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© 2017 Benjamin W. Comshaw-Arnold All Rights Reserved © 2017 BENJAMIN W. COMSHAW-ARNOLD ALL RIGHTS RESERVED MEMORIES OF A CONQUEST THE NORMAN CONQUEST IN TWELFTH-CENTURY MEMORY A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Benjamin W. Comshaw-Arnold August, 2017 MEMORIES OF A CONQUEST THE NORMAN CONQUEST IN TWELFTH-CENTURY MEMORY Benjamin W. Comshaw-Arnold Thesis Approved: Accepted: _______________________________ _______________________________ Advisor Dean of the College Dr. Constance Bouchard Dr. John Green _______________________________ _______________________________ Co-Advisor or Faculty Reader Interim Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Michael Graham Dr. Chand Midha _______________________________ _______________________________ Department Chair or School Director Date Dr. Martin Wainwright ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge my intellectual debts to those whose comments, guidance, support, and critiques made this thesis possible. First, I would like to thank Dr. Gina Martino for her insight regarding the perceptions of ethnicity by the subjects of this study. Next, I would like to thank Dr. Michael Graham for his guidance and critiques, which helped me organize my research and strengthen my argument. Last, I would like to thank Dr. Constance Brittain Bouchard for her continual guidance, critiques, and advice over the last two years. Her support and tutelage were necessary for any academic success I may claim, and for that I will always be in her debt. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………...1 II. HISTORIOGRAPHY …………….................................................................................8 Memory Studies ……..….……………………..….………………………………8 The Norman Conquest ….……………………..….…………………………..…10 Twelfth-Century Authors ……………………..….……………………………...18 III. MEMORIES ……………... ………………………………………………………... 27 Patterns ………………………………………………………………………….. 27 William of Jumièges ……………………………………………………………. 29 William of Poitiers ………………………………………………………..……..42 Eadmer of Canterbury .………………………………………………………….. 51 Simeon of Durham …..………………………………………………………….. 59 Orderic Vitalis ……….………………………………………………………….. 73 Henry of Huntingdon ..………………………………………………………….. 82 William of Malmesbury ..……………………………………………………….. 95 John of Worcester ……...………………………………………………………106 William of Newburgh .………………………………………………………....115 IV. CONCLUSION …..….……………………………………………….…………….122 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……….……………………………………………………………..127 iv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Norman Conquest of England (1066) was a common historic topic for twelfth-century authors, who recorded the past as they wanted it to be remembered in gestae. As a genre of historic writing, the gesta allows authors to alter the presentation of the past in order to reshape history in a way that fit their generational needs. The focus of this study is a sampling of the gestae of the long twelfth century (in this case roughly 1050-1200), which includes works by such Norman, English, and Anglo-Norman authors as William of Jumièges (c. 1000-1070), William of Poitiers (c. 1020-1090), Eadmer of Canterbury (c. 1060-1126), Simeon of Durham (c. 1060-1129), Orderic Vitalis (c. 1075- 1142), Henry of Huntingdon (c. 1088-1157), William of Malmesbury (c. 1095-1143), John of Worcester (d. 1140), and William of Newburgh (c. 1136-1198).1 Although other historians often cite these authors for historic information, the present study is concerned with the twelfth century and the authors themselves rather than the accuracy of their narrative. The differences in their portrayals of the past provide insight into what each 1 Many of these sources, as they appear in print, have translations juxtaposed to the original Latin transcription. When this is the case, I focus solely on the Latin text. In addition, for consistency, I use modern equivalents for names and places unless such is not available, in which case I use names as they appear in the Latin text, in italics. 1 deemed important as well as how they viewed their own place in Anglo-Norman history. Many of the twelfth century authors provide different portrayals of the Conquest, despite their use of common sources, such as William of Jumièges’ Gesta Normannorum Ducum. The differences, often in the form of omissions and augmentations, provide insight into what these writers considered significant to preserve in memory and reflect their views on society as well as identity. Each author of this study presents the Norman Conquest and the surrounding history in a slightly different manner, which is typical for the genre of gesta writing. The differences in depictions provide insight into what each deemed important to commit to historic memory and served a greater purpose for contemporary