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MRI Atlas of the Human Deep Brain Jean-Jacques Lemaire
MRI Atlas of the Human Deep Brain Jean-Jacques Lemaire To cite this version: Jean-Jacques Lemaire. MRI Atlas of the Human Deep Brain. 2019. hal-02116633 HAL Id: hal-02116633 https://hal.uca.fr/hal-02116633 Preprint submitted on 1 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License MRI ATLAS of the HUMAN DEEP BRAIN Jean-Jacques Lemaire, MD, PhD, neurosurgeon, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA, France This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Terminologia Foundational Model Terminologia MRI Deep Brain Atlas NeuroNames (ID) neuroanatomica usages, classical and french terminologies of Anatomy (ID) Anatomica 1998 (ID) 2017 http://fipat.library.dal.ca In -
Auditory and Visual System White Matter Is Differentially Impacted by Normative Aging in Macaques
The Journal of Neuroscience, November 11, 2020 • 40(46):8913–8923 • 8913 Behavioral/Cognitive Auditory and Visual System White Matter Is Differentially Impacted by Normative Aging in Macaques Daniel T. Gray,1,2 Nicole M. De La Peña,1,2 Lavanya Umapathy,3 Sara N. Burke,4 James R. Engle,1,2 Theodore P. Trouard,2,5 and Carol A. Barnes1,2,6 1Division of Neural System, Memory and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, 2Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, 3Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, 4Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32609, 5Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, and 6Departments of Psychology, Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724 Deficits in auditory and visual processing are commonly encountered by older individuals. In addition to the relatively well described age-associated pathologies that reduce sensory processing at the level of the cochlea and eye, multiple changes occur along the ascending auditory and visual pathways that further reduce sensory function in each domain. One fundamen- tal question that remains to be directly addressed is whether the structure and function of the central auditory and visual systems follow similar trajectories across the lifespan or sustain the impacts of brain aging independently. The present study used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological assessments of auditory and visual system function in adult and aged macaques to better understand how age-related changes in white matter connectivity at multiple levels of each sensory system might impact auditory and visual function. -
ON-LINE FIG 1. Selected Images of the Caudal Midbrain (Upper Row
ON-LINE FIG 1. Selected images of the caudal midbrain (upper row) and middle pons (lower row) from 4 of 13 total postmortem brains illustrate excellent anatomic contrast reproducibility across individual datasets. Subtle variations are present. Note differences in the shape of cerebral peduncles (24), decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles (25), and spinothalamic tract (12) in the midbrain of subject D (top right). These can be attributed to individual anatomic variation, some mild distortion of the brain stem during procurement at postmortem examination, and/or differences in the axial imaging plane not easily discernable during its prescription parallel to the anterior/posterior commissure plane. The numbers in parentheses in the on-line legends refer to structures in the On-line Table. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol ●:●●2019 www.ajnr.org E1 ON-LINE FIG 3. Demonstration of the dentatorubrothalamic tract within the superior cerebellar peduncle (asterisk) and rostral brain stem. A, Axial caudal midbrain image angled 10° anterosuperior to posteroinferior relative to the ACPC plane demonstrates the tract traveling the midbrain to reach the decussation (25). B, Coronal oblique image that is perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocam- pus (structure not shown) at the level of the ventral superior cerebel- lar decussation shows a component of the dentatorubrothalamic tract arising from the cerebellar dentate nucleus (63), ascending via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the decussation (25), and then enveloping the contralateral red nucleus (3). C, Parasagittal image shows the relatively long anteroposterior dimension of this tract, which becomes less compact and distinct as it ascends toward the thalamus. ON-LINE FIG 2. -
XTRACT - Standardised Protocols for Automated Tractography in the Human and Macaque Brain”
