Child Poverty and Disparities in Mozambique 2010
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CHAPTERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 PREVIOUS HOME CONTENTS NEXT PRINT CHILD POVERTY AND DISPARITIES IN MOZAMBIQUE 2010 FACEBOOK TWITTER YOUTUBE United Nations Mozambique ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The 2010 Study on Child Poverty and Committee composed of Government (MPD, Disparities in Mozambique is a joint MISAU, MINED, MMAS, MINJUS, INE and undertaking of the United Nations in CNCS); Civil Society (Fórum Mulher, FDC, Mozambique. Many organisations and Save the Children Alliance, Rede da Criança individuals contributed throughout the and Grupo 20); Bi-lateral and Multi-lateral process of researching and writing this Organisations (DfID, World Bank and Swiss report. While they are too numerous to all be Embassy) and United Nations (UNAIDS and mentioned individually, we are grateful for UNICEF). their fierce commitment and dedication to the children of Mozambique. For their useful comments and inputs, a special thanks are due to the following The main responsibility for coordination individuals: Carlo Azzari (World Bank), and drafting of the report fell with the team Gabriel Dava (UNDP), Baiba Gaile (UNDP), at the Social Policy, Planning, Information Isabel Kreisler (UNDP), Pierre Martel, Wim and Monitoring (SPPIM) Section within the Ulens (EU), Bridget Walker (Irish Aid), Karin UNICEF Mozambique Country Office. The Metell (Swedish Embassy), Antonio Nucifora research was carried out by Brendan Kelly, (World Bank) and Zainul Sajan Virgi (McGill in close collaboration with the sections of University). the UNICEF Mozambique Country Office that prepared the preliminary background papers For her leadership and vision through the for the thematic chapters of the report. development of the report, special thanks are also due to Leila Gharagozloo-Pakkala, The report has benefited immensely from who served as Representative of the UNICEF the generous contributions and intellectual Mozambique Country Office during critical guidance of a multi-sectoral Steering stages of this study’s preparation. Permission to reproduce any part of this publication is not required, except for commercial pruposes. Acknowledgement of source requested. © UNICEF, Maputo, Mozambique, 2011 Foreword The 2010 Study on Child Poverty and This does not mean that no progress has Disparities in Mozambique provides an been observed over recent years. Absolute opportunity to take stock of the progress poverty, measured by deprivation of basic made towards the realisation of the rights of needs and services, has fallen significantly the country’s ten million children since the in Mozambique, with more children having 2006 Childhood Poverty Study: A Situation access to essential services such as health and Trends Analysis, and to assess the and education, as a direct result of the immense challenges that remain for the Government’s dedication to increasing coming years. access to essential services. The importance of education cannot be overstated, as an The Government of Mozambique has shown educated mother is a key determinant in the its commitment to the realisation of the health and welfare of her children. Eliminating rights of all Mozambican children by ratifying geographic disparity is equally vital, as the the Convention on the Rights of the Child children of central and northern provinces, in 1994. The rights and needs of children such as Zambezia, are being left behind with are distinctive from those of adults, in that lower budget allocations and an equivalent poverty and deprivation faced as a child have lack of access to the very services they need life-long impacts on health, productivity and to catch up to their peers in the south. the ability to raise a family and live a happy life. This means that investment is needed There are only four years left until the today to ensure a productive, healthy and target year of the Millennium Development fulfilled next generation of Mozambicans. Goals (MDG), 2015. While it is becoming increasingly evident that Mozambique is Poverty in Mozambique has stagnated over unlikely to achieve all of these goals, the the past six years. More than half of the upcoming four years are an opportunity to population continue to live on less than 50 scale up interventions to reduce the burden cents a day, a number that includes more caused by poverty, hunger, child mortality, children than adults. A staggering number of gender inequality and diseases that too many children are stunted – suffering from chronic children continue to face. Each MDG target malnutrition – the effects of which cannot that is obtained will be due to the concerted, be reversed. The number of children with collaborative efforts of the Government access to safe water is declining and even of Mozambique, the UN family, the donor fewer have access to safe sanitation. These community, civil society and the people of gaps in children’s basic needs make it all the Mozambique. easier to fall victim to the four leading causes of child mortality: malaria, neonatal causes, Recent years have proven that investments acute respiratory infections, and AIDS. Girls, can be made to better the lives of children orphans, children with disabilities and living in Mozambique. It is now time to redouble in rural areas and the poorest households, these efforts so that each and every are even more vulnerable as they face great Mozambican child can look forward to a inequity of access to already scarce services. long, healthy, happy and fulfilling life. UN Resident Coordinator Jennifer Topping Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................... XIII List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................................... XVII Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................................. XIX Map of Mozambique ....................................................................................................................................................... XXII Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ XXIII CHAPTER 1: POVERTY IN MOZAMBIQUE 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Measuring Poverty .................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Consumption-based poverty ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Deprivations-based poverty ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Comparison of consumption- and deprivations-based poverty ......................................... 14 3. Analysis by deprivation .......................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1. Severe education deprivation ................................................................................................................. 15 3.2. Severe nutrition deprivation .................................................................................................................... 16 3.3. Severe water deprivation .......................................................................................................................... 17 3.4. Severe sanitation deprivation ................................................................................................................. 18 3.5. Severe health deprivation ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.6. Severe shelter deprivation ........................................................................................................................ 19 3.7. Severe information deprivation ............................................................................................................. 20 4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................... 21 References .............................................................................................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 2: THE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 27 2. Transition to peace, democracy and market economy ......................................................................... 28 2.1. Demographic trends ..................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2. Economic growth and macroeconomic stability ......................................................................... 29 2.3. Millennium Development Goals ...........................................................................................................