Herpetological Review

Volume 8 September 1977 Number 3

Contents

FEATURED INSTITUTION Herpetology at the University of California at Berkeley, by D. B. Wake and J. Hanken 74 FEATURE ARTICLES A case of gonadal atrophy in Lissemys punctata punctata (Bonnt.) (Reptilia, Testudines, Trionychidae), by P. L. Duda and V. K. Gupta 75 The status of Drymarchon corais couperi (Hol- brook), the eastern indigo snake, in the southeastern United States, by H. E. Lawler 76 Observations on breeding migrations of Ambystoma texanum, by M. V. Plummer 79 BOOK REVIEWS This broken archipelago: Cape Cod and the Islands, amphibians and reptiles" by James D. Lazell, Jr. Reviewed by T. D. Schwaner 80 "Liste der Rezenten amphibien and reptilien. Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Pseudidae" by William E. Duellman. Reviewed by R. G. Zweifel 81 "Australian frogs: How they thrive, strive and stay alive. A review of Michael Tyler's Frogs" by W. E. Duellman 83 CONSERVATION 1977 SSAR Conservation Committee 84 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION New records 84 Herpetological records from Illinois, by D. Moll, G. L. Paukstis and J. K. Tucker 85 REGIONAL SOCIETY NEWS Muhlenberg group sponsors ESHL meeting 85 Regional Herpetological Society Directory 85 Oklahoma SOS 88 NEWS NOTES 89 CURRENT LITERATURE 90 CURRENT LITERATURE ERRATA 108 ADVERTISEMENTS 109 CONTRIBUTED PHOTOGRAPHS 112 SSAR 1977 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS Supplement

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Cover design by Leonard Grotta HERPETOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-BERKELEY

Herpetological research and edu- of special collections and research Sam Sweet, who cation at Berkeley date from the facilities, including a fully devel- works with spring first decade of this century. Wil- oped laboratory for biochemical gen- and cave salaman- liam Ritter conducted life history etics under the supervision of Cura- ders of the Ed- studies of salamanders and sponsored torial Associate Richard Sage. A wards Plateau, such students as Loye Miller. When special feature of the Museum is a finds microscopes Joseph Grinnell founded the Museum large, fully catalogued frozen tis- useful in telling of Vertebrate Zoology in 1908, that sue collection which is made avail- dorsal from ven- unit became the local center for able to qualified investigators. The tral sides of studies of ecology and systematics. Museum operates the Hastings Natural snakes. Sam will Grinnell was principally an orni- History Reservation, a 2,000 acre be Assistant thologist, but he conducted research reserve with laboratories and resi- Professor of -Biological Sciences at on amphibian and reptilian distribu- dences located in the Upper Carmel the University of California, Santa tion and sponsored a number of stu- Valley near Monterey and Salinas, Barbara, starting this fall. dents. Tracy Storer, Charles Camp, California. John Davis, an ornithol- Jean Linsdale, Henry Fitch, and Tom ogist who also conducts studies of ogist and comparative endocrinolo- Rodgers were students who later lizard ecology, is the resident in gist, currently involved in studies served in a variety of staff and charge of the Reservation. of the pituitary hormones of rep- faculty positions at Berkeley. Camp's tiles and amphibians. Other faculty interests shifted from living to Affable members in Zoology who conduct re- fossil lower vertebrates, and in Paul search on amphibians and reptiles or time he became Professor of Paleon- Licht sponsor students in these areas, or tology and Director of the Museum of must both, include Richard Eakin (compar- Paleontology on this campus. resort ative embryology, photoreceptor ul- to inti- trastructure), Robert Colwell (com- midation munity ecology), and Howard Bern David Wake, to earn (comparative endocrinology). whose duties the re- Faculty members in other depart- as Director spect ments who are actively involved in of the Mu- of his research on lower vertebrates and seum of students, Duncan MacKenzie, a com- who sponsor students in certain as- Vertebrate parative endocrinologist, Martin Fe- pects of herpetology include Allan Zoology keep der, who recently completed his Wilson in Biochemistry (anuran evo- him from doctoral thesis on the physiological lution), Vincent Sarich in Anthro- using his ecology of tropical salamanders, and pology (lizard evolution), Joseph microscope. postdoctoral student Antonella Gallo. Gregory in Paleontology (lower ver- tebrate paleontology), E.R. Lewis The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Robert Stebbins has conducted in Electrical Engineering and Compu- continues to be the principal center studies of the ecology, physiology, ter Sciences (structure of anuran of herpetological research at Berke- systematics and conservation of am- inner ear), and Carl Nicoll in Phys- ley. The collections now include phibians and reptiles. Currently, he iology-Anatomy (endocrinology of about 150,000 catalogued specimens, is deeply involved in conservation prolactin). with major emphasis on western North efforts associated with off-road ve- America, Mexico, and Central and hicle damage to the southwestern Ray Huey, South America. Robert Stebbins was deserts. David Wake is studying the basking mo- the first permanent faculty curator evolutionary biology of salamanders, mentarily, of the herpetological collection, with emphasis on comparative and will join and following his appointment the functional morphology, systematics, the Univer- level of research and teaching ac- and distributional ecology. Marvalee sity of Wash- tivity in herpetology increased Wake emphasizes morphological stud- ington this greatly. A second faculty curator, ies of the reproductive system in Fall as an

David Wake, joined the University in lower vertebrates, and the evolu- Assistant if 1969 and is now Director of the tionary biology of caecilians. 0.P. Professor 1' Museum. A third faculty member asso- of Zoology. ciated with the Museum is Marvalee Wake, Associate Research Morpholo- Marvalee Wake, Asso- gist. The Museum has a wide variety ciate Professor of There is an active post-doctoral Biology and Zoology program at Berkeley sponsored prin- Robert Steb- and Associate Re- cipally by the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science. Miller ,,;:bins (wearing search Morphologist s; hat), Pro- in the Museum, hap- Fellowships are two years in length fessor of pily contemplates and offer a generous stipend as well Zoology and caecilians. as research support. Ray Huey is a Curator in current Miller Fellow, and other Herpetology, recent fellows in this program in- graduate stu- clude such herpetologists as George dent, Ted Pearson, retired Director of th, Gorman, Steve Arnold, and Al Ben- Pappenfuss, Museum, maintains an active research nett. Other current postdoctoral and Research Associate Nate Cohen program, including studies of the students in herpetology include An- barter with local collectors in Baja ecology of South American lizards. tonella Gallo and Ellen Daniel (both California for Biees, the subject of Paul Licht, Professor and Chairman comparative endocrinology) and Craig Ted's doctoral thesis. of Zoology, is a physiological ecol- Lundy (lizard photoreceptors).

74 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 Research Associate Anita Pearson often are involved in various re- acid fixative. A small piece of the applies ultrastructure techniques to search projects, and currently Brad fixed material from gonads and asso- the study of endocrine organs. Glor- Shaffer (who will be a graduate ciated ducts was processed for sec- ia Wurst studies developmental endo- student at the University of Chicago tioning and staining. Sections were crinology and collaborates with this fall) and Paul Elias, both cut at 7 micra, stained with Mal- David Wake in studies of evolution- working with Guatemalan salamander lory's trichrome stain and micro- ary genetics of salamanders. biology, are the most actively in- photographed. volved. In all its external features, the Curatorial Asso- turtle appeared a normal, mature ciate Gloria female. The gonads, here considered Wurst works with "ovaries", occupied the normal posi- the Museum's tion in the abdominal cavity and herpetological were whitish in color and spongy in collection, but consistency. These ovaries were lob- the electro- ulated with deep interlobular phoresis lab is grooves and sharp marginal notches her first (Fig. 1). Normal ovaries in females love. of comparable measurements are yel- lowish in color and blistered in Since 1970 a number of students appearance due to numerous develop- have been awarded Ph.D. degrees in ing follicles of varying diameters. some aspect of herpetology, includ- No follicles of any size were to be ing Kristin Berry, Charles Brown, seen in these structures in our Allan Brown, Dennis Bramble, Pille specimen. Moreover, in this speci- Bunnell, Bruce Bury, Susan Case, men, these ovaries were considerably James Edwards, Eduardo Fuentes, Jos- Curatorial Associate Dick Sage, on lighter in weight than normal ones. eph Grim, James Lynch, Linda Maxson, right, and gradute students Kristine The ducts associated with these Virginia Maiorana, Charles Muller, Tollestrup and Ron Marlow are study- ovaries, here considered "oviducts" John Ruben, Judy Stamps, James Ste- ing the Santa Cruz Long-toed Sala- (Fig. 1), were not fully developed, wart, and Hing Wo Tsui. mander. Their main interests are the and were shorter and lighter in evolutionary genetics of the Rana weight than normal oviducts in spe- pipiens complex, ecological studies Pedro Alberch, cimens of comparable size and of Crotaphytus, and the biology of second year weight. The anterior portion of each desert tortoises, respectively. graduate stu- oviduct was attached to its gonad, dent from Barce- which is also abnormal. Not only are lona, is en- DAVID B. WAKE and JAMES HANKEN, De- normal oviducts free from the ovar- ies and open into the abdominal thralled with partment of Zoology and Museum of cavity anteriorly, but they also x-rays of South Vertebrate Zoology, University of show an external demarcation into 4 American California, Berkeley, California regions, viz., the infundibulum, the salamanders. 94720 U.S.A. • tuber, the uterus and the vagina. Such an external differentiation in Graduate students who have just A CASE OF GONADAL ATROPHY the oviducts of our specimen is completed their degree work include IN LISSEMYS PUNCTATA PUNCTATA completely lacking. Martin Feder, Steve Ruth (comparative (BONNT.) Histologically, the ovaries in lizard demography), Lynne Houck (re- (REPTILIA, TESTUpINES, the specimen were made up of numer- productive biology of tropical sala- TRIONYCHIDAE) ous large and distended lacunae of manders), and Sam Sweet. Current varying shapes and sizes (Fig. 2). graduate students include Pedro Al- During our studies on gonadal Most of these lacunae were partially berch, Kay Yanev, Julie Feder (hy- cycles in some fresh water turtles, filled with sparce, light-blue bridization of Bufo), Tom Hether- we captured a normal-appearing adult staining, non-cellular debris and a ington (salamander photoreception), female Lissemys punctata punctata few darkly stained particulate in- (Cat. No. JUBR-57, deposited in the Kay Yanev Museum of the Department of Bio- has lost Sciences, University of Jammu) on 2 part of her March 1976 from a shallow pond near head over Ranbirsingh Para, Jammu (India). The her computer turtle was measured, weighed and cut output. She open (measurements and other data 0 \j is presently are provided in Table 1). Based on completing our observations of gonads in this her doctoral species, this specimen's gonads pre- thesis on sented an appearance entirely dif- genetic and morphological diversifi- ferent from normal ovaries. The cation of Batrachoseps. structures did not resemble normal testes either. The specimen was def- Ted Papenfuss, Kristine Tollestrup, initely a female. The literature Duncan MacKenzie, Ron Marlow, John available on gonadal abnormality in Cadle (salamander evolutionary gen- chelonians (Cagle, 1950; Hansen, etics and snake systematics), Jim 1943; Risley, 1941) makes no mention Hanken (genetic and morphological of the gonadal condition observed Figure 1. Lissemys punctata punc- studies of Thorius), David Dobkin here. tata, showing the general appearance (lizard ecology), Bill Rainey (sea The gonads, along with their of the abnormal ovary and the unusu- turtle evolution and biology), ducts, were excised, measured and al connection between it and its Jacques Gauthier (anguinomorph liz- weighed (see Table 1). They were oviduct. OV. ovary; OVI. oviduct; ard paleontology, comparative ana- washed in physiological saline and U.B. urinary bladder; and CL.C. clo- tomy and evolution). Undergraduates fixed in dichromate-formalin-acetic acal chamber.

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 75 THE STATUS OF RYMARCHq CORAIS COUPERI P HOLBROOK), THE EASTERN INDIGO SNAKE, IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

In recent years, zoologists, na- turalists, and others have expressed serious concern about the apparent decline or disappearance of Drymar- AK chon corais couperi over much of its Figure 2. Cross section through the Figure 3. Cross section through nor- original range. This paper will ev- abnormal ovary, showing lacunae mal ovary of L. punctata punctata aluate the current status of this filled with a smear and boundary showing oocytes at different stages species in the southeastern Coastal walls having blood cells and capil- of growth (X 50). Plain. laries (X 120). Drymarchon corais reaches the presumptuous at present to attribute northernmost limits of its range in clusions. The boundary walls of the this type of total ovarian dysgene- Effingham County, Georgia (Moulis, lacunae showed the presence of some sis to any specific cause, a dis- 1976). It inhabits xeric sandhill globular transparent structures, of turbed hormonal interplay as the habitat over most of its range. Over a non-cellular nature. Similar chief factor in this case could not much of the Coastal Plain, this form structures were also found within be ruled out. might be considered endemic to habi- the lacunae. Large numbers of capil- tats which support populations of laries and free blood cells were, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus. however, seen in the inter-lacunal Authors are grateful to Professor Drymarchon utilizes the deep inclin- filling. The normal histology of Y.R. Malhotra, Head, Department of ed burrows of these tortoises exten- ovaries obtained during our study Bio-Sciences, University of Jammu, sively for refuge and wintering. from individuals of comparable size for facilitating our working in the While D. c. couperi is typically and weight reveals the occurrence of department. associated with xeric habitats, it oocytes at different stages of is sensitive to dessication, and may growth, a few corpora lutea and some LITERATURE CITED additionally rely upon these burrows atretic follicles (Fig. 3). As seen to reduce moisture loss during dry in transverse section, the oviducts Cagle, F.R. 1950. The life history periods (Bogert and Cowles, 1947). resembled normal ones in their his- of the slider turtle, Pseudemys Sandhill habitat typically in- tological elements except for a low scripta troostii (Holbrook). Eco- cludes longleaf pine (Pinus austra- columnar epithelium on the lumenal logical Monographs 20(1): 32-54. lis) turkey oak (Quercus laevis), side. Perhaps, the low height of the Hansen, I.B. 1943. Hermaphroditism and the wiregrasses (Aristida stric- oviducal epithelium, particularly in in a turtle of the genus Pseude- ta and Sporobolus junceus). Each of the tuber portion, is indicative of mys. Copeia 1942 (1): 65. these species may exist in greater the failure of production of the Risley, P.L. 1941. Some observations or lesser density, and may be com- ovarian hormones responsible for on hermaphroditism in turtles. J. plemented by other pine and oak preparing the oviducts for the re- Morph. 68(1): 101-117. species. Other plants include saw ception of the eggs. palmetto (Serenoa repens), prickly We feel these ovaries suffered P.L. DUDA and V.K. GUPTA, Department pear cactus (Opuntia ompressa), total atrophy before producing any of Bio-Sciences, University of Jam- lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium sp.), oocytes or eggs. Although it is mu, INDIA. hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), and slen- der yucca (Yucca sp.). The soil is Mean values of Features Compared Abnormal Specimen sandy or loamy, and is well-drained normal specimens (N = 3) due to the porosity and elevation of BODY WEIGHT 1900 gms 1083 gms the geological deposits. Other vertebrate commensals of LENGTH X WIDTH OF CARAPACE 262 X 240 228 X 213 Gopherus burrows on a regular or incidental basis include the gopher OVARY: frog (Rana areolata ssp. capito, sevosa, and aesopus), southern leo- 1. color whitish yellowish pard frog (Rana utricularia), south- 2. shape lobulated blistered ern toad (Bufo terrestris), oak toad 3. weight (Bufo quercicus), eastern glass liz- (i) right ovary 10.50 gms 11.62 gms ard (Ophisaurus ventralis), rat- (ii) left ovary 9.95 gms 18.21 gms snakes (Elaphe sp.), eastern coach- 4. follicular condition follicles absent numerous follicles of whip (Masticophis f. flagellum), varying diameters southern pine snake (Pituophis mel- anoleucus mugitus), eastern diamond- OVIDUCT: back rattlesnake (Crotalus adaman- teus), cottonmouth moccasin (Agkis- trodon piscivorus ssp.), red fox 1. segmentation absent external segmentation 2. length (right/left) 290/295 675/685 TTITesVI fulva), coyote (Canis lat- 3. weight (right/left) 2.38/1.75 gms 12.14/17.62 gms rans), river otter (Lutra canaden- 4. relative epithelial sis), opossum (Didelphis marsupia- height low high lis), striped skunk (Sylvilagus flo- ridanus), and numerous rodents. Table 1. Comparison of various features of the abnormal specimen of Lissemys Thirty-two species of arthropods, punctata punctata (cat. No. JUBR-57) and normal specimens of the species including several endemics, have captured from the same locality and in the same month. (Measurements in mm been found in tortoise burrows unless indicated otherwise.) (Young and Goff, 1939).

76 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 This habitat is described as a has brought about an additional and The eastern indigo snake has al- fire-subclimax (Laessle, 1942). Per- serious pressure on the entire tor- ways been widely sought as a pet or iodic burning is essential to main- toise community. Since the rattle- for exhibition purposes due to the taining optimum wildlife carrying snakes frequently congregate in sand large size and docile nature of the capacity and species diversity. Such ridges to winter in the burrows, the species. It is the largest serpent burning occurred naturally in prim- practice of forcing these reptiles species in North America, and speci- eval times due to lightning or from from the burrows by introducing mens approaching eight feet in accidental or deliberate burning by varying amounts of gasoline through length were formerly common. It has prehistoric man. Managed burning a plastic hose has become wide- been a highly commercialized species every 8-10 years removes accumula- spread. The advent and growing popu- for many years. The preference of ted leaf litter and keeps pine and larity of rattlesnake roundups and many specimens for a specific food oak size short and scrubby. Increas- rodeos, centering around several item, which may be unavailable to ed light and reduced leaf litter is small communities in southern Geor- the lay keeper, raises serious ques- conducive to wiregrass growth, which gia, Florida, and Alabama, has sig- tions as to its propriety as a pet. is an essential forage for Gopherus. nificantly increased this pressure. In addition, the species is known to Tortoise density within a given area regularly harbor linguatulids, a is influenced by wiregrass prolifi- primative arachnid parasite which is cacy. In turn, it has been suggested transmissible to man (Hunt, pers. that burrow-constructing vertebrates comm.). may contribute significantly to the The effect of residual pesticides carrying capacity of a habitat on Drymarchon populations has only (Mount, 1963). The absence of peri- begun to be evaluated. Three separ- odic burning is increasingly evident Many snake hunters are skilled at ate samples of body fat provided by in some portions of the Coastal locating a snake in a burrow by the Atlanta Zoological Park to the Plain. Such areas have reduced wire- listening through the hose. One half Georgia Department of Agriculture grass growth and a much lower tor- to six ounces of gasoline, ammonia, for analysis yielded the following toise density per acre. or some other noxious chemical is results: The elevated, well-drained nature then introduced into the burrow if a Metabolites of chlordane of the sand ridge habitat provides a rattlesnake is detected. Novice prime site for construction, agri- hunters may "fumigate" any hole in (PPM = parts per million) cultural and forestry development, which a sound is heard. It has been and livestock farming. Primitive and estimated by Speake and Mount (1973) #1 female paved roads frequently transect that fewer than 50% of the snakes 4.02 PPM these habitats. Physiographically, subjected to "fumigation" in this Heptachlor Epoxide this habitat type has always occur- manner actually leave the burrow. Trans Nonachlor 1.06 PPM red as disjunct segments randomly Personal observations and conversa- Octachlor Epoxide 0.87 PPM distributed over the Coastal Plain. tions with snake hunters would sub- Dieldrin 1.37 PPM There is no question that remaining stantiate this estimate. In fact, a #2 female natural sandhill habitats are rapid- few hunters have discarded the tech- ly declining, both in quality and in nique due to its relative ineffec- Dieldrin .08 PPM area. It is common to observe small tiveness. Mirex 17.20 PPM tracts of this habitat directly ad- A high mortality in colubrid #3 male jacent to much larger areas of com- snake species for this practice has pletely cleared farmland or pasture- been demonstrated (Speake and Mount, Trans Nonachlor .83 PPM land, all part of the same sand 1973). Of three specimens of ay- Octachlor Epoxide .61 PPM ridge. It is obvious that such small marchon corais couperi confined in Dieldrin 5.6 PPM tracts are merely remnants of much tortoise burrows overnight, and ex- #4 male larger and extensive natural ridges. posed to two ounces of gasoline on Loss of this habitat type in Florida the following morning, two died in Octachlor epoxide 0.21 PPM has been estimated at roughly 5% per twelve and fourteen days. The third Trans Nonachlor 0.43 PPM year (Ashton, pers. comm.). Compar- was released after a twenty-four day Mirex 0.55 PPM able loss in Georgia is apparent. observation period. All three snakes PCB (arochlor 1260) 4.7 PPM Encroachment of this type not only came to the mouth of the burrow Heptachlor Epoxide 0.19 PPM destroys the habitat for many spe- within 3 to 35 minutes after the Dieldrin 1.0 PPM cies but also increases the likeli- gasoline was introduced. That Dry- hood of human encounter with the marchon and other serpentine com- #5 male conspicuous indigo and other snake mensals of the tortoise community Octachlor Epoxide 2.39 PPM species. are incidentally or purposely gassed Trans Nonachlor 2.42 PPM The use of all terrain vehicles during snake hunts is certain. Fif- PCB (arochlor 1260) 12.3 PPM (ATV's) such as trail bikes and dune were teen specimens of D.c. couperi Heptachlor Epoxide 0.65 PPM buggies is prevalent in many other- collected by gassing from one large Dieldrin 13.3 PPM wise well-preserved sandhill areas. tortoise colony in Jeff Davis Coun- Indiscriminant use of these vehicles ty, Georgia in early 1976. All were destroys wiregrass and other ground brought to the Claxton, Georgia rat- Alarmingly high levels of these vegetation which is essential to tlesnake roundup, where they were materials in initial samples indi- soil stability. Basic forage for the sold to a visiting Florida snake cate the need for extensive analy- tortoises is also reduced. Several dealer (Moulis, pers. comm.). Per- sis. such areas are reverting to a dune- sonal investigation of six addi- The last record for D.c. couperi like nature. Gopherus is unable to tional specimens from the same coun- in Alabama was taken to Covington construct burrows in loose, drifting ty, and at the same event, revealed County in 1954 (Neill, 1954). This sand, resulting in disruption of the that they had been excavated from species was reportedly extirpated in entire ecological community (Franz, two burrows in a different colony by Mississippi in the 1930's and 1940's pers. comm.). another hunter. The latter specimens (Meant and Speake, in press). Only The association of Crotalus ada- were sold singly to casual visitors one reference to the species in manteus, the eastern diamondback to the roundup. All were in poor South Carolina has been locatdd rattlesnake, with Gopherus burrows, condition, with numerous skin lesi- (Ditmars, 1939). No specific records especially during the winter months, ons. are known. However, remnants of

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 77 suitable habitat occur in Jasper ing (Goodson, pers. comm.). In Feb- County, South Carolina, directly ruary, 1977, the Georgia Board of across the Savannah River from iden- Natural Resources designated Dry- tical habitat in Effingham County, marchon corais couperi as a "threat- Georgia. Although extensive field ened" species under provisions of examination has failed to yield spe- the Georgia Endangered Species Act cimens in the South Carolina local- of 1973. This step provides protec- ity, there remains a possibility of tion throughout its remaining range. a population existing there. Protection in Florida and Georgia It is appropriate to suggest that prohibits the killing, capture, pos- remaining viable and natural popula- session, or sale of this animal tions of this species occur only in without permits from the state of Georgia and Florida. origin. In Georgia, D.c. couperi seems to The U.S. Department of Interior, prefer the Miocene and Plio-Pleis- Office of Endangered Species is cur- tocene marine terrace sand deposits rently evaluating the comprehensive in the middle and lower Coastal status of this species. It is likely Plain of the southeastern quadrant that it will receive federal protec- of the state. Only one verified tion within the immediate future. TR. J.4.”4.., record for this species in southwest Such action would provide conclusive Essential to the protection and Georgia is available (Seminole Coun- protection throughout the original recovery of Drymarchon corais coup- ty, Ashton, pers. comm.). Due to the range, making reintroduction into eri is adequate protection for Goph- paucity of suitable habitat in the areas of extirpation possible. Fed- erus polyphemus. Pituophis melan- Dougherty Plain, one suspects this eral matching funds may then become oleucus mugitus and Rana areolata represents a northward extension of available to the states in question sevosa, capito, and aesopus are oth- Florida panhandle populations, rath- for management, research, and en- er commensals of the Gopherus com- er than a continuous range across forcement purposes. munity thought to be declining in at southern Georgia. All records occur Dr. Dan Speake, Alabama Coopera- least portions of their ranges. Sec- in association with xeric sandhill tive Wildlife Research Unit, Auburn uring Gopherus habitats and develop- communities. There appears to be a University, the Atlanta Zoological ment of a practical recovery program strong preference for tortoise com- Park, and the Savannah Science Muse- for Drymarchon would directly bene- munities constructed on weathered um are assisting the Georgia Depart- fit the entire sand ridge biotic river dunes which are adjacent to or ment of Natural Resources in speci- community, and would provide "sur- near tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) or bald fic areas of field and laboratory vival islands" for many species in cypress (Taxodium distichum) swamps, research, public education, and cap- the future. river bottoms, or large tracts of tive propagation. Dr. Speake is uti- There is a consensus among scien- pine flatwoods. Drymarchon appears lizing telemetry to determine home tific investigators, naturalists, to range into more mesic habitats range, habitat preferences, and sea- and even some commercial snake hunt- during periods of moderate tempera- sonal movement. A similar study, ers, that Drymarchon has seriously ture and greater precipitation. Many funded by the Zoological Society of declined in the southeast, and is a food species are more abundant in Atlanta, will focus upon thermal threatened, if not endangered spe- these wetter habitats. preferences. cies. Commercial collection, habitat In Florida, Drymarchon remains The potential for captive breed- loss, exposure to gasoline during intimately associated with the sand- ing of D.c. couperi is good. Many rattlesnake roundups, wanton kill- hill habitat north of Lake Okeecho- areas of prime habitat appear to ing, and residual pesticides are bee, although it is not uncommon to have extremely low population dens- continuing pressures of great con- find wandering individuals in deci- ities, if indeed any individuals cern. Commercial retail value has dedly mesic situations. In southern remain at all. Captive breeding from soared to from $75 to $250 per Florida, the species is often common stock appropriate to the proposed specimen. As the species becomes along canal banks, where it may release sites would eliminate poten- scarcer, the demand and value in- enter the water when pursued, or tial egg predation and allow the creases. Federal protection seems to attempt to escape into the numerous monitoring of released hatchlings to be the only effective way of dealing crab holes along the banks. I exam- obtain data on home range, seasonal with this factor. In addition, pol- ined thirteen specimens from these range, growth in the wild, and other itical considerations within Georgia habitats at several localities off information. A formal recommendation may delay enforcement of laws pro- Highway 1, near Florida City, Flor- has been made to the Georgia Depart- hibiting "fumigation" of other dis- ida, in the late 1960's. Australian ment of Natural Resources regarding turbance of tortoise burrows. Feder- pine hammocks, which often comprise the development of General Coffee al protection could address this the highest terrain in the area, are State Park, in Coffee County, Geor- problem on federal lands. It is also frequented by the species. gia as a natural history park. This doubtful that Georgia will have Judging from the escape measures park encompasses substantial sand available funds to do more than employed, the crab holes are analo- ridge habitat and a dense tortoise provide de facto protection within gous to tortoise burrows in more population adjacent to the tupelo the state. South Carolina has been northerly populations as a place of swamp backwater of Seventeen Mile apprised of the importance of "en- refuge. A DOR specimen was taken in Creek. Self guiding nature trails dangered" status in that state, due August, 1969 on Highway 27 in Taylor could be initiated to interpret the to old records there. The very real County, Florida, east of Perry. The flora, fauna, and physiography of and vital necessity of acquiring and habitat was mesic flatwoods. In Oc- the habitat. Such limited develop- protecting suitable habitat would be tober, 1970, a specimen was found in ment would increase public awareness greatly aided by federal protection a xeric sandhill, 7 miles north of and interest, would further justify and associated grants-in-aid to Niceville, Florida, in Okaloosa the state's continued support of state endangered species programs. County. this little-used park, and would Without positive action toward Florida has protected the eastern enable the establishment of an ini- the full protection and recovery of indigo snake as a "threatened" spe- tial state sanctuary for Drymarchon Drymarchon corais couperi and its cies since 1971, due to habitat recovery and study, without addi- prime habitat, the future survival reduction, wanton killing, highway tional capital expenditures by the of this and allied species appears fatalities, and commercial collect- state (Lawler, 1976). to be highly questionable.

78 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977

LITERATURE CITED collections. Salamanders had migrat- OBSERVATIONS ON BREEDING ed south earlier as evidenced by Bogert, C.M. and R.B. Cowles. 1947. MIGRATIONS OF eggs developed to yolk-plug stage Moisture loss in relation to hab- AMBYSTOMA TEXANUM found at the breeding site on 2 itat selection in some Floridian March. However, the road was search- reptiles. Amer. Mus. (1958) 1-34. ed on four previous occasions begin- In Kansas, Ambystoma texanum mi- Ditmars, Raymond L. 1939. A Field ning on 12 February and no salaman- Book of North American Snakes. grates to breeding sites after rains ders were seen. Collins (1974) found Garden City, New York. during late February or early March eggs in the same population as early Laessle, A.M. 1942. The plant com- (Collins, 1974). This paper provides as 25 January. No sexual differences munities of Welaka area. Univ. new information on various aspects were noted in timing or direction of Flor. Publ., Biol. Sci. Ser. of migration and reproduction in a travel. 4(1): 1-143. Kansas population that I observed in Lawler, Howard E. 1976. Why protect 1974 and 1975. % traveling Date the indigo snake? A proposal for Salamanders were collected from a north the protection and management of one-mile stretch of blacktopped road Drymarchon corais couperi in (31st Street between Louisiana and Georgia. Bull. Georgia Herp. Soc. Haskell Streets) in Lawrence, Doug- 1974 4 Mar 24 63 2(3): 12-15. las County, Kansas. Search of the 28 Apr 17 82 Moulis, Robert. 1976. Autecology of road began soon after dusk on each 29 Apr 12 92 the Eastern indigo snake, Drymar- day in which precipitation had oc- chon corais couperi. Bull. New curred and for several days after- 1975 6 Mar 75 0 York Herp. Soc. 12(3 & 4): 14-23. ward from February through May. Sal- 26 Mar 19 32 Mount, R.H. 1963. The natural his- amanders were preserved and tagged 7 Apr 19 74 tory of the red-tailed skink, within three hours of collection. 13 Apr 13 77 Eumeces egregius Baird. Amer. Direction of travel, sex, and snout- Midl. Natur. 70(2): 356-385. vent length was recorded for each Table 1. Chronological changes in Mount, R.H. and D.W. Speake. in animal. In the laboratory, sizes of direction of travel. press. Drymarchon corais couperi oviducts, ovarian eggs, opistone- (Holbrook). In Threatened and en- phric ducts, and testes were mea- Table 2 shows various statistics dangered vertebrates of the sured with an ocular micrometer or for pre- and post-reproductive ani- Southeast. Bull. Tall Timbers Re- vernier calipers. Number of ovarian mals. All males were mature judging search Station, Florida. eggs were counted and stomach con- from size of reproductive organs, Neill, W.T. 1954. Ranges and taxo- tents were examined. Statistical swollen cloacas, and presence of nomic allocations of amphibians tests follow Sokal and Rohlf (1969). spermatophores. Two females (SVL - and reptiles in the southeastern Salamanders traveled to the low- 45, 46 mm) were judged immature United States. Publ. Res. Div. lying fields of the Wakarusa River based on undeveloped ovaries and Ross Allen's Reptile Institute 1: floodplain south of the road and small oviducts (0.20, 0.15 mm). Mean 75-96. then returned to the north side snout-vent length of 77 males was Speake, D.W. and R.H. Mount. 1973. after breeding. The pattern of di- 74.0 + 0.58 mm (range 60-85) whereas Some possible ecological effects rection of travel in both years was in 74 mature females it was 79.1 + of "rattlesnake roundups" in the an increasing percent of northerly 0.53 (range 69-88). The difference southeastern Coastal Plain. Proc. directed salamanders as the season in size is significant (t = 6.48; P Southeastern Assoc. Game and Fish progressed (Table 1). The first ap- < 0.001). Sex ratio was not signifi- Comm. 27: 267-277. preciable rain of the year occurred cantly different from 1 : 1 (X 2 = Young, F.M. and C. Goff. 1939. An on 6 March 1975 when 75 salamanders 0.06; P > 0.50). Pre-ovulatory fe- annotated list of the arthropods were collected traveling south. Suc- males had uniform eggs 1.4-1.7 mm in found in the burrows of the Flor- cessive collections showed an in- diameter. Number of ovarian eggs (ic ida gopher tortoise. Florida En- creasing percent traveling north. On = 658 + 24) ranged from 341-896 and tomol. 22: 53-62. a comparable date one year earlier, was correlated with snout-vent most salamanders were oriented north length Y = -1282 + 24.1x (P < HOWARD E. LAWLER, Division of Herpe- as was the case with successive 0.001). Regression of sizes of ovi- tology, Atlanta Zoological Park, 800 Cherokee Avenue, S. E., Atlanta, Georgia 30315. • Number Percent with Width of Width of traveling food in oviduct opistonephric Testis area n N or S stomachs (nn) duct (mm) (mm )

FEMALES pre- ovulatory 38 1 37 18.4 2.5+0.62 post- ovulatory 35 31 4 40.0 0.9+0.03

MALES pre- reproductive 56 0 56 12.5 1.2+0.03 33.5+1.30 post- reproductive 19 19 0 36.8 0.6+0.04 20.7+1.12

Table 2. Comparison of various statistics between pre-reproductive and post- reproductive A. texanum. Reproductive status of males was determined a priori by direction of travel. Testes approximated a flat, ribbon shape. As an index of testis size, area was computed by multiplying length by greatest width for each testis. Oviducts were measured near the middle of their length.

