, which Mrs. I. Stephens Owens to Get has operated successfully for Will Closed several years. Be non-partisan organiza- From Police The Watts Hill, Jr., chairman of tion will have three major mis- the North Carolina State Board Ph.D. -
Civil Rights Activism in Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, 1960-1963
SUTTELL, BRIAN WILLIAM, Ph.D. Campus to Counter: Civil Rights Activism in Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, 1960-1963. (2017) Directed by Dr. Charles C. Bolton. 296 pp. This work investigates civil rights activism in Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, in the early 1960s, especially among students at Shaw University, Saint Augustine’s College (Saint Augustine’s University today), and North Carolina College at Durham (North Carolina Central University today). Their significance in challenging traditional practices in regard to race relations has been underrepresented in the historiography of the civil rights movement. Students from these three historically black schools played a crucial role in bringing about the end of segregation in public accommodations and the reduction of discriminatory hiring practices. While student activists often proceeded from campus to the lunch counters to participate in sit-in demonstrations, their actions also represented a counter to businesspersons and politicians who sought to preserve a segregationist view of Tar Heel hospitality. The research presented in this dissertation demonstrates the ways in which ideas of academic freedom gave additional ideological force to the civil rights movement and helped garner support from students and faculty from the “Research Triangle” schools comprised of North Carolina State College (North Carolina State University today), Duke University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Many students from both the “Protest Triangle” (my term for the activists at the three historically black schools) and “Research Triangle” schools viewed efforts by local and state politicians to thwart student participation in sit-ins and other forms of protest as a restriction of their academic freedom. -
The Student Voice, SNCC Newsletter, 1962-1963
- THE STUDE Vol. 3, No. NT 1 Issued by the Student VOI Nonviolent Coordinating CE Committee,197 1/2 Auburn Ave., Atlanta 3, Ga.April, 1962 TALLADEGA PROTESTS I Student Group Moves After Negotiations Fail TALLADEGA, ALA. - Be By Bob Zellner ginning with a march of 400 students and faculty mem TALLADEGA, ALABAMA - bers, Talladega Collegetook The stimulus for leadership a giant step toward freeing and effective social change their city of segregation. at Talladega College is found The march followed fruit in the Social Action Com less negotiation with Talla mittee (SAC) a group found dega Mayor J . L. Hardwick within the framework of the TALLADEGA STUDENTS PROTEST - Talladega College on April 5. The students ask college's Student Govern s tudents s taged a protest march against segregation on ed the Mayor to present plans ment. As the movement at April 6. Joined by some teachers from the school, the stu- 1 for integration of public faci Talladega has grown, the dents paraded around the Talladega Courthouse bearing lities in the city, and when concept that every student signs reading "We Want Open Libraries" - We Want Equal no plan was forthcoming, the at the college is a member Opportunity." Social Action Committee Chairman Dorothy group marched in protest. of SAC has grown also, and Vails is on the right, above, being inte rviewed by a re- The march was peaceful, and the original smaller com porter. Photo by Zellner. Mayor Hardwick praised the mittee is thought of a plan students and the Talledega ning group. SNCC Con-ference Slated I community for their c alm- Dorothy Vails, a native of J ness. -
A Guide to the African American Heritage of Arlington County, Virginia
A GUIDE TO THE AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE OF ARLINGTON COUNTY, VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY PLANNING, HOUSING AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAM SECOND EDITION 2016 Front and back covers: Waud, Alfred R. "Freedman's Village, Greene Heights, Arlington, Virginia." Drawn in April 1864. Published in Harper's Weekly on May 7, 1864. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Table of Contents Discover Arlington's African American Heritage .......................... iii Lomax A.M.E. Zion Church & Cemetery .......................... 29 Mount Zion Baptist Church ................................................ 30 Boundary Markers of the District of Columbia ............................ 1 Macedonia Baptist Church ................................................. 31 Benjamin Banneker ............................................................. 1 Our Lady, Queen of Peace Catholic Church .................... 31 Banneker Boundary Stone ................................................. 1 Establishment of the Kemper School ............................... 32 Principal Ella M. Boston ...................................................... 33 Arlington House .................................................................................. 2 Kemper Annex and Drew Elementary School ................. 33 George Washington Parke Custis ...................................... 2 Integration of the Drew School .......................................... 33 Custis Family and Slavery ................................................... 2 Head -
