TRILHAS E TRAMAS Mestrado Luciane Silva

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TRILHAS E TRAMAS Mestrado Luciane Silva LUCIANE DA SILVA Trilhas e tramas: Percursos insuspeitos dos tecidos industrializados do continente africano A experiência da África oriental Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social Campinas Dezembro/2008 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DO IFCH - UICAMP Silva, Luciane da Si38t Trilhas e tramas: percursos insuspeitos dos tecidos industrializados do continente africano: a experiência da África Oriental / Luciane da Silva. - - Campinas, SP : [s. n.], 2008. Orientador: Omar Ribeiro Thomaz. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciênci as Humanas. 1. Cultura material – África. 2. Tecidos. 3. Identidade. 4. Tradição. 5. Modernidade. I. Thomaz, Omar Ribeiro. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III.Título. (cn\ifch) Título em inglês: Tracks and wefts: unsuspected paths of the industrialized textiles on the African continent: the East African experience Palavras chaves em inglês (keywords): Material Culture – African Textiles Identity Tradition Modernit Área de Concentração: Antropologia Social Titulação: Mestre em Antropologia Social Banca examinadora: Omar Ribeiro Thomaz, Silvana Barbosa Rubino, Acácio Sidinei Almeida Santos Data da defesa: 12-12-2008 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Antropologia Social Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social ii LUCIANE DA SILVA Trilhas e Tramas Percursos insuspeitos dos tecidos industrializados do continente africano A experiência da África Oriental Dissertação de Mestrado em Antropologia Social apresentada ao Departamento de Antropologia do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Omar Ribeiro Thomaz Este exemplar corresponde à redação final da dissertação defendida e aprovada pela Comissão Julgadora em 12/12/2008. Prof. Dr. Omar Ribeiro Thomaz (Orientador) – DA/IFCH/UNICAMP Prof. Dr. Acácio Sidinei Almeida Santos (DA / PUC-SP) Profa. Dra. Silvana Barbosa Rubino (DH/IFCH / UNICAMP) Profa. Dra. Marta Densie da Rosa Jardim – Suplente (CEBRAP /SP) Profa. Dra. Regina Pollo Muller - Suplente (IA/ UNICAMP) Campinas Dezembro/2008 iii À Alma da dança. À Vera e Luiz, por me ensinarem o valor e a necessidade da luta. v AGRADECIMETOS Como a palavra falada engendra, cria e tem poder, eis aqui a lembrança, em voz alta, de algumas pessoas que fizeram parte da construção desta conquista: Família Ramos Silva, linda, semeadora de minhas melhores flores; Daniela Moureau, querida, pelo apoio sincero e sereno; Allan, amado, ensinador das positividades e dos encantos da escrita; Equipe Casa das Áfricas, simpatias dos meus dias de labuta bibliográfica; Fabiana Mendes, Vera Cecília, Spensy Pimentel, Silvio Diogo, Allix Thompson, Mateus Subverso pelo cuidado e contribuições; Ao Omar Ribeiro Thomaz, orientador carinhoso; Ao Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq), pela concessão 14 meses de bolsa. À tod@s que mentalizaram positivamente esta pequena vitória. vi RESUMO Partindo da premissa de que o uso dos tecidos constitui-se em forma complexa de comunicação sócio cultural, esta dissertação intenta, por meio da cultura material, refletida no tema t ecidos industrializados , levantar evidências teóricas que nos levem a perceber de que maneira os panos podem revelar processos que implicam na construção de identidades das populações africanas. O entendimento dos simbolismos das formas materiais é fundamental para a interpretação das culturas. A percepção do efeito do mundo material nas interações sociais nos leva a captar evidências e entrelinhas de relações e criações, trazendo à tona formas de pertencimento desencadeadas pelos usos específicos dos objetos. Na intersecção da África com contextos transnacionais os tecidos atuam como articuladores das percepções de gênero, geração, etnicidade, filiação política e nacional. A realidade do uso dos têxteis em África é algo peculiar. No vestuário especificamente, o pano que cobre o corpo é também palavra, portador de mensagens sociais. Ao contextualizarmos os tecidos às organizações sociais específicas e compreendê-los dentro de processos de interação, percebemos formas inusitadas de diálogos e embates com as realidades sócio culturais , provando que a criatividade e a mudança são partes constitutivas da tradição e que a cultura material é capaz de proporcionar a criação e a re-criação de papéis sociais. vii ABSTRACT Taking part from the premise that the use of textiles constitutes a complex means of sociocultural communication, this dissertation intends, by means of the cultural material reflected in the theme of industrialized textiles, to bring to light theoretical