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 79 ducts, opistonephric ducts, testes, geography are presented. Examples and swelling of male cloacas occur- include a discussion of DNA and the red after reproduction. One post- Book Reviews genetics of polymorphism in Pletho- ovulatory female traveling south on don cinereus, the peculiar distribu- 13 April 1975 contained 58 eggs in tion of Notophthalmus viridescens in the left oviduct; the right oviduct, this area and the hypothesis of a measuring 1.4 mm in diameter, was THIS BROKEN ARCHIPELAGO: CAPE COD correlation of distribution and the empty. A significantly higher (P AND THE ISLANDS, AMPHIBIANS AND REP- salinity of breeding sites, the tax- 0.05; Sokal and Rohlf 1969, p. 607) TILES. By James D. Lazell, Jr., with onomic question of recognizing Noto- percent of both post-reproductive photographs by Martin C. Michener, phthalmus instead of Triturus as the males and females contained food in 1976. Demeter Press, Quadrangle/The real generic name, the nagging ques- the stomach compared to pre-repro- New York Times Book Company, N.Y., tion of where Hyla crucifer goes ductive animals. Apparently, sexu- N.Y. xi + 260 pp. $12.50. during the "off" season, and why do ally active A. texanum feed little The 37 species of amphibians and many herpetologists exhibit what Dr. as is true for A. maculatum (Shoop, reptiles known from Cape Cod and its Lazell terms "ignorance" of the lit- 1967). Earthworms were the most fre- associated islands are presented to erature concerning systematic revi- quent food item, being found in 34 the readers of this book with true sions? Explaining to a non-biologist of 35 stomachs. One stomach contain- affection by the author. This is not the role of DNA in the genetic ed a centipede and two other stom- only a systematic treatment, but a polymorphisms of Plethodon required achs contained, in addition to chronology of the author's, and his considerable insight and writing earthworms, fragments of a beetle, a friends', adventures as herpetolo- talent. Lazell does a fair job in weevil, and a spider. gists in the field. The emphasis is about 3 pages. Those who would rec- on the living animals, where they ognize the simplified, and basically ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS occur and what they do. The out- erroneous, statement that "a gene standing feature throughout is La- I thank Melissa Plummer for as- that doesn't work is called reces- zell's ability to develop a genuine sive" may criticize it. But, in his sistance in collecting salamanders. fondness for the small, sometimes Joseph T. Collins commented on the context we could do much worse in slimy, secretive, and mostly mis- explaining that gene's contract to a manuscript. Sherry Davis kindly typ- understood members of these two ver- ed the manuscript. dominant one. I do take exception to tebrate classes. The book is a first his view of introgression as "hy- attempt, excepting Roger Conant's LITERATURE CITED brids...so well adapted to new con- field guide, to assess the herpetol- ditions that they out breed either Collins, J.T. 1974. Amphibians and ogy of this area. The text is easily parental stock" (p. 108). His state- reptiles in Kansas. Univ. Kansas read, often humorous, interesting, ment, in my opinion, refers to a Mus. Nat. Hist., Pub. Ed. Series informative, and sometimes caustic hybrid swarm. Introgression more 1: 1-283. in its attack on individuals, pro- properly refers to backcrossing of Shoop, C.R. 1967. Relations of mi- fessional and amateur alike. His the F1's by either parental popula- gration and breeding activities pointed comments refer primarily to tions. As to "ignorance," Dr. Lazell to time of ovulation in Ambystoma field collecting for museum speci- rightly points out the problems, but maculatum. Herpetologica 23: 319- mens and taxonomic considerations. does little to indicate solutions 321. One explanation for some rather (quite unexpected from a Massachu- Sokal, R.R. and F.J. Rohlf. 1969. heavy language may be the author's setts Audubon member). If one recog- Biometry. W.H. Freeman Co. 776 p. affiliation with the Massachusetts nizes how immense was the genus (in Audubon Society, but nowhere are his this case Matrix), and how variable, MICHAEL V. PLUMMER, Department of biases totally unfounded. then one must admit that a proper Biology, Harding College, Searcy, Chapters 1 and 2 discuss the land definition requires a monographic Arkansas 72143. • and the sea, respectively, describ- study of no small effort. With re- ing in understandable detail the ference to Ed Malnate's study of the glacial origins of the area, the genus Matrix, such an effort has dynamic interactions of land, wind, split out Matrix from three other ice and water. Terms such as knobs, genera, and most have accepted the terminal moraines, kettles, pamets split in principal (including Mc- and tombalos are so vividly defined Dowell). Douglas Rossman, an ex- that they would be easily remember- tremely thorough worker, has now sep- ed, even without the fine habitat arated New World from Old World photographs. These, and similar Matrix, the former designated Nero- terms throughout the text, are also dia and the latter Natrix. The ori- italicized for easy reference. Seral ginal Matrix complex, thus pared stages of vegetation, subclimaxes down, might now be ready for a and ecotones are described for each reexamination of Nerodia-Natrix- island group to contrast the di- Thamnophis affinities. Classifica- versity of community types in the tions are slow to change--and in area. Of even greater importance, in many cases should be. Lumping often Chapter 2, the all pervasive role of obscures problems. Witness the long the sea in shaping the coastal land standing myth of the singular, wide masses, and cyclicly controlling ranging Rana pipiens, or the Matrix temperature and salinity, is des- sipedon-fasciata complex as a single cribed. species group. Surely the lumping of Chapters 3 through 7 describe the Thamnophis with Nerodia requires herpetofauna. Each chapter begins more than Lazell's "footnote." The with a brief overview of the general irony of the argument is that while origin, distribution and systematics Thamnophis may be Natrix they may of the order being introduced. In not at all be Nerodia! several individual species accounts One recurring theme throughout problems of general biological in- the book concerns the author's al- terest concerning such varied topics most fanatic aversion to collecting as genetics, physiology, and zoo- museum specimens, and the seemingly 80 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 continuous instruction against dis- are many suggestions and examples this reference does not appear in placing individuals from their natu- for the use of laboratory experi- the synonymy, there is a separate ral habitats. Unfortunately, in mak- ments in a natural setting. Profes- entry in a terminal bibliography ing his point Lazell must admit to sional herpetologists will find in- where the much more useful full paucities of data, or record sized teresting hypotheses to test, fine citation style is employed. specimens that were not preserved distributional maps, some discussion Having expressed my admiration due to this philosophy. I am sure of geographic variation (however, for this publication, I must fulfill Lazell realizes the importance of there are no tables or figures de- the critic's obligation of looking museum specimens, as individual re- picting individual variation), and at the other side of the coin. One cords or as series. In several plac- some soul searching arguments which area where this checklist may create es he does suggest the collection of I am sure Lazell will be happy to problems for taxonomists is in its a voucher specimen. Personally, I debate. listing of "new combinations." Duel- believe his aversion to collecting lman (p. ix) states that "taxonomic museum specimens is a ploy to down TERRY D. SCHWANER, Division of Her- changes normally should not be made beat the tendency of the young, petology, Museum of Natural History, in a checklist," and I agree comple- exuberant, and inexperienced to go The University of Kansas, Lawrence, tely. However, he finds it necessary hog wild! Similarly, for the several Kansas 66045. • to make some changes "for the sake reasons and examples Lazell so of nomenclatural consistency and clearly presents, no one should at- stability." Again, I agree that in tempt displacement of a species from some instances this may be appropri- its natural habitat. ate; the alternative may mean clut- Chapter 8 concerns zoogeography of tering the literature with numerous the area based on the herpetofauna. short notes. Some of the new combi- As stated, it is true that we need nations are really not new, however. more in-depth field studies and per- Duellman specifies ten species of haps less theorizing. However it is Centrolenella as new combinations unfair, unjustified, and downright (only nine appear in a list on p. wrong to single out MacArthur and ix, but a tenth, C. petropolitana, Wilson's theory of island biogeo- is in the body of the text), but graphy as "worthless." The very fact nine of these species had already that Lazell devotes a chapter to the been listed under Centrolenella subject and attempts new interpreta- without being indicated as new comb- tions, is justification enough for inations, by Gorham (1974). the worth of their efforts. Duellman (p. x) states "New com- I enjoyed this book so much that LISTE DER REZENTEN AMPHIBIEN UND binations of names listed by Gorham I found little more to criticize REPTILIEN, HYLIDAE, CENTROLENIDAE, (1974), none of which is supported that would not be considered trite PSEUDIDAE, By William E. Duellman, by evidence, are not included." The or just plain philosophical argu- 1977. Das Tierreich, Lief. 95, xix + difference in evidence seems to lie ment. A few typographical, grammati- 225 p. 280 DM (about $117). in Duellman's citing references cal and illustrational errors are Checklists can be among the most some of which presumably were avail- listed here mainly to indicate I useful documents in taxonomic biol- able to Gorham but were not cited in read the book thoroughly! "Cape ogy. At their lowest level of devel- his less elaborate format. It would Page" should be Cape Pone in the opment--as simple, unadorned lists have been better had Gorham indi- figure on p. 8; "tell" should be of species on a taxonomic or geogra- cated new combinations where he cre- tells (p. 110, line 12); "American phic basis--their utility is limited ated them, but in any event, Duell- toads...breed later" should be breed and they are likely to age rapidly. man's cavalier treatment of Gorham's earlier on p. 111, line 15; "occurs" But when a checklist is carefully useful list should not deter taxon- should be occur (p. 111, line 31); produced to cover one or more large omists from determining where part- there is an apparent smudge on the groups, includes extensive synony- icular name combinations were first right arrow of the figure on p. 112; mies, gives type-localities, cites used. "impotrant" should be important on type-specimens for all species-group Tyler's (1971) resurrection of p. 140, line 2; the photograph on taxa, and is thoroughly indexed, the genus Litoria for frogs of the page 190 is upside down; shading of then such a checklist is assured a Australian region formerly placed in the figure on p. 199 obliterates permanent place in the active liter- Hyla raised questions as to the use locality data; "Opmeodrys" should be ature. This is such a work, and the of some names that, as secondary Opheodrys in the figure legend on p. author deserves the plaudits of his homonyms, could not be used in Hyla. 212; "stock" should be stocky on p. colleagues. One instance is Pelodytes affinis 248, line 2. This checklist includes as valid Gray, a name preoccupied by Hyla Most of Martin Michener's photo- taxa (by Duellman's count), 36 gen- affinis Spix prior to the revival of graphs are truly outstanding, par- era and 544 species of Hylidae, 2 Litoria. Nieden (1923) rejected af- ticularly the frogs and toads, the genera and 55 species of Centroleni- finis Gray and provided the substi- smaller turtles, and the larger dae, and 2 genera and 4 species of tute name Hyla tornieri. Later auth- snakes. A compliment to his talents Pseudidae. I made no effort to count ors (Loveridge, 1935; Copland, 1957; is in reference to his photograph of the number of junior synonyms cited, Moore, 1961; Tyler, 1971) did not Natrix s. sirtalis on p. 221, which but the index comprises 21 pages of recognize tornieri as a valid speci- is every bit as good as the one small print--from acheta to zwei- es, but Cogger (1975), in a work taken by the late Isabelle Hunt Co- feli. The literature base for the published after Duellman's checklist nant. Michener presents good sug- checklist runs through 1974. Refer- went to press, revived tornieri (in gestions for photographing reptiles ences are for the most part contain- the new combination of Litoria tor- and amphibians in the last chapter. ed within the synonymies and are nieri) and made diagnostic compari- This book will be valuable to given in the customary but lament- sons. Duellman too listed the spe- different groups of people. To the able abbreviated mode of citation, cies as valid, but under the new amateur herpetologist and the inter- omitting titles. The entry for each combination Litoria affini (Gray), ested layman, the text will be read- taxon includes "the most recent pub- and gave no indication of why spe- able, providing details that took me lication on the taxon" (presumably cific recognition is warranted. The years to learn in the field. For the the most recent publication of tax- revival of affinis was improper, and high school biology teacher there onomic significance or utility). If according to Article 59 of the In-

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 81

ternational Code (1974 amendment), a is the range "Mountains of north- Gastrotheca riobambae is not in the junior secondary homonym rejected eastern Venezuela and Tobago" given systematic index (p. xii); the spe- before 1961 (as Nieden did with for Centrolenella orientalis (p. cific name of Hyla chrysoscelis is affinis) is permanently rejected. 192). The inclusion of Tobago in the misspelled throughout the text and Litoria tornieri evidently is the range of a species known previously index ("chrysocelis"). correct name. As an aside, I note only from a single specimen from a A great accumulation of data such that in the synonymy of Litoria montane, mainland locality 370 kilo- as appears in this checklist can affinis, Duellman (p. 114) lists meters away should be documented. lead one to statistical doodling. I "Hyla latopalmata latopalmata--Co- There is a refinement that I restrained myself to just one such pland (partim)," but Copland (1957: stongly urge on future compilers of operation: Duellman lists 603 valid 89) placed affinis and tornieri in such extensive checklists as this species of Hylidae, Centrolenidae the synonymy of Hyla lesueurii. one. That is to set aside a separate and Pseudidae. Of these, 264 (44%) What seems to me an unwarranted section, thoroughly indexed for were described by persons who lived revival of a senior synonym is species originally described within at least into the closing year Duellman's use of Litoria punctata the major group covered by the (1974) of the checklist. Aside from Dumeril for the species known for checklist but since transferred to a saying something about the longevity decades as Hyla cyclorhynchus Bou- group outside the scope of the list of herpetologists, this is an indi- lenger and more recently as Litoria in hand. Presumably the compiler of cation of the activity in the field cyclorhynchus. The name punctata a checklist will have encountered of herpetological systematics. does not appear to have been used in such names and will have had to In addition to the general excel- more than 100 years, was identified decide on their disposition. Thus, lence of the text, this is a physi- with a known species relatively rec- little extra work is called for, and cally well made publication. The ently (Moore, 1961:319-320), and has the utility of the checklist will be paper appears substantial, the bind- an erroneous type-locality. The name significantly increased. ing is good and the complex job of would appear to be an excellent Consider, for example, the plight printing was carried out with few candidate for suppression as an "un- of one who might wish to determine errors apparent to me. But at what a used senior synonym" (International the current status of Hyla chica price! Even in a time when $40 Code of Zoological Nomenclature Noble. The logical place to look technical books are commonplace, Article 79b), and Duellman would would be in a checklist of the this volume stands out at about have been well advised to "maintain Hylidae, but since the name was $0.50 per page. Future compilers of existing usage...and refer the case subsequently identified as a junior similar checklists should give ser- to the Commission for a decision synonym of an Eleutherodactylus, it ious throught to seeking out alter- under the plenary powers" (ap. cit., has no place in the hylid list. native means and places of publica- Article 23 a-b). Working back through the Zoological tion. Record, one would eventually find LITERATURE CITED With regard to whether the author reference to the synonymization in of a checklist accepts the most the volume for 1952. Another example Bannikov, A.G., I.S. Darevsky, and recently published assessment of the is Hyla chimboe Fowler, which is A.K. Rustamov. 1971. Amphibians taxonomic status of a given form, he more of a problem because it appears and reptiles of the USSR. "Mysl" is in a difficult position--likely in Gorham's list (1974) in this Publishing House, Moscow, 304 pp. to be damned if he does and damned original form. Unless the reader [in Russian] if he does not. A case in point is happened upon a recent paper by Bokermann, W.C.A. 1968. Notas sobre Duellman's acceptance of numerous Lynch (1976), he would have no way Phyllodytes auratus (Boul. 1917) synonymizations or changes from spe- of knowing that chimboe too is an (Amphibia, Hylidae . Rev. Brasil. cies to subspecies level recommended Eleutherodactylus. Biol. 28(2): 157-160. by Lutz (1973). In reviewing Lutz's Attention needs to be directed to Cogger, H.G. 1975. Reptiles and am- book Duellman (1974) was properly several items so that users of the phibians of Australia. A.H. and critical of changes instituted checklist who so wish may annotate A.W. Reed, Sydney, 584 pp. therein, many of them made with their copies; I include no litera- Copland, S.J. 1957. Australian tree little or no new evidence. I think ture later than the closing date for he would have been justified in frogs of the genus Hyla. Proc. the checklist, 1974: Hyla kanaima Linn. Soc. New South Wales 82(pt. rejecting such changes in nomencla- Goin and Woodley (1965) and Hyla 1): 9-108. ture pending more complete study. A microterodisca Werner (1921) were Covacevich, J. 1974. The status of stronger case could be made for omitted (evidently the latter is a Hyla irrorata de Vis 1884 (Anura: rejecting Lutz's taxonomy than for junior synonym of Osteopilus serp- sweeping Gorham's new combinations Hylidae). Mem. Queensland Mus. entrionalis (A. Schwartz and R. 17(1): 49-53. under the rug. In another instance, Crombie, pers. commun.); Phyllocytes Duellman, W.E. 1974. [Review of] what seems to be good evidence for auratus (Boulenger) is not a new restoring species rank to Hyla arbo- Brazilian species of Hyla, by combination as indicated on pp. ix rea savignyi was rejected or over- Bertha Lutz. Copeia 1: 284-287. and 157, but was first used by looked (Schneider, 1974), and in the Goin, C.J., and J.D. Woodley. 1965. Bokermann (1968); Litoria irrorata same species group, the decision of A new tree-frog from Guyana. J. (de Vis), listed as a valid species, Bannikov, Darevsky and Rustamov Linn. Soc. London Zool. 48(1): is a junior synonym of Litoria cae- 135-140. (1971) to recognize Hyla japonica as Gorham, S.W. 1974. Checklist of world a species rather than a subspecies rulea (White) (Covacevich, 1974); amphibians up to January 1, 1970. of H. arborea should have been con- The New Brunswick Museum, Saint sidered. John, N.B., 173 pp. The area of geographic distribu- Loveridge, A. 1935. Australian Am- tion is one in which some explana- phibia in the Museum of Compara- tory notes would be helpful. One tive Zoology, Cambridge, Massa- assumes that in the absence of in- chusetts. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. dication to the contrary, distribu- 78(1): 1-60. tional information is summarized Lutz, B. 1973. Brazilian species of from the literature. But what ap- Hyla. Univ. Texas Press, Austin, pears to be previously unpublished xiv + 265 pp. information is not so identified Lynch, J.D. 1976. The species groups and, hence, undocumented. An example of the South American frogs of

82 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 the genus Eleutherodactylus (Lep- todactylidae). 0cc. Papers Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kans. (61): 1- 24. Moore, J.A. 1961. The frogs of east- ern New South Wales. Bull. Amer. accomplished scholarly researcher. Mus. Nat. Hist. 121(3): 149-386. His compassion for his predecessors Nieden, Fr. 1923. Amphibia, Anura I. is well expressed in a passage in Das Tierreich (46). Berlin and the chapter on herpetology in Aus- Leipzig, xxxii + 584 pp. tralia: "In reading some of the Schneider, H. 1974. Structure of the ters, each dealing with one of the studies of modern zoologists who mating calls and relationships of four families of native Australo- have needed to re-examine specimens the European tree frogs (Hylidae, Papuan frogs: Hylidae, Leptodacty- in some of the collections that were Anura). Oecologia (Berl.) 14: 99- lidae, Microhylidae, and Ranidae. made, it is commonplace to detect a 110. The sixth chapter deals with the sense of frustration, irritation, Tyler, M.J. 1971. The phylogenetic introduced toad, Bufo marinus. Chap- .and even ridicule at what, by modern significance of vocal sac struc- ters 7 through 16 are concerned with standards, are interpreted to be ture in hylid frogs. Univ. Kans. "how frogs strive, thrive, and stay errors of description, resulting Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist. 19(4): alive," including reproduction, diet from slipshod work, This veiled 319-360. and feeding habits, obtaining water criticism is unfair, for the only and avoiding heat, breathing, com- way of assessing early contributions RICHARD G. ZWEIFEL, Department of municating by sound, facing enemies, is to appreciate the quality of the Herpetology, American Museum of Na- parasites, dispersal, geographic techniques of study in vogue in tural History, New York, New York distribution, and frogs and man. those times, the great difficulty of 10024. • Another chapter provides an infor- communication between herpetolo- mative account of the history of gists, the absence of specialist AUSTRALIAN FROGS; HOW THEY herpetology (principally frogs) in journals, the enormous array of new animals demanding attention and con- STRIVE, THRIVE, AND STAY ALIVE Australia. The final chapter on the (Frogs, 1976, Collins Ltd., Sydney, study of frogs includes commentaries cepts of species." How often we 256 pp.; obtainable in the U.S.A. on identification, collecting, main- forget. from Taplinger Publishing Company, taining living frogs and tadpoles, Australia has had many unfortu- 200 Park Avenue South, New York, New techniques of killing and preserva- nate intentional introductions of York 10003 for $17.50). tion, and herpetological literature. animals. Tyler provides a fascina- In recent years the parturition The book concludes with an appendix ting account of the history of Bufo rate of popular and semi-popular mostly devoted to lists of the spe- marinus in Australia since its in- books on amphibians and/or reptiles cies known from each state in Aus- troduction in 1935. He takes cogni- has been so great that it seems as tralia, an extensive list of refer- zance of the social and economic though the attainment of the carry- ences organized by chapters, and an reasons for the introduction of the ing capacity of the herpetological index. The illustrations, although toads, discussing the biological and community should be imminent. In a not plentiful, are of excellent commercial problems resulting from packed community a newcomer is like- quality. Thirty-four text figures their population explosion and dis- ly to survive only if it fills an illustrate principally morphological persal, and suggests methods of con- unoccupied niche. Such is the case features. The four black and white trol. Tyler's approach to conserva- of "Frogs," a delightful new book in and 16 colored plates are excellent; tion measures contained in the chap- The Australian Naturalist Library, most of these are photographs, and ter on frogs and man embraces a written by Michael J. Tyler of the among them are the best illustra- philosophy of the greatest good of University of Adelaide, Australia. tions of Australian frogs ever pub- all--protection of all species on In the preface Tyler tells us: lished. special reserves, strict regulations "There are really two major defi- Although the book is directed to on rare species, freedom for amateur ciencies in this literary void [pub- Australian naturalists, it far sur- and professional alike to utilize lications for naturalists on Aus- passes its intended goal. Tyler and study other species, and limited tralian and New Guinean frogs): writes lucidly and obviously is commercial exploitation of some com- firstly a book providing information knowledgeable and enthusiastic about mon species. about the lives of frogs, enabling his subject. He whets the reader's Book reviewers are supposed to be them to be appreciated as living appetite with fascinating narra- highly critical, pointing out errors animals and, secondly, one designed tives. He engenders an overwhelming in the information content, the con- as a field guide for identification. desire to get into the field so as ceptual framework, the organization, These two objectives are quite dif- to observe frogs and seek answers to the writing, and the layout of the ferent, and my book is concerned the many intriguing questions posed book. In the case of Tyler's "Frogs" only with the first one, which is by the author while he skillfully I have nothing but praise, except just how frogs strive, thrive, and leads his readers through the maze that I would have chosen a different stay alive." He has succeeded admir- of information about the biology of colored binding. ably. "Frogs" is a book about the Australo-Papuan frogs. American writers have been pro- biology of frogs based primarily For example, the chapter on re- vided with a challenge, for no com- upon examples from Australia and New production is introduced thusly: parable book has been written on Guinea but with relevant comparative "Frogs vary in just about every American frogs. With the reading of information about species elsewhere detail of their reproductive behav- Tyler's book my enthusiasm for vis- in the world. iour and the subsequent pattern of iting Australia and observing its In a well-organized manner, the development of the young. It isn't frog fauna has increased by several reader is presented with 18 chapters just a question of species choosing factors; probably I shall not be beginning with an introduction en- to be different for the sake of it. able to await a hoped for companion compassing basic internal and exter- Rather the variation is a mirror of volume--a field guide. nal structure, distribution, Aus- the environmental difficulties that tralian fossils, and a lucid, candid have been overcome, and demonstrates WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN, Museum of Natu- discussion of taxonomy. The latter a wide variety of success stories." ral History and Department of Syste- should be required reading for all Tyler represents a fine blend of matics and Ecology, University of biologists. Following are four chap- an astute field naturalist and an Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045. •

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 83 SALIENTIA GRAPTEMYS GEOGRAPHICA (Map Tur- Conservation tle). USA. NEW YORK: Dutchess Co: RANA PALUSTRIS (Pickerel Frog). Hyde Park. 1972. Donald C. Buso. USA. ARKANSAS: Union Co: 10.3 km S Collection of Donald C. Buso. Rhine- Smackover. 7 June 1974. H.W. Robi- cliff. 28 July 1972. Nesting female SSAR CONSERVATION COMMITTEE son. Southern Arkansas University marked and released by Erik Kiviat FOR 1977 uncataloged. Ouachita Co: Camden and Robert L. Bard. Hyde Park. 23 city limits at U.S. Hwy. 7, Ouachita June to 16 July 1973. Six fresh Members of the SSAR Conservation River. 25 August 1974. L.D. Blalock. nests. 27 August 1973. Nest with Committee for 1977 (with the regions New county records extend known hatchlings emerging. (Seven clutch- they represent in parentheses) are: range within the state ca. 190 km S es, 10-18 eggs, Z = 15.1). Donald C. Ronald I. Crombie of nearest records in Monroe County Buso. Cornell University, 89726- (West Indies) and 83 km SE of a record in Polk 9732. Staatsburg. 26 June 1975. Two Jeffrey R. Black County. Previous records are from nests (1 with 14 eggs, not fresh). (South-central U.S.) extreme west, north and north cent- Erik Kiviat. Bard College Field Sta- Glenn R. Stewart ral Arkansas (Dowling, 1956, Occ. tion, uncataloged. All data from (Southwestern U.S.) Paps. Univ. Ark. Mus., 19: 18; Black fresh-tidal Hudson River. Nearest John H. Larsen, Jr. and Dellinger, 1938, Occ. Paps. Univ. published range margins (Conant, (Northwestern U.S.) Ark. Mus., 2: 22). 1975, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Lauren E. Brown Amphibians of Eastern and Central (North-central U.S.) Submitted by HENRY W. ROBISON, North America, Houghton Mifflin Co., Robert H. Mount Dept. of Biological Sciences, South- Boston) are ca. 165 km N at Lake (Southeastern U.S.) ern Arkansas University, Magnolia, Champlain, and ca. 165 km W near James D. Lazell, Jr. Arkansas 71753. Binghamton. The Hudson-Champlain (Northeastern U.S.) canal (1820) may have been the dis- Robert A. Thomas SAURIA persal route. Unverified reports Committee chairperson suggest Hudson River range extends S ANOLIS SAGREI SAGREI (Cuban Brown to Poughkeepsie and N to Athens from Anole). USA. FLORIDA: Glades Co: localities reported here. Fisheating Creek Campground along banks of Fisheating Creek, 1 km S Palmdale off US 27. 25 March 1976. Submitted by ERIK KIVIAT, Bard C.M. Corwin, et al. Verified by College, Annandale, New York 12504, James N. Layne, Archbold Biological and DONALD C. BUSO, Hubbard Brook Station. Univ. South Alabama Nat. Experimental Forest, P.O. Box 27, Hist. Mus. 2216-2217. This locality West Thornton, New Hampshire 03285. represents an extension of ca. 80 km NW and 160 km SE of Palm Beach Geographic Distribution County, and Tampa-St. Petersburg populations, respectively (King and SERPENTES Krakauer, 1966, Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Herpetological Review publishes Sci., 29: 144-154). Male and female HYPSIGLENA TORQUATA DESERTICOLA brief notices of new geographic dis- specimens were collected, indicating (Desert Spotted Night Snake). USA. tribution records in order to make a breeding colony is probably estab- CALIFORNIA: Siskiyou Co: 13.4 km SW them available to the herpetological lished in the area. Tulelake, North Hill Road. 10 June community in published form. Geo- 1975. Univ. San Francisco Mus. Vert. graphic distribution records are im- Submitted by CRAIG M. CORWIN, 417 Zool. 7501. Species apparently known portant to biologists in that they Cheri Lane, Birmingham, Alabama but unreported from northeastern allow for a more precise determin- 35215 and ALICIA V. LINZEY and DON- quarter of the Lava Beds National ation of the range of a species, and ALD W. LINZEY, Department of Biol- Monument as early as 1976. Consider- thereby permit a more significant ogical Sciences, University of South ed rare in the area with only occas- interpretation of the biology of Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688. • ional specimens encountered on the same. The standard format for a geo- road. Extends range into northern graphic distribution record is: TESTUDINES California approximately 175 km W of Scientific name (common name) as closest known range in northwestern it appears in Conant (1956, 1975) or CHRYSEMYS NELSONI (Red-bellied Nevada (Tanner, 1944, Great Basin Stebbins (1966). Locality (use met- Turtle). USA. FLORIDA: Baker Co: Os- Natur., 4(1-2): 25-92). ric for distances). Date and collec- ceola National Forest. Middle Prong, tor(s). Identified or verified by. Little St. Mary's River, 7.3 km SW Submitted by DAVID A. MULLEN, De- Place of deposition and catalogue Taylor. 29 April 1977. Seined by partment of Biology, University of number. Comments. Citation. Submitt- C.R. Smith, W. Lippincott, and A. San Francisco, San Francisco, Cali- ed by (give name and address). Powers. Verified by W. Auffenberg, fornia 94117. • Please submit new geographic dis- Florida State Museum. FSM/UF 39066. tribution records in the standard First record for the county, and LAMPROPELTIS GETULUS HOLBROOKI format only to Joseph C. Mitchell, extends the range into the St. (Speckled Kingsnake). USA. COLORADO: Graduate Program in Ecology, Univer- Mary's River drainage, approximately Otero Co: 6.2 km SW La Junta. 10 sity of Tennessee, Knoxville, Ten- 65 km N of previously recorded lo- July 1976. Sec. 28, T245, R55W. 30 nessee 37916. Short manuscripts are calities (Carr and Crenshaw. 1957. September 1976. SW 1/4, SW 1/4, Sec. acceptable when data cannot be ade- Bull. Florida St. Mus., Biol. Sci. 1, T245, R55W. No date given. Jack quately presented in the standard 2: 25-42). K. Kappel. Colorado Univ. Mus., UCM format. 51486. Eastern extension of known Recommended citation for new geo- Submitted by ARNOLD POWERS, c/o range from western Kansas into graphic distribution records appear- Department of Herpetology, Florida southeastern Colorado (Conant, 1975, ing in Herpetological Review is: State Museum, University of Florida, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphi- Jones, J. 1977. Geographic distri- Gainesville, Florida 32611 and C.R. bians of Eastern and Central North bution: Rana pipiens. SSAR Herp. Re- SMITH, National Fish and Wildlife America, Houghton-Mifflin Co., Bos- view 8(1): 1. Lab, Gainesville, Florida 32601. II ton).