Waveland, Mississippi, November 1964: Death of Sncc, Birth of Radicalism
WAVELAND, MISSISSIPPI, NOVEMBER 1964: DEATH OF SNCC, BIRTH OF RADICALISM University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire: History Department History 489: Research Seminar Professor Robert Gough Professor Selika Ducksworth – Lawton, Cooperating Professor Matthew Pronley University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire May 2008 Abstract: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced Snick) was a nonviolent direct action organization that participated in the civil rights movement in the 1960s. After the Freedom Summer, where hundreds of northern volunteers came to participate in voter registration drives among rural blacks, SNCC underwent internal upheaval. The upheaval was centered on the future direction of SNCC. Several staff meetings occurred in the fall of 1964, none more important than the staff retreat in Waveland, Mississippi, in November. Thirty-seven position papers were written before the retreat in order to reflect upon the question of future direction of the organization; however, along with answers about the future direction, these papers also outlined and foreshadowed future trends in radical thought. Most specifically, these trends include race relations within SNCC, which resulted in the emergence of black self-consciousness and an exodus of hundreds of white activists from SNCC. ii Table of Contents: Abstract ii Historiography 1 Introduction to Civil Rights and SNCC 5 Waveland Retreat 16 Position Papers – Racial Tensions 18 Time after Waveland – SNCC’s New Identity 26 Conclusion 29 Bibliography 32 iii Historiography Research can both answer questions and create them. Initially I discovered SNCC though Taylor Branch’s epic volumes on the Civil Right Movements in the 1960s. Further reading revealed the role of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced Snick) in the Civil Right Movement and opened the doors into an effective and controversial organization. -
James Forman Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress
James Forman Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2014 Revised 2014 December Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010125 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm2007085371 Prepared by Connie L. Cartledge with the assistance of Tracey Barton, Maria Farmer, Sherralyn McCoy, Dan Oleksiw, and Carolyn Ray Revised and expanded by Connie L. Cartledge Collection Summary Title: James Forman Papers Span Dates: 1848-2005 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1961-2001) ID No.: MSS85371 Creator: Forman, James, 1928-2005 Extent: 79,000 items ; 255 containers plus 2 oversize ; 100.2 linear feet ; 1 digital file (1.09 MB) Language: Collection material in English, French, and Spanish Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Author, journalist, and civil rights activist. Correspondence, memoranda, diaries, subject files, speeches and writings, family papers, appointment books and calendars, and other papers relating primarily to Forman's activities as executive secretary of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and president of the Unemployment and Poverty Action Committee. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. People Al-Amin, Jamil, 1943- Belafonte, Harry, 1927- --Correspondence. Bellamy, Fay--Correspondence. Braden, Anne, 1924-2006--Correspondence. Carmichael, Stokely--Correspondence. Carmichael, Stokely. Clinton, Bill, 1946- --Correspondence. -
<Billno> <Sponsor>
<BillNo> <Sponsor> HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION 8020 of the Second Extraordinary Session By Clemmons A RESOLUTION to honor the memory of United States Congressman John Robert Lewis. WHEREAS, the members of this General Assembly were greatly saddened to learn of the passing of United States Congressman John Robert Lewis; and WHEREAS, Congressman John Lewis dedicated his life to protecting human rights, securing civil liberties, and building what he called "The Beloved Community" in America; and WHEREAS, referred to as "one of the most courageous persons the Civil Rights Movement ever produced," Congressman Lewis evidenced dedication and commitment to the highest ethical standards and moral principles and earned the respect of his colleagues on both sides of the aisle in the United States Congress; and WHEREAS, John Lewis, the son of sharecropper parents Eddie and Willie Mae Carter Lewis, was born on February 21, 1940, outside of Troy, Alabama, and was raised on his family's farm with nine siblings; and WHEREAS, he attended segregated public schools in Pike County, Alabama, and, in 1957, became the first member of his family to complete high school; he was vexed by the unfairness of racial segregation and disappointed that the Supreme Court's 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education did not affect his and his classmates' experience in public school; and WHEREAS, Congressman Lewis was inspired to work toward the change he wanted to see by Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s sermons and the outcome of the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 and -
