Amphibian Resources on the Internet

Michael W. Nolan and Stephen A. Smith

Abstract has been positive, with global industrialization and habitat destruction taking a toll on amphibians. To address the de- The use of amphibians in classrooms and research labora- cline in global amphibian populations, researchers and con- tories has increased, along with a corresponding increase in servationists alike are endeavoring to aid these slippery the amount of information about these animals on the In- cohabitants of our planet and to save them from extinction ternet. This review is intended to aid both novices and ex- (Choinski 1999). perts in the search of such information. The bibliography of This review is provided to benefit those who take inter- Internet resources is organized by discipline and includes est in the many issues surrounding amphibians. This com- general and selected species information, taxonomy, natural pilation should facilitate Internet inquiries about amphibian- history, anatomy and histology, physiology, ontogeny, ge- related materials. It is designed to be an equally useful netics, conservation, toxicology, medicine and surgery, resource for all users, ranging from novices to high school sources (for animals, housing, and research tools), listservs, biology teachers to well-seasoned researchers. Neverthe- databases, associations, educational sources, and husbandry. less, it is not intended to be a complete listing of all For each web site, descriptive titles, web addresses, and a amphibian-related Internet resources because the expansive- brief review are provided. Note that the authors of this ness and time-sensitivity of the World Wide Web simply review cannot assure the accuracy of content in these web does not favor the publication of such a document. Instead, resources. this article should be used as a guide for finding information that will aid in preliminary searches and that will provide a Key Words: amphibian; animal model; Anura; Caudata; resource of established organizations that have demon- Gymnophiora; herpetology; Internet resources; veterinary strated interest in furthering knowledge about and/or ensur- medicine ing the appropriate care and use of amphibians.

ince the 1950s, the role that amphibians play in soci- General Information ety has greatly expanded. Captive salamanders and Stadpoles that have fascinated young children for ages AmphibiaTree (National Science Foundation) are now making their way into homes as family pets. In http://texas.amphibiatree.org addition, with the expanded interests of the veterinary com- Information intended to keep visitors abreast of the most munity, these pets are better cared for and live longer than recent amphibian-related research, including published ever before. Similarly, frogs that have filled the soup bowls abstracts and forums for discussion of such materials. of ethnic cuisine for centuries have recently become the Amphibian–Wikipedia focus of cutting-edge scientific research. It is expected that http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian these animals will help unravel the mysteries of human Foundational information regarding the natural his- development. Nevertheless, not all of this earned attention tory, classification, physiology, and conservation of amphibians. Amphibians Michael W. Nolan, B.S., is a graduate student in the Aquatic Medicine http://www.wildanimalsonline.com/amphibians/ Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Vir- A brief overview of amphibian physiology and a list of links ginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Poly- to web pages containing information about selected technic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA. Stephen A. Smith, D.V.M., Ph.D., is a Professor of Aquatic Medicine/Fish Health and Direc- common amphibian species. tor of the Aquatic Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sci- Living Underworld ences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, http://www.livingunderworld.org/ Blacksburg, VA. Links to general information pages for the amphibian orders Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Stephen A. Smith, Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VMRCVM, Vir- ginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Duck Pond Drive, Blacks- The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust—Down the Frog and burg, VA 24061-0442, or email [email protected]. Toad