84 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 Submitted by JACK K. KAPPEL, Di- REGIONAL HERPETOLOGICAL vision of Biological Sciences, Otero Regional Society News SOCIETIES Junior College, La Junta, Colorado 81050. • The SSAR, through the efforts of the Liaison Committee, is attempting to establish a much closer relation- LAMPROPELTIS MEXICANA MEXICANA MUHLENBERG GROUP SPONSORS ship with regional herpetological (Mexican Kingsnake). MEXICO. ZACA- ESHL MEET societies. In order to accomplish TECAS: 2.74 km S Transcoso. 13 July that end, questionnaires were sent 1964. E.A. Liner and H.A. Dundee. The Muhlenberg Group (TMG) of to all of the societies for the E.A. Liner private collection, EAL Augusta, New Jersey will be sponsor- purpose of compiling a current list 1170. First record for this species ing the Fall 1977 Eastern Seaboard and to gain some input as to how from the state of Zacatecas. Herpetological League (ESHL) meet- ing. The meeting will take place on SSAR might be of greater assistance Submitted by ERNEST A. LINER, 310 Oct. 8, from 12:30 to 7:00 p.m., and to regional societies. Malibu Blvd., Houma, Louisiana will be held at the Plains Community The Committee members, Stanley 70360 and HAROLD A. DUNDEE, Depart- House, Plains Road, in Augusta. Sub- Dyrkacz, Tom Johnson, Gopher Kuntz, ment of Biology, Tulane University, jects ranging from the bog turtle to Michael Long and Malvin Skaroff, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118. • sea snakes, to the conservation of prepared questionnaires which cover- amphibians and reptiles will be dis- ed the following topics: status of TANTILLA NIGRICEPS FUMICEPS (Tex- cussed. The following organizations the society, heirarchy of the organ- ization, membership, publications, as Black-headed Snake). MEXICO. are members of ESHL: N.Y. Herp. frequency of meetings, and other TAMAULIPAS: 16.3 km SW Reynosa on Soc., Conn. Herp. Soc., Mass. Herp. pertinent information. The response Mexico Hwy. 40. 3 July 1964. E.A. Soc., Philadelphia Herp. Soc., Md. was less than over-whelming and the Liner and H.A. Dundee. EAL 992. This Herp. Soc., Ga. Herp. Soc., Fla. list reflects the amount of informa- is the second record and third spe- Herp. Soc., Assoc. for the Cons. of tion that was returned. The status cimen from Mexico; all are from Turtles and Tortoises, Inc., No. of many societies could not be de- Tamaulipas. This record extends the Ohio Herp. Soc., No. N. J. Herp. termined so any corrections or addi- range ca. 88.7 km due east on the Soc., and TMG). tions would be welcome. Please send first known locality, Mier, reported According to Mr. Tom J. Bloomer, all information to: by Smith (1938, Copeia, 3: 150). Coordinator of TMG, the organization is in the process of printing the James B. Murphy, Chairperson SSAR Liaison Committee Submitted by ERNEST A. LINER, 310 first in a series of field studies 621 E. Clarendon Drive Malibou B.vd., Houma, Louisiana on members of the turtle genus Clem- Dallas Zoo 70360 and HAROLD A. DUNDEE, Depart- mys. The Bog Turtle...A Natural His- Dallas, Texas 75203 ment of Biology, Tulane University, tory is now available from TMG for A revised list of societies will New Orleans, Louisiana 70118. • 50¢ a copy plus 24¢ postage. The remainder of the natural history be published each year by the SSAR. studies will be printed in the near HERPETOLOGICAL RECORDS FROM ILLINOIS ARIZONA HERPETOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION future, and the accounts will be The following range extension and combined into a hard cover book in c/o Bruce Bear county records are reported for Il- 1978. 2206 W. Vista Avenue linois reptiles and amphibians. Another project of TMG is the Phoenix, Arizona 85021 COUNTY RECORDS. Caudata: Ambys- preservation of known habitats of Membership: 50 tome texanum (Small-mouthed salaman- Clemmys muhlenbergi. One area is a Meetings: Monthly der). Effingham Co: jct. U.S. Hwy. 100 acre bogland which must first be Publications: Newsletter 40 and Ill. Hwys. 32-32. 21 March purchased at a cost of $300,000, and 1975. J.K. Tucker. J.K. Tucker col- then the land will be turned over to ARKANSAS HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY lection, JKT 67. Testudines: Pseude- the state of New Jersey as a bog c/o Charles Calhoun mys scripta elegans (Red eared tur- turtle preserve. CONTRIBUTIONS FOR Reptile Department tle). Effingham Co: Lake Sara. 27 THIS PROJECT WILL BE WARMLY WEL- Little Rock Zoological Gardens Sept. 1974. JKT 68. McLean Co. Lake COMED. Please make checks payable Little Rock, Arkansas 72201 Bloomington at jct. with Money to: TMG Bog Turtle Fund. Creek. 15 May 1969. Identified and The Group is also currently doing ASSOCIATION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF released by J.K. Tucker. Stern- studies on other members of the TURTLES AND TORTOISES (ACTT) otherus odoratus (Stinkpot). McLean genus Clemmys, on the northern pine Co: Lake Bloomington. 25 April 1970. snake, and on the Blanding's turtle. P. O. Box 23 N. Hackensack T. Belander. Verified by J.K. Tuck- To send contributions, or for Station er. Illinois State Univ. Mus. #1767. more information, write to: River Edge, New Jersey 07611 Serpentes: Lampropeltis c. calli- Tom J. Bloomer Membership: 13 gaster (Prairie kingsnake). Peoria The Muhlenberg Group Co: 1.6 km S Kickapoo. June 1963. P.O. Box 94 BAY AREA TURTLE AND TORTOISE CLUB Identified and released by D. Moll. , Augusta, N.J. 07822 • RANGE EXTENSION. Serpentes: Lam- c/o Sue Hillbun propeltis c. calligaster (Prairie 176 Mission kingsnake). Fulton Co: 1.6 km S San Rafael, California 94901 Marietta. 19 April 1974. Identified Or and released by G.L. Paukstis and P. O. Box 17 J.K. Tucker. Extends range 42 km NW 2000 Allston Way and 59 km N of nearest records Berkeley, California 94701 (Smith, 1961, Illinois Nat. Hist. Editor: Connie Cembura Surv. Bull. 28(1): 1-298). Publications: Monthly newsletter

Submitted by DON MOLL, GARY L. RI-STATE TURTLE AND TORTOISE SOCIETY PAUKSTIS and JOHN K. TUCKER, Depart- ment of Biological Sciences, Illi- c/o Frederick G. Wastholz nois State University, Normal, Illi- 32 Leonon Parkway nois 61761. • Old Tappan, New Jersey 07675

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 85 CALIFORNIA TURTLE AND TORTOISE CLUB FREE STATE HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY KENTUCKY HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Box 90252 c/o Clyde Prince c/o Eddie Ashmore Los Angeles, California 90009 Box 285 1300 Ambridge Drive Carter Lane Louisville, Kentucky 40207 Editor: Ellen Beattie Elvaton, Meetings: Monthly President: William T. Mobley Millersville, Maryland 21108 Membership: 60 Meetings: Monthly CANADIAN AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE GEORGIA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY CONSERVATION SOCIETY Publications: Newsletter c/o John C. Zegel, President c/o Barbara Froom 3341 Smoke Rise Drive LONG ISLAND NATURALIST SOCIETY 8 Preston Place Stone Mountain, Georgia 33083 Toronto 12, Ontario c/o F. C. Schlauch Canada 415 Clift Street GREAT LAKES HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Central Islip, L.I., NY 11722 CHICAGO HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY c/o James Todd, President MARYLAND HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2001 N. Clark Street 15554 Cooper Chicago, Illinois 60614 Taylor, Michigan 48180 Department of Herpetology Membership: 86 Natural History Society of Mary- President: Stanley Dyrkacz land Membership: 250 Meetings: Monthly Publications: Quarterly bulletin 2643 North Charles Street Meetings: Monthly Baltimore, Maryland 21218 Publications: Monthly newsletter Quarterly bulletin GREATER GAINESVILLE BIOLOGICAL PARKS Editor: Herbert S. Harris, Jr. SOCIETY, INC. Membership: 250 c/o Eddie Leach Meetings: Monthly COLORADO HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2131 N.W. 55th Street Publications: Leaflets, bulletins P. O. Box 15381 Gainesville, Florida 32605 Denver, Colorado 80215 Membership: 50 MASSACHUSETTS HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Secretary: Louise Turner Meetings: Monthly President: Martin Balt P. 0. Box 1082 Meetings: Monthly GULF COAST HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Boston, Massachusetts 02103 Publications: Monthly newsletter c/o John Zapata President: John Rollins Annual bulletin P. O. Box 1562 Editor: David Taylor Houston Zoo Membership: 250 CONNECTICUT HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Houston, Texas 77001 Meetings: Monthly Publications: Newsletter, semi- c/o N. R. Ford annual review 598 Durham Road INDIANA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Guilford, Connecticut 06437 c/o Garry S. Bryan MEMPHIS HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY 453 N. Grant Street Membership: 114 P. O. Box 11337 Martinsville, Indiana 46151 Meetings: Monthly Memphis, Tennessee 38111 Publications: Monthly newsletter NO REPLY Annual bulletin NO REPLY INDIANAPOLIS ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY DALLAS HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY HERPETO- REPTILE STUDY GROUP LOGISTS c/o Wayne Seifert 3120 E. 30th Street Department of Herpetology c/o M. J. Lodato, President Indianapolis, Indiana 46218 Dallas Museum of Natural History 925 Park Plaza Drive P. O. Box 26193 Evansville, Indiana 47715 Dallas, Texas 75226 INTERNATIONAL CROCODILIAN SOCIETY Membership: 4 Meetings: Monthly Meetings: Irregular P. O. Box 217 Publications: None Membership: 100 Silver Springs, Florida 32688 Publications: Monthly newsletter NO REPLY MISSOURI TURTLE AND TORTOISE SOCIETY EASTERN SEABOARD HERPETOLOGICAL c/o Jim Selke LEAGUE IOWA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1340 Layven Avenue c/o Malvin Skaroff, Coordinator c/o Henry Wallace Florissant, Missouri 63031 1025 Lakeside Avenue 147 Tonawanda Drive STATUS UNKNOWN Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19126 Des Moines, Iowa 50312 NO REPLY THE MUHLENBERG GROUP FLORIDA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY c/o T. J. Bloomer, Coordinator c/o Gopher Kuntz, Secretary KANSAS HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY P. O. Box #94 8604 Lake Christie Drive c/o Janice Perry Augusta, New Jersey 07822 Orlando, Florida 32609 Museum of Natural History Membership: 42 Membership: 40 University of Kansas Meetings: 3 per year Publications: Monthly newsletter Lawrence, Kansas 66045 President: Robert F. Clarke NEVADA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY FLORIDA WEST COAST HERPETOLOGICAL Secretary: Marjorie Perry AND CONSERVATION SOCIETY c/o Bill Cobb, Jr. Editor: Janice Perry 4909 Eugene Avenue c/o John Lewis Membership: 135 Las Vegas, Nevada 89108 1312 S. Evergreen Avenue Meetings: 6 per year Clearwater, Florida 33515 Publications: Newsletter NO REPLY

86 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 SACRAMENTO VALLEY HERPETOLOGICAL UTAH HERPETOLOGISTS' LEAGUE SOCIETY c/o Mike Coffeen, Secretary c/0 Bob Pedder Hogle Zoological Gardens 6007 Watt Avenue P. O. Box 8475 North Highlands, Calif. 95660 Salt Lake City, Utah 84108

SAINT LOUIS HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY VIRGINIA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY c/o Patricia Krohmer c/o F. J. Tobey, Jr., Editor 9988 Merito Drive P. O. Box 1376 St. Louis, Missouri 63128 Leesburg, Virginia 20075 Pres.: Randy Krohmer Membership: 250 Membership: 150 Meetings: Irregular Meetings: Monthly Publications: Bulletin, news- NEW MEXICO HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Publications: Monthly newsletter letter Special issues c/o Department of Biology WASHINGTON (formerly Northern Vir- University of New Mexico SAN DIEGO TURTLE AND TORTOISE CLUB ginia) HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 c/o Cary Herrera c/o Scott Rae President: Lititia C. Peirce 7620 Eads Avenue 317 Adahi Road, S.E. Editor: Lynn Mollet La Jolla, California 92037 Vienna, Virginia 21180 Meetings: Monthly Publications: Bi-monthly news- NO REPLY Co-Chairpersons: Elizabeth M. letter Lundell and Thomas More SERPENT SAFARI HERPETOLOGICAL Membership: 35 NEW YORK HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY SOCIETY Meetings: Monthly P. O. Box 3945 c/o Peter Emory Publications: Irregular news- Grand Central Station RFD 2 letter New York, New York 10017 Brewster, New York 10509 WEST END REPTILE CLUB Membership: 350 NO REPLY Publications: Bulletin c/o Toni Siquitan SOUTH FLORIDA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2569 Leebe Avenue Pomona, California 91766 NEW YORK TURTLE AND TORTOISE SOCIETY c/o Saul Friess, President c/o Martha E. Reeves 9972 N. Kendall Dr., #54 NO REPLY The Dial Press Miami, Florida 33176 WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS HERPETOLOGICAL 750 Third Avenue STATUS UNKNOWN New York, New York 10017 SOCIETY SOUTHERN ARIZONA HERPETOLOGICAL P. O. Box 151 Highland Station NORTHERN NEW JERSEY HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Springfield, Massachusetts 01119 SOCIETY c/o Tom Boyden, President WISCONSIN HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY P. O. Box 94 4521 W. Mars Street Augusta, New Jersey 07822 Tucson, Arizona 85704 800 West Wells Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 NORTHERN OHIO ASSOCIATION OF HERPE- Meetings: Monthly TOLOGISTS Membership: 25 Max A. Nickerson, President Membership: 70-80 c/o Martin Rosenberg Meetings: Bi-monthly Department of Biology SOUTHWEST FLORIDA BOIDAE RESEARCH Publications: Bi-monthly news- AND BREEDING CENTER Case Western Reserve University letter Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Route 2, Box 483 Membership: 80 North Fort Myers, Florida 33903 ZOO FAUNA ASSOCIATION Meetings: Monthly c/o Dan Watson-Tom Buchanan, Publications: Newsletter, bulle- SOUTHWEST HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Editors tin Two Chapters Abilene Zoological Gardens P. O. Box 60 OKLAHOMA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY San Fernando Valley Chapter Abilene, Texas 79604 c/o Rick Korne c/o Richard Lardie, President 5730 Newcastle Avenue Membership: 80 1414 Parker Street Encino, California 91316 Meetings: Bi-monthly Enid, Oklahoma 73701 Publications: Bi-monthly news- c/o Bob Sanders letter OREGON INSTITUTE OF HERPETOLOGY Curator of Herpetology San Bernardino County Museum 3675 Madrona Lane 2024 Orange Tree Lane Medford, Oregon 97501 Redlands, California 92373 STATUS UNKNOWN TEXAS HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY c/o Ann Stevens, Secretary PHILADELPHIA HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Route 1, Box 120 c/o Malvin Skaroff, Secretary Wetmore, Texas 78163 Send news information on YOUR 1555 Pratt Street Membership: 100 regional herpetological society to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19124 Meetings: Twice a year the Regional Society Section Editor Membership: 400 Publications: Newsletter twice (See inside front cover for address). Publications: Bulletin per year Black and white photos are welcome.

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 87 S110111S• (Save Our Snakes)

Help Stop Oklahoma Rattlesnake Roundups For information on how you can help, write: Oklahoma Herpetological Society clo Dr. Jeffrey H. Black Department of Biology Oklahoma Baptist University Shawnee, OK 74801

88 HERP REVIEW 8 (3 ► , 1977 mous names: agilis, blanfordi, is- --providing any other advice or olepis, sanguinolenta, savignyi, la- guidance you feel relevant. News Notes yakari, flavimaculata, tournevillei, The formal comment period for fieldi, kirmanensis, mutabilis, pal- this proposal expires on October 30, lids, agnetae, ruderata, megalonyx, 1977. Direct replies to Jack N. AN OPEN LETTER ON AGAMID LIZARDS rubrigularis. Willi Hennig, famous Berryman, Acting Associate Director, for his original contributions to Office of Endangered Species, U.S. As most museum curators already cladistics, revised Draco in 1936 Fish and Wildlife Service, Washing- know, my doctoral thesis concerns for his doctoral thesis. He recog- ton, D.C. 20240. the systematics of the lizard family nized 16 species and 21 subspecies, Agamidae. During the course of my not including the nominate forms. DUTCHESS COUNTY NY ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY research, I have developed working However, given the analagous island correspondences with other herpetol- archipelago radiation of Anolis, I Data on reptile and amphibian ogists also studying various agamid would strongly recommend a reexamin- distributions from Dutchess County, taxonomic problems. In order to pre- ation of Draco. New York are wanted for a study of vent duplication of effort and re- I hope that the above information the vertebrate fauna and habitats of sults by other persons, I shall will be of use to other herpetolo- the County. Especially desired is summarize below which taxa are pres- gists. I will gladly share my volu- information on uncommon, rare or ently under study and by whom. minous notes concerning the where- declining species, or species at For my doctoral thesis, the mono- abouts of type speciMens and my geographical range margins. The Sur- typic genera or genera with only a lists of species available for study vey will generate recommendations handfull of species will be ade- in all museums in America and Eur- for the conservation of rare species quately treated. These genera in- ope. I would also appreciate being and rare habitat types on a county clude: Acanthosaura, Aphaniotis, informed of other agamid studies, in basis. A summary of data is avail- Brachysaura, Ceratophora, Chelosa- the present and the future, in order able, and a detailed report is in nia, Cophotis, Dendragama, Hydro- to continue a cooperative effort in preparation. Rare species localities saurus Lophocalotes, Lyriocephalus, the study of agamid lizards. information will be used discreetly. Moloch, Oriocalotes, Otocryptis, SCOTT MOODY, Museum of Zoology, Uni- Write to: E. Kiviat, Bard College, Physignathus, Psammophilus, Ptycto- versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Annandale, New York 12504. laemus, Salea, Sitana, and Xenagama. Michigan 48109 USA. Leiolepis and Phoxophrys have al- ABSTRACT OMITTED ready been revised in recent years by Gunther Peters and Robert Inger TORTOISE DATA DESIRED The abstract of Dale R. Jackson's respectively. paper was inadvertently omitted from I am also preparing revisions of Persons having data on care in HR volume 7 (1976), and is as fol- the species of the larger genera captivity, field observations and/or lows: Gonocephalus and Uromastyx, and of photographs of rare species of tor- Reproductive Strategies of Sympatric the sub-genus Pseudocalotes within toises may wish to contact Wayne Freshwater Turtles in North Florida. the unwieldly genus Calotes. The Labenda. Mr. Labenda plans to pub- Reproductive strategies of four "amphibolurine" radiation of agamids lish a book about tortoises and can freshwater emydine turtles (Chryse- in Australia, including Amphibolu- be reached at: 15 North Winifrd mys nelsoni, C. floridana, C. scrip- rus, Caimanops, Chlamydosaurus, Dip- Drive, Totowa, New Jersey 07512. ts, and Deirochelys reticularia), oriphora, Lophognathus, and Tympano- which are sympatric in a narrow zone cryptis, is being studied by Geof- in north peninsular Florida, were frey Witten and other students of SSAR STUDENT PRIZE COMMITTEE determined by ovarian examination Harold Cogger in Sydney. The diffi- and field observation. All are iter- cult genus Phrynocephalus is being The SSAR Student Prize Committee oparous, multiple-clutched species independently studied by Gunther Pe- for 1977 consists of Robert Bezy, which utilize an r-strategem, large- ters in Berlin and Ronald Whiteman Thomas H. Fritts, Kirkland Jones, at the University of California at Richard Wasserzug and Margaret Stew- ly in response to predation losses at early stages. Developmental Fullerton. art (chairperson). The committee quiescence (pre-embryonic diapause) The polyphyletic assemblage Agama awards a cash prize for the best at low temperatures enables two spe- is finally receiving long overdue student paper published in the cies to nest during late fall and attention. The sub-genus Stellio, SSAR's Journal of Herpetology. winter. Seasonal ovipositional dif- the whorled-tail forms, is being ferences may serve as a means of revised by Gunther Peters. The Agama INFORMATION NEEDED BY FWS ON resource partitioning, predator hispicLa species complex in southern DRYMARCHON CORAIS COUPERI avoidance, or as a response to sea- Africa is being revised by G.R. sonal resource availability. Dale R. McLachlan at Cape Town. Benedetto The Fish and Wildlife Service now Jackson, Department of Zoology, Uni- Lanza of Florence has completed a has information on file that the versity of Florida, Gainesville, review of all Agama species, includ- Eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon Florida 32611. ing several rare endemics, of Somal- corais couperi) should be determined ia. Dirk Kreulen of Holland is re- to be Threatened. On August 1, 1977, -- ERRATA HR 8(2) JUNE 1977 viewing the Agama agama-lionotus- they published in the Federal Regis- planiceps complex in the rift region ter (42 FR 38921-38924) a proposal Page 40, col. 3, para. 4, line 3, of East Africa. Wolfgang Bohme and I to make such a determination. "R.S. Funk. Verified by J.K. Tuck- are studying the relationships of The Office of Endangered Species er." should read R.S. Funk and J.K. would appreciate the assistance of several Agama species of the Sudan- Tucker." ese vegetational belt of northern you or your colleagues in: Africa. --providing any factual data you may Page 40, col. 3, para. 4, add at end Four diverse agamid genera are have access to concerning the status of paragraph "and is 34 km NNE of thus available for revision: Japa- of this species; isolated colony at Effingham, Ef- lura, Draco, Calotes (excludiniMe --advising them of any special con- fingham Co. (Brown, Funk, Moll, and sub-genus Pseudocalotes), and the siderations that should be taken Tucker, 1975, Herp. Rev. 6(3): 78- 79)." sub-genus Trapelus, removed from AE- into account prior to their final ama. This latter taxon includes the determination of the snake's status; Page 40, col. 3, para. 5, line 2, following species and many synony- --location of critical habitat; "Cassady" should read "Cassidy."

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 89 Current Literature

As of January, 1977, approximately 70 searchers are scanning 400 journals. Titles will be published four times per year. Searchers are encouraged to submit titles for inclusion at three month intervals to assure approximately equal listings in HR. Any correspondence concerning the Current Literature Project should be sent to

Richard D. Worthington Current Literature Department of Biological Sciences The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, Texas 79968,

A

ABDEL,FATTAH, R. F. and F. AL-BALOOL ANNAYEV, D. 1977. The effect of hormones on glucose absorp- 1976. New species of filaria (Thamugadia tion by the intestine of the lizard Uromastyx ivaschkini Nov. sp.) from the gecko microlepis Part I, Thyroxine and Adrenaline. GimnodactyIus caspius in Turkmenistan. HERPETOLOGICA 33(1)1102-108, IZV. AKAD. NAUK TURKM. SSR. BIOL. NAUK ADRIAN, C. 4t75-78. 1976. Wiederbelebung einer Landschildkr6te ANONYMOUS [Teludo graecal. AQUAR.-MAC., STUTTGART 1976, Alligators stage comeback; may be 10(9)1386-387,1386-387. moved from endangered to threatened list, AIMAR, C. BIOSCIENCE 26(8):516, 1977. Controle cytoplasmique de la segmenta- tion chez les Amphibians; modifications des 1976. Dr. Oliver retires as aquarium rythmes du clivage de l'oeuf apres injection director. ANIM. KINGDOM 79(3):1. de cytoplasme heterospecifique. C. R. ACAD. SC'. (PARIS) D 284(3)1215-218. 1976. Schwarzweisser Teyu, Tupinambis ALBERCH, P. and D. GONZALEZ teguixin. AQUARIA 24(5)on.P. 1973. Notes sobre distribuciOn, bi6topo, morfologia y biometria del Pleurodeles 1977. Year of the serpent. ANIM. KINGDOM waltlii Michaelles en el NE de la Peninsula 80(3)11;3. (Reptile house nursery.] Iberica (Amphibia, Salamandridae). MISCEIANEA ZOOLOGICA 1977. Pretty poison. ANIM. KINGDOM 80(3): ALCHER, M. N4. Olendrobatid frogs] 1975. L'Urodele Euproctus platycephalus (Gravenhorst, 1829): repartition geogra- 1977. First captive breeding of Aldabra phique et exigences thermiques. VIE MILIEU C giant tortoises. ANIM. KINGDOM 80(3):33. 25(1):169-179. ALEKSIUK, M. 1977. NYZS conservation projects around the 1977. Sources of mortality in concentrated globe. ANIM. KINGDOM 80(3)1N6. garter snake populations. CAN. FIELD NATUR. [Auffenberg and rock iguana.] 91(1)270-72. ARNDT, R. G. 1977. Notes on the natural history of the 1977. Cold-induced aggregative behavior in bog turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergi (Schoepff), the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis in Delaware. CHESAPEAKE SC'. 18(1):67-76. sirtalis parietalis). HERPETOLOGICA ARNTZEN, J. W. and M. SPARREBOOM 33(1)098-101. 1976. Enkele waarnemingen aan de amfibieen- AL,ZAHID, G., G. M. SCHOEPFIE and W. F. BRIDGERS fauna van de Tatra en de Beskiden (Polen). 1976, The action of cyclohexamide on the action LACERTA, THE HAGUE 34(11)3146-148. potential and protein synthesis in modulated ATAYEV. C. Xenopus axons. EXPERIENTIA 32s1281-1283. 1976. Concerning rare species of reptiles in AMBROSIUS, H. Turkmenistan. IZV, AKAD. NAUK TURKM. SSR. 1976. Antibody production in reptiles. IN BIOL. NAUK 3:9-14. Comparative Immunology. Marchalonis, J. J., ATWELL, J. L. and J. J. MARCHALONIS ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 298-334. 1976. Immunoglobulin classes of lower ANDERSON, M. P. vertebrates distinct from IgM immuno- 1976. Investigations on the pathogenesis globulin. IN Comparative Immunology. of nutritional osteodystrophy in the lizard, Marchalonis, J. J., ed. New York: John Iguana iguana, DISS. ABSTR. INT. B-37(2)1 Wiley & Sons, 276-297. 705. AXTELL, C. B. ANDREWS, S. M., M. A. E. BROWNE, A. L. PANCHEN 1976(1977). Comparisons of morphology, and S. P. WOOD lactate dehydrogenase, and distribution of 1977. Discovery of amphibians in the Namurian Rana blairi and Rana utricularia in Illinois (upper Carboniferous) of Fife. NATURE and Missouri. TRANS. IL . ST. ACAD. SCI. 265(5594):529-532. 69(1):37-48.

90 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977

B BEISWENGER, R. E. 1977. Diet patterns of aggregative behavior in BADHAM, J. A. tadpoles of Bufo americanus, in relation 1976. The Amphibolurus barbatus species group to light and temperature. ECOLOGY 58(1):98- (Lacertilias Agamida;7717. J. ZOOL. 108. 24(3):423-444. BELGIUM, J. H. BAILEY, P. 1976. Transient responses to shifts of angle 1976. Food of the marine toad, Bufo marinus, of illumination in retinal neurons. DISS. and six species of skink in a cacao plan- ABSTR. INT. B-37(5)12064, tation in New Britain, Papua, New Guinea. RELIC U., R. and M. URBANEJA B. AUS, WILDLIFE RES. 3(2)0185-188. 1974. Cultivos celulares de medula osea de BAKER, M. R. Amphibia Anura (Bufo marinus). ACTA BIOL. 1977. Redescription of Oswaldocruzia pipiens VENEZ. 8(3-4)079-298. Walton, 1929 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) BENNATI, R., F. MAZZI and L. SPORTELLI from amphibians of eastern North America. 1975. Le attuali conoscenze sull-erpeto- CAN. J. ZOOL. 55(1)104-109. fauna Bresciana. NATURA BRESCIANA 12: BALLS, M. and L. N. RUBEN 129-152. 1976. Phylogeny of neoplasia and immune BENSON, J. A. reactions to tumors. IN Comparative 1976. The circadian rhythm of locomotor ac- Immunology. Marchalonis, J. J., ed, tivity in the lizard Hoplodactylus paci- New Yorks John Wiley & Sons, 167-208. ficus, and its possible taxonomic use. BARGETZI, J.-P. TANE 22:119-128. 1976. Analyse structurale par transfert de BENTLEY, P. J. charge de neurotoxines lethales de venin. 1977. Endocrinology. IN Introduction to C. R. ACAD. SCI. (PARIS), D 283(6)s683-686. Comparative Physiology. Goldstein, L., ed. BARNTHOUSE, L. W. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976. Dynamic models of an aquatic multi- 403-476. species system. DISS. ABSTR. INT. B-37 BERGMANS, H. (4)0.538. 1976. Die Vipernatter, Natrix maura. BARRIO, A. AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z.Fg7)1318-320. 1976. Estudio cariotipico y analysis audio- BERMAN, D. S. espectrografico de los cantos de las 1977. A new species of Dimetrodon (Reptilia, especies de Phyllomedusa (Anura, Hylidae) Pelycosauria) from a non-deltaic facies que habiten en la Argentina. PHYSIS, C in the Lower Permian of North-Central 35(90):65-74. New Mexico. J. PALEO. 51(1)1108-115. , R. F. LAURENT and R. A. THOMAS BERTELSBECK, N. 1977. The status of Philodryas subcarinatus 1976. Erfahrungen mit Raniden und einer Boulanger (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae). Leptodactylus-Art. DAS TERRARIUM, STUTTGART J. HERPETOL, 11(2)030-231. 1(2)135-37. BARTON, S. BERTHOLD, M. 1976. Comparison of facilitation and delayed 1976. Beobachtungen bei Elaphe quatuor- release at the frog neuromuscular junction. lineata sauromates. AQU. TERR., BERLIN [Abst.] BIOL. BULL. 151(2):401. 06§7773(9):314. BASTARDO de SAN JOSE, T. BHANOTAR, R. K., et. al. 1974. Descripcion y ciclo evolutivo de dos 1975. Exports of India's wild life and its nuevos Coccidia de Tropidurus hispidus de biological significance. CHEETAL 16(4): Venezuela: Wenyonella arcayae sp. n. y Eimeria n.p. hispidi sp. n., con discusion de la clasi- BHUTTA, M. S. and D. KHAN ficacion de los Eimeriidae y nueva diagnosis 1975. Digenetic trematodes of vertebrates from para el genero Wenyonella Hoare, 1933. ACTA Pakistan. BULL. DEPT. ZOOL. UNIV. PANJAB BIOL. VENEZ, 8(3-4):567-578. (N.S.) ART. 8:1-175. BAYLY, C. P. BISBFE, C. A. et al 1976. Observations on the food of the feral cat 1977. Albumin phylogeny for clawed frogs (Felis catus) in an arid environment. S. (Xenopus). SCIENCE 195(4280):785-787. AUST. NAT. 51(2)02-24. BISCHOFF, W. BEATSON, R. R. 1974. Eidechsen und Frosche - Im Botanischen 1976. Environmental and genetical correlates Garten von Batumi beobachtet. AQUAR. MAC. of disruptive coloration in the water snake, 8(5)1188-191. Natrix s. sipedon. EVOLUTION 30(2):241-252. BEATTY, P. W., M. A. HOLSCHER and R. A. NEAL 17167Bemerkungen zur Herpetofauna von 1976. Toxicity of 2, 3, 7, 8, - Tetrachlorodi- Bakuriani. AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 29(9):316- benzo-P-Dioxin in larval and adult forms of 317. Rana catesbeiana. BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 16(5)1576-581. 1976. Bemerkungen zur Herpetofauna von BEAUMONT, A. and J. HOURDRY Bakuriani. II. AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 1976. Differents modes de necrose cellulaire 29(10)1355-358. et d'elimination des cellules necrosees, au cours de la metamorphose des Amphibiens 1976. Echsen des Kaukasus. 11. Die Wiesenei- Anoures, BULL. SOC. ZOOL. FR . 101M:89-94. dechse, Lacerta praticola Eversmann, 1834. BEETSCHEN, J. Cl. AQU, TERR., BERLIN (OST) 23(12):415-417. 1976. Observations preliminaires sur les BISWAS, N. M., S. CHANDA and A. GHOSH perturbations de la gastrulation consecutive 1977. Testicular Leydig cells and .5-3e-hydroxy- l'effet maternel lie a la mutation an steroid dehydrogenase in cadmium-treated chez l'Amphibien Pleurodeles waltlii. toads (Bufo melanostictus), EXPERIENTIA BULL. SOC. ZOOL. FR . 101W:3717E7 33(2):277. BEHLER, J. L. 1977. Rotating the crocs. MUM. KINGDOM April-May:11-17, cover.

