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A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany: the Life of Werner Scholem

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A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany: the Life of Werner Scholem A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany Historical Materialism Book Series Editorial Board Sébastien Budgen (Paris) David Broder (Rome) Steve Edwards (London) Juan Grigera (London) Marcel van der Linden (Amsterdam) Peter Thomas (London) volume 141 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hm A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany The Life of Werner Scholem (1895–1940) By Ralf Hoffrogge Translated by Loren Balhorn Jan-Peter Herrmann leiden | boston The translation of this work was funded by the Geisteswissenschaften International – Translation Funding for Humanities and Social Sciences from Germany, a joint initiative of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the German Federal Foreign Office, the collecting society vg wort and the Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels (German Publishers & Booksellers Association). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hoffrogge, Ralf, 1980- author. Title: A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany : the life of Werner Scholem (1895-1940) / by Ralf Hoffrogge ; translated by Loren Balhorn, Jan-Peter Herrmann. Other titles: Werner Scholem. English Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2017] | Series: Historical materialism book series ; Vol. 141 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: lccn 2017016728 (print) | lccn 2017019364 (ebook) | isbn 9789004337268 (e-book) | isbn 9789004309524 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: lcsh: Scholem, Werner, 1895-1940. | Jews–Germany–Biography. | Jewish communists–Germany–Biography. | Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)–Germany. | Buchenwald (Concentration camp)–Biography. Classification: lcc ds134.42.s374 (ebook) | lcc ds134.42.s374 h6413 2017 (print) | ddc 940.53/18092 [b] –dc23 lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017016728 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1570-1522 isbn 978-90-04-30952-4 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-33726-8 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Illustrations ix List of Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 1 Adolescent Years (1895–1914) 9 The Scholems: A German Family 9 Four Distinct Brothers 23 Rebellion(s): From Zionism to Socialism 37 2 World War and Revolution (1914–18) 43 War and Socialism in Hanover 43 A Red in Field Grey: Werner Scholem on the Eastern Front 69 Hospital Reflections, 1916 86 Lèse-majesté: A Soldier’s Day in Court 114 Werner and Emmy Scholem: A Mésalliance 134 All Quiet on the Western Front: Werner Misses the Revolution 140 3 A Rebel at the Editing Desk, a Rebel in Parliament (1919–24) 163 Independent Social Democracy and More: Werner Scholem as Agitator in the uspd 164 Journalism and Judiciary: Werner Scholem as Editor of the Rote Fahne 203 Reform or Revolution? A Parliamentarian in the Prussian Landtag 240 Scholem as School Reformer 247 Anti-Semitism and the Ostjuden Debate 258 A Reluctant Republican? Fighting Right-Wing Terror and Fascism 272 The Philosophy of History in the Landtag 281 Inflation, Crisis and Radicalisation 285 Reform or Revolution: Scholem’s Answer 289 4 Communism: Utopia and Apparatus (1921–6) 295 The Berlin Opposition (1921–3) 297 National Revolution on the Ruhr? Scholem and Schlageter in the Summer of 1923 313 vi contents From the Battle of the Ruhr to the ‘German October’ of 1923: New Conflicts in the kpd 317 Reaching for Power: Scholem and His Comrades Take Over the kpd 326 The Power of the Apparatus: Werner Scholem Organises the kpd 338 The Apparatus Strikes Back: The Left Opposition on the Defensive 360 Scholem Versus Stalin: A Question of Democracy? 383 5 A Reluctant Defector: Werner Scholem as Dissident (1926–8) 401 A Left Communist in the Reichstag 402 The Lenin League: Werner Scholem Founds a Party 414 6 Back to the Lecture Hall: Family and University Life in Berlin 434 ‘At Home with Communists’: Emmy and Werner in Private 434 Life as a Lawyer 456 7 The Triumph of Barbarism (1933–40) 466 The Arrest 466 Separate Paths: A Family Falls Apart 473 Espionage and Intrigue: Werner Scholem as a Literary Figure 494 The Hammerstein Case: Fiction and Reality 509 From the Supreme Court to the ‘People’s Court’: Scholem’s Last Trial 528 A Stolen Life: Plötzensee, Lichtenburg, Dachau 534 Murder in the Quarry 561 8 Remembering Werner Scholem 580 Appendices 1 Chronology of Werner Scholem’s life 597 2 List of Werner Scholem’s Places of Detention, 1917–40 599 3 Selected Articles and Publications by Werner Scholem 601 Bibliography 603 Sources 603 Literature 609 Archives 628 Index 631 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank Professor