290 ILAR Journal http://www.wwtlearn.org.uk/index0.html?factfile/ http://www.sdnhm.org/research/herpetology/ frog-and-toad.htm&2 sdamphib.html Descriptions of the major characteristics of amphibians and A taxonomically organized list of amphibians common to introductions of species native to the United Kingdom. southern California including links to sites containing descriptions of each listed species. Taxonomy Amphibians of Singapore General http://www.geocities.com/slowloris9/amphibia/ amphibia.htm Amphibians–Table of Contents (US Department of Descriptions of the taxonomy of the 26 amphibious species Agriculture, Forestry Service) that have been identified in Singapore including links to http://www.fs.fed.us/r4/amphibians/table_of_ pages with textual and visual descriptions of each contents.htm organism. General information about amphibians through taxonomically organized links. Biodiversity Resources, Amphibians, and Reptiles (University of Puget Sound) Animal Diversity Web–Class Amphibia (University of http://www.ups.edu/x5678.xml Michigan Museum of Zoology) Keys for identification of amphibians and reptiles of the US http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/ Pacific Northwest, also including lists of amphibians information/Amphibia.html and reptiles common to the North American continent. An archive containing a photographic atlas and collection of amphibian vocalizations, organized by species; and a CalPhotos Digital Library Project (University of summary of amphibian taxonomy, listed by species and California) organized by phylogenetic classification. http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/fauna/com-Amphibian.html An extensive photographic atlas of amphibians. Anuran Identification (Trent University) http://www.trentu.ca/biology/berrill/Identification.htm Ecology Asia A collection of amphibian vocalizations including keys for http://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/amphibians.htm identification of both tadpoles and adult frogs. An atlas of photographs of numerous Asian amphibians. Frogs of Hillwood (Nchila Wildlife Reserve) Search Engines http://www.nchila-wildlife-reserve.com/htp/frgs.htm Integrated Taxonomic Information System (US Textual and photographic descriptions of the 40 amphibian Department of Agriculture) species documented on Hillwood Farm in Zambia http://www.itis.usda.gov/ (Southern Africa). A comprehensive and searchable database of animal and Frogs and Toads of Japan plant taxonomy. http://www.rieo.net/amph/index1.htm Amphibian Species of the World (The American Museum A list by taxonomic classification of frogs and toads of of Natural History) Japan with common, Japanese, and scientific names; http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/ also including links to pages with textual and photo- index.php graphic descriptions of the various species. A comprehensive and searchable online catalog of amphib- Herpbreeder ian taxonomy. http://herpbreeder.com A basic outline of amphibian nomenclature. Identification Keys (Photograph- and Text-based) Reptiles and Amphibians of France http://www.reptilia-amphibia.net/index.html?en/ Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe home.html∼mainFrame http://www.herp.it/ Textual and photographic descriptions of reptiles and am- An extensive photographic atlas of European amphibians phibians found in France. and reptiles. Reptiles and Amphibians of Hawaii (Explore Amphibians of Australia Biodiversity) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibians_of_Australia http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/ A brief introduction to Australian amphibians and an exten- BiodiversityForgotten/Wildlife/Reptiles/ sive review of the taxonomy of Australian amphibians Reptile%20Main.htm including a listing of endangered amphibians. The six nonindigenous species currently found on the Ha- Amphibians of San Diego (San Diego Natural History waiian Islands including textual, photographic, and au- Museum) ditory descriptions.

Volume 48, Number 3 2007 291 Tadpoles of the US and Canada: A Tutorial and Key (US Mechanical sections and MRI images that demonstrate the Geologic Society) three-dimensional anatomy of frogs. http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/tadpole/ A key for identification of North American tadpoles. Physiology Amphibian Biology and Physiology Natural History http://www.livingunderworld.org/biology/ A textual description of basic amphibian biology and physi- Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center ology. (University of Texas at Arlington) http://www.uta.edu/ra/real/editprofile.php?pid= Frog Morphology and Physiology Tutorials (Cornell 550&onlyview=1 University) A natural history specimen collection. http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/Biog101_104/ tutorials/frog.html Smithsonian Institution–National Museum of Natural A photographic atlas of frog anatomy and a discussion of History, Division of Reptiles and Amphibians amphibian cardiac physiology. http://www.nmnh.si.edu/vert/reptiles/ Homepage for the Division of Reptiles and Amphibians at IACUC Learning Module–Xenopus laevis (University of the Smithsonian Institute including links to amphibian Arizona) and reptile research pages, pages with information about http://www.iacuc.arizona.edu/training/xenopus/ Smithsonian collections, and pages with information intro.html about basic