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 91

BIATTLER, E. BROWN, P. S. and S. C. BROWN 1976. Die Trachtigkeit einer Vipera aspis 1977. Water balance responses to dehydration francisciredi im Terrarium. AQUARIA 23 and neurohypophysial peptides in the sala- (9)1133-135. mander, Notophthalmus viridescens. GEN. BIAVER, G. T. COMP. ENDOCRINOL. 31(2),189-201. 1977. Case history of a horned adder (Bitis BRUCE, R. C. caudalis) bite in Rhodesia. J. HERPETOL, 1977. The pygmy salamander, Desmognathus ASS. AFR. 15 , 23-25. wrighti (Amphibia, Urodela, Plethodontidae) BLUMBERG, A. in the Cowee Mountains, North Carolina, 1976. Der Streifenbasilisk Basiliscus J. HERPETOL. 11(2):246-247. vittatus]. AQUAR. MAG. 0 11 : 9. BRUGAL, G. BOLT, J. R. 1976. Presence, dans l'inteatin du Triton 1977. Dissorophoid relationships and ontogeny, adulte Pleurodeles waltlii Michach, de and the origin of the Lissamphibia. J. deux facteurs antimiotiques naturels (Cha- PALED. 51(2)1235-249. lones) actifs sur la proliferation cellulaire BONAVENTURA, C., B. SULLIVAN, J. BONAVENTURA and de l'intestin embryonnaire. BULL. SOC. S. BOURNE ZOOL, FR. 101(1)1129-134. 1977. Anion modulation of the negative Bohr BRYCE, F. D. effect of haemoglobin from a primitive 1977. Range records of the western scarlet amphibian. NATURE 205(5593)8474-476. snake and small-mouthed salamander. MOUNTAIN BOTZ, M. BOOMER (BULL. OKLA. HERP, SOC.) 2(1)814. 1977. Ambystoma mexicanum. ST. LOUIS HER?. SOC. NEWSL. 4(3-4):8-11. 1977. Animal ethics at Ven-Am, MOUNTAIN BOUCAUT, J. Cl. and Cl. L. GALLIEN BOOMER (BULL. OKLA, HERP. SOC.) 2(1)121, 1976. Transplantations cellulaires intra- BURGER, J. blastocoeliennes intergeneriques chez les 1976. Temperature relationships in nests of Urodeles. Proliferation et degre de the northern diamondback terrapin, Mala- reconnaissance de blastomeres isoles de clemys terra in terrapin. HERPETOLCGICA blastulas hybrides bloquees obtenues par 32(4):412 1 greffe nucleaire. BULL. SOC. ZOOL, FR, BUSTARD, H. R. 101(1)149-56. 1976. A future for the gharial. CHEETAL BOWEN, G. S. 17(2):n.p, 1977. Prolonged western equine encephalitis viremia in the Texas tortoise (Gopherus 1976. Operation gharial. CHEETAL 17(3-4): berlandieri). AMER. J. TROP. MED. HYG, n. p, 26(1),171-175. BOYDEN, T. C, 1976. Butterfly palatibility and mimicry, experiments with Ameiva lizards. EVOLUTION CALDWELL, J. and J. T. COLLINS 30(1),73-81. 1977. New records of fishes, amphibians and BRADSHAW, S. D. and C. J. GRENOT reptiles in Kansas. IN New records of 1976. Plasma aldosterone levels in two rep- the fauna and flora of Kansas for 1976, tilian species, Uromastix acanthinurus and TECH. PUB. ST . BIOL. SURV, KANSAS 4:63-78. Tiliqua rugosa, and the effect of several CALLARD, G. V., Z. PETRO and K. J. RYAN experimental treatments. J. COMP. PHYS. B 1977. Identification of aromatase in the 111(1)871-76, reptilian brain. ENDOCRINOLOGY 100(4),1214- BRANCH, W. R. and H. ERASMUS 1218. 1977. Reproduction in Madagascar ground and tree CARVER, V. H. and E. FRIEDEN boas. J. HERPETOL. ASS. AFR. 15,6-18. 1977. Gut regression during spontaneous and BROADIEY, D. G. triiodothyronine induced metamorphosis in 1977. Umtali Museum: Programme of current Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. GEN. COMP. research projects. J. HERPETOL, ASS. AFR, ENDOCRINOL, 31(2),202-207. 15,26-27. CASE, S. M. and M. H. WAKE 1977. Immunological comparisons of caecilian 1977. Recent literature on African herpetology. albumins (Amphibias Gymnophiona). HERPETO- 11. J. HERPETOL, ASS. AFR. 15:27-34. LOGICA 33(1)894-98. CHAT, C.-H, 1977. The Frogs of the Kruger National Park. 1975. An anatomical and histological study (Book review) J. HERPETOL, ASS. AFR, 15,40. of the tooth of Iguana iguana. [in Jap.] JAP. J. HERP. 6(1):22. 1977. Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 5. CHANNING, A. (Book review) J. HERPETOL, ASS. AFR, 15,41-42. 1976. Rana 12i212L,EIL in ae tadpoles from BRODMANN, P. Rhodesia. ARNOLDIA RHO. 8(3):1-4. 1974, Der italienische Frosch Rana latastei, CHROMEY, N. C. Boulanger 1879. AQUARIA 21(5-570-43. 1976. A morphologic and biochemical evalua- BROMBY, R. tion of the erythroid precursor cell in 1976. Outdoor highlights / a new snakebite the newt, Triturus cristatus laur. DISS. treatment. COLO. OUTDOORS 25(3),23. ABSTR. INT77:373):1182. BROOKS, C, R. and M. A. MAYES CISSE, M. 1976. Morphological variation in natural in- 1976, Le cycle genital des Varans du fections of Oochoristica bivitellobata Senegal (Reptiles Lacertiliens). BULL. Loewen, 1940 (Cestoideas Anoplocephalidae). INST. FONDAM, AFR. NOIRE A 38(1):188-205. TRANS. NEBRASKA ACAD. SCI. 3,20-21. CAMPBELL, J. A. and J. B. MURPHY BROWN, H. A. 1977, Miscellaneous notes on the reproductive 1977. Oxygen consumption of a large, cold- biology of reptiles. I. Two colubrid snake adapted frog egg (Ascaphus trues (Amphibiat species from the Malagasy Republic, Leio- Ascaphidae). CAN. J. ZOOL, 55 heterodon madagascariensis and Madagascariophis 3148.

92 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 colubrina (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae), CRANCER, D., JR. J. HERPETOL. 11(2)1228-230. 1977. Arizona septicemia in three boa constric- CANTAROW, W. D. tors. (Rewritten) ST. LOUIS HERP. SOO. 1975. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenyl- NEWSL, 4(5-6)17-8. transferase: a nuclear nonhistone protein CUEIIAR, O. with enzymatic activity. DISS. ABSTR. INT. 1977. Genetic homogeneity and speciation in B-37(3)11070. the parthenogenetic lizards Cnemidophorus CARPENTER, C. C. velox and C. neomexicanust evidence from 1977. DOKARRS: distribution of Oklahoma am- intraspecific histocompatibility. EVOLUTION phibians and reptiles by recorded sightings. 31(1)124-31. MOUNTAIN BOOMER (BULL. OKLA. HERP, SOC.) CUSHMAN, J. R., G, C. PACKARD and T. J, BOARDMAN 2(1)122-25. 1976, Concentrations of lactic acid in neotenic CARROLL, R. L. and P. M. GALTON and transformed tiger salamanders (Ambystoma 1977. 'Modern' lizard from the Upper Triassic tigrinum) before and after activity, J. of China. NATURE 266(5599):252-255. COMP. PHYSIOL, B 112(3)t273-282, CLAESSEN, H. 1976. De mechanismen bij de ontwikkeling en D het uitkomen van reptiele-eieren en de praktische toepassing ervan. LACERTA, DAISS, S. THE HAGUE 35(2):23-28. 1976, Blinde Chameleons, AQUARIEN TERRARIEN CLEMONS, M. K. Z. 29(11)1393-395. 1977. Herptiles and fishes active under ice. BATHE, F. MOUNTAIN BOOMER (BULL. OKLA. HERP, SOC.) 1976. Beobachtung der Uberwinterung einer 2(1):18. SteppenschildkrOte, Agrionemys horsfieldii, COHEN, N. im Freiland, AQU, TERR., BERLIN (BST) 1976. Immunologic diversity within the class 23(11)1384. amphibia. IN Comparative Immunology. BATHE, H. Marchalonis, J. J., ed. New York: John 1977. Ein Wort zum Reptilienschuts, AQU, Wiley & Sons, 209-226. TERR., BERLIN (BST) 24(1)124. COLE, C. J. and C. R. TOWNSEND DAUL, G. 1977. Parthenogenetic reptiles: new subjects 1976. Krallenfrosche. AQUARIEN TERRARIEN B, for laboratory research. EXPERIENTIA 33(3)t 29(6)1210-213. 285-289. DAVIS, G. E. and M, C, WHITING COLLINS, J. T, 1977. Loggerhead sea turtle resting in 1977. Kansas frogs and toads. KANS. FISH GAME Everglades National. Park, Florida, USA. 34(3):12-16. HERPETOLOGICA 33(1)118-28. and J. CALDWELL DEDEKIND, F. 1977. A bibliography of the amphibians and 1976. Haltung von Terrarientieren aus reptiles of Kansas (1854-1976). REPORT ST. emotionellen Grdnden? AQU, TERR., BERLIN BIOL. SURV, KANS, 1211-56. (BST) 23(11):388. and R. E. KURTZ 1977. A bibliography of the amphibians and Krankheitsverlauf mit letalem Ausgang reptiles of Kentucky (1820-1976). MESERAULL bei einer tragenden Boa constrictor. AQU. PRINTING, LAWRENCE, KANS. 1-21. TERN., BERLIN (BST) 77T121t426. CONANT, R. DEL CONTE, E, 1977. The Florida water snake (Reptilia, 1977. Contiguity of the adrenaline-storing Serpentes, Colubridae) established at Browns- chromaffin cells with the interrenal tissue ville, Texas, with comments on other herpe- in the adrenal gland of a lizard. GEN. tological introductions in the area. J. COMP, ENDOCRINOL, 32(1)11-6. HERPETOL. 11(2)1217-220. DEMIAN, J. J. and D. H. TAYLOR CONNELLY, T. G. 1977. Photoreception and locomotor rhythm 1977. The relationship between growth, develop- entrainment by the pineal body of the newt, mental stage and postamputation age of the Notophtha1mus viridescens (Amphibia, regeneration blastema of the newt, Noto- Urodela, Salamandridae). J. HERPETOL, phthalmus viridescens. J. EXP. ZOOL. 199(1)1 11(2)1131-139, 33-40. DERICESON, W. K. COOK, E. V. 1976. Ecological and physiological aspects of 1977. Husbandry, Medicine and Surgery in Captive reproductive strategies in two lizards. Reptiles. (Book review) J. HERPETOL, ASS, ECOLOGY 57(3)1445-458, AFT. 15:40-41. DE ROEPER, A., J. A. SMITH, R. A. WATT and COOPER, E. J. J. M. BARRY 1976. A quantitative study of the organization 1977. Chromatin dispersal and DNA synthesis and trophic regulation of cutaneous mechano- in G1 G2 he'a cell nuclei injected into receptors in the salamander. DISS. ABSTR. INT, Xenopus eggs, NATURE 265(5593)1469-470. B-37(4)t1569. DINSMORE, C. E. COOPER, J. 1977, Tail regeneration in the plethodontid 1977. Vest-pocket turtle. NATUR. HIST. salamander Flethodon cinereust induced 86(4)152-57. autotomy versus surgical amputation, CORNER, R. G. J, EXP, COOL, 199(2)1163-176, 1977. An unusual fossil turtle from the early DIONNE, V. E. and R. L. RUFF Valentinian of Nebraska. PROC. NEBRASKA ACAD. 1977. Endplate current fluctuations reveal SCI. 1977t40. only one channel type at frog neuromuscu- COUNTS, C. L., III and R. W. TAYLOR lar junction. NATURE 266(5599)1263-265. 1977. A xanthoma of indeterminant origin in DISTEL, H. Bufo americanus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). 1976. Behavior and electrical brain stimulation J. HERPETOL, 11(2)1235-236. in the green iguana, Iguana iguana L, I. schematic brain atlas and stimulation device,

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 93

BRAIN BEHAV. EVOL. 13(6):421-451. EBERT, M. DMI'EL, R. 1976, Erfahrungen mit Scheltopusiks. AQUAR, 1977. Evolving desert life: review of Evolution TERR. 23(5-6):197. of Desert Biota. BIOSCIENCE 27(3):208. EISELT, J. DODD, C. K., JR. 1976. Ergebnisse zoologischer Sammelreisen 1977. Preliminary observations on the reactions in der Turkei Bemerkenswerte Funde von of certain salamanders of the genus Amby- Reptilien, II. ANN. NATURHISTOR, MUS, WIEN stoma (Amphibia, Urodela, Ambystomatidae) 80:803-814. to a small colubrid snake (Reptilia, Serpentes, ELGHAMMER, R. W. and R. E. JOHNSON Colubridae). J. HERPETOL. 11(2)1222-225. 1976(1977). Heat production by the eastern DOUGLASS, J. F. and C. E WINEGARNER box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) as 1977. Predators of eggs and young of the gopher measured by direct calorimetry. TRANS ILL. tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus (Reptilia, ST . ACAD. SCI, 69(2)1200-206, Testudines, Testudinidae) in Southern Florida. ELZENGA, E. F. J. 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94 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 FEUSTEL, M. BULL. AMER. MUS, NATUR, HIST. 157(6): 1976. Zwei gewohnliche Grasfrosche (Rana 487-544. temporaria). AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 29(9), GANS, C. and A. C. POCLEY 321-323. 1976. Commentary - Research on crocodiles? FIRMIN, Y. ECOLOGY 57(5),839-840, 1976, Some aspects of the pathology of the snake GEDNEY, C. D. (French). REC. MED. VET. ALFORT, 152(11): 1975. Ionizable groups affecting the permea- 721-728, bility of the vertebrate photoreceptor mem- FISCHERLEITNER, E. and H. BAUER brane. DISS, ABSTR, INT, B-37(3)11 074 , 1976, Color vision and visual evoked poten- CERN, W. A. tial of Salamandra salamandra. ZOOL. JAHRB. 1976. The effects of intrahypothalamic injec- 80(3):341-345. tion of thyroxine and hypophysial manipula- FITCH, H. S. tion on metamorphosis of neotenic and larval 1976. Sexual size differences in mainland tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). anoles. OCCAS. PAPERS NUS, NAT. HIST. UNIV. DISS. ABSTR. INT. B-37(4):1520, KANS, 50,1-21. GIBBONS, J. W, FITZGERALD, K. T. 1976. Aging phenomena in reptiles. IN 1977. Redlag: cause and treatment in labora- Special Review of Experimental Aging Re- tory frogs. AMER. BIOL, TEACHER 39(2): search. Elias, M, F., B. E. Eleftheriou 112-113. and F. K. Elias, eds, Bar Harbor, Maine: FORD, C. C. and J. B. GURDON EAR, Inc., 453-475. 1977, A method for enucleating oocytes of and J. W. Coker Xenopus laevis. J. EMBRYOL. EXP. MORPH. 1977. Ecological and life history aspects of 37(2):203-209. the cooter, Chrysemys floridana (Le Conte). FOX, S. F. HERPETOLOGICA 33(1)129-33. 1976. Natural selection on morphological pheno- GIEBNER, I. types of the lizard Uta stansburiana. 1976. Zuchterfolg bei der Steppenschildkrote EVOLUTION 29(1):95-107. (Testudo horsfieldii]. AQU, TERR., BERLIN FRANZ, R. (OST) 23(11):389. 1977. Observations on the food, feeding be- GILL, B. J. havior, and parasites of the striped swamp 1976. Aspects of ecology, morphology and snake, Regina alleni. HERPETOLOGICA taxonomy of 2 skinks (Reptilia-Lacertilia) 33(1)01-94. in coastal Manawatu area of New Zealand. FRASER, D. F. N. Z. J. ZOOL. n.p. 1976. Empirical evaluation of the hypothesis GILIHOFER, P. of food competition in salamanders of the 1974. Fur eine Banane geht sie meilenweit. genus Plethodon. ECOLOGY 57(3)1459-471. - (Ein "Beau" unter den Schildkroten: FRICK, J. Geoem a pulcherrima). AQUAR. MAG. 8(11), 1976. Orientation and behaviour of hatchling 57. green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the sea. GILLINGHAM, J. C, ANIM. BEHAV, 24(4)1849-857. 1976. Reproductive behavior of the rat snakes FRITZ, K. of eastern North America, genus Elaphe, 1977. Ungewohnliche Laichzeit bei der Erdkrote. DISS, ABSTR. INT. B-37(5):2107. AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 30(1):31-32. GILLY, W. F. and C. S. HUI FRIEDMANN, G. B. 1977. Contractile activation in slow and 1977. Annual variations of red and white cell twitch muscle fibers of the frog. NATURE count in the urodele Taricha granulosa. 266(5598):186-188, CAN. J. ZOOL, 55(1):731:737. GOEL, S. C. FROESCH-FRANZON, P. 1976. On the mechanism of water uptake by 1974. Wie ein junger Coluber viridiflavus the developing eggs of Calotes versicolor. eine Lacerta m. muralis verschlang. AQUARIA EXPERIENTIA 32:1331-1333. 21(9)71770. GOLDSTEIN, L. FUENTES, E. R. 1977. Osmoregulation and excretion. IN 1977. Lizards, IN IBP Synthesis Series 2, Introduction to Comparative Physiology. Chile-California Mediterranean Scrub Atlas. Goldstein, L., ed. New Yorks Holt, Thrower, N. J. B. and D. E. Bradbury, eds. Rinehart and Winston, 279-336. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, Dowden, Hutchin- GONZAIRZ, D. son & Ross, Inc., 218-222. 1976. Datos sobre morfologia y biometria de FUKUOKA, N. Vipera aspis (Viperidae), MISCELANEA 1975. Egg hatching of the snake, Elaphe quad- ZOOLOGICA H1(5)031-193. rivirgata, at 250. [Jap. w/Eng. resume] JAP. J. HERP, 6(1):6-7. 1976. Envenenamientos por mordeduras de FURRER, J. serpientes, picaduras de artrOpodos, abejas, 1976. Zuchterfolg bei Terrapene carolina tri- avispas y mordeduras y picaduras de peces. !intr. AQUARIEN TERRARIEN JANO MEDICINA y HUMANIDADES 229:22-26. 428 29. GORMAN, G. C. 1977, Comments on ontogenetic color change in Anolis cuvieri (Reptilia, Lacertilia, IguanidT11773, HERPETOL, 11(2)1221, GABE, M. and H. SAINT GIRONS M. SOULE, S. Y. YANG and E. NEVO 1976. Contribution a la morphologie comparee 1975, Evolutionary genetics of insular des fosses nasales et de leurs annexes chez Adriatic lizards. EVOLUTION 29(1)152-71, les Lepidosauriens. MEM, MUS, MTN, HIST. GOUNON, P, NAT. (PARIS) A 98:1-87, 1976. Etude experimentale dune mutation GAFFNEY, E. S. lethale du Triton Fleurodeles waltlii 1976. Cranial morphology of the European Jura- (Amphibien Urodele7777,7770C, ZOOL, FR, ssic turtles Portlandemys and Plesiochelys. 101(1):117-122.

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GRATZ, R. K. HAHN, D. E. 1976, Energetics for activity in the diamond- 1977. Revision Systematiques des Typhlopidae back water snake, Matrix rhombifera. DISS. d'Afrique. (Book review) J. HERPETOL, ABSTR. INT, B-37(7.277. ASS. AFR. 15 , 34-39. GREEN, M, and J, A. HOLMAN HALHOTRA, A. K. 1977. A late Tertiary stream channel fauna Handrearing of Crocodylus,palustris from South Bijou Hill, South Dakota. J. at the Delhi Zoological Park. CHEETAL PALED. 51(3):543-547. 17(1):n.p, GREENBERG, N. HALL, R. F. 1977. An ethogram of the blue spiny lizard, 1977. A population analysis of two species Sceloporus cyanogenys (Reptilia, Lacertilia, of streamside salamanders, genus Desmogna- Iguanidae), J. HERPETOL, 11(2):177-195. thus HERPETOLOGICA 33(1):109-113. GREENHOUSE, G. HALLIDAY, T. R. 1976. The evaluation of toxic effects of 1977. The effects of experimental manipulation chemicals in fresh water by using frog embryos of breathing behavior on the sexual behavior and larvae. ENVIR. POLL. 11(4)003. of the smooth newt Triturus vulgaris. GREER, A. E. ANIM. BEHAV. 25(1)757:47- 1976. On the evolution of the giant Cape Verde and H. P. A. SWEATMAN scincid lizard Macroscincus coctei, J. NAT. 1976. To breathe or not to breathe: the HIST. 10(6)1691-712. newt's problem. ANIM. BEHAV, 24(3) , 551- GREGORY, P. T. 561. 1977, Life history observations of three species and A. WORSNOP of snakes in Manitoba, CAN. FIELD NATUR, 1977. Correlation between activity and breath- 91(1):19-27. ing rate in the smooth newt, Triturus vul- GROVES, J. D. saris (Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandrida)T 1976. A note on the eggs and young of the smooth J. HERPETOL, 11(2):244-246. green snake, Opheodrys vernalis in Maryland. HALPERN, M. BULL. MD , HERP, SOC. 12(4):131-132. 1976. The efferent connections of the olfac- GRUENDL [GRUNDL], H. tory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb in 1976, Die Zucht des Grunen Leguans (Iguana the snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis and Thamno- iguana). AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 29(12)1430 phis radix. J. MORPHOLT1757):553-578. 431. HAMASAKI, D. I. and L. ESSERMAN GUBERNICK, D. J. 1976. Neural activity of the frog's frontal 1976. A comparison of the habituation of three organ during steady illumination. J. COMP. responses in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. PHYSIOL, A, 109M:270-286. DISS. ABSTR, INT. B-37(2 :1002, HANES, J. GUERRIER, P., M. MOREAU and M. DOREE 1977. Attempts at rattlesnake conservation 1977. Inhibition de la reinitiation de la meiose in Pennsylvania. MOUNTAIN BOOMER (BULL. OKLA. des ovocytes de Xenopus laevis par trots HERP, SOC.) 2(1)120 (repr. from Audubon antiproteases naturelles, l'antipaine, la Bull. Audubon Soc. West. Penna.). chymostatine et la leupeptine. C. R. ACAD. HANSON, G. B. SCI. (PARIS) D 284(4)017-319. 1976. Immunological responses in the prairie GUISE, J. rattlesnake Crotalus viridis viridis 1975. Batraciens nouveaux de Madagascar. BULL. Rafinesque 1818, to laboratory MUS, MTN. HIST. NAT, (PARIS) 3e ser., 323, with tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti Zool, 230,1019-1069. Hoeppli 1925 (Eucestodas Mesocestoididea). GUILLAUME, C. P. DISS, ABSTR. INT, B-37(5):2019. 1976, Etude biometrique des especes Lacerta HARLOW, H. J., S. S. HILLMAN and M. HOFFMAN hispanica Steindachner 1870 et Lacerta 1976. The effect of temperature on digestive muralis Laurenti 1768, BULL. SOC. ZOOL, FR. efficiency in the herbivorous lizard, D1 so- 177777489-502. saurus dorsalis. J. COMP. PHYS. B 111(1): 177-- 1970. Contribution a la connaissance des HARRIGAN, S. Ophidiens de la Grande Camargue, TERRE VIE 1976, Nobody loves a rattlesnake unless 30(4):599-612. its dead. TEXAS MONTHLY 4(7)196-102, 134- GUPTA, S. C., R, K. GARG and J, P, THAPLIYAL 135. 1977, Annual variation and role of male hor- HARTMAN, R. A. mone in the renal -glucuronidase activity of 1976. Use of a intramedullary pin in repair the chequered water snake, Natrix piscator. of a midshaft humeral fracture in a green GEN. COMP, ENDOCRINOL, 31(1777:16. iguana. VET. MED. SMALL ANIM, CLIN. GURGHARDT, G. M., H. W, GREENE and A. S. RAND 71(11):1634-1636. 1977. Social behavior in hatchling green iguanas' HARZA, T. and L. MATYAS life at a reptile rookery, SCIENCE 195(4279), 1976, Seasonal variations of sodium and 689-691. potassium concentrations in different parts GUYETANT, R. of the frog myocardium. BIOL. BULL. 151(2): 1976. Rise en evidence d'interactions intra- 306-313. specifiques chez le tetards d'amphibien anoures. HEATWOLE, H. BIOL. COMPORT. 11339-352. 1976. Herpetogeography of Puerto Rico. VII. Geographic variation in the Anolis crista- H tellus complex in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. OCCAS, PAPERS MUS, NAT. HIST. HAACKE, W. D. UNIV. KANS. 46:1-18. 1977, The snake-eyed lizard (Cryptoblepharus HEIDEMANN, S. R. boutonii). AFRICAN WILDLIFE 31(1)00-31. 1976. Oogenesis and maturation in Xenopus laeviss synthesis of soluble protein, induction of asters and furrow formation. DISS. ABSTR, INT. B-37(5):2020.

96 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977

HEILER, J. HOOGMOED, M. S., J. D. LYNCH and J. LESCURE 1976, Schildkrbten sind kein Kinderspielzeug. 1977, A new species of Eleutherodactylus

AQUAR, MAG. 10(7)1302 - 305. from Guiana (Leptodactylidae, Anura). ZOOL, MEDED., LEIDEN 51(3):33-41. 1976. Gepanzerte Mimosen. Wachstum and Krank- HUBERT, J. heiten der Wasserschildkroten. AQUAR, MAG., 1976. Etude ultrastructurale des cellules STUTTGART 10(11)1464-468, piriformea du follicule ovarien chez 5 HENDERSON, R. W., M. A. NICKERSON and L. G. HOEVERS Sauriens, ARCH. ANAT, MICR, 65(1)s47-58. 1977. Observations and comments on the feeding behavior of Leptophis (Reptilia, Serpentes, 1976. Ultrastructure des ebauches gonadiques Colubridae), J. HERPETOL. 11(2):231-232. du Lezard vivipare (Lacerta vivipera Jacquin) and L. G. HOEVERS pendant la periode de colonisation par 1977. The seasonal incidence of snakes at a les gonocytes. ARCH. ANAT. MICR, 65(4)1 locality in Northern Belize, COPEIA 2: 241-253. 349-355. HEUSSER, H. 1976, Developpement a 27°C d'embryons de 1976. Stimmen in der Hecht [voices of European Lacerta vivipara Jacquin dans des oeufs frogs'. DAS AQUARIUM, WUPPERTAL 10(89):483-485, places in vitro et ayant sejourne in utero HEYER, W. R. ou in vitro a basso temperature. BULL. 1976. Studies in larval amphibian habitat SOC. ZOOL, FR. 101(2)1315-324. partitioning, SMITHSON. CONTRIB. ZOOL. HUEY, R. B. 242:1-27. 1977. Egg retention in some high-altitude

and D. S. LIEM Anolis lizards. COPEIA 2:373 - 375, -19'77-Analysis of the intergeneric relation- and E. R. PIANKA ships of the Australian frog family Myobatra- 1977. Patterns of niche overlap among broadly chidae. SMITHSON. CONTRIB. ZOOL. 233 , 1-29. sympatric versus narrowly sympatric Kalahari and M. H. MUEDEKING lizards (Scincidae: Mabuya). ECOLOGY 1976, Notes on tadpoles as prey for naiads 58(1):119-128, and turtles. J. WASH, ACAD. SCI, 66(4)1 and T. P. WEBSTER 235- 239. ---777077- Thermal biology of Anolis lizards in and A. S. RAND a complex fauna: the cristatellus group 1977. Foam nest construction in the leptodacty- on Puerto Rico, ECOLOGY 57(5)085-994. lid frogs Leptodactylus pentadactylus and HUMPHREY, R. R. Physalaemus pustulosus (Amphibia, Anura, 1977. Factors influencing ovulation in the Leptodactylidae), J. HERPETOL, 11(2): Mexican axolotl as revealed by induced 225-228. spawnings. J. EXP. ZOOL, 199(2):209-214. HIGHTON, R. and T. P. WEBSTER 1976. Geographic protein variation and diver- I gence in populations of the salamander Plethodon cinereus, EVOLUTION 30(1)03-45. INGRAM, G. J. HILLER, A. and H. WISCHKONY 1977. A new species of legless skink 1976. Trachtigkeitsuntersuchungen an Schild- Anomalopus pluto from Cape York Peninsula, kroten. AQU, TERR., BERLIN (OST) 23(12):426- Queensland, VICT, NAT. 94152-53, 427. INOUE, Y. HILLIS, D. M. and R. MIJJFR 1976, On the territorial behavior of a 1976. An instance of overwintering of larval Japanese pond frog (Rana brevi oda). Ambystoma maculatum in Maryland. BULL. MD , [in Jap.] JAP, J. HERP, 4 :112. HER?, SOC. 12(2):65-66, ISONO, H., S. SHOUMURA, S. TAKAI, T. YAMAHIRA HILLMAN, A, and S. YAMADA 1977. Green tree monitor, ANIM, KINGDOM 1976, Electron microscopic study on the newt April-May0, parathyroid gland after administration HIRSCHFELD, K. of agents affecting autonomic nerves, 1976. Haltung uni Zucht des Kielschwanzes OKAJIMAS FOL. ANAT, JAP, 53(5):305-322. Tropidurus torquatus DAS TERRARIUM, ISTOCK, C. A. STUTTGART 1(2)07. 1975. More on complex life cycles. EVOLUTION HOCK, P. A. 29(3)1572, 1976. Light adaptation of the frog's 580 cone IVERSON, J. B. system. DISS. ABSTR, INT. B-37(2)1631, 1976, Notes on Nebraska reptiles, TRANS. HOFF, G. L. and F. H. WHITE KANS. ACAD, SCI, 78(1):51-62. 1977. Salmonella in reptiles: Isolation from IZECKSOHN, E. free-ranging lizards (Reptilia, Lacertilia) 1976. Uma nova especie de Leptodactylus, in Florida. J. HERPETOL, 11(2)3123-129. do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil HOFSTRA, J. (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae), REV,

1976. Mijn Franjeschildpad of Matamata, Chelys BRAS. BIOL, 36(2)1527 - 530, fimbriata (Schneider 1783). LACERTA, THE HAGUE 34(10128-132. J HOLMAN, J. A. 1977, Upper Eocene snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes) JABAILY, J. A. and M. SINGER from Georgia. J. HERPETOL, 11(2):141-145. 1977. Neurotrophic stimulation of DNA HOLMFS, R. synthesis in the regenerating forelimb of 1977. The osteology and musculature of the the newt, Triturus. J. EXP, ZOOL, 199(2): pectoral limb of small captorhinids. J. 251-256. MORPHOL, 152(1)0101-140. JACKSON, C. G.. JR. HOLMES, R. and R. CARROLL, 1977. Courtship observations on Chrysemys 1977. A temnospondyl amphibian from the Mississip- nelsons (Reptilia, Testudines, Testudinidae), pian of Scotland. MUS, COMP. ZOOL, HARVARD J. HERPETOL, 11(2)1221-222, UNIV. 147(12)1489-511.