Mario Keßler and Professor Michael Buckmiller for their support and assistance in completing this book, which began as my dissertation at the University of Potsdam, and for the many years they have accompanied my research on this topic. Numerous other col- leagues were of course also very helpful and supportive at different points. They include the late Hermann Weber, Ottokar Luban (Berlin), Andreas Herbst (German Resistance Memorial Center), Valerij Fomichev (Moscow), the late Herbert Mißlitz, Itta Shedletzky (Jerusalem), Moshe Zuckerman (Tel Aviv) and Harry Stein (Buchenwald Memorial Foundation), all of whom provided numer- ous suggestions, ideas and sources which would have otherwise remained bur- ied. I would also like to sincerely thank Doris Mall, Michael Hewener, Marcel Bois, Katharina Kaps, Tom Jennissen, Nina Knirsch, and all of my friends at reflect for their ideas and corrections to the German manuscript, as well as for their moral support. I also owe much to Uta Preimesser, editor of the history series at uvk Publishers, who invested her time and energy to edit the German manuscript of this biography. Furthermore, I owe many thanks to the staffs at all of the archives listed in the appendix for providing me with access to source materials and assisting me with both kindness and expertise. These include in particular the Federal Archive in Berlin [Bundesarchiv], the National Library of Jerusalem, and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (rgaspi) in Moscow, as well as the University Library of the Freie Universität Berlin. Invaluable help came in the form of the personal recollections of Susanna Capon, Renee Goddard and Hanno Fry as well as Eva Nickel, Muki Tsur and Walter Laqueur, who shared their memories of Werner Scholem and his family with me. I am deeply grateful to those who had personally been friends or at least acquainted with Gershom, Emmy and Werner Scholem for their unique impressions as well as the courage and trust to share them with me. This work hardly would have been possible without the postgraduate fund- ing provided by the State of Brandenburg for my stipend at the University of Potsdam. I would also like to thank the staff of both the University of Potsdam and the Centre for Contemporary History Potsdam for their support in numer- ous aspects both material and immaterial. I am especially grateful to the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation for the doctoral scholarship that made this research possible in the first place. I would also like to thank Loren Balhorn and Jan-Peter Herrmann for taking on the difficult task of translating this book into English, and Loren in particu- viii acknowledgements lar for initiating the process. The English edition of this book would have been impossible if not for the ‘Geisteswissenschaften International’ funding awar- ded by the Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels. List of Illustrations 1 Betty Scholem, 1896. Courtesy of The National Library of Israel (Gershom Scholem Archive) 13 2 Arthur Scholem, date unknown. Courtesy of the National Library of Israel (Gershom Scholem Archive) 13 3 Friedrichsgracht, Berlin, 1909. Wikimedia Commons 14 4 Reinhold, Erich, Werner and Gerhard Scholem, Berlin 1903. Courtesy of the National Library of Israel (Gershom Scholem Archive) 16 5 Werner and nanny Mimi, 1896. Private archive Renee Goddard 18 6 Samson School, Wolfenbüttel, 1895. Schul-Nachrichten, Samsonschule 31 7 Ernst Jünger in uniform, 1922. Wikimedia Commons 35 8 Emmy Wiechelt, Hannover 1912. Private archive Renee Goddard 59 9 ‘Day trip of the functionaries of the Southern Group of the Berlin Socialist Workers’ Youth to Tegel in spring 1913’. Private archive Renee Goddard 65 10 Werner Scholem in uniform, 1915. Private archive Renee Goddard 70 11 Reinhold Scholem in uniform, 1913. Private archive Renee Goddard 70 12 ‘Rinke, i, Corp. Hoffmann, Lt. Blut’, around 1915. Private archive Renee Goddard 72 13 ‘Curves of the spirit’ – Werner to Gershom Scholem, 19 June 1916. Courtesy of the National Library of Israel (Gershom Scholem Archive) 83 14 Municipal gymnasium in Berlin Prinzenstraße, converted into a hospital during World War i. Landessportbund Berlin 87 15 ‘Karl Liebknecht 1915’. Private archive Renee Goddard 97 16 ‘Karlsgarten’ restaurant in Berlin-Neukölln, around 1905. Collection Ralf Hoffrogge 100 17 ‘May Day demonstration in Halle Volkspark 1917’. Private archive Renee Goddard 119 18 ‘l.m.k. 1301’. Private archive Renee Goddard 153 19 uspd party conference in Halle, October 1920. Bundesarchiv – BArch Bild y 1–49 198 20 Wanted notice for Werner Scholem, 1921. Journal ‘Der Preußische Schutzpolizist’ 219 21 ‘Moscow Conference, January 1924’. Private archive Renee Goddard 333 22 ‘Baby Werner Scholem receives his intellectual nourishment from Mother Moscow’, Newspaper ‘Vorwärts’, 5 April 1924 351 23 Nazi Party campaign poster, November 1924.
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