care of pet amphibians and reptiles. Basic justifications for the use of Xenopus as research models including a summary of clinically relevant physiology. Anatomy and Histology Amphibian Anatomy and Histology Ontogeny http://www.hla.wiener-neustadt.at/amphibien/html/ Amphibian Embryology Tutorial (University of anatomie.html Wisconsin) Detailed illustrations of amphibian anatomy, histology, and http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/frogs/welcome.html embryology [in German]. An interactive undergraduate-level tutorial designed to Amphibian Histology (Trent University) communicate the principles of amphibian embryology. http://www.trentu.ca/biology/berrill/histology/ DeRobertis’ Lab (Howard Hughes Medical Histology_Home.htm Institute–University of California, Los Angeles) Chronicle of the normal histology of amphibians including http://www.hhmi.ucla.edu/derobertis/ a short discussion of histological techniques. Homepage of the DeRobertis laboratory, with its focus on DigiMorph (National Science Foundation) describing the molecular events of gastrulation in frogs http://digimorph.org/specimens/Xenopus_laevis/ and mice. An interactive programming with two- and three- Developmental Staging of Xenopus (Davidson College) dimensional portrayals of frog anatomy including visual http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/balom/ depictions of frog morphology derived from images ob- StagingTable/xenopushome.html tained through computed tomography. A photographic atlas that chronicles stages 1-50 in the de- Les Amphibiens velopment of Xenopus laevis. http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/bmedia/PetitBuffon/ Early Amphibian Development (US National Institutes of amphibien/index.htm Health) A systematic description of amphibian anatomy and histol- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dbio ogy, with instructive illustrations for speakers of all lan- .section.2265 guages [in French]. An online developmental biology text, with a section de- Net Frog (University of Virginia) voted to early development in amphibians. http://frog.edschool.virginia.edu The Sokol Lab (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center at An interactive virtual dissection of a frog including text, Harvard University) photographs, and video. http://www.bih.harvard.edu/sokol-lab/ Whole Frog Project (Lawrence Berkeley National An overview of the work of the Sokol lab, with its focus on Laboratory) the study of inductive signaling and embryonic pattern http://froggy.lbl.gov formation in Xenopus laevis.

292 ILAR Journal Genetics Toxicology Genetic Map of Xenopus (University of Houston) Amphibian Research (Virginia Polytechnic Institute & http://tropmap.biology.uh.edu/ State University) A genetic map for Xenopus tropicalis. http://www.fishwild.vt.edu/hopkins/ The focus of the Hopkins group, on studying toxicology and Xenopus tropicalis Home (University of Virginia) ecology by examining the physiological impacts of both http://faculty.virginia.edu/xtropicalis/ natural and anthropogenic stressors. The focus of the Grainger laboratory, on strengthening Xenopus as a genetic model by establishing improved Ecotoxicolgy (Brunel University) husbandry and laboratory protocols, and on identifying http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/ife/research/ecotox/ genes involved in axial extension, morphogenetic move- The focus of the Pickford laboratory, on studying the effects ments, axial patterning, and eye development. of xenoestrogens on amphibian endocrinology and the impacts of pollutants from commercial aviation on amphibian development. Conservation RATL: A database of reptile and amphibian toxicology The web pages listed below are generally dedicated to literature (Canadian Wildlife Service) conservation and preservation of the declining global http://dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Collection/ amphibian populations. CW69-5-357E.pdf Amphibian Conservation Alliance References relating to toxicology in reptiles and amphibians. Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (US Geologic Society) http://armi.usgs.gov/index.asp Medicine and Surgery Amphibian Diseases (US Geological Survey) The Amphibian Research Centre http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/nearmi/disease/ http://frogs.org.au/arc/ Discussion of the various diseases that have been docu- Amphibian Research Synopsis (Aldo Leopold Wilderness mented in wild amphibians in the northeastern United Research Institute) States, designed as part of the “Amphibian Research and http://leopold.wilderness.net/research/wildlife/amphib.htm Monitoring Initiative” organized by the US Geological Survey. Canadian Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Network http://www.carcnet.ca/english/biology/a_0.htm Amphibian Diseases Home Page (James Cook University) http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/ The Center for