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JACKSON, I. M. D., R. SAPERSTEIN and S. REICHLIN KEMNITZER, P. 1977. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in 1976, Der Tof lauert im Untergrund [Crocodiles pineal and hypothalamus of frog: effect of in the sewerages of New York]. DAS season and illumination. ENDOCRINOLOGY TERRARIUM, STUTTGART 1(2)113-14. 100(1):97-100, KENNEDY, M. J. JACKSON, M. K. 1977. Aplectana lynae n, sp. (Nematode: Cos- 1977, Histology and distribution of cutaneous mocercidae) from the red-legged frog, touch corpuscles in some leptotyphlopid and Rana aurora aurora, in British Columbia. colubrid snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes). J. CAN. J. Z001,77573):630-634. HERP. 11(1):7-15. KILLEBREW, F. C. JACOBI, W. 1976. Comparative osteology of Grapteays 1976. Frye, F. L,, Husbandry, Medicine and flavimaculata Cagle and Graptemys nigrinoda Surgery in Captive Reptiles. (Book review) Cagle (Testudines, Emydidae). LTSS, ABSTR. LACERTA, THE HAGUE 35(3)144. INT. B-37(5) ,2108. JAUCH, H. M. KING, M. 1976. Jackson's Dreihornchamileon, DAS 1977. Reproduction in the Australian gekko TERRARIUM, STUTTGART 1(2):32-34. Phyllodactylus marmoratus (Gray). JENSSEN, T. A. HERPETOLOGICA 33(1),7-13. 1977. Morphological, behavioral and electro- KINTER, R. phoretic evidence of hybridization between 1974. Wiedersehen mit einem alten Bekannten. the lizards, Anolis grahami and Anolis AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 27,285-287. lineatopus neckeri, on Jamaica, COPEIA KISTLER, A., K. YOSHIZATO and E. FRIEDEN 2,270-276. 1977. Preferential binding of tri-substi- JOHNSON, K. E. tuted thyronine analogs by bullfrog tadpole 1977. Changes in the cell coat at the onset tail fin cytosol. ENDOCRINOLOGY 100(1); of gastrulation in Xenopus laevis embryos. 134-137. J. EXP. ZOOL. 199(1):137-1477 --- KOSINSKI, R. J. JOLY, J. and H. SAINT GIRONS 1976. Anesthesia of frogs with Finquel. 1975. Influence de la temperature sur la AMER. BIOL, TEACHER 38(9)050-551. vitesse de la spermatogenese, la duree de KRAMER, K.-H. l'activite spermatogenetique et l'ivolu- 1976. Raritit im Terrarium [Testudo plani- tion des caracteres sexuels secondaires du cauda]. DAS TERRARIUM, STUTTGART 1(2)s Lazard des murailles, Lacerta muralis L. 38-41. (Reptilia, Lacertidae). ARCH. ANAT. MICR. KRAMMER, U. 64(4)1317-336. 1977. Mauereidechsen aus dem Mittelmeer-Raum JONES, J. M. [Lacerta pityusensis]. AQUARIEN TERRARIEN 1975. Reply to Loftus-Hills. EVOLUTION Z7-757)171. 29(2)070. KREKORIAN, C. 0. JONES, R. E., E. T. FITZGERALD and R. R, TOKARZ 1977. Homing in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus 1977. Endocrine control of clutch size in dorsalis. HERPETOLOGICA 33(1)023-127. reptiles. VII. Compinsatory ovarian hyper- KRIEBEL, M. E., D. R. MATTESON and G. D. PAPPAS trophy following unilateral ovariectomy in 1976. Bioassay studies of acetylcholine in Sceloporus occidentalis. GEN. COMP, the stimulated frog sartorius nerve-muscle ENDOCRINOL. 31(1),157-160. preparation and following denervation. JOSEPH, A., et. al. (Abet.) BIOL. BULL. 151(2):417. 1975. Vegetarianism in chameleon. CHEETAL KROKHINA, E. M., A, I. ESAKOV and M. A. SAVUSHKINA 16(4) , n.p. 1976. Histophysiology of the catecholamine JUDD, F. W. containing cells in the taste buds of the 1977. Toxicity of monosodium methanearsonate frog (Rana temporaria). ARCH. ANAT. MICR. herbicide to Couch's spadefoot toad, 65(1):59-76. Scaphiopus couchi. HERPETOLOGICA 33(1), KROLL, J. C. 44-46. 1977. Self-wounding while death feigning by and F. L. ROSE western hognose snakes (Heterodon nasicus). 1977. Aspects of the thermal biology of the COPEIA 21372 -373. Texas tortoise Gopherus berlandieri KRUYNTJENS, B. and P. PAULISSEN (Reptilia, Testudines, Testudinidae), J. 1977. De herpetofauna van Zutendaal (Belgic:). HERPETOL, 11(2),147-153. LACERTA, THE HAGUE 35( 4 ) , 50-52. JULICH, M. KUEHN, [KUHN], W. 1975. Meine Leguane. AQUAE. TEAR. 22(10), 1977. Waarnemingen aan de stekelstaarthagedis 355. Lacerta echinata, een boombewonende groene Lacerta-soort. LACERTA, THE HAGUE 35(3),43. K KULESHOVA, T. F. 1976. Synaptic contacts in vestibular gang- KAPLAN, D. L. lion VIII of frog nerve. DOKL. AKAD, RACK. 1977. Exploitative competition in salamanders, SSSR, 229(6)0492-1495. test of a hypothesis. COPEIA 2,234-238. KAPLAN, H. M. and E. H. TIMMONS L 1976(1977). Blood chemistry in frogs and turtles. TRANS. IL . ST, ACAD. SCI, 69(1), LACHMANN, P. J., L. HALBWACHS, A. GEWURZ and 108-113, H. GEWURZ KARDONG, K. V. 1976, Purification of cobra venom factor from 1977. Kinesis of the Jaw apparatus during phospholipase A contaminant. IMMUNOLOGY swallowing in the cottonmouth snake, 31(6)061-976. Agkistrodon piscivorus, COPEIA 21 LAGREEK, F. T. and R. E. JONES 338-348. 1977. Endocrine control of clutch size in rep- tiles. VIII. Antiestrogenic effects of clomiphene citrate in the lizard Anolis

98 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 carolinensie. BIOL. REPROD, 16(4)1445-451. LEWIS, E. R. LAMBIRIS, A. J. 1976, Surface morphology of the bullfrog 1977. Castro-intestinal analysis techniques in amphibian papilla. BRAIN BEHAV, EVOL, herpetology. J. HERPETOL, ASS. AFR, 15:18- 13(2-3)2196-216. 21. LHEUREUX, E. LAMON, J.-P and A. M. DUPRAT 1977. Importance des associations de tissus 1976. Effete de la concanavaline a sur la du membre dans le developpement des membres morphologie at le comportement de cellules surnumeraires induits par deviation de embryonnaires d'urodeles en differenciation nerf chez le Triton Pleurodeles waltlii in vitro. EXPERIENTIA 32(12)0.568-1572. Michah. J. EMBRYOL, EXP. MORPH. 38(4)1 LANDMANN, L. 151-173. 1976. Morphological evidence for axonal trans- LIBIN, L. port of glycogen in neurons innervating 1977. Strike up the band. In the right cutaneous receptors in Lacerta sicula (Squamata; hands, even peacocks and crocodiles can Reptilia). EXPERIENTIA777.17:1471-1472. make music, ANIM. KINGDOM 80(1),26 - 32. LANGERWERF, B. LICHT, P. and A. R. MIDGLEY, JR. 1976, De Weidehagedis Lacerta praticola pontica 1977. Autoradiographic localization of Lantz & Cyren in het terrarium. LACERTA, binding sites for human follicle-stimula- THE HAGUE 35(2)121-22. ting hormone in reptilian testes and ovaries. LANZA, B., J. M. CEI and E. G. CRESPO BIOL, REPROD, 16(1)017-121. 1976. Further immunological evidence for the LIMPUS, C. J. and P. A, ROPER validity of the family Bombinidae. MONIT. 1977. On the Victorian coast - a Pacific ZOOL, ITAL. 10(3)t311-314. Ridley sea-turtle Lepidochelys olivaceae LANZE, B. and S. VANNI (Escholtz). VICT. NAT. 9404-56, 1976. On a small collection of reptiles from LISTER, B. C. North Zaire. MONIT. ZOOL, ITAL. SUPPL. 8(3): 1976. The nature of niche expansion in West

129 - 160. Indian Anolis lizards Is ecological con- LARDIE, R. L. sequences of reduced competition. 1977. States that protect venomous reptiles. EVOLUTION 30(4):659-676. MOUNTAIN BOOMER (BULL. OKLA. HERP, SOC.) 2(1)09. 1976, The nature of niche expansion in West LATHAM, R. Indian =111 lizards II, evolutionary 1975. Eastern garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis components. EVOLUTION 30(4)t677-692. sirtalis, unearthed during plowing. PITCH LITMAN, G. W. PINE NAT, 3:7. 1976. Physical properties of immunoglobulins LAURENS, B. L. of lower species: a comparison with 1976. Sceloporus malachiticus Cope 1864. immunoglobulins of mammals. IN Comparative LACERTA, THE HAGUE 34(11)042-145. Immunology. Marchalonis, J. J., ed. LAUTHIER, M. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 239-275. 1977. Etude ultrastructurale des stades pre- LITTIEJOHN, M. J. and G. F. WATSON cocas du developpement du membre posterieur de 1976. Mating-call structure in a hybrid Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (Amphibian, Urodele). population of the Geocrinia laevis com- J. EMBRYOL, EXP. MORPH. 38(4):l-18. plex (Anura: Leptodactylidai7277;W:r a LEAKE, P. A. seven-year period. EVOLUTION 30(4):848- 1976. Scanning electron microscopic observa- 850. tions of labyrinthine sense organs and fiber LOFTUS-HILLS, J. J. degeneration studies of secondary vestibular 1975. The evidence for reproductive character and auditory pathways in Caiman crocodilus. displacement between the toads Bufo DISS. ABSTR. INT. B-37(27577 americanus and B. woodhousii fowleri. LEHMAN, G. C. EVOLUTION 29(2)1368-369. 1977. Environmental influence on ovulation LONCKE, D. J. and M. E. OBBARD and embryonic development in Rana pipiena, 1977. Tag success, dimensions, clutch size J. EXP. ZOOL. 199(1)151-56. and resting site fidelity for the snapping LE QUANG TRONG, Y. turtle, Chelydra serpentine (Reptilia, 1976. Etude de la peau et des glandes cutanees Testudines, Chelydrldae) in Algonquin Park, de quelques Amphibiens de la famille des Ontario, Canada. J. HERPETOL, 11(2): Rhacophoridae. BULL. INST. FONDAM, AFR, NOIRE 243-244. A 38(1)s166-187. LOSOS, J. LESCURE, J. 1977. Warm-blooded dinosaurs. ST. LOUIS HERP. 1976. Description of two phyllobati tadpoles SOC. NEWSL. 4(5 - 6):12 - 13. (Dendrobatidae) P. femoralis and P. pictus. BULL. SOC. ZOOL. FRANCE 101 1977. Rhodesian crocodile management. and J. FRETEY ST. LOUIS HERP, SOC. NEWSL, 4(5-6)114-15. 1975. Etude taxinomique de Phr o s (Batra- LOUW, G., B. A. YOUNG and J. BLIGH chemyl) nasutus (Schweigger Testudinata, Che- 1976, Effects of thyroxine and moradrenaline lidae BULL. MUS. NATN. HIST. NAT. (PARIS) on thermoregulation, cardiac rate, and

3e ser.' 337, Zool. 23911317 - 1328. oxygen consumption in the monitor lizard LESCURE, J. Varanus albigularis albigularis. J. THERM, 1976. Contribution a l'etude des Amphibians de BIO, 1(4)089-194. Guyane franciase. VI. Liste preliminaire LYNCH, J. D. des Anoures. BULL. MUS, NATN, HIST. NAT. 1976. New species of frogs (Leptodactylidaet

(PARIS) 3e ser., 377, Zool. 265:475 - 525. Eleutherodactylus) from the Pacific versant of Ecuador, OCCAS, PAPERS MUS, NAT, HIST,

1976. Etude de deux tetards de Phyllobates UNIV, KANS. 55:1 - 33. (Dendrobatidae): P. femoralis (Boulenger) et P. pictus (Bibron). BULL. SOC, ZOOL, FR. 101(2)1299-306.

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 99

algeriensis, Ophiomorus raithmai, Riopa 1976. The species groups of South American frogs sundevallii). AQUARAMA 9(32)131-33. of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactyli- dae). OCCAS. PAPERS MUS, NAT. HIST. UNIV. 1976. Tupinambis Daudin (Teiidae). AQUARAMA KANS. 61,1-24. 10(310:34-35.

1977, A new frog (Leptodactylidae: Eleuthero- 1976. Spalerosophis diadema (Schlegel). dactylus) from the Pacific lowlands of AQUARAMA 10(35)134-35. Ecuador. COPEIA 2,282-284. LYNCH, J. F., S. Y. YANG and T. J. PAPENFUSS 1976, Les Colubrides de France. AQUARAMA 1977, Studies of neotropical salamanders of 10(36)04-38. the genus Pseudoeurycea, Is systematic MCKENZIE, R. A. and P. E. GREEN status of Pseudoeurycea unguidentis. 1976. Mycotic dermatitis in captive carpet HERPETOLOGICA 33(1):46-52, snakes Morelia s ilotes variegate, J. WILDLIFE DIS, 12 3 s 5-408. MENZEL, B. W. and K. E. GOELLNER 1976. Occurrence of the blue-spotted MACAN, T. T. salamander, Ambystoma laterals, in Iowa. 1977. The influence of predation on the com- PROC. IOWA ACAD. SC'. 82:182-186. position of fresh-water animal communities. MILSOM, W. K., B. L. LANGILIE and D. R. JONES BIOL. REV. 52(1):45-70. 1977. Vagal control of pulmonary vascular MacNAMARA, M. C. resistance in the turtle Chrysemys scripts.. 1977. Food habits of terrestrial adult CAN, J. ZOOL, 55(2)059-367. migrants and immature red efts of the red- MIMAKAMI, K. and T. ONO spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens. 1976. Body length composition of the Habu, HERPETOLOGICA 33(1):127-132. Trimeresurus flavoviridis, on Amami MAHON, R. and K. AIKEN Oshima Island. pap. w/Eng. resume] 1977. The establishment of the North American JAP. J. HERP. 6(3)161-63. bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Amphibia, Anura, MONAGHAN, P. and M. P. OSBORNE Ranidae) in Jamaica. J. HERPETOL. 11(2)s 1976, Destruction of afferent nerve terminals 197-199. in the inner ear of frog by aminooxyacetic MAIORANA, V. C. acid. EXPERIENTIA 32(12)11545-1547. 1976. Size and environmental predictability MONTAGUE, J. R. for salamanders. EVOLUTION 30(3)1599-613. 1977. Note on the embryonic development of the dusky salamander, Desmognathus fuscus 1977, Tail autotomy, functional conflicts and (Caudatas Plethodontidae). COPEIA 21375. their resolution by a salamander. NATURE MOODIE, K. B. and T. R. VAN DEVENDER 26 5(5594 )1533- 535. 1977, Additional late Pleistocene turtles MALAN, A., T. L. WILSON and R. B. REEVES from Jones Spring, Hickory County, Missouri. 1976. Intracellular pH in cold-blooded verte- HERPETOLOGICA 33(1)187-90. brates as a function of body temperature. MOORE, R. G. RESP. PHYSIOL, 28(1)129-48. 1976. Seasonal and daily activity patterns MARANGIO, M. S, and J. D. ANDERSON and thermoregulation in the southwestern 1977. Soil moisture preference and water rela- speckled rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchelli tions of the marbled salamander, Ambystoma pyrrhus) and the Colorado desert sidewinder opacum (Amphibia, Urodela, Ambystomatidae), (Crotalus cerastes laterorepens). DISS. J. HERPETOL, 11(2)1169-176. ABSTR. INT77773)s1099. MARCUS, L. C., K. D. STOTTMEIER and R. H. MORROW MORALES, O., M. SANDI and M. CALDERON 1976. Experimental infection of anole lizards 1976. Efectos cardiovasculares del veneno (Anolis carolinensis) with Mycobacterium de Bothrops asper en corazon de anfibios. ulcerans. AMER. J. TROP. MED. HYG, 25(4): REV. BIOL. TROP. 24(1)169-83. 630-632. MORRIS, M. A. MARSHALL, I, G., R, L. PARSONS and W. K. PAULL 1976(1977). A case of melanism in Thamnophis 1976. Depletion of synaptic vesicles at the radix. TRANS. IL . ST. ACAD. SCI. 69(1)s frog (Rana pipiens) neuromuscular junctions 119-120. by tetraphenylboron. EXPERIENTIA 32(11): MUDRY, K. M., M. CONSTANTINE-PATRON and R. R. 1423-1426, CAPRANICA MARTIN, B. 1977. Auditory sensitivity of the diencephalon 1976. Notes on the Sonora Mountain kingsnake. of the leopard frog Rana E. pipiens, J. HERP, (BULL. N. Y. HERP, SOC.) 11(3-4)19-15. COMP. PHYS. A 114(1):1-14. MASON, E. B. MURTHY, T. S. N. 1977. Serum thyroxine levels in Chrysemys pieta The mechanics of snakes. CHEETAL marginate (Reptilia, Testudines, Testudinidae) 16(1)on.p, exposed to different thermal environments. MUTH, A. J, HERPETOL, 11(2)1232-234, 1977. Body temperatures and associated postures MATSUI, T. of the zebra-tailed lizard, Callisaurus 1976. Taxonomic studies on the genus Gekko draconoides. COPEIA 11122-125, in Japan, _in Jap.: JAP, J, HERP, -77)1 MYERS, C. W. and J. W. DALY 113. 1976. A new species of poison frog (Dendrobates) MATSUKURA, Y, from Andean Ecuador, including an analysis 1976, On the blood group B gene-specified of its skin toxins, OCCAS. PAPERS MUS, NAT. ,x.-galactosyltransferase in the serum of the HIST. UNIV. KANS. 59,1-12. Japanese tortoise (Clemmys japonica). IMMUNOLOGY 31(4)1571-575. MATZ, G, 1975. Sur quelques Scinques inhabituels (Chalcides chalcides, Eumeces schneiderii

100 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977

N PACKARD, G. C. 1976. Devonian amphibians. did they excrete NAGEL, J. W. carbon dioxide via skin, gills, or lungs? 1977. Life history of the red-backed salamander, EVOLUTION 30(2).270-280, Plethodon cinereus, in northeastern Tennessee, , C. R. TRACY and J, J, ROTH HERPETOLOGYETT57).13-18. 1977. The physiological ecology of reptilian NAGY, K. A. eggs and embryos, and the evolution of 1977, Cellulose digestion and nutrient assimi- viviparity within the class Reptilia. BIOL, lation in Sauromalus obesus, a plant-eating REV, 52(1)171-105. lizard. COPEIA 2135575622 - PARENT, G. H. NAULLEAU, G. 1976, Contribution e la connaissance de la limite 1975, Cycle d'activite de Vipera aspis (L.) occidentale de l'aire du Crapaud vert, Bufo et choix entre des conditions climatiques viridis viridis Laurenti; territoires po- naturelles et artificielles, VIE MILIEU C tentiels de cette espece en France. REV. FR . 25(1).119-136. AQUARIOL, HERPETOL, 3(2)169-76, NIETSCHMANN, B. PENDLEBURY, G. B. 1977, Memories de Arrecife Tortuga (Historia 1976. Congenital defects in the brood of a Natural y Economica de las Tortugas en el prairie rattlesnake, CAN, J, ZOOL, 54(11). Caribe de America Central), NICARAGUA: 2023-2025, FOND() DE PROMOCION CULTURAL, SERIE GEOGRAFIA PERRY, T. C. and J, P. FARNEY Y NATURALEZA 2:viii+258, 1976, Small-mouthed salamander, Ambystoma NIEUWENDIJK, J. G. texanum (Matthes) in Nebraska, TRANS. 1977, Slangen en hun gif. ANTIS 22(6): NEBRASKA ACAD, SCI, 3.44. 208-214. PETERS, U. NONNOTTE-FERRAY, L. and G. TOUEEAU 1974. Kurz vorgestellts Varanus (Odatria, 1977. Identification par immunofluorescence gilleni, DAS AQUARIUM 8(65)1512-513, des cellules a activite corticotrope et melanotrope --dans l'hypophyse de la cou- ---1.7767Gelungene Riesenschlangen-Nachzucht leuvre a coller, Natrix natrix (L,). C. FPYthon regius] im Taronga-Zoo. AQUAF, R. ACAD. SCI. (PARIS 5 2;777.461-464. MAG., STUTTGART 10(12).525-527. PETERS, U. W, 1976, Seltsame Reptilien Australians. DAS AQUARIUM, WUPPERTAL 10(90)1557-562. OBERG, S. G. PETERS, W. 1976. Mechanism of action of a presynaptic 1976. Der Moorfrosch, ein selbstgefangener neurotoxin, beta-bungarotoxin, DISS. ABSTR. Pflagling. AQUAR, MAG., STUTTGART INT. B-37(2):749. 10(9)1394-395, OLEXA, A, and P. H. STETTLER PETZOLD, H.-G. 1976. Zur Fortpflanzung der indochinesischen 1974. Die Freiland-Terrarienanlage im Kobra, NOEL neje atra Cantor, 1842, DAS Alpenzoo Innsbruck - Erhaltungsstatte AQUARIUM, WUPPERTAL 10(88).460-464. der Sudtiroler 3andotter, AQUAR. TERN. OLMO, E. and G. ODIERNA (B) 21(6).192-195. 1977. Base composition of DNA from some reptiles. J. EXP. ZOOL, 199(1).143-14h, 1975, Pseudem s scripta elegans ('died, OPITZ, J. 1839 , Rotwangen-Schmuckschildkrote. 1976. zwischenfall im Kaiman-Becken, AQU, TERR.. AQUAR, TERR, 22(8).287. BERLIN (OST) 23(11).389. OSBORN, J. W. 1976. Reptilien und Amphibien im "Red Data 1975. Tooth replacement: efficiency, patterns Book" der IUCN, AQU, TERN., BERLIN (OST) and evolution. EVOLUTION 29(1).180-186. 23(8).255-259. OUBOTER, P. E. 1976. Een kruising tussen Lacerta pityusensis 1976, Ophisons elegans Menetries, 1832 - kameriana Mertens 1927 en Lacerta pityu- Schlangenaugenechse. AQU, TERR., BERLIN sensis vedrae L. Muller 1927. LACERTA, THE (OST) 23(8).111. HAGUE 3117177138-141. °VERMEER, H. 1976. Iguana iguana, (Line, 1758) - Gruner 1976, Agrionemys horafieldi Lil Gray 1844, Leguan, AQU, TERR., BERLIN (OST) 23(8)1IV, steppeschildpad, LACERTA, THE HAGUE 35(2).15-20. 1976. Cuora amboinensis (Daudin, 1802), OVERTON, J. Amboina-Scharnierschilikrote, AQU, TEAR.. 1976, Scanning microscopy of collagen in the BERLIN (OST) 23(10)1111. basement lamella of normal and regenerating frog tadpoles. J. MORPHOL, 159(4).805-824, 1970. Graptemys kohni (Baur, 1890), Miss- OWENS, D. W. issippi-Hockerschildkrote, AQU, TERR,, 1976, Endocrine control of reproduction and growth BERLIN (OST) 23(10)tIV. in the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas, DISS. ABSTR. INT. B-37(4).1577. 1976. Reptilien and Amphibien im "Red Data Book" der IUCN, 2. Aqu, TERR., BERLIN P (OST) 23(10)1331-333,

PABST, A. 1976. Reptilien and Amphibien is "Red Data 1977, Number and location of the sites of im- Book" der IUCN. 3, AQU, TERR„ BERLIN pulse generation in the lateral-line affer- (OST) 23(11)076-377. ents of Xenopus laevis, J. COMP, PHYS. A 114(1).51-68. 1976. Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758), Carolina-DosenschildkrOte, AQU, TERR., BERLIN (CST) 23(12).111.

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1976. Terrapano ornate, (Agassiz, 1857), Schmuck- Dosenschildkrbte. AQU, TERR., BERLIN (OST) QUINN, H. 23(12),IV. 1977, A method to dorsally determine the sex of the coral snake, Micrurus fulvius 1977, Reptilien and Amphibien im "Red Data tenere. MOUNTAIN BOOMER7TUITOKLA. HERP, Book" der IUCN. 4, AQU, TERR., BERLIN SOC.) 2(1)213, (OST) 24(1)120-24. PHILLIPS, C., J. RUDERMAN and M. ROSBASH R 1976. Regional localization of translatable RNA in Xenopus laevis. (Abet.) BIOL. RAEHMEL, C. A. BULL. 151(2):424-425, 1975. Beobachtungen an der chinesIschen PIANKA, E. R. Rotbauchunke. AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 1976. Evolution of Desert Biota: book review, 28:28-29, AMER. SCI. 64 (5) , 572. RAFINSKI, J. N. PILIAI, P. S. and V. MUTHUKKARUPPAN 1977. Autotransplantation as a method for 1977, The kinetics of rosetteforming cell permanent marking of urodele amphibians response against sheep erythrocytes in the (Amphibia, Urodela). J. HERPETOL, 11(2)1 lizard, J. EXP. ZOOL, 199(1)197-104. 241-242. PINK, H,-P. RANKIN, S. 1976. Eiablage beim afrikanischen Dernschwanz - 1977. The ball python (Python regius). Uromastyx acanthinurus, AQU. TERR., BERLIN ST. LOUIS HERP, SOC. NEWSL. 4(3-4)113. (OST) 23(9)003-305. RAW, L. R. G. PITCHAPPAN, R. and V. MUTHUKKARUPPAN 1976, A survey of the dwarf chameleons of 1977. Thymus-dependent, lymphoid regions in Natal, South Africa, with descriptions the spleen of the lizard, Calotes versicolor. of three new species, DURBAN MUS, NOVITATES J. EXP. ZOOL, 199(2):177-1777 --- 11(7)1139-161. PLATANIA, S. RAYNAUD, A. and M. ADRIAN 1976. A comment on the distribution of 1975. Rise en evidence, an moyen de la micro- Gyrinophilus porphyriticus in western scopie electronique, de la penetration des Maryland, BULL. MD, HERP, SOC. 12(3)1101. cellules somitiques dans le meeoblaste de PLATT, J. E. and M. A. CHRISTOPHER l'ebauche des membres des embryons de 1977. Effects of prolactin on the water and Reptiles (Anguis fr ills at Lacerta viridis). sodium content of larval tissues from neo- ARCH. ANAT. MICR, 4 1287-577-- tenic and metamorphosing Amb toms tigrinum. , J,-P. GASC, S. RENOUS and C. PIEAU GEN. COMP. ENDOORINOL, 31 2 12 3-248, 1975. Etude comparative, embryologique at PLATZ, R. anatomique, de la region pelvi-cloacale 1976. Heilung einer kranken Emys orbicularis. et de sa musculature chez le Lezard vert AQU, TERR., BERLIN (OST) 23(9):315, (Lacerta virldis Laur.) at l'Orvet (Anguis POEL-HELLINGA, E. M. C. fr lis 1777-71EM. MUS, NATN, HIST, NAT. 1977. Nogmaalsi Chamaeleo jacksoni. LACERTA, PARIS A 95:1-62, 11 pl. THE HAGUE 35(4):47-49. and P. VAN DEN EIZEN POGLAYEN-NEUWALL, I, 1976, La rudimentation des membres chez les 1976, Albinotische Schnappschildkrote, Chelydra embryons de Scelotes gronovii (Daudin), s. serpentina. DAS AQUARIUM, WUPPERTAL Reptile scincide Sud-Africain. ARCH, ANAT. 10(89)009-511, MICR, 65(1),17-36. POLLACK, E. D. and J. KOVES REGAL, P. J. and C. GANS 1977. Compensatory responses in the develop- 1976. Functional aspects of the evolution ment of the brachial lateral motor column in of frog tongues. EVOLUTION 30(4)2718-734. triploid Rana pipiens, ANAT. REC. 188(2), REEVES, R. B. and A. MALAN 173-180, 1976, Model studies of intracellular acid- POLLARD, H, B., A. STEINACKER and C. PAZOIES base temperature responses in ectotherms, 1976, Isethionate blocks release of transmitter RESP. PHYSIOL, 28(1):49-64. from isolated secretory vesicles and from REIMANN, M. and F. WEDEMEYER frog neuromuscular junction. (Abet.) 1976, Herpetologische Skizzen von einer BIOL. BULL, 151(2),430. Sardinien-Reise. AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. POOLEY, A, C. 29(11):391-393. 1976. De zorgzame moeder. ARTIS 22(4)1123-127. RENOUS, S., A. RAYNAUD, J.-P. GASC and C. PIEAU PORTER, R. H. and J, A, CZAPLICKI 1976, Caracteres rudimentaires, anatomiques 1977. Evidence for a specific searching image et embryologiques, de la ceinture pelvienne in hunting water snakes (Natrix sipedon) et des appendices posterieurs du Python (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae), J. reticule (Python reticulatus Schneider, HERPETOL, 11(2)1213-216, 1801). BULL. MUS, NATN. HIST, NAT, (PARIS) POUPKO, •J. M, 3e ser., 379. Zool, 267:547-584. 1976. Studies on histone in the Rana pipiens REUTER, T. and K. VIRTANEN embryo. DISS, ABSTR. INT, B-575)21235, 1976. Color discrimination mechanisms in the FRANCE, H. D. and D. C, JACKSON retina of the toad (Bufo bufo). J. COMP. 1976. Ventilation, gas exchange and metabolic PHYSIOL, A 109(3):337-344. scaling of a sea turtle, RESP. PHYSIOL, REYNAUD, G. 27(3)1379-392. 1976, Utilisation d'un extract hypophysaire PREVITE, A„ S, ROSE, A. BLITZ and A. L, POLITOFF de boeuf comma adjuvant pour declencher 1976, The incorporation of an exogenous ATP-ase l'ovulation chez Rana esculenta, BULL, SOC. (apyrase) into the synaptic vesicles of the ZOOL, FR, 101(2)007-517-- frog sartorius neuromuscular junction causes RHODIN, A, G. J. and R. A, MITTERMEIER block of synaptic transmission and vesicle de- 1977. Neural bones in chelid turtles from Aus- pletion, (Abet.) BIOL. BULL, 151(2)2426-427, tralia and New Guinea, COPEIA 2,370-372.

102 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977

RICHARDS, C. M. and A. SCHIZ12 SALM, R. V. 1977. A new species of reed frog, Hyperolius 1976. Marine turtle management in Seychelles cystocandicans, from montane Kenya. COPEIA and Pakistan. ENVIRN, CONS. 3(4)s267. 23285294. SANDRIN, J. P. RIEPPEL, O. 1976. Main principles in rearing tortoises/ 1976. Ein Beispiel der Ritualisation, Das their main diseases. REC. MED. VET, ALFORT Paarungsverhalten von Hoplodactylus paci- 152(11):729-734. ficus Gray. AQUAR. TERR. 23(4)130-135. SAPIRSTEIN, V. S. RIMPP, K. 1975. Some studies on the hormonal control of 1976. Eine neue Kammolch-Unterart im mittleren sodium transport across the toad urinary Frankreich 7 AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 29(10): bladder. DISS. ABSTR. INT. B -37(3)1 1068 .

358 - 359. SAUERBIER, I. ROBINSON, G. D. 1977. Seasonal variation in tissue catechola- 1975. Water and sodium balance in the estuarine mine level and its turnover in the frog (Rana diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys). DISS. temporaria). GEN. COMP. ENDOORINOL, 31(77' - ABSTR. INT. B-37(2):649. 183-188. ROBINSON, J. A. SAWAI, Y. 1976. The functional morphology of locomotion in 1976. Case reports on bites by exotic snakes plesiosaurs. DISS. ABSTR, INT. B-37(5):2028. in Japan. [in Jap.] JAP. J. HERP. 6(4):117. ROSE, B. R. SCHACHER, S. M. 1976. Habitat and prey selection of Sceloporus 1976. The synaptic activity of vertebrate occidentalis and Sceloporus graciosus. photoreceptorss a peroxidase uptake study ECOLOGY 57(3)1531-541. in isolated frog retinas. DISS. ABSTR. INT. ROSE, F. L. and J. C. HARSHBARGER B-37(2)1572. 1977. Neoplastic and possibly related skin SCHIEMENZ, H. lesions in neotenic tiger salamanders from 1976. Neues Vorkommen des Bergmolches [Triturus a sewage lagoon. SCIENCE 196(4287)2315-317. alpestris] im Bezirk Cottbus. AQU. TERR., ROSSER, S. BERLIN (OST) 23(9)015. 1976. Phylogenetic origins of the vertebrates. SCHOBER, M. IN Comparative Immunology. Marchalonis, J. 1974. Geschlechtsbestimmung bei frischgeschlupf- J., ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1-19. ten Vierstreifennattern, Elaphe I. quatuor- ROSSMAN, D. A. and W. G. EBERLE lineata. AQUAR. TERR. (B) 21(11):389. 1977. Partition of the genus Natrix, with pre- SCHOENER, T. W. and A. SCHOENER liminary observations on evolutionary trends 1976. The ecological context of female pattern in natricine snakes. HERPETOLOGICA 33(1)2 polymorphism in the lizard Anolis sagrei. 34-43. EVOLUTION 30(4)1650-658. RUBEN, J. A. SCHONEWOLF, H. J. 1977. Some correlates of cranial and cervical 1976. Behalter fur Molche and Salamander. morphology with predatory modes in snakes. DAS AQUARIUM, WUPPERTAL 10(88):465-466. J. MORPHOL, 152(1),89-100. SCHREIBER, R. RUBEN, J. A. 1976. Vivarium Kehl. DAS TERRARIUM, STUTTGART 1977. Morphological correlates of predatory 1(2)230-31. modes in the coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum) SCHULTE, R. and rosy boa (Lichanura roseofusca). HERPE- 1976. Schlagbohrer im dustensand IChalcides TOLOGICA 33(1)21-6. mionecton trifasciatus]. DAS TERRARIUM, RUBEN, L. N. STUTTGART 1(2):8 - 12. 1976. The phylogeny of cell-cell cooperation SCHULTHEISS, H. in immunity. IN Comparative Immunology. 1977. The hormonal regulation of urea excre- Marchalonis, J. J., ed. New York: John tion in the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma Wiley & Sons, 120-166. mexicanum Cope). GEN. COMP. ENDOCRINOL. RUIZ, J. M. 31(1)145-52. 1976. La muda en los reptiles. ZOO. 25120-21. SCHWANER, T. D. and R. H. MOUNT 1976. Systematic and ecological relationships ---1777--AcciOn del hombre sobre las poblaciones de of the water snakes Natrix sipedon and anfibios y reptiles. ZOO. 26:32-35. N. fasciata in Alabama and the Florida panhandle, OCCAS. PAPERS MUS, NAT. HIST. 1976, La puesta de un cocodrilo enano (Osteo- UNIV. KANS. 4511-44. laemus tetraspis). ZOO. 26:42. SCHWARTZ, A. RYAN, K. J. 1977. A new subspecies of Eleutherodactylus 1977. New concepts in hormonal control of par- wetmorei Cochran (Anuras Leptodactylidae)

turition. BIOL. REPROD. 16(1)188 - 94. from northern Haiti. HERPETOLOGICA 33(1), 66 - 72. S and D. A, ROSSMAN 1976. A review of the Hispaniolan colubrid SAFE, S., D. JONES, J. KOHLI, L. O. RUZO, O. HUT- snake genus Ialtris. STUD. FAUNA CURACAO ZINGER and G. SUNDSTROM CARIB. ISL. 50(165)t76-102. 1976. The metabolism of chlorinated aromatic SCOTT, N. J., JR. pollutants by the frog. CAN. J. ZOOL. 54(11)2 1976. The abundance and diversity of the 1818-1823. herpetofaunas of tropical forest litter. SAINT GIRONS, H. BIOTROPICA 8(1):41 - 58. 1975. Observations preliminaires sur is thermo- SERVAN, J. regulation des Viperes d'Europe. VIE MILIEU C 1976, Ecologie de la Tortue verte a 1 44le 25(1):137-168. Europa (canal de Mozambique). TERRE VIE and R. DUGUY 30(3):421-464. ----7-T67.----Ecologie et position systematique de SEYMOUR, R. S. Vipera seoanei Lataste, 1879. BULL. SOC. 1976. Blood respiratory properties in a sea ZOOL, FR. 101(2)2325-340. snake and a land snake. AUS. J. ':00L. 24(3)1313-321.

