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Assessment of Rice Farming and Agricujtural Chemical Impacts on Amphibians of the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge

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Assessment of Rice Farming and Agricujtural Chemical Impacts on Amphibians of the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge --------- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REGION2 Assessment of Rice Farming and AgricuJtural Chemical Impacts on Amphibians of the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge by Brian W. Cain, PhD U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Cindy Howard, PhD and Heather Holston, MS Univ. of Houston Clear Lake for Fred Werner, Supervisor Clear Lake Field Office 17629 El Camino Real Suite 211 Houston, Texas January,2002 ABSTRACT This study was designed to determine if the use of agricultural pesticides and herbicides used in rice farming and Chinese tallow tree control have a noticeable effect on populations of amphibians on the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge. Two hour searches by a two person team were conducted along specific transects in a moist soil management unit, rice fields, and fallowed rice fields, twice a month between March and July, and once a month between August and November for two years. All amphibians seen or heard were recorded, or captured when possible, and examined for gross malformations. Small dip nets were used to collect tadpoles for external examination and growth observations. Three herbicides [Starn M-4 (propanil), Grazon P+D (picloram + 2,4-D) and Arrosolo (propanil + molinate)] that were approved for use, and used on the Refuge during the study, were tested for toxicity in the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay­ Xenopus (FETAX) of these chemicals to larval amphibians. Dose-response curves are presented and the LC50s were calculated for Grazon P+D and Arrosolo (33% propanil, 33 % molinate). Starn M-4 did not yield a definitive test. The LC50 for Grazon P+D was between 25 and 50 mg/L and for Arrosolo the LC50 was 13.5 mg/L. Calculated exposure concentration of Arrosolo used in rice farming on the Refuge was less than 0.6 mg/L, which is 200 times lower than the LC50 determined in the FETAX assay. Fourteen species of frogs, toads and salamanders were recorded on the Refuge during this study. Three species (three-toed amphiuma, western lesser siren and pig frog) were not previously recorded in Chambers County, Texas. Six species of amphibians recorded from Chambers County (Dixon 1987) were not seen during this study (Table 1). In August the moist soil management unit generally contained the largest population of amphibians averaging 26 individuals per hectare and represented 10 species. The rice fields had the second largest population of amphibians and averaged 24 individuals per hectare, representing 11 species, during July. The rice field was usually drained and left to dry out in August for harvesting. The fallowed rice fields had only eight species of amphibians and much lower densities. These fields were not flooded and stayed dry for long time periods during the drought period of 1999 and 2000. Surveys in the months of December, January or February did not yield any amphibians along the transects. There were no malformed frogs, toads or tadpoles collected during this study which indicates that the herbicides currently used on the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge are not having a measurable adverse affect on the amphibian populations. Habitat alteration such as discing, leveling, and terracing the area for rice planting appeared to have a large but short-term negative effect on the presence, reproduction and abundance of amphibians. The role of concentrating predators such as birds, snakes and mammals, in the moist soil unit and the rice fields on the amphibian populations was not evaluated, but appears as if it could be substantial. Project No. 2N35, 9920001.2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. LIST OF TABLES .... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ............... ..... ii 2. LIST OF FIGURES . .. .. .. .. .. ... ................ .... ..... iii 3. INTRODUCTION ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...................... .. 1 4. OBJECTIVES ..................... ..... .. .. .............. ..... 6 5. STUDY AREA .. .. ........ ....................... .. .......... 7 General Settinf: . 7 Climate and Soil: ................................................. 10 Vefelative Description: ...................................... ... 10 6. METHODS ........................................ ............. 12 Amphibian Surveys: ......... ............ .. .. .. ............. 12 In-situ Bioassay: .. .. .. ..... .............................. .. 13 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .. .. .. .. ..................... .... 16 Amphibian Population: . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .............. ..... 16 1. Moist Soil Unit. .... .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. ............... 16 2. Fallowed Rice Fields ........................... .... 19 3. Rice Fields .................. ......................... 21 In-Situ Bioassay: ................................... ...... ...... 