Basal Forebrain
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Differential Deep Brain Stimulation Sites and Networks for Cervical Vs
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.28.21261289; this version posted July 31, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Title Differential Deep Brain Stimulation Sites and Networks for Cervical vs. Generalized Dystonia Authors Andreas Horn*1, Martin Reich*2, Siobhan Ewert*1, Ningfei Li1, Bassam Al-Fatly1, Florian Lange2, Jonas Roothans2, Simon Oxenford1, Isabel Horn1, Steffen Paschen3, Joachim Runge4, Fritz Wodarg5, Karsten Witt6, Robert C. Nickl7, Matthias Wittstock8, Gerd-Helge Schneider9, Philipp Mahlknecht10, Werner Poewe10, Wilhelm Eisner11, Ann-Kristin Helmers12, Cordula Matthies7, Joachim K. Krauss4, Günther Deuschl3, Jens Volkmann2, Andrea Kühn1 Author Affiliations 1. Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany. 2. Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Germany 3. University Kiel, Department of Neurology, Germany 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, MHH, Hannover, Germany. 5. University Kiel, Department of Radiology, Germany 6. University Oldenburg, Department of Neurology, Germany 7. Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Neurosurgery, Germany 8. University Rostock, Department -
Semmelweis University, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology the Position of the Diencephalon in the Brain Parts of the Diencephalon
Microscopy of the diencephalon Árpád Dobolyi Semmelweis University, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology The position of the diencephalon in the brain Parts of the diencephalon • Thalamus • Epithalamus – Pineal body – Habenulae – Trigonum habenulae – Habenular nuclei – Stria medullaris – Habenular commissure • Metathalamus – Medial geniculate body – Lateral geniculate body • Subthalamus – Subthalamic nucleus – Zona incerta – H fields of Forel • Hypothalamus Nuclear groups and nuclei of the thalamus Frontal sections of the thalamus Anterior section Middle section Functional classification of thalamic nuclei • Specific nuclei: specific input, project to specific part of the cortex - sensory relay nuclei: VPL, VPM, MGB, LGB - motor relay nuclei: VA, VL - limbic relay nuclei: AV, AD, AM • Association nuclei: cortical input, project to associative areas of the cortex - MD, LD, LP, pulvinar • Non-specific nuclei: ascending input, diffuse projection to the cortex - midline and intralaminar nuclei • Nuclei not projecting to the cerebral cortex - n. reticularis thalami, n. parafascicularis, n. subparafascicularis Cortical projections of (specific and association) thalamic nuclei mediosagittal view lateral view Specific sensory relay nuclei The VPL relays sensory inputs from the body to the cerebral cortex (Input: spinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus) The VPM relays sensory inputs from the head to the cerebral cortex (Input: trigeminal and dorsal trigeminal lemniscus pathways) Relay of gustatory inputs to the cortex takes place -
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
DIENCEPHALON: THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS M. O. BUKHARI 1 DIENCEPHALON: General Introduction • Relay & integrative centers between the brainstem & cerebral cortex • Dorsal-posterior structures • Epithalamus • Anterior & posterior paraventricular nuclei • Habenular nuclei – integrate smell & emotions • Pineal gland – monitors diurnal / nocturnal rhythm • Habenular Commissure • Post. Commissure • Stria Medullaris Thalami • Thalamus(Dorsal thalamus) • Metathalamus • Medial geniculate body – auditory relay • Lateral geniculate body – visual relay Hypothalamic sulcus • Ventral-anterior structure • Sub-thalums (Ventral Thalamus) • Sub-thalamic Nucleus • Zona Inserta • Fields of Forel • Hypothalamus M. O. BUKHARI 2 Introduction THE THALAMUS Location Function External features Size Interthalamic 3 cms length x 1.5 cms breadth adhesion Two ends Anterior end– Tubercle of Thalamus Posterior end– Pulvinar – Overhangs Med & Lat.Gen.Bodies, Sup.Colliculi & their brachia Surfaces Sup. Surface – Lat. Part forms central part of lat. Vent. Med. Part is covered by tela choroidea of 3rd vent. Inf. Surface - Ant. part fused with subthalamus - Post. part free – inf. part of Pulvinar Med. Surface – Greater part of Lat. wall of 3rd ventricle Lat. Surface - Med.boundary of Post. Limb of internal capsule M. O. BUKHARI 3 Function of the Thalamus • Sensory relay • ALL sensory information (except smell) • Motor integration • Input from cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia • Arousal • Part of reticular activating system • Pain modulation • All nociceptive information • Memory & behavior • Lesions are disruptive M. O. BUKHARI 4 SUBDIVISION OF THALAMUS M. O. BUKHARI 5 SUBDIVISION OF THALAMUS: WHITE MATTER OF THE THALAMUS Internal Medullary Stratum Zonale Lamina External Medullary Lamina M. O. BUKHARI 6 LATERAL MEDIAL Nuclei of Thalamus Stratum Zonale Anterior Nucleus Medial Dorsal Lateral Dorsal (Large) EXT.Med.Lam ILN Ret.N CMN VPL MGB VPM PVN Lateral Ventral Medial Ventral LGB (Small) LD, LP, Pulvinar – Dorsal Tier nuclei Hypothalamus VA, VL, VPL, VPM – Ventral Tier nuclei M. -