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 103 SHAHI, S. P. and R. B. SMITH Gharial and marsh crocodiles. CHEETAL - 177-Request for suppression and validation 16(1)In.p. of names related to the Elapidae (Reptillat SHAPIRO, K. C. and J. D. FAWCETT Serpentes). Z. N. (S.) 2128. BULL. ZOOL. 1977. Seasonal changes in the thyroid gland of NOMENCL. 33(2)873-84. the lizard, Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus. PROC. NEBRASKA ACAD. SCI. 1977:21. --1.977-The herpetological names of Herrera, 1899, SHAPLEY, R. and J. GORDON and their status. TRANS. KANS. ACAD. SCI. 1976. Retinal spatial interactions observed 78(1)185-87, in responses of eel (and frog) ganglion cells. and H. L. SAWIN (Abet.) BIOL. BULL. 151(2)1429-430. - 1767-The generic name of the neotropical semi- SHARMA, I. K. terrestrial eaydine turtles. TRANS. KANS. 1977. De Indische doornstaarthagedis, Uromastyx ACAD. SCI. 77(4)1211-217. hardwickii. LACERTA, THE HAGUE 35(4)853-57. SHAM, R. C. 1977. A summary of snake classification 1976. Some observations of ecology and systema- (Reptilia, Serpentes). J. HERPETOL. 11(2), tics of Coluber bholanathi, a new species of 115-121. snake. COMP. PHYS. ECOL. 1(3)1105-108. SMITH, S. M. SHIH, R. J.-T. 1977. Coral snake pattern recognition and 1975. Analyses of the amino acid pools, rates stimulus generalisation by naive great of protein synthesis and nuclear proteins of kiskadees (Ayes, Tyrannidae). NATURE Rana pipiena oocytes and embryos. DISS. 265(5595)1535-536 . ABSTR. INT. B-37(3)11081. SPARREBOOM, M. SHINE, R. and J. J. BULL 1976. Amfibieen en reptielen in de London 1977. Skewed sex ratios in snakes. COPEIA Zoo. LACERTA, THE HAGUE 34(10)8127. 21228-234. SPELIERBERG, I. F. SHOCHAT, D. 1977. Marking live snakes for identification 1976. Comparative immunological study of of individuals in population studies. J. albumins of Anolis lizards of the Caribbean APPL. ECOL. 14(1)8137-138. Islands. DISS. ABSTR. INT. B-37(3)11238. SPINDEL, L. M. and A. L. POLITOFF SHOTTON, D. M., J. E. HEUSEN and T. S. REESE 1976. Albumin causes inhibition of synaptic 1976. A new view of the postsynaptic membrane transmission at the frog sartorius neuro- of frog muscle: scanning electron microscope muscular junction. (Abet.) BIOL. BULL. after collagenase digestion. (Abet.) BIOL. 151(2)1430. BULL. 151(2)8430. STAFFORD, D. P., F. W. PLAPP and R. R. FLEET SIGALAS, M. 1976. Snakes as indicators of environmental 1976. Giftschlangen. DAS TERRARIUM, STUTTGART contamination - relation of detoxifying 1(2),18-19. enzymes & pesticide residues to species SIGNORET, J. and J. IEFRESNE occurrence in 3 aquatic ecosystems. ARCH. 1976. Le cycle cellulaire au cours de la seg- ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 5(1)815-28. mentation du gorse d'Axoloti. BULL. SOC. STAMPS. J. A. ZOOL. FR . 101(1)8123-126. 1976. Rainfall, activity and social behavior SIMON, C. A. and G. A. MIDDENDORF in the lizard Anolis aeneus. ANIM. BEHAVIOUR 1976. Resource partitioning by an iguanid 24(3)1603-608. lizards temporal and microhabitat aspects. STEINACKER, A. ECOLOGY 57(6)81317-1320. 1976. Effect of substance P on synaptic trans- SINGH, L. A. K. mission at the frog neuromuscular junction. 1976. When back to the wild (Gharial). CHEETAL (Abet.) BIOL. BULL. 151(2)8432. 18(1-2)sn.p. STEINIE, Ch,-P. SINGH, V. B. 1977. Ein ratselhaftes Gelege. Eier von Tes- 1976. Crocodilian rehabilitation scheme in tudo horsfieldii durch T. hermanni befruchtet? Uttar-Pradesh. CHEETAL 17(2)1n.p. AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 30(1)133-34. SLADE, N. A. and R. J. WASSERSUG STIBBE, H. 1975. On the evolution of complex life cycles 1976. Enkele ervaringen bij het houden van de EVOLUTION 29(3)1568-571. roodwangenschildpad, Pseudemys scripts elegans. SMITH, A. K. LACERTA, THE HAGUE 35(1)17-12. 1976. Incidence of tail coiling in a population STOCK, H.-J. of ringneck snakes (Diadophis punctatus). 1976. Parasiten and Erkrankungen bei Import- TRANS. KANS. ACAD. SCI. 77(4):237-238. tierenklotes]. AQU. TERR., BERLIN (CST) 23(9)8 4. 1977. Attraction of bullfrogs (Amphibia, Anura, STRIJKERT, O. P. Ranidae) to distress calls of immature frogs. 1976. Pseudemys scripta elegans gekweekt. J. HERPETOL. 11(2)8234-235. LACERTA, THE HAGUE 34(11)8137. SMITH, A. R. and A. M. CRAWLEY STRUM, J. M. and E. B. M. EKBLAD 1977. The pattern of cell division during growth 1977. 3H-fucose incorporation into glycopro- of the blastema of regeneration newt fore- teina of toad bladder epithelial cells. limbs. J. EMBRYOL. EXP. MORPH. 37(2)833-48. AMER. J. ANAT. 148(1)833-48. SMITH, H. M. STULL, P. A. and M. P. ANDERSON 1976. Observations on a species of salamander 1976. Stomatitis in a boa constrictor. J. AMER. (Pseudoeurycea) from Tamaulipas, Mexico. VET. MED. ASS. 169(9) , 939. BULL. MD . HERP, SOC. 12(1)833-36. STUPPI, M. and T. ALVAREZ 1976. Von Umgang mit Krokodilen. AQUARIEN

1976. Possible intraspecific sympatry in the TERRARIEN Z. 29(2)166-68. lizard species Sceloporus torquatus, and its SZYMURA, J. M. relationship with S. cyanogenys. TRANS. KANS. 1976. Hybridization between discogloseid toads ACAD. SCI. 77(4)1219-224. Bambing bombina and Bombina variegate in

104 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 southern Poland as revealed by electrophoretic TIEKOTTER, K. L. technique. ZEITS. ZOOL. SYSTM, EVOL, 14(3), 1977. A study of trematodes collected from 227. toads of a Colorado alpine meadow. PROC. NEBRASKA ACAD. SCI. 1977,22. T TIMPERIEY, D. 1976. Gow, G. F. (1976), Snakes of Australia TABAN, C. H., M. SCHORDEROT and M. CATHIENI (Angus & Robertson, Sydney). (Book review) 1977. Differential sensitivity of newt limb AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 29(9) , 324. ♦ regenerates to norairenaline, as revealed by TOKARZ, R. R. their production of cyclic AMP. EXPERIENTIA 1977. An autoradiographic study of the effects 33(1):48-49. of FSH and estradio1-17 on early ovarian TAKISAWA, A., Y. SHIMURA and K. KANEKO follicular maturation in adult Anolis 1976. Metamorphic changes in anuran muscles carolinensis. GEN, COMP. ENDOCRINCL, following thyroxine treatment. OKAJIMAS 31(1)07-28. FOL. ANAT. JAP. 53(5):253-277. TOMEY, W. A. TALBOT, J. J. 1975. Der Schlupfvorgang bei Phelsuma chloro- 1976. Ecological and behavioral factors regu- scelis Mertens, 1962. DAS AQUARIUM M. AQUA lating the spatial distribution of Norops TERRA 9(7)009-312. humilis and N. limifrons (Sauriat Iguanidae)

at a tropical rainforest locality. DISS. ---1777Un serpent piscivore, Oxybelis aeneus. ABSTR. INT. B-37(4)0541. AQUARAMA 10(33)145-46.

1977. Habitat selection in two tropical anoline 1977. De Giganten van kuala dungun. AQUARIUM- lizards. HERPETOLOGICA 33(1)014-123. WERELD 30(4)t84-87. TAM, M. R. et. al. TORDOFF, W., III and D. PETTUS 1976. Phylogeny of cellular immunity among 1977. Temporal stability of phenotypic fre- vertebrates. IN Comparative Immunology. quencies in Pseudacris triseriata (Amphibia, Marchalonis, J. J., ed. New Yorks John Anura, Hylidi;7777aRPETOL. 11(2), Wiley & Sons, 98-119. 161-168. TAYLOR, F. J. TOWNSEND, S. 1976. Records of amphibians and reptiles and 1977. A short note on a specimen of Geocrinia mammals of the Leigh District, New Zealand. victoriana with five legs. VICT. NAT. TANE 22,173-176. 94:56. TAYLOR, S. V. 1976. Stimulus control of lingual air sampling 1977. A list of vertebrate fauna of the in garter snakes (Thamnophis r, haydeni) and Blackhills Toolern Vale, Victoria, 1968- rattlesnakes (Crotalus v, viridis and Sistrurus 1976. VICT, NAT. 94,80-82. c. tergeminus). DISS. ABSTR. INT. B-37(4): TRIVERS, R. L. 1950. 1976. Sexual selection and resource-accruing THIREAU, M. abilities in Anolis garmani. EVOLUTION 1975. Donnees sun la variabilite volumetrique 30(2),253-269, dans l'analyse de l'encephale d'Hydromantes TRUER, L. Italicus Dunn (Amphibia, Caudate). BULL. NUS. 1976. Catalogue of publications in herpetology NATN, HIST. NAT. (PARIS) 3e ser., 322, Zool. published by the University of Kansas Museum 229,1065-1080. of Natural History. SPEC, PUBL. MUS, NAT. HIST. 1,1-15.

---1577bencephalisation chez les Urodeles. I. TRUTNAU, L. Analyse volumetrique de l'encephale et de 1976. Zum Fortpflanzungsverhalten der Skor- ses etagess recherche d'un lot d'especes de pions-Krustenechse (Heloderma h. horridum). "base". BULL. MUS, NATN. HIST. NAT. (PARIS) AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 29(121'424-428. 3e ser., 378, Zool, 2665527-544. TURNER, A. K., A. A. SHURCLIFF and S. PILLMAN THOMAS, D. J. and A. M. GILMORE 1976. A report on reptiles from the Hundred 1976. The terrestrial vertebrate fauna of the of Kappakoola, Eyre Peninsula. S. AUST, Dartmouth Dam inundation area. AUS. WILDLIFE NAT, 51(2)s25-27. RES. 3(2)089. TYLER, J. D. THOMAS, R. and A. SCHWARTZ 1977. An "active" bullfrog in late fall. 1977. Three new species of Sphaerodactylus MOUNTAIN BOOMER (BULL, OKLA. HERP, SOC.) (Sauriat Gekkonidae) from Hispaniola. ANN. 2(1)05-16. CARNEGIE MUS, 46(4)133-43. TYLER, M. J. THOMAS, R. A., R. F. LAUREN and A. BARRIO 1977. Pleistocene frogs from caves at Nara- 1977. Philodryas borellii Peracca (Serpentess coorte, South Australia. TRANS. R. SOC. Colubridae), a distinct species. HERPE- S. AUST. 101(}):85-89. TOLOGICA 33(1):82-86. and A, A. MARTIN THOMSON, F. N., S. E. McDONALD and E. D. WOLF Taxonomic studies of some Australian 1976. Hypopyon in a tortoise. J. AMER. VET. laptodactylid frogs of the genus Cyclorana MED. ASS. 169(9) , 942. Steindachner, REC, S. AUST. MUS, 17(15)s THORPE, R. S. 261-276. 1976. Biometric analysis of geographic variation and racial affinities. BIOL. REV. 51(4): U 407-452. TIEDEMANN, F. ULINSKI, P. S. 1976. Vergleichend anatomische Untersuchungen 1976. Intracortical connections in the snakes an Muskeln und Knochen des Beckengurtels von Natrix sipedon and Thamnophis sirtalls. J, Ophisaurus harti Blgr., Ophisaurus apodus Pall. MORPHOL, 150(2)1461-484. and Ophisaurus koellikeri Gthr. ANN. NATUR- HISTOR, NUS. WIEN 80,325-335.

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 105 UNDERWOOD, H. WALTNER, R. C. 1977, Circadian organization in lizards: the Geographical and altitudinal distribu- role of the pineal organ. SCIENCE 195(4278): tion of amphibians and reptiles on the Hima- 587-589. layas (Part I), CHEETAL 16(1)tn.p,

V 1975. Geographical and altitudinal distribu- tions of amphibians and reptiles in the Hima- VALLIAPPAN, S. and S. PUSHPARAJ layas. (Part II). CHEETAL 16(2)128-36. Sea turtles in India waters. CHEETAL 16(1)8n.p, 1975. Geographical and altitudinal distribu- VAN DEVENDER, T. R. tion of amphibians and reptiles in the Hima- 1977. Observations on the Argentine iguanid layas. (Part III). CHEETAL 16(3):n.p. lizard Leiosaurus bellii Dumeril and Bibron (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Iguanidae), J. HERPETOL. 1975. Geographical and altitudinal distribu- 11(2)038-241. tion of amphibians and reptiles in the Hima- van de WEAKEN, H. layas. (Part IV). CHEETAL 16(4):n.p. 1976. Nijlkrokodillen, Boeiende "Monsters". WARRELL, D. A. and C. ARNETT ARTIS 22(4):111-122, 1976. The importance of bites by the saw-scaled VAUDRY, H., C. OLIVER, R. USATEGUI, M.-C. TROCHARD, or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): epide- F. LEBOULENGER, W. DUPONT and R. VAILLANT miological studies in Nigeria and a review 1976. L'hormone melanotrope chez la grenouille of the world literature. ACTA TROP. 33(4): verte (Rana esculenta) etude biochimique et 307-341. radio-immunologique. C. R. ACAD. SCI, (PARIS) WASSERSUG, R. J. D 283(15)31655-1658. 1976. Oral morphology of anuran larvae: , F. LEBOUIENCER, M. C. TROCHARD and R. terminology and general description. OCCAS. VAILLANT PAPERS MUS, NAT, HIST, UNIV. KANS. 48:1-23. 1977, Changes in corticotropin producing cells in the pituitary of Rana esculenta L. fol- 1976. Internal oral features in Hyla regilla lowing interrenalectomy and metopirone treat- (Anura: Hylidae) larvae: an ontogenetic ment. An immunohistochemical study. GEN. study. OCCAS. PAPERS MUS, NAT. HIST. UNIV. COMP. ENDOCRINOL, 32(1):78-88. KANS. 4981-24. VELOSO M., A. and L. TRUEB WEATHERS, W. W. 1976. Description of a new species of telmatobiine 1976. Influence of temperature acclimation on frog, Telmatobius (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae), oxygen consumption, haemodynamics, and oxygen from the Andes of northern Chile. OCCAS, PAPERS transport in bull frogs. AUS. J. ZOOL, MUS, NAT. HIST. UNIV. KANS. 62t1-10, 24(3):321-331. VELUMIAN, A. A., A. I. SHAPOVALOV and B. I. SHIRAEV WEBB, G. J. W., H. MESSEL and W. MAGNUSSON 1976. Ionic mechanisms of the glycine and 1977. The nesting of Crocodylus porosus in aminobutric acid action on postsynaptic mem- Arnhem Land, Northern Australia. COPEIA branes of amphibian motor neurons. DOKL. 2:238-249. AKAD, NAUK SSSR, 230(2)0485-488. WEBB, R. G. and J. K. KORKY VENKATESWARLA, T. 1977. Variation in tadpoles of frogs of the 1975. The gharial. CHEETAL 16(4)sn.p, Rana tarahumarae group in western Mexico VERHAART, P. 771ra: Ranidae). HERPETOLOGICA 33(1): 1976, Ervaringen met Maticora intestinalis. 73-82. LACERTA, THE HAGUE 55717-35, WEBB, S. D. VINCENT, T. K. 1976. The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs: book review. 1976. Cold resistance in the garter snake AMER. SCI, 64(4)0438. Thamno his sirtalis parietalis. DISS. ABSTR. WEI HSU, T. and T. A. LYERIA INT. P-37(4):1588. 1977. The activities of some lysosomal hydro- VISSER, J, and G, CARPENTER lases in the development of the cement gland 1977. Notes on a gaboon adder bite. J. HERPETOL, in Xenopus laevis. J. EXP. ZOOL, 199(1): ASS, AFR, 15:21-22, 25-32. VITT, L. J, WELLS, K. D. 1976, The adaptive relationship of instantaneous 1976. Territorial behavior of the green frog reproductive effort to body shape in lizards. (Rana clamitans). DISS. ABSTR. INT. B-37(2): DISS. ABSTR. INT. B-37(3):1145. 651, VOELKI, K,-F, WELLSTEAD, C. F. 1976. Schlangengifte, DAS TERRARIUM, STUTTGART 1977. Ecological significance of the fossil 1(2)115-17. lizard fauna from the lower Valentine Formation VOGEL, D. L. of Nebraska. PROC, NEBRASKA ACAD, SCI, 1976, Development of the sympathetic ganglia in 1977:45-46. the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. WELZEL, A. DISS, ABSTR. INT, B-37(2):575. 1977. Die Aufzucht von Anolis im Terrarium, CoiSMAAS, M, C, and P, ZWART AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z.557)128-31. 1976, Technique for intravenous injection in WERMUTH, H. the red-eared turtle (Pseudemys scripta 1975. Wohim mit "uberflussigen" SchlIdkroten elegans). IA N , ANIM, 11(4)1399-402, and Krokodilen? AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 28: 104-105. W 1976. Langhalsige Schi1dkr5ten, AQUARIEN WABL, M, R, and L. DUPASQUIETI TERRARIEN Z. 29(11)8388-390. 1976. Antibody patterns in genetically identical and R. MERTENS frogs, NATURE 2641642-643 + cover photo. 1976, Testudines, Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia [in: Liste der rezenten Amphibien and Reptil- ien]. DAS TIERREICH 100:I-XXVII, 1-174.

106 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 WEST, R. WODTKE, E. 1976. Sack it to me. TEXAS MONTHLY 4(3):26. 1976. Discontinuities in the arrhenius plots of mitochondrial membrane-bound enzyme ---177--Only a mother could love them. TEXAS systems from a poikilotherms acclimation MONTHLY 4(11)00. temperature of carp affects transition WHETSTONE, K. N. temperatures. J. COMP. PHYS. B 110(2)1 1977. A plesiosaur from the Coon Creek Forma- 145-158. tion (Cretaceous) of Tennessee. J. PALED. WONG, K. L. and W. HANKE 51(2),424-425. 1977. The effects of biogenic amines on WHILLANS, T. H. and E. J. CROSSMAN carbohydrate metabolism in Xenopus laevis 1977. Morphological parameters and spring activi- Daudin. GEN. COMP. ENDOCRINOL. 3177- ties in a central Ontario population of mid- 80-90. land painted turtle, ChrysemVs picta mari- WOOD, S, C. and C. J. M. LENFANT nata (Agassiz). CAN, FIELD NATUR. 91(1): 1977. Circulation and respiration. IN 47-57. Introduction to Comparative Physiology. WHITAKER, R. Goldstein, L., ed. New York: Holt, The rat-snake. CHEETAL 15(4)112. Rinehard and Winston, 403-476. WHITE, R. L., II 1977. Prey selection by the rough skinned newt Y (Taricha granulosa) in two pond types. NORTHWEST SCI. 51(2):114-118. YAMAMOTO, K. WHITFORD, W. G. and F. M. CREUSERE 1975. An observation on copulation of the 1977. Seasonal and yearly fluctuations in lizard T romus tachydromoides. [in Jap.] Chihuahuan Desert lizard communities. JAP. J. HERP. 2)02. HERPETOLOGICA 33(1)154-65. YANG, D. A. and C. SU WIJFFELS, L. C. M. 1976. Ichthyophie Flutinosus found from 1976. De AntillenleguaanlIguana delicatissima]. Xishungbanna of Yunnan. ACTA ZOOL. SINICA LACERTA, THE HAGUE 34(f1):135-136. 22(1)1115. WILBUR, H. M. YATKOLA, D. A. 1976. Density dependent aspects of metamorphosis 1976. Fossil Heloderma (Reptilia, Heloderma- in Amb toma and Rana sylvatica. ECOLOGY tides). OCCAS. PAPERS NUS. NAT. HIST. UNIV. 57( :12 9-1296. KANS. 51:1-14. YOUNG, J. 1977. Density dependent aspects of growth and 1977. Incubating turtle eggs. ST. LOUIS HERP, metamorphosis in Bufo americanus. ECOLOGY SOC. NEWSL. 4(3.4),14-15. 58(1):196-200, 1977. Reptiles preferred habitat. ST. LOUIS 1977. Interactions of food level and population HERP. SOC. NEWSL. 4(5-6):8-9. density in Rana sylvatica. ECOLOGY 58(1):206- 209. 1977. Structure of a turtle shell. ST. LOUIS WILD, R. HERP. SOC. NEWSL. 4(5-6),10-11. 1976. Tanystropheus H. v. Meyer (1852) (Reptilia): YVROUD, M. revised request for conservation under the 1976. Differenciation precoce du canal naso- plenary powers. Z. N. (S.) 2084. BULL. ZOOL. lacrymal de Discoglossus pictus Otth NOMENCL. 33(2)o124- 126. (Amphibien Anoure) traits par la thyroxine. WILLARD, D. E. BULL. SOC. ZOOL. FR . 101(2)1291-296. 1977. Constricting methods of snakes. COPEIA 2,379-382. WILLIAMS, S. R. 1976. Comparative ecology and reproduction of ZAKI, A. E. and E. K. MACRAE the endemic New Mexico plethodontid salaman- 1977. Fine structure of the secretory and ders, Plethodon neomexicanus and Aneides nonsecretory ameloblasts in the frog. 1. hardii. DISS. ABSTR. INT. B-37(577517. Fine structure of the secretory ameloblasts. WILSON, E. E. AMER. J. ANAT. 148(2):161-194. 1977. Herp hunting in eastern Oklahoma County. ZELLER, E. A. MOUNTAIN BOOMER (BULL. OKLA. HERP. SOC.) 1977. Snake venom actions are enzymes involved 2(1):17-18. in it? EXPERIENTIA 33(2):143-150, WILSON, R. E. ZIMMERMANN, E. 1976. An ecological study of Ambystoma maculatum 1976. Nach Spanien, der Chamaleons wegen. and Ambystoma jeffersonianum. DISS. ABSTR. INT. AQUAR. MAG., STUTTGART 10(10)1400-406. B-37(4)81542. ZINNER, H. WITKOVSKY, P., E. GALLIN, J. HOLLYFIELD, H. RIPPS 1977. The status of Telescopes hoogstraali and C. BRIDGES Schmidt and Marx 1956 and the Telescopes 1976. Photoreceptor thresholds and visual pig- fallax Fleischmann 1831 complex (Reptilia, ment levels in normal and vitamin A-deprived Serpentes, Colubridae), J. HERPETOL. Xenopus tadpoles. J. NEUROPHYSIOL. 39(6)1 11(2),207-212. 1272-1287. ZUG, G, R. WITNANDS, H. E. J. and J. J. VAN GELDER 1977. The matamata (Testudiness Chelidae) is 1976. Biometrical and serological evidence for Chelus not Chelys: HERPETOLOGICA 33(1)* the occurrence of three phenotypes of green 53-54 . frogs (Rana esculenta complex) in the ZWEIFEL, R. C. Netherlands. NETH. J. ZOOL. 26(3)1414-424. 1977. Rokrok, ANIM. KINGDOM April-May128-34, WITTIG, W. ZWINENBERG, A, 1976. Zucht and Haltung der Pityusen-Eidechse 1977. De Roodoogboomkikker, Agalychnis calli- Lacerta pitiusensis]. AQU. TERR., BERLIN dryas (Cope, 1862). AQUARIUMWERELD 37777 67-75(11)1388-389. 42-45,

HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 107 ERRATA

In the preparation of Current Literature for Herpetological Review 8(2) the pretyped mats were shortened for photoreduction without careful attention to the continuity of citations. The following corrections are submitted:

Page 45, col. 2, lines 1-59. The following titles Page 52, col. 1, lines 1-4. The following title were published by W. BISCHOFFs was published by J. HEILERs

1974. Echsen des Kaukasus, Teil 4, Die Artwiner 1976. Gepanzerte Mimosen (Wachstum und Krank- Eidechse, Lacerta der ini Nikolski 1898. AQUAR. heiten der Wasserschildkroten). AQUAR, MAG. TERR, (B) 21(2)x63-66. 10,464-468. 1974. Echsen des Kaukasus, Teil 5. Die Kaukasus- Riesensmaragdeidechse, Lacerta trilineata Page 55, col. 2, lines 1-6. The complete title media Lantz and Cyren 1920. AQUAR. fERR. (B) for the first citation and correct authorship is 21(4):114-117. as follows, 1974, Echsen des Kaukasus, Teil 6. Die Kielschwanz- Felseidechse Lacerta rudis Bedriaga 1886. AQUAR. LUTTENBERGER, F, TERR. (B) 21(8)t274-278. 1976, Zur Okologie der BraunfrOsche, Rana 1974. Echsen des Kaukasus, Teil 7. Die Europilsche t, temporaria und Rana arvalis wolterstorffi, Schlangenaugen-Eidechse Ophisops ele ans Menetries DAS AQUARIUM M. AQUA TERRI174)1173-179. 1832. AQUAR. TERR. (B) 21(10)t 0-343. • 1975. Herpetologische Beobachtungen in der Umgebung 1976. Yawning in Testudo gigantea (Testudini - von Tbilissis (Georgien). DAS AQUARIUM M. AQUA dae). HERP. (BULL. N. Y. HERP. SOC.) 12(1-2), TERRA 9(10):449-453. 16-20. 1975. Echsen des Kaukasus, Teil 8. AQUAR. TERR. (B) 22(2)151-53, Page 56, col, 1, lines 1-10, The following titles 1975, Erganzende Mittellungen zur Verbreitung von were published by B. MARTIN: Lacerta trilineata media. AQUAR. TERR. (B) 22(3),103. 1976. Notes on breeding behavior in a captive 1975. Zur Zucht des Laubfrosches,Hyla arborea pair of Sonora Mountain kingsnakes, (Lampro- arborea, AQUAR. TERR. (B) 22(6),210-211. peltis pyromelana), BULL. MD, HERP, SOC. 1975. Echsen des Kaukasus, Teil 9. Die Bastardei- 12(1):23-24. dechse, AQUAR. TERR. (B) 22(7)1230-232, 1976, A reproductive record for the New Mexican 1975. Jahrestagung der ZAG. AQUAR. TERR. (B) ridge-nosed rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi 22(8),283, obscurus), BULL, MD, HERP. SOC. 12(4),126-128. 1975. Zum Internationalen Jahr der Frau, AQUAR. TERR. (B) 22(10)1354. Page 57, col, 2, lines 1-4. The complete title is 1976. Bemerkungen zur Herpetofauna von Bakuriani as follows, AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z. 29(9)016-317; (10):355-358, 1976. Echsen des Kaukasus, Teil 10, Die Streifenei- MORAN, D. J. dechse Lacerta stri ata Eichwald 1832, AQUAR, 1976, A scanning electron microscopic and flame TERR. (B) 23(3),84-88, spectrometry study on the role of Ca 2f in and W,-E, ENGELMANN amphibian neurulation using papaverine in- 1976. Herpetologische Ergebnisse einiger Sammelreisen hibition and ionophore induction of morpho- im Kaukasus und in Transkaukasien. ZOOL, JAHRB, genetic movement. J. EXP. ZOOL, 198(3): ABT, CYST. OEKOL, GEOGR, TIERE 103(3)t361-376, 409-416.

Page 47, col. 2, lines 1-4. The following title was Page 58, col. 1, lines 1-3, The following title published by C,-H, CHAT: was published by A. MUTH:

1975, A histological study of the tooth of Iguana 1977. Eggs and hatchlings of captive Dipsosaurus iguana. Lin Jap.j JAP, J. HEFT. 6(2)151. dorsalis, COPEIA 1,189-190,

Page 49, col, 2, lines 1-24, The following titles Page 63, col. 1, lines 1-4. The following title were published by P, FROESOH-FRANZONt was published by M. SCHOBER and H. G. WORRACK,

1974. Australlsche Riesenschlangen II. AQUARIA 1976, Kooperation bed der Nachzucht von Elaphe 21(11):167-172. obsoleta quadrivittata. AQUAR. TERR, 23(3), 1974. Die Eidechse vom Fenstersims. AQUARIA 21(12)t 102-103, 184-185. 1975, Fesselnder In der Natur ale im Terrariums Page 63, col. 2, lines 1-4, The following title was Natrix natrix helvetica, die Barren-Ringelnatter, published by H. M. SMITH and M. A, DEL TORO: AQUARIEN TERRARIEN Z, 281428-430. 1975. Vipers ammod es und Vipera ursini im Tessin? 1977, A new troglodytic lizard (Reptilia, Lacertilia, AQUARIA 22( 111 -117, Xantusiidae) from Mexico, J. HER?. 11(1)137-40, 1975. Sind Terrarianer gleichzeitig auch Natur- freunde? AQUARIA 22(10)t155-156. 1976. Die grune Faszination, AQUARIA 23(2)t17-24. 1976, Vipers. aspis, Abnorme Kopfbeschuppung - Folge von Kreuzung? AQUARIA 23(1):11-13.

108 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 NATURAL HISTORY PRINTS BY DAVID M. DENNIS c)

OR THE FIRST TIME wildlife prints by David M. Dennis are being offered for public sale. F These portraits are full-color reproductions of the original watercolor drawings, each printed on a sturdy paper stock measuring 20 by 24 inches and suitable for framing. Prints are strictly limited to an edition of 500 copies, each of which the artist has numbered and signed individually. Because of the relatively small size of the edition and the fact that this is the first offering of Mr. Dennis' work, these prints represent a sound investment as well as a visual delight. They would also be ideal for gifts. Mr. Dennis is widely known to the scientific community as a wildlife artist specializing in watercolor portraits of lower vertebrates and insects. His self-taught artistry is comple- mented by his academic training in biology and his personal field experience with each of the animals he paints. Mr. Dennis earned his undergraduate degree in zoology from The Ohio State University in 1966 and since then he has held a succession of positions as biological illustrator at the Columbus Zoological Gardens, the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History and now at Ohio State. He has illustrated numerous biology textbooks including one which he co-authored, but is perhaps best known to vertebrate biologists for the exquisite series of watercolors published in Hylid Frogs of Middle America (The University of Kansas Press, 1970). Originals of Mr. Dennis' watercolors have been exhibited in art galleries and museums throughout the United States and also at numerous scientific meetings.

TO ORDER please use the form provided below:

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address city state zip Please mark the appropriate boxes and fill in the last column. ❑ Plate 1: Green Frog, $25 each ❑ Plate 2: Painted Turtle, $25 each ❑ Plate 3: Spotted Salamanders, $25 each ❑ Plate 4: Hercules Beetle and Red Salamander, $25 each ❑ Plates 1-4: Set of all 4 plates (if ordered together), $85

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HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 109 ". . .an essential reference for anyone interested in the

amphibians of South America." — from the Introduction.