Eyes on the Prize Interviews I
Washington University Digital Gateway Texts home Home Search Browse Bookbag Help Interview with Charles Sherrod Table of contents | Add to bookbag Interview with Charles Sherrod Production Team: C Interview Date: December 20, 1985 Interview Place: Atlanta, Georgia Camera Rolls: 186-188 Sound Rolls: 1144 Interview gathered as part of Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years (1954- 1965). Produced by Blackside, Inc. Housed at the Washington University Film and Media Archive, Henry Hampton Collection. Editorial Notes: Preferred citation: Interview with Charles Sherrod, conducted by Blackside, Inc. on December 20, 1985, for Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years (1954-1965). Washington University Libraries, Film and Media Archive, Henry Hampton Collection. These transcripts contain material that did not appear in the final program. Only text appearing in bold italics was used in the final version of Eyes on the Prize. INTERVIEW FILM PRODUCTION TEAM: [1144 Camera Roll 186 FILM PRODUCTION TEAM: Interview with Charles Sherrod FILM PRODUCTION TEAM: Atlanta, Georgia FILM PRODUCTION TEAM: Reference tone] Charles Sherrod: Well, the way that SCLC organized um, could be described uh, like this. A field secretary for SCLC would come into town and talk to the leaders, the uh, assumed leaders in a town, like the ministers, uh, the lawyers, teachers, the professional people in the community, and would uh, then direct them toward some goals and some objectives, short-range, long-range, goals, and then bring in the other, the children, and the high-school students and college students. The way Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee went after it was uh, I'd say, exactly opposite. -
THE STUDENT VOICE VOL.4 NO.7 the Student Voice, Inc
THE STUDENT VOICE VOL.4 NO.7 The Student Voice, Inc. 6 Raymond Street, N.W., Atlanta 14, Ga. F EBRUARY 25, 1964 Ga. Judge Gives Coed 18 Months ATLANTA, GA. - An l8-year old white girl, a student at Connecticut College for Women, was sentenced here Feb. 20 to six months in the common jail and 12 months on the public works. She was fined $1,000. Her ae- peal bond was set at $15.000. The girl, Mardon Walker, for merly an exchange student at Spelman College here, was ar rested during a Jan. 13 sit-in attempt at a segregated restau Dick Grego ry rant. She was charged with violation of Georgia's trespass law, pass Released From Jail ed in 1960 after student anti PINE ElLUl' 1', ARK. - Anti segregation demonstrations be segregation demonstrations have gan. have halted here for 72 hours The judge, Fulton County Su while mediators attempt to ne perior Court Judge Durwood T. gotiate a settlement between Pye, r equires that appeal bonds Ray's Barbecue and members of be posted with unencumbered the Pine Bluff Movement. property located in Fulton Coun Dick Gregory, jailed withSNCC ty. Arkansas Project Director Wil Georgia's Supreme Court re liam Hansen on Feb. 17, left versed an earlier bail of $20,000 the Phillips County jail to make Judge pye set for an elderly contact with Federal officials and white man, the Reverend Ashton to complain about jail conditions. Jone s, 67 , jailed during a church pr otest at R s "Its like somebody's secret CONTINUED ON PAGE 4 Barbecue, where comedian Dick Gregory and SNCC worker William torture chamber," Gregory said. -
FREEDOM FAITH Produced, Directed and Written by Alice Markowitz Associate Producer: Tanayi Seabrook
FREEDOM FAITH Produced, Directed and Written by Alice Markowitz Associate Producer: Tanayi Seabrook NARRATOR: For generations in the south, black churches offered refuge to the community but stopped short of challenging the powerful forces of segregation and white supremacy. Then, everything changed. By the 1960’s, the faithful would gamble life and limb for equality. JAMES H. CONE: Here is the church going out into the world, leaving those buildings and walking the street, transforming the world. NARRATOR: Their weapon would be Christian love. And their faith would be tested. BERNARD LAFAYETTE: Could you love someone who slapped you? Could you love someone who punched you in the nose? Someone who gave you a black eye? NARRATOR: But could the power of love conquer the forces of hatred? NARRATOR: By the 1960’s the faithful would gamble life and limb. PRATHIA HALL: The last time I stood in Brown Chapel, the stench of tear gas was in the air. Blood covered the heads and the faces of those who had been beaten bloody by the clubs of Jim Clark’s posse and the so-called Alabama State Safety Patrol. NARRATOR: In the early 1960s, Prathia Hall came South, on a momentous journey of faith. Together with her sisters and brothers in the Civil Rights Movement, she fought on the front lines, a soldier in a holy war for freedom. PRATHIA HALL: Why did so many put their lives at risk? Those Freedom Marchers of 1965 moved out in the spirit of Jesus and in the spirit and faith of their ancestors….That God had brought them to that time and that place, and that hour in history to boldly confront the bedrock forces of segregation and racial injustice.