Supplementary Materials for “XTRACT - Standardised protocols for automated tractography in the human and macaque brain” Warrington S1, Bryant KL2,3, Khrapitchev AA4, Sallet J5, Charquero-Ballester M6, Douaud G3, Jbabdi S3*, Mars RB2,3*, Sotiropoulos SN1,3,7* 1Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK 2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, & Behaviour, Radboud University NiJmegen, NiJmegen, Netherlands 3FMRIB, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 4CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK 5Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging - Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK 6Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK 7National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK *Equal contribution Corresponding author: Stamatios Sotiropoulos ([email protected]) Thiebaut de Wakana1 Catani2 Hua3 Zhang4 Yendiki6 de Groot7 Wassermann8 Tract Schotten5 (N=4) (N=12) (N=28) (N=10) (N=67) (N=60) (N=97) (N=40) Acoustic Radiation P Anterior Commissure P P Anterior Thalamic P P P P P Radiation P (Arcuate and Arcuate Fasciculus P anterior, long P and posterior segments) Cingulum subsection: P P P P P Dorsal Cingulum subsection: P P P P P P P P Peri-genual Cingulum subsection: Temporal P (Rostrum, rostral Corpus Collosum -
Focused Ultrasound for Noninvasive, Focal Pharmacologic Neurointervention
fnins-14-00675 July 14, 2020 Time: 17:3 # 1 REVIEW published: 14 July 2020 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00675 Focused Ultrasound for Noninvasive, Focal Pharmacologic Neurointervention Jeffrey B. Wang†, Tommaso Di Ianni†, Daivik B. Vyas, Zhenbo Huang, Sunmee Park, Niloufar Hosseini-Nassab, Muna Aryal and Raag D. Airan* Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States A long-standing goal of translational neuroscience is the ability to noninvasively deliver therapeutic agents to specific brain regions with high spatiotemporal resolution. Focused ultrasound (FUS) is an emerging technology that can noninvasively deliver energy up the order of 1 kW/cm2 with millimeter and millisecond resolution to any point in the human brain with Food and Drug Administration-approved hardware. Although Edited by: FUS is clinically utilized primarily for focal ablation in conditions such as essential tremor, Victor Frenkel, recent breakthroughs have enabled the use of FUS for drug delivery at lower intensities University of Maryland, Baltimore, (i.e., tens of watts per square centimeter) without ablation of the tissue. In this review, we United States present strategies for image-guided FUS-mediated pharmacologic neurointerventions. Reviewed by: Vassiliy Tsytsarev, First, we discuss blood–brain barrier opening to deliver therapeutic agents of a variety University of Maryland, College Park, of sizes to the central nervous system. We then describe the use of ultrasound-sensitive United States Graeme F. Woodworth, nanoparticles to noninvasively deliver small molecules to millimeter-sized structures University of Maryland, Baltimore, including superficial cortical regions and deep gray matter regions within the brain United States without the need for blood–brain barrier opening. -
Motor Systems Basal Ganglia
Motor systems 409 Basal Ganglia You have just read about the different motor-related cortical areas. Premotor areas are involved in planning, while MI is involved in execution. What you don’t know is that the cortical areas involved in movement control need “help” from other brain circuits in order to smoothly orchestrate motor behaviors. One of these circuits involves a group of structures deep in the brain called the basal ganglia. While their exact motor function is still debated, the basal ganglia clearly regulate movement. Without information from the basal ganglia, the cortex is unable to properly direct motor control, and the deficits seen in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease and related movement disorders become apparent. Let’s start with the anatomy of the basal ganglia. The important “players” are identified in the adjacent figure. The caudate and putamen have similar functions, and we will consider them as one in this discussion. Together the caudate and putamen are called the neostriatum or simply striatum. All input to the basal ganglia circuit comes via the striatum. This input comes mainly from motor cortical areas. Notice that the caudate (L. tail) appears twice in many frontal brain sections. This is because the caudate curves around with the lateral ventricle. The head of the caudate is most anterior. It gives rise to a body whose “tail” extends with the ventricle into the temporal lobe (the “ball” at the end of the tail is the amygdala, whose limbic functions you will learn about later). Medial to the putamen is the globus pallidus (GP). -
Supplementary Materials