Reptile and Amphibian Conservation and ampdis.htm Management (Indiana-Purdue University) Descriptions of diseases documented in wild amphibians http://herpcenter.ipfw.edu/main/index.htm and associated with population declines, with emphasis Center for Reptile and Amphibian Research on chytridiomycosis. http://www.cfrar.com/ Aseptic Amphibian Survival Surgery (Yale University) Costa Rican Amphibian Research Center http://iacuc.yale.edu/policies/asepticamph.html http://www.cramphibian.com/ Tenets of aseptic amphibian surgery including information about anesthetic protocols and postoperative care. The Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force http://www.open.ac.uk/daptf/index.htm Canadian Herp Veterinarians A free online newsletter titled “Froglog,” which features a http://www.triciaswaterdragon.com/canrepvt.htm range of research articles relating to the amphibian de- Contact information according to home provinces of Cana- cline phenomenon. dian veterinarians who treat reptiles and amphibians. FrogWatch Australia (Amphibian Research Centre and Developmental Abnormalities in Tadpoles (Trent Alcoa World) Alumina Australia University) http://frogs.org.au/frogwatch/ http://www.trentu.ca/biology/berrill/developmental_ abnormalities/Developmental_abnormalities.htm FrogWatch Ontario (Nature Canada and Environment Photographic atlas describing tail abnormalities, and a col- Canada) lection of histopathology slides that demonstrate various http://www.cnf.ca/naturewatch/frogwatch/index.html sexual abnormalities in tadpoles. FrogWatch USA (National Wildlife Federation) Disease Home (The Frog Decline Reversal Project, Inc.) http://www.nwf.org/frogwatchUSA/ http://www.fdrproject.org/pages/disease/disease.htm Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Descriptions of various fungal, viral, bacterial, parasitic, http://www.parcplace.org and neoplastic diseases of frogs.

Volume 48, Number 3 2007 293 Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Housing Declines (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Each of the companies listed below sells housing units for http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol5no6/daszak.htm maintenance of laboratory animals. Review of recent research on the pathology, ecology, and Aquaneering, Inc. biogeography of two emerging infectious wildlife dis- http://www.aquaneer.com/zebra.htm eases, chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease. Aquatic Habitats, Inc. Field Guide to Malformations of Frogs and Toads (US http://www.aquatichabitats.com/ Geological Survey) http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/fact_sheets/pdfs/frog Marineland, Inc. .pdf#search=%22field%20guide%20to% http://www.marineland.com/products/prod_researchsys.asp 20malformations%20of%20frogs%20and%20toads%22 Marine Biotech, Inc. Encyclopedia of the various developmental anomalies that http://www.marinebiotech.com/index.php?pid= have been reported including written descriptions, pho- aquaria_xrack tographs, and radiographs of the gross lesions. PharmHouse Aquatic Systems Host-Pathogen Biology and the Global Decline of http://www.pharmacal.com/aquaticsdiv.htm Amphibians (Arizona State University) http://lifesciences.asu.edu/irceb/amphibians/ Homepage of a group whose main focus is on determining Research Tools the role of pathogens in amphibian population declines. Affymetrix Genechip Merck Veterinary Manual http://www.affymetrix.com/products/arrays/specific/ http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/ xenopus.affx index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/toc_170100.htm A microarray that allows for expression analysis of approxi- Overview of clinical medicine in amphibians, written for mately 14,400 genes from Xenopus laevis. veterinary practitioners. Bayer Technology Services Reptile and Amphibian Pain and Analgesia http://www.bayertechnology.com/index2.htm?/eng/ http://www.anapsid.org/herppain9.html products/43_493.php?∼mainFrame Selected abstracts of articles that discuss analgesia in am- The range of modern in vitro methods available from Bayer phibians and reptiles. for the investigation of membrane-bound receptors in amphibians as drug development targets. Veterinary Advisors (American Association of Zoo Veterinarians) Gastromaster for Microsurgery http://www.aazv.org/ssptagvetadvisors.htm http://www.gastromaster.com/ A list of veterinarians and veterinary pathologists who rou- The microsurgical units available from Gastromaster for tinely work with zoo animals including amphibians. producing explants and transplants using blastulae/ gastrulae/neurulae of amphibian embryos. Sources Millipore, Inc. http://www.specialtymedia.com/01Products/ Animals 0310_XenopusCultureProducts.htm Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center (University of The different media and reagents available from Millipore Kentucky) for use with Xenopus. ∼ http://bigapple.uky.edu/ axolotl/ Roboocyte A genetic stock center dedicated to the supply of genetically http://www.multichannelsystems.com/products/ well-characterized axolotl embryos, larvae, and adults to roboocyte/robointro.htm laboratories and classrooms throughout the United An available fully automated all-in-one solution for high- States and abroad. throughput screenings based on the standard Xenopus Xenopus Express oocytes expression system. http://www.xenopus.com/ A source for 17 different taxa of laboratory grade frogs and Listservs supplies for their maintenance. HERP-L: Herpetology Mailing List (Harvard University) Xenopus I, Inc. Internet Subscribe to: [email protected] http://www.xenopusone.com/ Internet Mail to: [email protected] A source for laboratory grade frogs of varying taxa and age A mailing list for discussion of scientific issues related to and supplies for their maintenance. herpetology.

294 ILAR Journal Herp Mailing Lists Australian Herpetological Directory (James Cook http://www.kingsnake.com/maillist.html University) Links to several nonscientific herpetology-related listservs. http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/tbiol/zoology/herp/ ROG-NET: Amphibian Researcher Mailing List (Uni- herp2.shtml versity of Southern California) A repository for information on Australian herpes research. Internet Subscribe to: [email protected] Bibliomania! Internet Mail to: [email protected] http://www.herplit.com/ A mailing list for researchers interested in the neural mecha- A searchable database of information about various herpe- nisms of amphibian behavior. tological publications including options to purchase. Herp-Related Mailing Lists and Discussion Groups HerpNET http://www.anapsid.org/resources/lists.html http://herpnet.org Links to several nonscientific herpetology-related listservs. A searchable database of the collections of natural history Northeast Partners in Amphibian and Reptile museums that have collaborated to establish a global Conservation (US Geologic Survey) network of herpetological data. http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/neparc/listserv.htm Tree of Life Web Project—Living Amphibians Discussions on conservation-related issues in the northeast- http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Living_Amphibians ern United States. Identification keys, figures, phylogenetic trees, and other Xenopus Listserv (University of California, Irvine) systematic information for a group of organisms, de- http://blumberg-serv.bio.uci.edu/xine/index.htm signed for biologists and educators teaching organismal A newsletter with updates on research-related items con- diversity. cerning Xenopus. Xenbase: A Xenopus Web Resource Xenopus Listserv (University of Virginia) http://www.xenbase.org/ http://faculty.virginia.edu/xtropicalis/newsgroup.html A comprehensive and searchable database of information An exchange of information regarding technical advances in pertaining to both cell and developmental biology of the husbandry, transgenesis, genetics, and embryology Xenopus. of the short-generation diploid pipid frog Xenopus tropicalis. Associations Yahoo!—Amphibians Group All of the groups listed below are international in scope http://groups.yahoo.com/group/amphibians/messages and membership and are interested in the biology, Distribution of knowledge about the care and breeding of conservation, and humane treatment of amphibians amphibians. and reptiles. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists http://www.asih.org/ Databases Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians AmphibiaWeb (University of California) http://www.arav.org http://amphibiaweb.org Canadian Herpetological Societies Access to information on amphibian biology and conserva- http://www.triciaswaterdragon.com/cansocty.htm tion inspired by global amphibian declines. Links to various Canadian herpetological societies, orga- Amphibian Declines and Malformations (US Geological nized by province. Survey) The Herpetologists’ League (University of Illinois at http://www.frogweb.gov Urbana-Champaign) A government-maintained clearinghouse for information re- http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cbd/HL/HL.html garding amphibian population declines. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI) http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/conservation.php National Atlas for Amphibian Distributions (US Geological Survey) http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/armiatlas/ Educational Sources A compilation of current and historic records of amphibian Center for Global and Environmental Education (Hamline occurrences from published, peer-reviewed scientific University) literature, museum records, state and regional herpeto- http://cgee.hamline.edu/frogs/ logical atlases, and other confirmed and validated Resource for students and teachers of amphibian sciences observations. and conservation.