evidence that helps us understand the way in which these cloths can reveal the processes implicated in the construction of identity of African populations.Understanding of the symbolism of the material forms is fundamental for the interpretation of culture. The perception of the effect of the material world on social interactions pushes us to collect both evident and subtle aspects of relations and creations bringing up ways of belonging unlocked by the specific uses of the objects. In the intersection of Africa and transnational contexts, textiles act as articulators of perceptions of gender, generation, ethnicity and national and political affiliation. The reality of the use of textiles in Africa is something peculiar. Specifically in terms of attire, the cloth that covers the body is also word, carrier of social messages. In contextualizing textiles within specific social organizations and understanding them as part of processes of interaction, we perceive surprising forms of dialogue and clashes with sociocultural realities, demonstrating that creativity and change are constitutive parts of tradition, and that material culture is capable of affording the creation and recreation of social roles. viii Sumário INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO I – CULTURA MATERIAL: CAMINHOS TRAÇADOS PELA ANTROPOLOGIA A abordagem da arte sob o olhar antropológico .................................................................... 23 O trato da cultura material africana ..................................................................................... 30 Museus, missionários e expedições .................................................................................... 37 CAPÍTULO II – TECIDOS E CONTEXTOS AFRICANOS Formas de construção de identidades incorporadas no vestir ............................................ 61 A produção de têxteis industriais além África .................................................................... 73 A circulação têxtil que permeia o oceano Índico e as referências à presença indiana .............................................................................................................. 80 Temáticas dos tecidos ......................................................................................................... 86 Nomear e conferir existência .............................................................................................. 94 CAPÍTULO III – USOS EXPLÍCITOS, DISCURSOS SORRATEIROS: APONTAMENTOS SOBRE OS TECIDOS INDUSTRIALIZADOS – O CASO DAS KAGAS E CAPULAAS Kangas ................................................................................................................................ 100 Capulanas ........................................................................................................................... 110 Miradas sobre as capulanas no ritual – o caso do lobolo ...................................................... 116 Miradas sobre as capulanas na literatura – a novela de Luis Polanah .................................. 122 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ................................................................................................... 131 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS .................................................................................. 135 LISTA DE IMAGENS ........................................................................................................ 145 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................................ 146 ix Introdução Identidade impressa O tema identidade é assunto em geral espinhoso nas ciências sociais e, em especial, na antropologia. As identidades de distintas sociedades são elaboradas a partir de processos sociais que visam, em grande medida, a alteridade, o “ser diferente” diante do outro. Essas diferenciações se edificam em contextos culturais variados e emergem das mais diversas maneiras – uma delas, nas manifestações estéticas. O ato de vestir é em si uma forma de diferenciação, maneira direta de expressar estágios da vida, ocupação, status social, diferenciação sexual. A vestimenta empresta-se à expressão da diferença, indicando os domínios em que determinados grupos se encaixam, são ou estão. Longe de constituirem-se em realidades unificadas, seguras e coerentes, as identidades são celebrações móveis formadas e transformadas continuamente em relação às formas pelas quais somos representados ou interpelados nos sistemas culturais que nos rodeiam (Hall, 2005)1. Para muitos povos o corpo é forma de arte, constituindo-se em expressão de valores estéticos, status social e de gênero, por exemplo,
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