Phenotypic and genetic associations between anhedonia and brain structure in UK Biobank Supplementary materials Table of Contents Supplementary Methods Supplementary Results Figures S1-S3 Tables S1-S13 Supplementary References Supplementary methods MRI preprocessing The T1-weighted volumes were pre-processed and analysed with the FMRIB Software Library (FSL) (http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl). Following removal of face area, gradient distortion correction, the brain was non-linearly warped to the MNI152 "nonlinear 6th generation" standard-space T1-weighted volume template, and the brain area of the images was then extracted for segmentation. Firstly, a tissue-type segmentation using FAST (FMRIB's Automated Segmentation Tool) was applied to extract cerebrospinal fluid, grey matter and white matter; then subcortical structures are extracted using FIRST (FMRIB's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool) and the volumes of thalamus, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, caudate, amygdala and accumbens were calculated for further analysis (https://biobank.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/crystal/crystal/docs/brain_mri.pdf). Furthermore, the T1 images were also processed with FreeSurfer (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/). The technical details are described in previous publications 1,2. Briefly, the processing stream includes motion correction and averaging, removal of non-brain tissue, automated Talairach transformation, intensity normalisation, white matter segmentation, cortical surface reconstruction and parcellation. Cortical thickness was computed in FreeSurfer by calculating the closest distance from the gray/white matter boundary and the gray/CSF boundary at each vertex on the tessellated surface. Researchers compared four parcellation protocols implemented in FreeSurfer and recommended using Desikan- Killiany-Tourville (DKT) protocol approach to derive grey matter thickness 3. -
Diencephalon Diencephalon
Diencephalon Diencephalon • Thalamus dorsal thalamus • Hypothalamus pituitary gland • Epithalamus habenular nucleus and commissure pineal gland • Subthalamus ventral thalamus subthalamic nucleus (STN) field of Forel Diencephalon dorsal surface Diencephalon ventral surface Diencephalon Medial Surface THALAMUS Function of the Thalamus • Sensory relay – ALL sensory information (except smell) • Motor integration – Input from cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia • Arousal – Part of reticular activating system • Pain modulation – All nociceptive information • Memory & behavior – Lesions are disruptive Classification of Thalamic Nuclei I. Lateral Nuclear Group II. Medial Nuclear Group III. Anterior Nuclear Group IV. Posterior Nuclear Group V. Metathalamic Nuclear Group VI. Intralaminar Nuclear Group VII. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Classification of Thalamic Nuclei LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP Ventral Nuclear Group Ventral Posterior Nucleus (VP) ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) Input to the Thalamus Sensory relay - Ventral posterior group all sensation from body and head, including pain Projections from the Thalamus Sensory relay Ventral posterior group all sensation from body and head, including pain LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP Ventral Lateral Nucleus Ventral Anterior Nucleus Input to the Thalamus Motor control and integration Projections from the Thalamus Motor control and integration LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP Prefrontal SMA MI, PM SI Ventral Nuclear Group SNr TTT GPi Cbll ML, STT Lateral Dorsal Nuclear Group Lateral -
Radiation Force As a Physical Mechanism for Ultrasonic Neurostimulation of the Ex Vivo Retina
This Accepted Manuscript has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. A link to any extended data will be provided when the final version is posted online. Research Articles: Systems/Circuits Radiation force as a physical mechanism for ultrasonic neurostimulation of the ex vivo retina Mike D. Menz1, Patrick Ye2, Kamyar Firouzi3, Amin Nikoozadeh3, Kim Butts Pauly4, Pierre Khuri-Yakub5 and Stephen A. Baccus1 1Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 2Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 3E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 4Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 5Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2394-18.2019 Received: 17 September 2018 Revised: 23 May 2019 Accepted: 30 May 2019 Published: 13 June 2019 Author contributions: M.D.M., P.Y., A.N., K.P., P.T.K.-Y., and S.A.B. designed research; M.D.M., P.Y., and A.N. performed research; M.D.M. and K.F. analyzed data; M.D.M. wrote the first draft of the paper; M.D.M. and S.A.B. edited the paper; M.D.M. and S.A.B. wrote the paper. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. This work was supported by a grant from the NIBIB and the Stanford Neurosciences Institute. We thank M. Maduke, M. Prieto, J. Kubanek, D. Palanker and J. Brown for helpful discussions. Corresponding and Submitting author: Mike D. -
A Review on Ultrasonic Neuromodulation of the Peripheral Nervous System: Enhanced Or Suppressed Activities?