Volume 48, Number 3 2007 295 Frogs and Amphibians Working with Amphibians in the Research Setting http://www.homestead.com/kidstuff/index.html http://www.researchtraining.org/moduletext.asp? A child-friendly web site containing fun facts, printable intModuleID=864 coloring pages and games, and basic information regarding the care of pet amphibians. Pets Frogland Amphibiancare http://allaboutfrogs.org/froglnd.shtml http://www.amphibiancare.com A child-friendly web site containing fun facts, games, and “Care sheets,” articles on basic husbandry, photographs of basic information about frogs and their care. housing units, and a section of frequently asked ques- Reptiles and Amphibians Teacher Resources (National tions for amphibian pet owners. Biological Information Infrastructure) Herp Care Collection http://www.nbii.gov/education/herps.html http://www.anapsid.org/anapsid.html Annotated list of links to various educational resources, Links to information about husbandry of pet amphibians organized by target age range. including sections on health, zoonotic diseases, veteri- Trans-NIH Xenopus Initiative (US National Institutes of nary care, cleaning and disinfection, behavior, and feeding. Health) The Newt and Salamander Portal http://www.nih.gov/science/models/xenopus http://caudata.org Up-to-date information concerning Xenopus genomics and Shared information about newts and salamanders, with an for funding of such work by the National Institutes of emphasis on their maintenance in captivity. Health, designed for researchers. Reptiles and Amphibians as Pets (The Minnesota Wildlife Habitat Council—Amphibians: Hoptoad Habitats Herpetological Society) http://www.wildlifehc.org/managementtools/ http://www.bellmuseum.org/herpetology/Pets.html backyard-amphibians.cfm A brief overview of amphibian ownership and care, de- Habitat, amphibian life cycle, and the connection between signed for pet owners. habitat and amphibians. Selected Species African Clawed Frog Husbandry http://animal.discovery.com/guides/reptiles/frogs/ africanclawedfrog.html Research Animals A brief introduction to the African clawed frog including a discussion of natural history and basic husbandry. The titles and corresponding web sites listed below are self-explanatory. Boreal Toad Husbandry Manual (Colorado Division of Wildlife) Amphibians: Guidelines for the Breeding, Care and http://wildlife.state.co.us/NR/rdonlyres/ Management of Laboratory Animals (National 23912565-3F5F-4026-A4C3-BD34C29BB564/0/ Research Council/Institute for Laboratory Animal FinalHatcheryManual122402.pdf Research) A thorough description of management protocols for cap- http://newton.nap.edu/html/amphibian/ tive toads. Comfortable Quarters for Amphibians and Reptiles in The Fascinating Mexican Axolotl and the Tiger Research Institutions Salamander http://www.awionline.org/pubs/cq02/cq-amph.html http://www.axolotl.org/ Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles (National Research Information about the natural history and basic biology of Council/Institute for Laboratory Animal Research) axolotls including numerous suggestions regarding hus- http://dels.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/37_4/ bandry and breeding. Guidelines for Use of Live Amphibians and Reptiles in Xenopus laevis Frog Colony Care Field Research (Clemson University) http://www.xlaevis.com/ http://www.clemson.edu/research/orcSite/ARCforms/ Information about housing, rearing, and care of Xenopus doc/AmphibiansReptilesGuidelines.pdf laevis and, to a lesser extent, Xenopus tropicalis. Information Resources on Amphibians, Fish & Reptiles Reference Used in Biomedical Research (US Department of Agriculture) Choinski E. 1999. Deformed frogs, declining amphibians: A webliography http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/amphib.htm#amph4 of the web-footed. Internet Ref Serv Q 4:59-66.

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