MRI Atlas of the Human Deep Brain Jean-Jacques Lemaire
MRI Atlas of the Human Deep Brain Jean-Jacques Lemaire To cite this version: Jean-Jacques Lemaire. MRI Atlas of the Human Deep Brain. 2019. hal-02116633 HAL Id: hal-02116633 https://hal.uca.fr/hal-02116633 Preprint submitted on 1 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License MRI ATLAS of the HUMAN DEEP BRAIN Jean-Jacques Lemaire, MD, PhD, neurosurgeon, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA, France This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Terminologia Foundational Model Terminologia MRI Deep Brain Atlas NeuroNames (ID) neuroanatomica usages, classical and french terminologies of Anatomy (ID) Anatomica 1998 (ID) 2017 http://fipat.library.dal.ca In -
ON-LINE FIG 1. Selected Images of the Caudal Midbrain (Upper Row
ON-LINE FIG 1. Selected images of the caudal midbrain (upper row) and middle pons (lower row) from 4 of 13 total postmortem brains illustrate excellent anatomic contrast reproducibility across individual datasets. Subtle variations are present. Note differences in the shape of cerebral peduncles (24), decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles (25), and spinothalamic tract (12) in the midbrain of subject D (top right). These can be attributed to individual anatomic variation, some mild distortion of the brain stem during procurement at postmortem examination, and/or differences in the axial imaging plane not easily discernable during its prescription parallel to the anterior/posterior commissure plane. The numbers in parentheses in the on-line legends refer to structures in the On-line Table. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol ●:●●2019 www.ajnr.org E1 ON-LINE FIG 3. Demonstration of the dentatorubrothalamic tract within the superior cerebellar peduncle (asterisk) and rostral brain stem. A, Axial caudal midbrain image angled 10° anterosuperior to posteroinferior relative to the ACPC plane demonstrates the tract traveling the midbrain to reach the decussation (25). B, Coronal oblique image that is perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocam- pus (structure not shown) at the level of the ventral superior cerebel- lar decussation shows a component of the dentatorubrothalamic tract arising from the cerebellar dentate nucleus (63), ascending via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the decussation (25), and then enveloping the contralateral red nucleus (3). C, Parasagittal image shows the relatively long anteroposterior dimension of this tract, which becomes less compact and distinct as it ascends toward the thalamus. ON-LINE FIG 2. -
Motor Systems Basal Ganglia
Motor systems 409 Basal Ganglia You have just read about the different motor-related cortical areas. Premotor areas are involved in planning, while MI is involved in execution. What you don’t know is that the cortical areas involved in movement control need “help” from other brain circuits in order to smoothly orchestrate motor behaviors. One of these circuits involves a group of structures deep in the brain called the basal ganglia. While their exact motor function is still debated, the basal ganglia clearly regulate movement. Without information from the basal ganglia, the cortex is unable to properly direct motor control, and the deficits seen in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease and related movement disorders become apparent. Let’s start with the anatomy of the basal ganglia. The important “players” are identified in the adjacent figure. The caudate and putamen have similar functions, and we will consider them as one in this discussion. Together the caudate and putamen are called the neostriatum or simply striatum. All input to the basal ganglia circuit comes via the striatum. This input comes mainly from motor cortical areas. Notice that the caudate (L. tail) appears twice in many frontal brain sections. This is because the caudate curves around with the lateral ventricle. The head of the caudate is most anterior. It gives rise to a body whose “tail” extends with the ventricle into the temporal lobe (the “ball” at the end of the tail is the amygdala, whose limbic functions you will learn about later). Medial to the putamen is the globus pallidus (GP). -
Direct Visualization and Characterization of The