23 1. Starn M-4 ................................. .... .... 23 2. Grazon P+D .................... .............. .... 24 3. Arrosolo .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ................. 25 8. MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS . .. ... .. .. ................... 29 9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ....................... .. .. ...... 30 10. LITERATURE CITED . .... .......................... .. ... .. 31 I l. Appendix A: Common and scientific names of plants identified on the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge. ...................... 37 12. Appendix B: Common and scientific names of non-amphibian animals seen on the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge . .... .... ....... 39 13. Appendix C: Survey ofteratogenic malformations from Arrosolo exposed embryos .................................... .... ... 41 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. List of amphibians likely to be present on or near the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge .............................................................. 2 2. Pesticides, herbicides or fungicides currently approved for use on the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge ................................................ 4 3. Amphibian populations recorded for the moist soil unit on the East Bay Bayou Tract of the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge.................................. 17 4. Amphibian populations recorded in fallowed rice fields on the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge. .................................................... 20 5. Amphibian populations recorded in rice fields on the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................. 22 11 • -··-- ··- . ---·-· LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge, Chambers County, Texas............. 8 Figure 2. Rice farming area, Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge. ................. 9 Figure 3. Dose response curve for Grazon P+D to Xenopus laevis embryos. ....... 24 Figure 4. Dose response curve for Arrosolo to Xenopus laevis embryos. .......... 26 lll • · ··- -· ..... .. ··-- ·-·- ····--·-- .. 1 INTRODUCTION Scientists have expressed concerns about possible effects of pesticides on amphibians for at least three decades (Cooke 1972), and on the decline of many amphibian populations (Thornton 1977, Crump 1994). Reports of deformed frogs observed in large numbers in the mid-northern region of the United States have recently emerged in the literature (Ouellet et al. 1997, Casper 2000). In many areas these amphibian population declines have been linked to habitat alterations, such as wetland draining and agricultural expansion (Thornton 1977) and introduction of exotic predatory fish or other frog species in rivers and streams (Hayes and Jennings 1986). Recent literature by Gardiner and Hoppe (1999) and Kaiser et al. (2000) focused on the exposure of amphibians to industrial chemicals and pesticides as being an important limiting factor affecting amphibian reproduction and development. A recent capture of a five-legged northern spring peeper (Hyla crucifer) on the Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge in Liberty County, Texas (Stuart Marcus, Refuge Manager, personal communication, 1998) elevated the concern about possible impacts on amphibian populations that may be exposed to anthropogenic pollution on national wildlife refuges. The Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is about 70 miles south of the area where the five-legged frog was collected and permits rice farming each year on the refuge. Rice farming occurs on about 600 acres of the approximately 34,000 acre refuge each year and requires the periodic use of some herbicides and pesticides. There are at least 16 amphibian species recorded in Chambers County, Texas (Table 1), with 10 additional species reported in the surrounding counties of Liberty 2 Table 1. List of amphibians likely to be present on or near the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge. Common Name Scientific Name1 * Western Lesser Siren Siren intermedia nettingi * Marbled Salamander Ambystoma opacum # Smallmouth Salamander Ambystoma texanum * Three-toed Amphiuma Amphiuma tridactylum * Southern Dusky Salamander Desmognathus auriculatus # Central Newt Notophthalmus viridescens * Dwarf Salamander Eurycea quadridigitata # Coastal Cricket Frog Acris crepitans paludicola # Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana # Bronze Frog Rana clamitans clamitans # Southern Leopard Frog Rana sphenocephala # Southern Crawfish Frog Rana areolata areolata * Pickerel Frog Rana palustris * Pig Frog Ranagrylio * Northern Spring Peeper Hyla crucifer crucifer # Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor # Green Treefrog Hyla cinerea # Squirrel Treefrog Hyla squirella * Strecker's Chorus Frog Pseudacris streckeri # Upland Chorus Frog Pseudacris triseriata # Hurter's Spadefoot Scaphiopus holbrooki hurteri # Gulf Coast Toad Bufo valliceps valliceps # East Texas Toad Bufo woodhousei velatus * Dwarf American Toad Bufo americanus charlesmithi # Eastern Narrow mouth Toad
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