JIMENEZ DE LA ESPADA VERTEBRADOS DEL VIAJE AL PACIFICO: Batracios with a new introduction by Jay M. Savage, University of Southern California (U.S.A.) about 250 pages including 7 full-page plates, 7 by 10 inches, originally published in Madrid, 1875

TN 1862 the government of King Carlos III commission- J1. ed an expedition of naturalists to study the fauna and flora of South America, a survey which ranks as one of the greatest of the 19th century. The Comision Cientifica del Pacifico, with Marcos Jimenez de la Espada as herpetologist, covered 55,000 km during 1862-1865 including the entire Pacific coast as well as Brasil, Argentina and Uruguay, from the Straits of Magellan to the highest Andean peaks in Ecuador. The survey was highly successful in amassing collections, despite the handicaps of disease, inadequate maps and hostile natives. Espada's monograph contains detailed descriptions of the frogs and toads of South America and a series of excellent illustrations (some shown at left). In ad- dition to the book itself, which has been out-of-print and unobtainable for decades, the reprint includes a new introduction by Professor Savage. This contains a biography of Espada, a table giving the current status of the scientific names of frogs proposed by him, and maps of the Comision's routes in South America. PRICES Et ORDERING ■ SSAR members, if ordered before 15 November $10 clothbound

■ Institutions; non -members; orders after 15 November $15 clothbound Orders may be placed now; book will be published in winter 1977. To take advantage of special prices, SSAR members must place their orders before 15 Novem- ber. Send orders with payment to Dr. Douglas H. Taylor, Publications Secretary, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, U.S.A. Please make checks payable to "SSAR"; receipt sent on request only.

110 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 SATIRE, M_JRTH, 13, MADA_E_SS! !

IF YOU MISSED THE SSAR ANNUAL MEETING, YOU ALSO MISSED HERPETOLOGY'S ANSWER TO MAD MAGAZINE. A PRECIOUS FEW REMAIN, AND ARE BEING OFFERED FOR SALE. - - SEE SSAR OFFICERS AND EDITORS SUBJECT TO ALL SORTS OF RIDICULE. - - SEE YOUR FRIENDS SUBJECT TO ALL SORTS OF RIDICULE (YOUR ENEMIES, TOO),

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FEATURING: ARTICLES ON CRITICAL AREAS OF HERPETOLOGY. LETTERS TO LINDA LOVELIZARD, NUDE CENTERFOLD (SORT OF), PHOTO OF THIS YEAR S MEETING HOST IN LATEST MUSEUM FASHION WEAR. HERP —ART. HERPETOLOGY AND THE LAW. This important publication, entitled HERPERVERTLOGICAL REVIEW (VOL, 0, NO, 1), handsomely covered in revolting purple, is available while supplies last for the princely sum of $2.00 plus 35cents for postage plain brown envelope (the latter suitable for framing). Order yours NOW from: Douglas P. Taylor SSAR Publications Secretary Zoology Dept. Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056

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HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 111 Central newt larvae (Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis) collected from farm pond in Pulaski County, Missouri, on 5 July 1975. Photograph by Tom R. Johnson.

One of two western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta belli) collected from a farm pond in Grant County, Oklahoma during May 1977. Collected by Michelle Warner, elementary student from Caldwell, Kansas. Photograph by Larry Miller.

112 HERP REVIEW 8 (3), 1977 CONTRIBUTION TO THE COMPARATIVE CYTOMORPHOLOGY OF HYLID We have been censusing A. limifrons on Barro FROGS FROM VENEZUELA. Mercedes L. Acuna. Universidad de Colorado Island in Panama since 1-971. The population Oriente, Cumaa, Venezuela. exhibits annual turnover and consistent seasonal changes in age structure primarily as a result of decreased The available data from comparative hematology led fecundity during the dry season. Population density has to the conclusion that there are significant differences fluctuated markedly from year to year. The affect of among groups of anura from tropical and temperate zones. weather, predation, parasitism, and food availability on In order to provide some information about comparative survivorship and fecundity has been investigated. cytomorphology of Hyla from Venezuela, Hyla x-signata, Leslie matrix models are used to evaluate the relative Hyla crepitans, Hyla robertsimoni, Hyla geographica, and importance of the above factors in determination of Hyla rostrata were selected for the present study. population density. Blood cell morphology and white cell differential counts were made. On the basis of cytoplasmic staining INVESTIGATION INTO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PSEUDACRIS reactions and corresponding nuclear characteristics as ORNATA IN NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA-PRELIMINARY REPORT. Ray well as size and shape of cells, the morphological E. Ashton, Jr., Patricia Ashton, North Carolina State features of cell types in smears stained by the Giemsa's Museum and David Deitz, University of Florida. method are described. Leucocyte differential counts are also presented by determinations from blood smears. Adult Pseudacris ornata were captured in and around Results and significant differences obtained in this cypress head breeding sir.? --at the beginning of the study will be discussed and compared with those from winter breeding season. Frogs were tagged temperate zone frogs. subcutaneously with Cobalt 60 radioactive wire and released. Movements were monitored at 24-48 hour HEMATOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOME ANURANS FROM intervals using a Thyac III scintillation probe. VENEZUELA. Mercedes L. Acuna and Felicia C. Rodulfo. Calling sites, microhabitat, movements, burrowing Universidad de Oriente, Cumana, Venezuela. behavior and other activities were noted during and after P. ornata completed breeding activities. This The hematology of six species of anurans from the behavioTal Mifi—Ts being correlated with weather data, northeastern part of Venezuela (Hyla x-signata, Hyla including barometric pressure, using various SAS crepitans, Hyla geographica, Pseudis paradoxa, SUTF programming techniques. granulosus and Leptodactylus fuscus) are compares During breeding, males utilized grass clumps as Determinations included blood FITT—counts, hematocrit major calling sites. During the day and when values, hemoglobin concentrations, and calculations of temperatures and humidity were too low, males burrowed mean corpuscular volumes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin into the grass clump bases, 12-18 cm below the waer and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations. surface. When water temperatures dropped below 10 C, Significant differences among the Hyla were observed males left the ponds and burrowed at the base of in all the hematological indexes. Comparisons of the vegetation clumps. Burrows up to 8 cm in depth were dug hematological parameters were made among groups in by utilizing the hind feet in Scaphiopus fashion. relation to different habitats. Significant differences The only tagged female was originally captured at were found between arboreal Hyla x-signata and aquatic the edge of the breeding pond. After tagging, this Pseudis paradoxa. However, no--7'gnificant differences individual moved into an open field 55 m from the site. were observed when the terrestrial Bufo granulosus and Eight days later the female returned to the pond and was Leptodactylus fuscus were compared with the aquatic observed during breeding with a non-tagged male. Pseudis paradoxa. Even though the presently available Immediately following egg deposition the female remained Tifi—TiFe too few to permit more precise statements, the dormant for 5 days just under the leaf litter at 6he tentative interpretation is that the influence of edge of the pond. Temperatures at this site were 6-8 C. ecological factors are reflected in the variations of At the end of this period the female moved back into the the hematological parameters. previously used open field where it remained for 2 months. Males remained near the breeding pond edge Aldridge, Robert - see Weil during this time, never venturing more than 15 m from the pond. Males were subject to high nredAtion during MYOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE thi< period. Specific analysis of data is presently ANURAN PREPOLLEX AND PREHALLUX. Marshall L. Andersen. being undertaken. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Ashton, Patricia S. - see Ashton, R. Hypotheses concerning the relationship between the anuran prepollex and prehallux suggest that the HISTORY OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN HERPETOFAUNA: A prehallux and prepollex are homologous structures or PALEONTOLOGICAL APPROACH. Ana M. Baez, Universidad de that the prepollex actually represents the first digit Buenos Aires, and Zulma B. de Gasparini, Museo de La of the anuran manus. Skeletal structure favors the Plata, Argentina. first hypothesis. Recent intensive investigations into the comparative osteology and myology of the manus and The Cenozoic record of amphibians and reptiles in pes of 16 families of anurans, however, appears to favor South America is analysed. All the families recorded in the second hypothesis. The musculature of the prehallux the Lower Tertiary are represented in the Recent fauna, is relatively simple and arises from the plantar except meiolaniids and sebecids, both of which are aponeurosis. The muscles of the prepollex have a more extinct. It is evident that among them there are complex arrangement and arise from the os capitato- elements of different historical backgrounds that could hamatum as does similar musculature on the four have joined the South American fauna at different times. recognized digits. Some of those groups, such as pipids, iguanids, pelomedusids, meiolaniids, crocodylids, and perhaps REGULATION OF POPULATION SIZE IN A TROPICAL LIZARD, leptodactylids and sebecids, also have Mesozoic records ANOLIS LIMIFRONS. Andrews, Robin M., A. Stanley Rand, in that continent. Unfortunately most of the earliest and S. Guerrero. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and records come from southern and eastern South America State University, Blacksburg, VA (senior author) and while the knowledge about the groups inhabiting the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Canal northern regions is still poor. Zone. Prior to the connection of the Americas in Plio- Pleistocene times other families appear in the fossil

HERP. REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 1 record, e.g. Testudinidae, Trionychidae, Colubridae, Chelydra serpentina and Chrysemys scripta, all had, in Emydidae?, Nettosuchidae. Except the latter, those their red cells, late in embryonic development, rather groups may have reached the continent from the north, large amounts of DPG, which disappeared gradually during possibly by waif transport. the first year after hatch. IP5, absent in the embryo, The absence of many families that comprise the increased slowly during the first year after hatch to Recent herpetofauna in the fossil record could indicate substantial adult levels. The iguanas, Iguana iguana that they are late immigrants. Nevertheless some of and Ctenosaura pectinata, and the snakes, lap e them, according to their degree of endemism and obsoleta and Boa constrictor, had no DPG in their red phylogenetic relationships, seem to be older members of cells, with perhaps traces of IP5, but unusually high the South American fauna. Changes in the geographical concentrations of ATP. Embryonic, juvenile and adult distribution of the recorded taxa are considered as specimens of Alligator mississippiensis had no DPG or being related to geological events of different IP5 in their red cells and only low concentrations of magnitude which provoked physiographic, and conseuently ATP and other nucleotides. In contrast to the other climatic and floristic changes. reptiles, and mammals, the turtle was remarkably similar to the bird. LATE CENOZOIC ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN PRESENT TEMPERATE SOUTH AMERICA. Ana M. Baez and Gustavo Scillato. EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF FROGS IN THE NEOTROPICAL Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. FAMILY DENDROBATIDAE. James P. Bogart. University of Present temperate South America extends Guelph. approximately South of the Tropic of Capricorn. Besides the Andean area, several major physiographic regions can Chromosomal information obtained from several be recognized: Mesopotamia, Chaco-Pampean plains, Pre- species of dendrobatid frogs may be used to help Andean area and Patagonian plateau. By Late Tertiary formulate a phylogeny which is consistant with some their basic features were attained due to different geological events; nevertheless consideration of the current hypotheses based on other criteria. Colostethus environmental conditions in Pliocene times is relevant and Phyllobates species possess a diploid chromosome as a basis for the discussion of subsequent changes, complement of 24 which may be related to some species of which in many cases were gradual as the geological and the elosiine leptodactylid frogs. Dendrobates species paleontological data suggest. possess diploid chromosome numbers of 20 and 18. There is no general agreement concerning the Intrageneric variations in chromosomal morphology occur position of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary. The and this information may be useful to help distinguish appearance of Nearctic mammals in South America are the species groupings. paleontological criterion used. During the Pleistocene extensive areas of the Northern Hemisphere were covered DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS with glacial ice; in the region here considered there PSEUDOTRITON MONTANUS AND P. RUBER. Ronald A. Brandon, were no glaciers extending beyondthe foot of the Andes. George M. Labanick, SouTheTITTllinois University at Moreover, only south of 52° S the continental ice cap Carbondale, and James E. Huheey, University of Maryland. reached the present Atlantic coast. The glacial cycles of the Andean region should have affected the climatic- Both of these brightly colored salamanders have an ecological conditions, and consequently the distribution elaborate defensive behavior, including lateral and of faunas, of the extra-andean regions. Paleozoological vertical tail displays, tail waving and coiling, head data, mainly from the Province of Buenos Aires (a tucking and tail slapping, during which a sticky portion of the Chaco-Pampean plains), support secretion is released onto the skin surface. Larger fluctuating climatic changes during Pleistocene and specimens tend to do more tail slapping and less Holocene. This is based primarily on the range of posturing. Some specimens of both species, upon variation in taxa whose ecological requirements are continuing harassment, became immobile, P. ruber in a known. Other evidences, such as micropaleontological nearly straight posture, P. m. diastictuT -i-rFa tight and sedimentological also are considered. coil. The tail displays resemble those of red efts, but in other ways defensive behaviors of these Pseudotriton Baker, Wahleah - see Phillips and red efts differ greatly. These differences and the demonstration of skin toxicity in both forms of Baker, Wahleah - see Williams Pseudotriton argue against the hypothesis that brightly colored Pseudotriton are palatable, Batesian mimics of PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS IN REPTILIAN RED CELLS. Grant R. the highly toxic red efts. They seem to have some Bartlett,. Laboratory for Comparative Biochemistry , San protection of their own. Diego, California. Brandon, Ronald A. - see Huheey Interest in phosphate compounds of red blood cells has increased greatly since the discovery that 2,3- DEVELOPMENT OF THE UROSTYLE DURING METAMORPHOSIS. diphosphoglycerate (DPG), present in high concentration Arthur E. Branham and James C. List. Ball State in red cells of most mammals, acts as an important University. regulator of oxygen transport by its strong influence on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Bird red cells The embryological development of the urostyle during contain a large amount of DPG for a brief period during metamorphosis (when the union and ossification of embryonic development, but not after hatch, when urostyle components is taking place is described in five inositol pentaphosphate (IP5), which markedly reduces species of frogs and toads: Leopard Frog (Rana the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, becomes a major pipiens), Chorus Frog (Pseudacris triseriata), AmerTEE phosphate constituent. The red cells of man, and of Toad (Bufo americanus), Gray Tree Frog (Hyla other mammals examined, possess no IP5. We have begun a versicolOTT; and African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis). study of the nature and amounts of phosphate compounds These five genera represent five----TiVe-g----of in reptilian red cells. The red cells of man, and of specialization in frogs and toads, from the primitive other mammals examined, possess no IP5. We have begun a Xenopus to the advanced Rana. Tadpoles were reared in study of the nature and amounts of phosphate compounds the laboratory, preserved at various stages of in reptilian red cells. The marine turtles, Chelonia metamorphosis, and the urostyle region of representative mydas and Lepidochelys olivacea, and the land turtles, specimens serially cross-sectioned and mounted for observation on microscopic slides. Descriptions and

HERP. REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 2 comparisons of the course of development of the urostyle The Galapagos marine iguana feeds in water which is in these five species is presented. below its preferred temperature. This animal meets this stress by physiologically thermoregulating by decreasing SNAKE COMMUNITIES: A REVIEW WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR conductance below expected levels in the water. My RESEARCH. William S. Brown, Skidmore College, New York. experimentation has shown that the queen snake cannot William S. Parker, Mississippi University for Women, decrease conductance appreciably while in the water. Columbus, Mississippi. Some fish have evolved enzyme systems which allow them to be active over wide thermal ranges. It is Field investigations of snakes have generally generally accepted that at least terrestrial reptiles focused on autecological studies of single species or, have not been pressured to evolve such enzymes due to less often, on comparative interspecific ecological the wide variety of microhabitats available in studies in a given locality. Few workers have been able terrestrial environments and because reptiles may to undertake the efforts necessary to sample snakes from behaviorally thermoregulate. My studies have shown that habitats supporting a diverse snake community over time the enzyme myosin ATPase of R. septemvittata is most sufficient to generate significant input into active near 28C (i.e. near eccritic and preferred understanding interactions between various snake species temperatures of this animal). If this enzyme cannot be as an assemblage. Our studies at dens have afforded acclimated to function at lower temperatures (which I opportunity for seasonal captures of large numbers of have not shown) the animal must be functioning in a individuals and have provided detailed demographic data different manner. for comparing at least three species. We here One possibility is that the snake feeds on more synthesize these findings with previous work with terrestrial prey during these cold periods and switches relevance to a community approach. Our review focuses to crayfish when water temperatures are more favorable. on (1) the trophic niche (food overlap, prey Stomach contents are being collected and classified preferences, and thermal-habitat interactions in prey according to season. Results are scanty at present as selection); (2) the spatial niche (habitat selection, more samples are needed but if there is a seasonal refuging, dispersal, and habitat conditioning; communal difference in prey taken this could explain how this oviposition and overwintering); (3) the temporal niche snake copes with temperature extremes. If no difference (activity times, seasonal ingress and emergence); (4) is found the possibility of low temperature acclimation energetics and interspecific growth rates; (5) of the enzyme myosin ATPase must be considered. comparative age-specific survival and reproductive rates in a snake community; and (6) species diversity in NEW RECORDS OF COLUBRID SNAKES FROM PERU, WITH NOTES ON selected communities of snakes. Difficulties of THEIR ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION.Nelly C. de Espinoza, capturing these cryptic vertebrates, coupled with their Museo de Historia Natural "Javier Prado", Apartado 1109, seemingly low population densities, have resulted in Lima, Peru. certain limitations regarding the contribution of studies of this particular group to the advancement of The following 18 species of colubrid snakes are ecological theory. With these constraints in mind, we reported from Peru: Atractus occipitoalbus, Chironius offer certain guarded suggestions for future studies of cinnamomeus, C. flavolineatus, C. monticola, C. snakes at the community level. laevicolis, Dipsas indica ecuadorensis, Dryadophis danieli, DrYFOETils --EFFroticus, Drymarchon corais Bull, James A. - see Shine me anurus, Leimadophis fraseri, L. melanostira, . oligolepis, L. typhlu7TOTsteri, L. triscalis, Burghardt, G. M. - see Denny Pseudoeryx Sion nebulata leucomeTas, Thamnophis proximus, and Xenodon merremii. SAMPLING HERPETOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES BY A REMOVAL METHOD. R. Bruce Bury. National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory, ANALYSIS OF THE HERPETOFAUNA OF FLORIDA LONGLEAF PINE- Fort Collins, Colorado. TURKEY OAK (SANDHILL) HABITAT. Howard W. Campbell. National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory, Gainesville, Fla. Extensive censuses of amphibian and reptile communities are rudimentary. Line transects alone are The Sandhill habitat in Florida supports a community often poor indicators or inapplicable for measuring of 55 plus species of amphibians and reptiles, with at herpetofaunas in many habitats. least 19 species of amphibians and 36 species of A removal technique is proposed as a useful tool to reptiles. Of these none are considered to be endemic to determine the species diversity, relative abundance, and the habitat, 11 are restricted to habitats with similar estimated biomass of multi-species complexes in varied physical characteristics, and the rest range throughout habitats. This system provides statistically sound a variety of habitats. comparisons both within and between communities, and Within-habitat resource partitioning is achieved serves as a critical indicator of situations altered by through a complex of spatial and temporal utilization man. The removal method is efficient (2-4 days per strategies. The composition of the community is plot) and inexpensive. It also appears to effectively regulated by numerous physical factors including nature sample resident populations of amphibians and reptiles. of the substrate, fire frequency, ground cover and Representative examples are provided on removal surface water distribution, as well as geologic history. estimates for diurnal desert lizards and for amphibians in a temperate forest. TECHNIQUES FOR HERPETOFAUNAL COMMUNITY ANALYSIS. Howard W. Campbell and Steven P. Christman. National Fish and THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS THAT RELATE Wildlife Laboratory, Gainesville, Fla. TO FEEDING STRATEGIES OF REGINA SEPTEMVITTATA DURING ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE EXTREMES. Joseph A. Butler - Herptofaunal community analysis has been hampered by Ohio State University. (Presented by title only) the lack of adequate sampling procedures and techniques. The great diversity of habitus, habitat and habits The queen snake, Regina septemvittata, is a semi- represented in the various groups studied by aquatic reptile of the mid-eastern United States. It herpetologists has raised serious obstacles to the has been stated in several previous studies that this development of standard, cross and even within-group, snake feeds almost exclusively on crayfish. If this is sampling procedures. We view the development of such the case the snake is exposed to extremely cool water procedures as one of, if not the most, imperative needs temperatures while feeding during the spring and fall.

HERP. REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 3 in the establishment of any effective approach to the aquatic larval stage culminating in metamorphosis to analysis of herp communities. reproductively mature "larvae" which never metamorphose, We have developed a sampling approach that utilizes or neotenes. Lipid deposition and depletion, reflecting can traps and funnel traps placed in a "plus" shaped energy allocation, has both an ontogenetic and seasonal pattern with 18" high fences which has proven effective component. These were isolated by sampling monthly for in a variety of habitats in Florida and could be of use one year from a permanent neotenic population and from, in many other areas and habitats. The design was various temporary ponds which held larvae at different selected to maximize home range intercepts while stages of development. Carcass and caudal lipid levels minimizing cost of materials. A comparison with data and fat body and gonadal weights were analysed obtained from other sampling programs in the same separately by covariance analyses with total lean dry habitats indicates that the system is capable of weight as the covariate. providing a broad picture of the reptile and amphibian - Larvae initially have larger carcass lipid deposits community in a relatively short period but that than caudal and fat body lipid reserves. Caudal levels specialized sampling techniques are still required for surpass carcass deposits before metamorphosis with fat certain species in any habitat. body weight negatively correlated with ovarian weight. All components show significant positive correlation Campbell, Howard W. - see Scott with body size. Immatures from the neotenic population show a similar ontogentic pattern. TEMPERATE HERPETOFAUNAS: PATAGONIA. Jose M. Cei. Mature neotenes exhibit greater variation in caudal Instituto Biologia Animal, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, than carcass deposits with an increased lipid level in Mendoza, Argentina. April and May. Both lipid compartments show a positive relationship with body size; females possessing more A general survey of the evolutionary development of body lipid than males. Ovarian weight, the most labile the Tertiary Patagonian Biota is given. Paleontological component, shows negative correlation with fat body and paleoclimatic evidence points out the remarkable weight and positive correlation with body size prior to similarity between preglacial ecological conditions of oviposition in November. central and western Patagonian lands and both the xeric Significantly higher lipid levels in the neotenic Chacoan and the humid Chilean ecosystems. The population reflect higher prey densities in the relationships between the Oligocene batrachofauna of permanent pond. In all populations selection favors Chubut and the present Antartandic batrachofauna are rapid growth and gonadal development. Egg laying before briefly analyzed. The available information on the metamorphosis increases fecundity. High lipid Cenozoic reptilian fauna is reviewed, and the present deposition rates and paedogenesis increase fitness by composition and regional trends of the Patagonian allowing flexibility in life history patterns. herpetofauna are discussed. Northern or ancient Patagonian and a southern or Christman, Stephen P. - see Campbell Deseadan major animal habitats are defined and morphologically and/or phytogeographically THE HERPETOFAUNA OF FLORIDA SAND-PINE SCRUB. Steven P. characterized. Fundamental herpetofaunal associations Christman. National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory, of o the ancient Patagonian major animal habitat, between Gainesville. 38 and 44 South Latitude, are related to the steppe climax, to the western volcanic highlands of Neuquen, The unique Sand-pine scrub habitat is endemic to Florida Rio Negro provinces and to the isolated basaltic and is rapidly disappearing. Although the habitat Somuncura Plateau. Endemism and geographic variation of includes no permanent fresh water, species diversity of significant members of these communities are analyzed. terrestrial reptiles may be higher in scrub than any Herpetofaunal districts of the southern Patagonian, or other habitat in Florida. Over 40 species of amphibians Deseadan major animal habitat also are recognized. They and reptiles have been recorded from scrub and at least are the extensive Central highlands of Santa Cruz, the two are essentially restricted to it. Species diversity isolated volcanic Meseta near Buenos Aires Lake, the and species assemblages appear to change with scrub southernmost or Magellanian region of the continent and maturity. Sand-pine scrub is maintained by periodic the San Jorge Gulf coastal association. fire, without which succession to hammock would occur The origin and evolution of the present Patagonian resulting in extirpation of much of the highly-adapted herpetofauna are analyzed, and ecotonal forms and scrub fauna. endemic forms are compared. The biogeographical patterns of northern Patagonia are pointed out, and the Colbert, Sylvia - see Ralin evolutionary importance of the extra-Andean group of primitive telmatobiine frogs is emphasized. These CINEMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN HERPETOLOGICAL EDUCATION. isolated anurans live in the western basaltic lagoons Alan D. Collier. Miami University, Hamilton, Ohio. and on the Somuncura Plateau, where they are sympatric with another endemic, monotypic telmatobiine genus, Struck by the lack of good herptile films useful for which inhabits warm spring waters. general zoology classrooms (excluding National Evolutionary trends and speciation of the Patagonian Geographic televised specials), an attempt was made to genus Liolaemus are discussed. The saxicolous formulate a filmed introduction to herptile behavior elonatus-kriegi group and the fossorial, psammophilous suitable for wide-range use. fitzingeriboulengeri group, are proposed and discussed. The feeding behavior of selected reptiles and A kingi-archeforus group and a magellanicus group are amphibians was chosen because it is the most active and also recognized on the basis of morphological and easily photographed behavior. The herptiles filmed were physiological characteristics. General conclusions on selected on the basis of availability and subsequent the post-Pleistocene evolutionary radiation of film results, also for their general audience Patagonian lizards are presented. recognition. Attempts were made to document anecdotal reports and ENERGETICS IN DIFFERENT LIFE HISTORIES OF AMBYSTOMA explore heretofore unresearched herptiles. Also, TIGRINUM. R. Christopher Chambers. Texas Tech behavior that might have been disturbing to viewers was University. eliminated as not to detract from its educational value. The finished product is now being used in zoology In West Texas Ambystoma tigrinum exhibits life classes at Miami University's Hamilton Campus. A history strategies ranging from a quickly developing

HERP, REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 4 second, more detailed film suitable for more advanced Reproductive strategies have a profound effect on classes is now underway. community stability and species diversity. In aseasonal environments where reproduction is continuous, clutch VARIATION OF DIEL ACTIVITY OF A CHIHUAHUAN DESERT LIZARD sizes are smaller, but more clutches are produced per COMMUNITY. F. Michael Creusere and Walter G. Whitford. year. The result is a buffering against adult New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. population fluctuations, yielding greater community stability and a potential for increased species The diet activity of the ten species that make up a diversity. Aquatic larval communities are generally Chihuahuan Desert lizard community can be divided into characterized by highly fluctuating population sizes due four main patterns: (a) unimodal throughout most of the to catastrophic and unpredictable phenomena (such as the day; (b) unimodal for a brief period only, usually evaporation of the site) and high predation pressures. morning; (c) bimodal, but with emphasis on early morning Age-specific mortality (especially high at gastrulation, activity and (d) true bimodal activity. Species packing hatching, and metamorphosis) has obvious significance to in this community was examined on the basis of temporal community stability. patterns of activity and microhabitat use. Another important aspect of reproductive strategy is Lincoln Index population estimates for Cnemidophorus mode of reproduction (combination of ovoposition site tigris and Holbrookia (Cophosaurus) texana usually and type of development). An increase in the diversity indicated densities 3X to 4X that observed at any point of reproductive modes results in greater resource in time. Both species were continuously active partitioning. A world-wide survey of reproductive modes throughout the day. However, individuals were not reveals a greater diversity in aseasonal environments necessarily active throughout the day. Most had well than in seasonal environments. Areas high in species defined activity periods occurring in five patterns: (a) richness exhibit a concomitant high diversity of early morning activity only; (b) mid-day activity only; reproductive modes. Mode of reproduction has obvious (c) late afternoon activity only; (d) both early morning implications to genetic variability of a population. and late afternoon activity and (e) activity throughout The most generalized species (those depositing eggs the day. Those individuals active at mid-day were directly in water) breed in the most unpredictable usually large males restricted to narrow, arroyo sub- environment and produce the largest clutch-sizes--and habitats. Females of both species ceased activity from therefore exhibit the greatest potential for high two to six weeks, moving from the population to lay eggs genetic variability. in other habitats. Small males and some females of most species had Crump, Martha L. - see Kaplan their activity restricted to subhabitats not used by the population as a whole and had more restricted activity AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE GREEN SALAMANDER, ANEIDES periods. In all species variability in activity pattern AENEUS. Paul V. Cupp, Jr. Eastern Kentucky University. of both sexes was related to the breadth of activity for the species i.e. in species with restricted activity During June-July, 1976, aggressive interactions were patterns individual variation was small. observed between male green salamanders, Aneides aeneus, when single males were introduced into a test chamber THE SIGNIFICANCE OF REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY IN FROGS AND already inhabited by a resident male. Of 49 such ITS RELEVANCE TO THE STUDY OF ANURAN COMMUNITIES. introductions, 45 resulted in aggressive encounters Martha L. Crump. University of Florida, Gainesville, after which one of the males would retreat. Resident Florida. males were usually the aggressors and were victors in 43 of the 45 aggressive encounters. Introduced males The following aspects are important components of returned the aggression in only 11 instances and were anuran community ecology: (1) species diversity (both victors in only two of the encounters. An aggressive richness and equitability components), (2) resource encounter usually consisted of the aggressor rapidly utilization (niche breadth calculations of at least the biting and/or vigorously pressing his snout along the three basic niche dimensions--food, space, and time), back of the other male. In six encounters, prolonged (3) community stability (extent of fluctuation of the bite-holds were observed in which the jaws of one male component population sizes and an analysis of the would grip the mid-body region or a limb of the other factors controlling population levels), and (4) male. These data indicate that A. aeneus is interactions of the members of the community (extent to territorial, which may result from competition for which species limit each others' activities). favorable rock crevices. Also, this behavior may Species that depend upon standing bodies of water enhance the chances of a resident male having a for reproduction frequently migrate to breeding sites. successful reproductive effort. This results in mixed-species assemblages different from the communities during the non-reproductive periods. In EFFECT OF TONGUE REMOVAL ON THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF AN addition, larval communities are entirely independent of ADULT GARTER SNAKE THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS. W. D. Denny, G. the adult communities. Therefore, it is necessary to M. Burghardt, and R. P. Saunders. University of analyze the four aspects mentioned above for all three Tennessee. types of communities. This "poly-community" phenomenon has an effect on population fluctuations of frog species In two experiments, we attempted to assess the and on their resultant intra-community interactions. relative importance of the vomeronasal and olfactory The other components of the community (prey and systems in garter snakes. Snakes used were an adult T. predators of frogs) are likewise affected by this sirtalis sirtalis which had its tongue surgicalTy extremely dynamic system. removed as an adult several years previously, and three It is during the breeding period when most potential normal T. sirtalis controls. In Experiment 1, the species interactions would be expected to occur and when tongueless animal and a control were placed separately competition for limited resources would be at a maximum. for a number of trials in a chamber in which the odor of The obvious question is "How can such a high number of the nightcrawler Lumbricus terrestris was then species coexist in a restricted area?" Analysis of introduced. Snakes were then allowed access to behavioral isolating mechanisms and resource utilization Lumbricus pieces. The unusual feeding behavior of the provide answers in terms of species-specific tongueless snake, which consisted of lunging around the requirements. cage with mouth wide open, a pattern not seen in any of the control animals, seemed to disrupt the normal

HERP. REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 5 feeding sequence of stalk and attack. We attributed later climatic and geologic events caused extinction of this animal's bizarre feeding behaviors, which seemed to several aquatic species, as evidenced by fossil lowland be triggered by the odor of the prey items, to its rainforest species at relatively high (2000m) tonguelessness. In Experiment 2, the tongueless animal elevations. and 3 controls were presented with prey items, first The life style of the modern reptiles of the lowland with no extra prey odor present and second with odor tropical rainforests is primarily terrestrial (43%), introduced. All three controls showed decreased followed by arboreal (26%) fossorial (21%) and aquatic latencies when the prey odor was introduced while the (10%). Many of the terrestrial forms occupy open, tongueless snake showed an increase in latency. Results semiopen and/or modified forest zones. Some of the suggest that the loss of the tongue decreased the latter are surviving relics from Savannah formations of ability of this snake to locate prey in an ambiguous glacial periods, some are perianthropic and the olfactory situation. remainder generalists. Only a few species of Andean genera have successfully invaded the lowland tropical REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE AND FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF CUPRIGUANUS rainforests. ACHALENSIS (SAURIA IGUANIDAE). di Tada, Ismael; R. As one would expect, the Choco Forest reptile fauna Martori; B. Kufner y A. Ocana; Centro de Zoologia is closely allied to the fauna of Central America while Aplicada, Universidad de Cordoba, Argentina. (Presented the Atlantic reptile fauna shows less endemism, fewer by title only) species and a close affinity to the Amazon Forest fauna. Though the theory of lowland tropical rainforest Cupriguanus achalensis is the only lizard that lives refugia during glacial maxima may explain the occurrence in Pampa de Achala (elev. 2,200 mts.), an extra of endemism through isolation, the high number of cordilleran relict in Sierras Grandes System, Province endemic fossorial forms of reptiles may have evolved of Cordoba, Argentine. through changes in edaphic and climatic factors, Based on field observation a population of independent of forest refugia. This may also explain Cupriguanus achalensis was studied during the active the low number of endemic aquatic reptiles. period of the specie from September to April. The reproductive cycle presents the following Dole, Jim W.--see Durant. seasonal variations: espermiogenesis begins in September and spermatozoa are present in October and November, in INTEGUMENTARY STRUCTURES CORRELATED WITH URICOTELY IN AN this period copulation occurs. The size and weight of AFRICAN TREEFROG. Drewes, R. C., (California Academy of testes decease in December and January, and increase at Sciences), S. S. Hillman, (University of California, the end of the summer or beginning of autumn. Riverside), R. W. Putnam, (UCLA), and O. M. Sokol, Egg development begins in October and laying occurs (Stanford University). in January. Hatchings were found from December to January, a year after deposition. Uricotely, low evaporative water loss, and high The daily feeding activity is resumed in a simple rates of water uptake through the ventral surface have model. Cupriguanus achalensis is a generalist and he been demonstrated in Chiromantis petersi Boul., an behaves as predator and a primary consumer. Activity African rhacophorid treefrog (Drewes, —it-517, in press), begins when the sustratum temperature reaches 22C. placing the species on a par with—its congener, C. This specie uses a passive strategy (sit and wait) xerampelina, and with the South American hyli, to capture arthropods and active (search) to eat Phyllomedusa sauvagei Boul. Detailed examination of the vegetals. The ingestion sequence of an arthropod and anatomy of the integument of C. petersi and comparison other, and an arthropod and a vegetal indicate a with skin samples taken from some 60 other frog species predation preference. reveal a unique arrangement of chromatophore units in These data are correlated with climatic phenomena the dermis which appears to be correlated with low EWL and food disponibility. and high rates of water uptake.