applied sciences Review A Review on Ultrasonic Neuromodulation of the Peripheral Nervous System: Enhanced or Suppressed Activities? Bin Feng * , Longtu Chen and Sheikh J. Ilham Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (S.J.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-860-486-6435 Received: 14 March 2019; Accepted: 9 April 2019; Published: 19 April 2019 Featured Application: The current review summarizes our recent knowledge of ultrasonic neuromodulation of peripheral nerve endings, axons, and somata in the dorsal root ganglion. This review indicates that focused ultrasound application at intermediate intensity can be a non-thermal and reversible neuromodulatory means for targeting the peripheral nervous system to manage neurological disorders. Abstract: Ultrasonic (US) neuromodulation has emerged as a promising therapeutic means by delivering focused energy deep into the nervous tissue. Low-intensity ultrasound (US) directly activates and/or inhibits neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). US neuromodulation of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is less developed and rarely used clinically. The literature on the neuromodulatory effects of US on the PNS is controversial, with some studies documenting enhanced neural activities, some showing suppressed activities, and others reporting mixed effects. US, with different ranges of intensity and strength, is likely to generate distinct physical effects in the stimulated neuronal tissues, which underlies different experimental outcomes in the literature. In this review, we summarize all the major reports that document the effects of US on peripheral nerve endings, axons, and/or somata in the dorsal root ganglion. In particular, we thoroughly discuss the potential impacts of the following key parameters on the study outcomes of PNS neuromodulation by US: frequency, pulse repetition frequency, duty cycle, intensity, metrics for peripheral neural activities, and type of biological preparations used in the studies. -
Basal Ganglia 519 Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia 519 Basal Ganglia You have just read about the different motor-related cortical areas. Premotor areas are involved in planning, while MI is involved in execution; corticospinal fibers from MI target LMNs. What you don’t know is that the cortical areas involved in movement control need some “help” from the basal ganglia in order to smoothly orchestrate motor behaviors. Without the information from the basal ganglia, the cortex is unable to properly direct motor control, and the deficits seen in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease and other movement disorders become apparent. The adjacent drawings show level 16 of our series of brain sections. Some of the important “players” can be seen. They are the caudate nucleus and the putamen nucleus. Together they are called the neostriatum or simply striatum. Next to the putamen is the globus pallidus, and it can be seen to have two parts, a lateral (external or outer) segment and a medial (internal or inner) segment. The putamen and globus pallidus, which lie adjacent to each other, are called the lenticular nucleus. Finally, the striatum and the globus pallidus are called the corpus striatum. You can also see a nice thick fiber bundle associated with the globus pallidus called the ansa lenticularis. This fasciculus passes under (ventral) the posterior limb of the internal capsule. While not apparent in this section, the ansa lenticularis then heads dorsally to reach the motor thalamic nuclei (VA/ VL). The ansa arises from cells of the inner segment of the globus pallidus and terminates in the ipsilateral VA/VL. -
Diffusion-Based Tractography Atlas of the Human Acoustic Radiation
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Difusion-based tractography atlas of the human acoustic radiation Chiara Mafei1,2, Silvio Sarubbo3 & Jorge Jovicich 2,4 Difusion MRI tractography allows in-vivo characterization of white matter architecture, including Received: 5 October 2018 the localization and description of brain fbre bundles. However, some primary bundles are still only Accepted: 8 February 2019 partially reconstructed, or not reconstructed at all. The acoustic radiation (AR) represents a primary Published: xx xx xxxx sensory pathway that has been largely omitted in many tractography studies because its location and anatomical features make it challenging to reconstruct. In this study, we investigated the efects of acquisition and tractography parameters on the AR reconstruction using publicly available Human Connectome Project data. The aims of this study are: (i) using a subgroup of subjects and a reference AR for each subject, defne an optimum set of parameters for AR reconstruction, and (ii) use the optimum parameters set on the full group to build a tractography-based atlas of the AR. Starting from the same data, the use of diferent acquisition and tractography parameters lead to very diferent AR reconstructions. Optimal results in terms of topographical accuracy and correspondence to the reference were obtained for probabilistic tractography, high b-values and default tractography parameters: these parameters were used to build an AR probabilistic tractography atlas. A signifcant left-hemispheric lateralization was found in the AR reconstruction of the 34 subjects. Difusion-based MRI tractography allows in-vivo and non-invasive characterization of white matter architecture of the human brain. Since the introduction of the difusion MRI tensor model1, one of its major applications has been the localization and description of white matter fbre bundles in the brain2,3.