audiences. These changes are significant in the lessons that each author wanted to teach his audience. In addition, they also reveal many of the factors that inform each author’s identity and understanding of ethnicity. Although gestae usually manipulate history to influence contemporary thought or behavior, the unique approach that each gesta author of this study takes to his portrayal of various historic characters reveals aspects of his own worldview and suggests a trend in how English ethnicity was perceived. William of Jumièges, who lived as a monk in Normandy during the Norman Conquest, is the first author of this study to commit the Conquest to historic memory. His Gesta Normannorum Ducum was primarily intended to provide a justification for Duke William II (c. 1028-1087) as Duke of the Normans, although the Norman Conquest created a need for his justification to also extend to William’s right to be king. Later, Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Toringi (c. 1110-1186) edited copies of this gesta. Orderic’s sections reiterated the points of his own book, the Historia Ecclesiastica, and 2 Robert’s additions reflect his perspective of ethnicity that is common among other later twelfth century authors. The Gesta Normannorum Ducum reveals William of Jumièges’ identity as one who favored the Norman people and suggests that God did as well. This gesta is useful for understanding how William wanted his reader to remember the Conquest and how he framed his identity as a Christian Norman. Another Norman monk, William of Poitiers, who was a contemporary to William of Jumièges, wrote the second major gesta of this study. His Gesta Guillelmi tells the story of Duke William II’s experiences during the Conquest and reign. William’s writing reveals aspects of his identity, as his depictions of King William I suggests that the Normans were a unique people who had God’s support. When considered simultaneously, the writings of William of Jumièges and William of Poitiers suggest a trend in regard to how they view ethnicity. Christianity serves as a means by which William of Poitiers justifies his interpretation of the greatness of ethnic Normans. Eadmer of Canterbury was an English monk who was born just before the Conquest. His Historia Novorum in Anglia commits his perspective of the Normans and English to historic memory. In a manner similar to that of the previous two authors, Eadmer places a great significance on ethnicity in his writing. Eadmer, unlikeWilliam of Jumièges and William of Poitiers, creates a positive image of the English in history. Christianity provides a lens through which Eadmer understands and rationalizes history. He defends his perception of the greatness of Anglo-Saxons against an image of wicked Normans, whose reign in England he attributes to the sins of the English. Simeon of Durham, an English monk, wrote both a history of his church, the Libellus de Exordio Atque Procursu Istius, Hoc Est Dunhelmensis Ecclesie, and a more 3 general history, his Historia Regum. In both books, his language and tone reveal his preference for English heritage. He uses Christianity to explain why the Conquest could happen, as a response to English sins, and how the Normans were not successful in killing all the English after King William I was crowned. Although Christianity appears to be the most important aspect of his identity through his writing, his preferential treatment of many characters in English history suggest a strong identification with the English as an ethnic group. He depicts King William I and the Normans as villains throughout much of his writing, which suggests his strong preference for the English and disdain for the Normans. The way that Simeon wants his audience to remember the Conquest reflects his own identification as an English monk. Orderic Vitalis, a Norman monk of mixed Anglo-Saxon and Norman parentage, presents a different account of the Norman Conquest than Simeon in his Historia Ecclesiastica. His portrayal of the Normans in history is almost exclusively positive, closer mirroring the writing of William of Jumièges than that of Eadmer of Canterbury. Orderic self-identified in his writing as English, although his idea of what it means to be English is different from the previous two authors. To Orderic, to be English is simply to be born in England and have the interests of the English people at heart. This is well represented in the character of King Henry I (c. 1068-1135), who Orderic writes about as if he were an Englishman, despite his clear Norman parentage. Orderic’s identity is greatly influenced by Christianity, which affected the way that he presented history in his writing. God plays an active role in Orderic’s writing in favor of those kings who best support the English people and give to churches.
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