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.008318; this version posted March 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Direct visualization and characterization of the 2 human zona incerta and surrounding structures 3 Running Title: Jonathan C. Lau1,2,3,4,*, Yiming Xiao2,3, Roy A.M. Haast2,3, Greydon Gilmore1,4, Direct visualization Kamil Uludag7,8,9, Keith W. MacDougall1, Ravi S. Menon2,3,6, of the zona incerta 1 1,2,3,4,6,& 1,2,3,4,5,6,& Andrew G. Parrent , Terry M. Peters , Ali R. Khan Keywords: brain; atlas; human; neuroanatomy; zona incerta; 7T; deep brain stimulation; T1; quantitative MRI 4 5 1Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada 6 2Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute Canada, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada 7 3Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada 8 4School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada 9 5Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada 10 6Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada 11 7IBS Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro, 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea 12 8Department of Biomedical Engineering, N Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro, 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea 13 9Techna Institute and Koerner Scientist in MR Imaging, University Health Network, 100 College St, Toronto, ON, Canada 14 *Corresponding author 15 &Joint senior authors 16 17 Abstract: The zona incerta (ZI) is a small gray matter region of the deep brain first identified in the 19th 18 century, yet direct in vivo visualization and characterization has remained elusive. -
The Network Organization of Rat Intrathalamic Macroconnections and a Comparison with Other Forebrain Divisions
The network organization of rat intrathalamic macroconnections and a comparison with other forebrain divisions Larry W. Swansona,1, Olaf Spornsb,c, and Joel D. Hahna aDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; bIndiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405; and cDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 Contributed by Larry W. Swanson, May 17, 2019 (sent for review April 8, 2019; reviewed by Zhanyan Fu and Leah A. Krubitzer) The thalamus is 1 of 4 major divisions of the forebrain and is of cortical regions (6). In contrast, the THe (habenular nuclei) and usually subdivided into epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, and ventral THv (reticular and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, intergeniculate thalamus. The 39 gray matter regions comprising the large dorsal leaflet, zona incerta, and fields of Forel) are much smaller and thalamus project topographically to the cerebral cortex, whereas have virtually no projections to the cerebral cortex (6). the much smaller epithalamus (2 regions) and ventral thalamus (5 For the purposes of this analysis, axonal connections among all regions) characteristically project subcortically. Before analyzing 46 thalamic nuclei recognized on one side of the rat brain in a extrinsic inputs and outputs of the thalamus, here, the intrinsic standard atlas (7) have been considered (whether THe, THd, or connections among all 46 gray matter regions of the rat thalamus THv) along with the connections established by these nuclei with on each side of the brain were expertly collated and subjected to the 46 corresponding thalamic nuclei on the other side of the network analysis. -
Diencephalon Diencephalon
Diencephalon Diencephalon • Thalamus dorsal thalamus • Hypothalamus pituitary gland • Epithalamus habenular nucleus and commissure pineal gland • Subthalamus ventral thalamus subthalamic nucleus (STN) field of Forel Diencephalon dorsal surface Diencephalon ventral surface Diencephalon Medial Surface THALAMUS Function of the Thalamus • Sensory relay – ALL sensory information (except smell) • Motor integration – Input from cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia • Arousal – Part of reticular activating system • Pain modulation – All nociceptive information • Memory & behavior – Lesions are disruptive Classification of Thalamic Nuclei I. Lateral Nuclear Group II. Medial Nuclear Group III. Anterior Nuclear Group IV. Posterior Nuclear Group V. Metathalamic Nuclear Group VI. Intralaminar Nuclear Group VII. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Classification of Thalamic Nuclei LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP Ventral Nuclear Group Ventral Posterior Nucleus (VP) ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) Input to the Thalamus Sensory relay - Ventral posterior group all sensation from body and head, including pain Projections from the Thalamus Sensory relay Ventral posterior group all sensation from body and head, including pain LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP Ventral Lateral Nucleus Ventral Anterior Nucleus Input to the Thalamus Motor control and integration Projections from the Thalamus Motor control and integration LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP Prefrontal SMA MI, PM SI Ventral Nuclear Group SNr TTT GPi Cbll ML, STT Lateral Dorsal Nuclear Group Lateral -
Basal Ganglia 519 Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia 519 Basal Ganglia You have just read about the different motor-related cortical areas. Premotor areas are involved in planning, while MI is involved in execution; corticospinal fibers from MI target LMNs. What you don’t know is that the cortical areas involved in movement control need some “help” from the basal ganglia in order to smoothly orchestrate motor behaviors. Without the information from the basal ganglia, the cortex is unable to properly direct motor control, and the deficits seen in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease and other movement disorders become apparent. The adjacent drawings show level 16 of our series of brain sections. Some of the important “players” can be seen. They are the caudate nucleus and the putamen nucleus. Together they are called the neostriatum or simply striatum. Next to the putamen is the globus pallidus, and it can be seen to have two parts, a lateral (external or outer) segment and a medial (internal or inner) segment. The putamen and globus pallidus, which lie adjacent to each other, are called the lenticular nucleus. Finally, the striatum and the globus pallidus are called the corpus striatum. You can also see a nice thick fiber bundle associated with the globus pallidus called the ansa lenticularis. This fasciculus passes under (ventral) the posterior limb of the internal capsule. While not apparent in this section, the ansa lenticularis then heads dorsally to reach the motor thalamic nuclei (VA/ VL). The ansa arises from cells of the inner segment of the globus pallidus and terminates in the ipsilateral VA/VL. -
Deep Brain Stimulation Programming for Movement Disorders: Current Concepts and Evidence-Based Strategies
REVIEW published: 21 May 2019 doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00410 Deep Brain Stimulation Programming for Movement Disorders: Current Concepts and Evidence-Based Strategies Thomas Koeglsperger 1,2*, Carla Palleis 1,2, Franz Hell 1,3, Jan H. Mehrkens 4 and Kai Bötzel 1* 1 Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany, 2 Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany, 3 Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany, 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become the treatment of choice for advanced stages of Parkinson’s disease, medically intractable essential tremor, and complicated segmental and generalized dystonia. In addition to accurate electrode placement in the target area, effective programming of DBS devices is considered the most important factor Edited by: Matteo Bologna, for the individual outcome after DBS. Programming of the implanted pulse generator Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (IPG) is the only modifiable factor once DBS leads have been implanted and it becomes Reviewed by: even more relevant in cases in which the electrodes are located at the border of Angel Sesar, the intended target structure and when side effects become challenging. At present, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Spain adjusting stimulation parameters depends to a large extent on personal experience. Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora, -
The Language Connectome: New Pathways, New Concepts
NROXXX10.1177/1073858413513502The NeuroscientistDick and others 513502research-article2013 Review The Neuroscientist 2014, Vol. 20(5) 453 –467 The Language Connectome: New © The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Pathways, New Concepts DOI: 10.1177/1073858413513502 nro.sagepub.com Anthony Steven Dick1, Byron Bernal2, and Pascale Tremblay3 Abstract The field of the neurobiology of language is experiencing a paradigm shift in which the predominant Broca–Wernicke– Geschwind language model is being revised in favor of models that acknowledge that language is processed within a distributed cortical and subcortical system. While it is important to identify the brain regions that are part of this system, it is equally important to establish the anatomical connectivity supporting their functional interactions. The most promising framework moving forward is one in which language is processed via two interacting “streams”—a dorsal and ventral stream—anchored by long association fiber pathways, namely the superior longitudinal fasciculus/ arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and two less well-established pathways, the middle longitudinal fasciculus and extreme capsule. In this article, we review the most up-to-date literature on the anatomical connectivity and function of these pathways. We also review and emphasize the importance of the often overlooked cortico-subcortical connectivity for speech via the “motor stream” and associated