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF REPTILES OF LOWLAND TROPICAL THE ACOUSTICAL NICHE: AUDITORY RESOURCE PARTITIONING IN RAINFORESTS OF SOUTH AMERICA. James R. Dixon. ANURAN COMMUNITIES. William E. Duellman. University of Kansas. Of the 203 reptile genera occurring in South America, approximately 175 (86%) appear to have their Frogs have a limited vocal repertoire; yet within origin on that continent, and of the 175, 72 (41%) any given multispecies breeding congregation each appear to have evolved within lowland rainforest species has a distinctive call. Moreover, in different situations. habitats or in geographically distant areas similar Of approximately 1,100 species of South American kinds of calls are produced by different species of reptiles, 550 (50%) occur within the boundaries of frogs. Calls of 39 species of hylid frogs from three lowland (- 1000m) tropical rainforests that comprise widely separated areas (Puerto Viejo, Costa Rica; Belem, about 42% of the standing vegetation of South America. Brasil; and Santa Cecilia, Ecuador) were analyzed for Of the 550 reptile species, about 300 (54%) are endemic seven parameters: 1) number of notes per call group, 2) to the forests and 74% of all South American reptile note repetition rate, 3) number of secondary notes, 4) genera are involved in the forests to some degree. duration of note, 5) pulse rate, 6) fundamental The South American rainforests have contracted and frequency, and 7) dominant frequency. Cluster analysis expanded through the Pleistocene glacial and revealed that those species having the most similar interglacial periods, often being connected by a series calls are members of either widely separated geographic of rainforest corridors of various dimensions, allowing communities or different ecological communities within a for repeated dispersal of Amazonian reptiles into the given area. Discriminant function analyses of Atlantic and Choco forests. There appears to be little individual breeding congregations revealed that 100 migration from the latter into the Amazon forest. The percent discrimination is accomplished by utilizing only Atlantic and Amazon forests have been most frequently in two or three parameters of the calls. These results contact with each other, while the orogeny of the Andes suggest that the acoustical parameters of anuran in the Pliocene effectively restricted movements of breeding congregations can be viewed as ecological Amazonian reptiles into the Choco forest. resources in which there is no overlap in utilization Prior to the orogeny of the Andes, there appear to within a breeding congregation. Thus, distinctive have been widespread tropical conditions that allowed acoustical niches are evident within anuran communities, aquatic reptiles (crocodiles, turtles,Dracaena) to and allopatric species fill equivalent niches in become well established over much of the arTT --1T5iever, different communities.

HERP. REV, 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 6 ORIGIN, EVOLUTION AND DISPERSAL OF THE ANDEAN About 50% of the 30 genera, and 28% of the 110 HERPETOFAUNA. William E. Duellman. University of species of Salientia in Venezuela are represented in the Kansas. Merida Andes. The most representative genera are : Hyla (28.4%), Colostethus (18.0%), and Leptodactylus The herpetofauna of the high Andes consists of two (14.3%). The tropical wet forest harbored about 39.2% major assemblages. The southern assemblage occurs of the species collected, and the Paramo only 10.7%. principally to the south of the Huancabamba Depression Some species such as C. meridensis and Eleutherodactylus in northern Peru. Within this assemblage two groups can williamsi, seem to be restricted to very specific be recognized: 1) A Patagonian element of recent habitats (Pre-Montane Pluvial Forest and Low Montane Wet invaders of the Andes (Pleurodema, Bufo, Ctenoblepharis, Forest, respectively). Others such as Bufo marinus, H. Liolaemus, Phymaturus, Pristidacty-TU7 and Tachymenis), crepitans, and L. podicipinus have wid —disTFTER-Ton Tn -571E--7 which extends north of the -AUFIE-ibr-a-iiba most of the life zones of the State of Merida. Depression; and 2) A mid-Andean element composed of Telmatobius and Stenocercus (both extending north of the AMPHIBIAN ECOLOGY OF THE VENEZUELAN ANDES. Pedro Durant Huancabamba Depression) and Batrachophrynus (central (Universidad de Los Andes, Merida - Venezuela) and Jim Peru). The northern assemblage is composed of three W. Dole. (California State University, Northridge). groups: 1) A major northern Andean element made up of Bolitoglossa, Eleutherodactylus, Atelopus, Osornaphryne, Some of the biophysical conditions as they change Colostethus, Cryptobatrachus, Hyla, Centrolenella, from the Paramo, or Subalpine life zone (3850 m. high, Phenacosaurus, Anadia, and Pholidobolus, none of which 3-6C biotemperature and 780 mm. rain fall) to the occurs to the south of the Huancabamba Depression, plus tropical wet forest life zone (62-150 m. high, 28-30 °C Phrynopus, Gastrotheca, and Proctoporus, all of which biotemperature and 3900 mm. rain fall) are discussed. occur to the north and south of the Huancabamba In these environments 50% of the amphibian genera, and Depression. 2) A derived element in the Merida Andes 28% of the frog species of Venezuela belong to the sharing Bolitoglossa, Eleutherodactylus, Atelopus, Merida Andes alone. Some species (Colostethus Colostethus, HyTa, Centrolenella, and Anadia with the meridensis, Eleutherodactylus williamsi, etc.) seem to northern Andes in Colombia. 3) A shared and be restricted to very specific habitats, while others partly independently derived fauna in the Sierra Nevada (Bufo marinus, Hyla crepitans, Leptodactylus de Santa Marta with the endemic Geobatrachus, species of pal-Cipinus, etc.) are-iTiidespread in most of the Andes Eleutherodactylus mostly related to species in the life zones. Cordillera de la Costa in Venezuela, and three genera The reproductive cycles and growth of B. marinus and (Bolitoglossa, Atelopus, and Cryptobatrachus) shared H. crepitans at the xerophytic life zone oT the Merida with the main 77TTn Andes. The members of the Andes were studied. The supposed nutritional value of northern assemblage are either congeneric with species some microorganisms found in the gut, the apparent in the adjacent humid tropical lowlands or are derived physiological differences in the intestine regions, and from lowland groups. the space that the tadpoles of these species occupy in The herpetofaunas on the humid slopes of the Andes the same pond, all suggest the development of an are composed of many endemic species and some endemic ecological mechanism in these frogs which allows them to genera (Amblyphrynus, Rhamphophryne, Amphignathodon, grow in the same body of water while avoiding inter- Centrolene) that are related to taxa in the humid specific competition effects. tropical lowlands and related or not to taxa in the high Growth, home range, movements, reproductive Andes. activity, seasonal changes in the population structure, significance of food source and differences in the The diversity of the Andean herpetofauna is due to: stomach contents before and during breeding season are 1) Independent invasions of the Andes by numerous discussed for Atelopus oxyrhynchus in a Venezuelan cloud ancestral stocks, and 2) Geographic isolation through forest. expansion and contraction of habitats correlated with altitudinal climatic shifts during the Quaternary. The A COMPARISON OF THERMAL TIME CONSTANT OF AQUATIC AND major physical barriers to distribution are the low TERRESTRIAL TURTLES. Vickie Earnhart and E. Norbert depressions--Huancabamba Depression in northern Peru and Smith. Northeastern Oklahoma State University, the Cucuta Depression at the Colombian-Venezuelan Tahlequah, Oklahoma. frontier. A second factor contributing to broad distributional patterns is the change from an aseasonal This study is a review of the literature dealing humid climate in the north to a seasonal semi-arid with turtle thermoregulation. Published heating and climate in the south. cooling rates were compared using thermal time constants and corrected to zero air speed. Data were collected on Duellman, William E.--see Pefaur. 9 species of turtles, 5 aquatic and 4 terrestrial. Regression formulas were then used to calculate ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SALIENTIAN FAUNA OF THE weight specific thermal time constants during heating MERIDA ANDES, VENEZUELA. Pedro Durant. Universidad de and cooling in each group. For a theoretical aquatic Los Andes, Venezuela. turtle, in air, the warming time constant ranged from16.9 to 203 min. for 0.1 - 10 kg turtles From August 1970 to October 1971, the main natural respectively. The cooling time constant went from 24.31 areas of the State of Merida were covered in a to 174 min. for 0.1 - 10 kg turtles, respectively. For collecting program along five transects through the theoretical aquatic turtles in water the warming western side of the Andes. The areas were selected constant went from 3.2 to 38.4 min. for 0.1 - 10 kg, according to the life zone systems of Tamayo and respectively. Holdridge. Each one of the samples collected was For theoretical terrestrial turtles, (in air) the identified to species and most of the morphological warming time constant ranged from 23.0 - 375.9 min. for analysis was done on living material. The distribution 0.1 - 10 kg turtle, respectively. The cooling time of the representative groups of Salientia from these constant ranged from 20.1 - 373.0 min. for a 0.1 - 10 kg censuses was related to changes in the biophysical turtle. conditions from the Parmo or Sub-Alpine life zone to the The ratio of the warming time constant to the Tropical wet forest life zone. cooling time constant (Tw /Tc ) was also calculated for each group. For the aquatic turtles in air the ratio went from 0.70 - 1.17 min. for 0.1 - 10 kg, respectively.

HERP. REV, 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 7 The ratio in the terrestrial turtles in air weht from same kind of prey, resource partitioning can be shown 1.15 - 1.01 min. for 0.1 - 10 kg, respectively. in: 1) partial habitat separation, or 2) sizes of The above observations indicate a profound individual prey items taken, or both. difference in the heating and cooling response of aquatic and terrestrial turtles. Larger aquatic animals STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ANOLE DEWLAPS. Henry S. Fitch heat much faster than they cool. Large terrestrial and Virginia R. Fitch. University of Kansas, Lawrence. turtles cool faster than they heat. In male lizards of the genus Anolis the dewlap is a A ZOOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE WEST highly developed display organ. The species-specific INDIES. Arthur C. Echternacht. The University of bobbing displays serve varied functions including Tennessee - Knoxville. species recognition, sex recognition, courtship, and maintenance of territory. Females of most species lack A quantitative analysis of the herpetofauna of the dewlaps although their chins may show traces of dewlap West Indies is presented. The emphasis is on the color; some have small dewlaps, and a few have them well relationship between species diversity and area. Sixty- developed. In the males, size, shape, color, markings eight islands and their banks are considered. Banks and and patterns of allometric growth are distinctive of islands are analyzed separately, as are amphibians and species; squamation is especially complex and varied. reptiles, and lizards and snakes. Diversity is, in some Dewlaps having diverse scale patterns are illustrated. cases, more closely correlated with bank area than with Like the display for which it serves, the dewlap itself island area. Amphibian (anuran) and lizard diversity provides characters that may be indicative of degree of are related to island (or bank) area, whereas snake relationship between species. However, except for diversity is related to both area and to diversity of general color, dewlap characters have not yet been the other groups. This is not unexpected inasmuch as utilized in classification. many West Indian snakes prey primarily on other poikilothermic vertebrates. Fitch, Virginia - see Fitch, H. TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION IN SALAMANDERS: GAIT ANALYSIS. James L. Edwards, Michigan State University. THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE NOTHOFAGUS FORESTS OF SOUTHERN CHILE. Ramon Formas C., Instituto de Zoologia, Single-frame motion picture analysis of Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, representatives of the families Ambystomatidae, Chile. Dicamptodontidae, Salamandridae and Plethodontidae revealed that all salamanders progress through a typical The herpetofauna of the austral Nothofagus forests sequence of gaits. At the slowest speeds, salamanders is very poor in species but contains many endemic use a gait previously unreported in vertebrates, in amphibians (Caudiverbera, Telmatobufo, Hylorina, which each limb is in contact with the ground for at Batrachyla, Rhinoderma, Eupsophus, Insuetophrynus) least 90% of the stride duration. At faster speeds, the There are no endemic genera of reptiles. The fauna is animals switch to lateral sequence, diagonal couplet composed of some Tertiary anuran elements and of others walks, and then to trots. At the fastest speeds, that migrated into the region (among them some other salamanders abandon their limbs entirely, and "swim" amphibians and all of the reptiles). The migrant fauna across the substrate in a type of locomotion I call fast is Patagonian and Andean in origin. Pleistocene lateral undulation. Althcugh any individual will follow glaciation resulted in modifications of distributions. the above sequence of gaits, the exact speed at which an In post-Pleistocene times the Nothofagus forest and its individual will switch from one gait to another varies herpetofauna reached more northerly latitudes than at considerably from one locomotor sequence to the next; present. There are still some small relictual patches however, elongate salamanders usually switch to the next of forest (Valparaiso) where disjunct populations of fastest gait at lower speeds than more robust forms. southern anurans (Batrachyla, Rhinoderma) dwell. The Salamanders use only about one-fourth of all terrestrial geographic isolation of the Nothofagus forest possibly gaits found by Hildebrand in other vertebrates. has permitted intense speciation, especially among the Use of the "walk pattern analysis" of Dagg and de migrant elements. Vos allowed the clustering of salamander gaits into seven similarity groups, which represent "comfortable" COMPOSITION, DISTRIBUTION AND ORIGIN OF THE CHACOAN locomotor patterns used by large numbers of salamanders. HERPETOFAUNA. Jose M. Gallardo. The groups were linked by means of a Prim network to predict how any individual would move from one The Chacoan herpetofauna occupies the northern part similarity group to another. of the Chaco-Bonariensean Plateau having an elevation of 100-500 m. Below 100 m there is a transition to the PARTITIONING OF FOOD RESOURCES IN SNAKES OF THE Litoral-Mesopotamian fauna; above 500 m there is a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS NATURAL HISTORY RESERVATION. Henry transition to the Subandean fauna. In this area there S. Fitch. University of Kansas. is a rainfall gradient generally coinciding with the topography. The vegetation principally is a Chacoan Fifteen species of snakes are present on the 239 ha park type with monte and isolated trees interspersed in reservation in population densities ranging from 1800 grassland; thorn bushes or halophytic vegetation per ha in Diadophis punctatus to less than one per 100 sometimes are present. The existence of rivers ha in Elaphe uttata. These species differ greatly in influence the faunistic distributions. size, seasons schedule, habitat, and their terrestrial, The herpetofauna is composed of five families of fossorial, arboreal or aquatic adaptations. More than amphibians, six of lizards, five of snakes, one of 2500 separate food items have been recorded from snakes turtles, and one of crocodilians. There is a total of on the area. A wide range of prey species are taken, 46 genera and 63 species. The amphibians and to a and each species of snake overlaps others in some lesser degree the lizards have a parallel origin with degree, but in no two does the diet have exactly the the Litoral-Mesopotamian fauna. Both apparently same composition. Major food resources are earthworms originated from the same Guayana-Brasilian stock, which (mainly Allolobophora caliginosa), voles (mainly differentiated later through isolation and reinvasion of Microtus ochrogaster) and frogs (mainly Rana blairi). some areas. The view fits the refugia theory for In all instances of two snake species priTFriFT—The survival during unfavorable climatic periods with subsequent reinvasion of areas when favorable climates returned. River systems have been fundamental to the

HERP. REV, 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 8 distribution of amphibians. Snakes have a broader distribution and in general do not follow the patterns *This work was financed by CONICIT S1-0168. VENEZUELA of amphibians and lizards. Turtles and crocodilians reach farthest west through the rivers; their BEHAVIOR, ECOLOGY, AND THE ADAPTIVE ZONE OF AFRICAN MOLE distributions tend to coincide with those of the fish VIPERS (ATRACTASPIS). Harry W. Greene. University of fauna. The Chacoan herpetofauna seems to have Tennessee, Knoxville. originated from the Parana River fauna, which in the past extended to the west, where it subsequently adapted Morphological and biochemical studies by others to the more rigorous climatic conditions. Among the suggest that mole vipers are related to aparallactine species of the Chacoan herpetofauna are several that colubrids and not viperids. I will summarize literature show reproductive, dietary and/or ethological records, stomach analyses, and observations on captive adaptations denoting their adjustment to the conditions A. bibronii and A. microlepidota. Defensive behavior is present on the Chaco-Bonariensean Plateau. similar to that of many other small, secretive snakes and includes head hiding, neck arching, body flattening, Gasparini, Zulma - see Baez tail display, body snapping, cloacal discharge, biting, and immobility. Prey killing behavior is unusual and SAMPLE SIZE IN TAXONOMIC ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES - AN differs from viperids in at least two respects: (i) one EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS. George C. Gorman, U.C.L.A. fang is used, and the strike is a posterior and/or lateral head movement (rather than a forward movement Electrophoretic studies have been used primarily in with two fangs); (ii) single and multiple rodent prey the analyses of questions related to population are struck repeatedly before ingestion of any one item genetics. Large sample sizes for such studies are begins (rather than a single strike at one item prior to clearly requisite. A carry-over from this approach is ingesting it). Data are available on 75 prey items in that workers assume that sample sizes of 20-30 or more 45 specimens of four species. One snake had eaten an individuals are desirable if not necessary when one is anuran and one contained 12 reptile eggs. Thirty-one using electrophoresis primarily for taxonomic analyses. specimens contained 1-2 reptiles per stomach (x=1.13); Theory suggests otherwise. Dr. M. Nei and co-workers 11 specimens contained 1-4 mammals per stomach (7=2.45) have pointed out that increasing the number of loci Eighteen of 27 mammals (67%) appeared to be nestlings; sampled is far more important than increasing the number 9 of 11 stomachs with mammals (82%) had multiple prey. of individuals sampled for a taxonomic comparison. The peculiar prey killing behavior and unusual cranial Empirical analysis of previous studies on the modifications of Atractaspis are perhaps adaptations for relationships of insular Anolis lizards supports theory (i) delivery of a venomous bite to a potentially rather convincingly. GTT distance estimates are dangerous prey in a confined space and (ii) rapidly remarkably insensitive to sample size for number of immobilizing several prey items (some of which might individuals. A randomly chosen individual from the otherwise escape) prior to ingesting them. (Supported population will often be sufficient. The error in by the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund, the Karl P. genetic distance estimates is far greater by decreasing Schmidt Fund, and NSF BNS 76-19903). the number of loci sampled, than by decreasing the number of individuals sampled. Guerrero, S. - see Andrews Even heterozygosity estimates are relatively insensitive to sample size. Ten individuals appears to QUATERNARY BIOGEOGRAPHY OF TROPICAL LOWLAND SOUTH be sufficient for most purposes. Even two individuals AMERICA. Jurgen Haffer. ususally gives the correct "ballpark" estimate. Climatic-vegetational fluctuations in the THE ECOLOGY OF THE SPECTACLED CAIMAN IN THE VENEZUELAN neotropical lowlands during the Quaternary caused vast GUAYANA. *S. J. Gorzula. I.V.I.C. - Caracas 101, changes in the distribution of forest and nonforest Venezuela. biota. Comparatively restricted populations of plants and animals probably were isolated and deviated in For three years a population of spectacled caimans, remnant habitat areas ('refugia') during adverse Caimancrocodilus crocodilus, has been studied using mark climatic periods, often reaching the level of new and recapture techniques. The caimans occur in a subspecies or species before they established secondary savanna lagoon system that consists of 4 permanent and 9 contact with other refuge populations during expansive temporary lagoons. During the dry season the lagoons phases under a favorable climate. Numerous species cover 2.28 hectares, and during the rainy season 23.32 probably became extinct during the Pleistocene hectares. vegetational fluctuations, probably leading to the Migration to temporary lagoons occurs in the rainy elimination of entire evolutionary lines. season. Such migrations occur on. nights when it is Results of recent biogeographical studies on raining, and the caimans frequently return to the neotropical birds, lizards, butterflies, and plants of permanent lagoons on the same night. Caimans, displaced forest habitats support the refuge theory. A total of from their lagoons, will home up to 2 km. about 40 forest refugia have been proposed in Middle and A growth curve was made from the data of 36 South America, a larger number for plants and insects recaptured caimans. It was estimated that in this area than for vertebrates. This difference may reflect caimans take 6 years to reach a total length of 97 cms. different survival ability of these groups of organisms Thereafter the growth rate varies from year to year. in refugia of varying size. Quaternary vegetational During a dry year there may be no growth at all, and fluctuations probably also determined the evolution of during a wet year a large caiman may increase in length nonforest faunas at the level of subspecies and species. by up to 10 cms. Additional direct evidence for the location of During the first two years of life, the young Quaternary forest and nonforest refugia based on caimans stay near the site of the nest, and eat eomorphological, pedological, and palynological data is terrestrial insects. Older caimans eat insects during needed to substantiate the above conclusions which are the dry season, but during the rainy season migrate to largely derived from biogeographical interpretations. temporary lagoons and eat frogs. Although there are 26 species of frogs that breed in the area, only three A REVIEW OF STRUCTURING IN HERPETOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES. species--Bufo granulosus, Elachistocleis ovalis, and Harold Heatwole. University of New England, New South Pleuroderma brach'ops--were found in fhe--- tomach Wales, Australia. contents of the caimans.

HERP, REV, 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 9 A literature review of the structuring of are concentrated in the western part of Guiana, and can herpetological communites is presented. Structuring is be divided into "lowland" and "attitudinal" endemics, examined from several viewpoints: the latter exclusively occurring over 1000 m. About 28% 1. Numbers of species and individuals in different of amphibian and 16% of reptile endemics are communities as related to environmental and altitudinal. Endemic attitudinal genera like Otophryne vegetational features; and Oreophrynella seem to represent relics from the 2. biomass; early Tertiary, Stefania seems to represent a recent 3. spatial relations - relation to environmental radiation, the position of Riolama is not very clear. geometry and to habitat selection; and The remaining endemic genera (Allophryne, Rhinatrema, 4. community interactions. Peltocephalus, Amapasaurus) are lowland endemics and their history is not very clear. Endemic species of Hillman, S. S. - see Drewes Elosia and Euparkerella point to relations with SE Brazilian highlands. Most attitudinal endemic species CALL DIFFERENCES AND CALLING SITE SEGREGATION IN ANURAN are subtropical derivatives of lower living relatives. SPECIES FROM CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FLOATING MEADOWS. Walter The origin of most of the lowland endemics probably is Hodl. Zool. Inst. d. Univ. Wien, Austria. related to the history of the postulated Guiana forest refuge during Quaternary climatic changes. Major The acoustic behavior of 15 sympatric and geographic barriers are absent for lowland species and synchronically breeding species of frogs in an area of differential distribution in most cases probably is due floating meadows near Manaus, Brazil was studied for a to ecological competition or special habitat period of 8 months. The calling positions of each requirements. Attitudinal endemics have restricted species can be identified with certain physiognomic distributions on one or a few neighbouring tepui's. types of vegetation. Sound analyses were used to compare the mating NOVEL TOXINS AND THE QUESTION OF WARNING COLORATION AND calls. The main variables are dominant frequency, call MIMICRY IN SALAMANDERS. James E. Huheey, University of duration and pulse repetition rate. Each of the 15 Maryland, College Park, MD, and Ronald A. Brandon, species has a distinct mating call and differs from the Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, acoustic behavior of each other one. Eleven species are IL. separated in their dominant frequency ranges within their specific calling sites. Species sharing It has long been known tht red efts and other emphasized frequency ranges within identical calling American salamandrids are protected by the potent low- sites differ greatly in at least two temporal variables. molecular weight neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX). We The roles of calling position, spectral, and here report the presence of a second, high-molecular temporal features of mating calls in species recognition toxin in the skin of Notopthalmus and Taricha which can and premating reproductive isolation are discussed. be distinguished from TTX by its pharmacological and chemical properties. Furthermore, a high-molecular DISTRESS CALLS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FROGS. Walter Hodl. weight, non-TTX poison has been isolated from the skin Zool. Inst. d. Univ. Wien, Austria. of salamanders of the genus Pseudotriton. In LI11 ,mouse bioassays (intraperitoneal injection), pseudotrifidntoxin Distress calls of Hyla lanciformis and H. Boans has comparable toxicity to TTX on a per salamander (juvenile and adult), Leptodactylus ocellatus, L. basis. The finding of these novel toxins requires that pentadactylus and Hydrolaetare sp. (adult) are presented the mimetic relationship of these forms, usually in oscillograms and sonagrams. The calls are species- considered to be Batesian, be re-examined. specific, yet showing striking similarities in spectral patterns. A possible protective and communicative Huheey, James E. - see Brandon function of this call type is discussed. DIFFERENTIATION IN THE GENERA ENYALIUS AND STROBILURUS THE HERPETOFAUNA OF GUIANA, AN APPRAISAL OF OUR CURRENT (IGUANIDAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR1TETSTOCENE CLIMATIC KNOWLEDGE. Marinus S. Hoogmoed. Rijksmuseum van CHANGES IN EASTERN BRAZIL. James F. Jackson Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands. University of Southwestern Louisiana.

The Guiana region (bordered by the Orinoco, Geographic variation in meristic and morphometric Cassiquiare Canal, Rio Negro, Amazon and Atlantic Ocean) characters are examined to delimit the taxa of the geologically is one of the oldest regions of South forest-restricted genus Enyalius in eastern Brazil. America. The greater part is formed by the pre-Cambrian Eight taxa are recognized. Phenetic affinities among Guiana-shield, Roraima sandstone covers parts of these are described by multiple discriminant analysis southern Venezuela and western Guyana, with isolated and Wagner networks based on separate morphological data remnants in central Guyana and central Surinam. The sets. A phylogeny is proposed, and a sequence of overall elevation of the area does not exceed 1000 m, allopatric differentiations is hypothesized. The but the sandstone remnants may reach heights of about locations of refugia of the Brazilian Atlantic forest 3000 m. Because of their isolated position and their during drier climatic periods are hypothesized from releatively high elevation, these mountains (tepui's) present variation in vegetation and precipitation: represent subtropical islands in a tropical lowland sea. Santa Catarina refuge, around Baias de Paranagua and Sao The total number of reptiles and amphibians known to Francisco and adjacent slopes of Serra do Mar; Sao Paulo occur in Guiana at present is 394, of which 162 are refuge, Serra do Mar between Paranapiacaba and Sao amphibians, 232 reptiles. These numbers comprise five Sebastiao; Bocaina refuge, around Baia da Ilha Grande; sea turtles, one cosmopolitan gecko and five species Mantiqueira refuge, on Serra da Mantiqueira; Orgaos imported from the Caribbean. The remainder can be refuge, on Serra dos Orgaos; Southern Espirito Santo assigned to five major groups: endemics; amazonian; refuge, in the mountains south of Rio Doce; Northern widespread; reaching eastern limit of distribution in Espirito Santo refuge, on the Coastal plain north of Rio this area; species reaching Guiana from S. and C. Doce; Salvador refuge, around Baia de Todos os Santos; Brazil. Of amphibians 81, of reptiles 64 species are Pernambuco refuge, along coast of northern Alagoas and restricted to the Guiana region, or occur only slightly southern Pernambuco; Upper Rio Doce refuge, near the over the borders of the area delimited. The species in headwaters in Minas Gerais. Locations of the the other groups may form endemic subspecies in the area hypothesized refugia are compared with the geographical (34 subspecies belonging to 27 species). Most endemics separations in Enyalius proposed to have preceded

HERP. REV, 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 10

differentiation. Differentiation in Enyalius is most coast of central Florida. Captive-born juveniles, as interpretable with reference to past forest refugia well as snakes collected wild at this site, were separated by corridors of open vegetation. Geographic experimentally subjected to full-strength seawater for a variation in Strobilurus torquatus in northeastern maximum duration of 20 days. Variational patterns of Brazil requires similar conclusions. survival time and dehydration rate suggest secondary intergradation among highly differentiated, though THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF DESMOGNATHUS WELTERI BARBOUR AND reproductively compatible taxa. A COMPARISON WITH TWO SYMPATRIC CONGENERS. J. Eric Within populations, body weight correlates Juterbock. Ohio State University. negatively with dehydration rate and positively with salinity tolerance. The fact that neonatal N. f. clarki Abundant morphological and life history evidence averaged over 38% heavier than N. f. pictiTienTris may exists that Desmognathus welteri Barbour is a full and therefore represent a strategy to reduce the osmotic distinct species and not a giant subspecies of D. stress of juveniles in saline habitats. The fuscus. D. welteri is sympatric throughout its range characteristic salinity tolerance of salt marsh snakes. with botF 0717Fris and D. monticola and is more aquatic however, is primarily a function of weight-independent than either congener. Larvae of D. welteri are larger strategies, involving low rates of dehydration and an at hatching than those of eiTheF--67--fuscus or D. inherent reluctance to ingest seawater. monitcola and maintain this difference throughout larval life. They transform 21-24 months after hatching unlike Kufner, B. - see DiTada those of either congener, both of which have larvae which transform no later than nine months after Labanick, George M. - see Brandon hatching. Adults of D. fuscus are significantly smaller than those of D. weltiFT—Fid D. monticola. D. welteri HERPETOFAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF SOUTH AMERICA WITH monticola save very different types of jaw teeth and D. AFRICA. Raymond F. Laurent. and patterns of replacement; D. fuscus resembles D. welteri in both regards. All three species have At first sight, the contrast between the Neotropical different tail shapes. Color patterns, though variable, and Ethiopian herpetofaunas is so striking that it seems show definite patterns of interspecific variation which to fit the Matthewsian or Darlingtonian zoogeographic are characterized. A brief review is made of theories (vicariance of the Ranidae with the interspecific differences reported elsewhere for related Leptodactylidae, Agamidae with the Iguanidae, etc). characters. The known range of D. welteri is described. However, the plate tectonics proved such theories to be incorrect. Some recent paleontological discoveries THE NON-COST OF BROODING IN AMBYSTOMA OPACUM. Robert H. indeed confirm that Africa and South America were united Kaplan, Brooklyn College of the City UTity of New until almost the end of the Mesozoic. Of those York and Martha L. Crump, University of Florida. preatlantic groups, only a few are now surviving as such: the Gymnophiona as a whole, the Pipidae, the Brooding behavior in salamanders ranges from a weak Pelomedusidae, the Gekkonidae as a whole, the bond between the parent and offspring (mere presence of Amphisbaenidae, the Leptotyphlopidae, and probably the parent at the egg deposition site) to active defense of Typhlopidae. Many are extinct, for example the the clutch and transporting of the eggs to a more Mesosuchians, and many other Mesozoic reptiles. The favorable site. From theoretical literature we reason Leiopelmatidae were present in Jurassic times in South that brooding behavior would not evolve if the cost to America and presumably in Africa as well. A less old the overall fitness of the parent exceeds the benefit. wave probably is represented by the Myobatrachidae which This cost is measured as a decrease in the future also became extinct there except for Heleophryne in reproductive success of the parent. The cost could be Africa and those that evolved into Leptodactylids and generated by energy drains on the brooding parent due to Ranoids. The Geotrypetes - Apodops group survived in the physical nature of the behavior itself and/or the Africa while the Ichthyophiidae did so only in the relatively lower feeding rate which may be associated Neotropical Realm. Some groups apparently managed to with the behavior. migrate from one continent to the other before the final Ambystoma opacum is the only member of a primarily split. The Bufonidae and the Iguanidae did it from west aquatic-breeding genus of salamanders that remains with to east while the Microhylids travelled in the opposite its eggs after terrestrial deposition. In order to direction. The Iguanidae reached Madagascar where they determine the energetic cost of this "parental survived but they did not in Africa. investment," we compared dry weight, total calories, Some other groups had a similar opportunity but weight-specific caloric content, and ash content in failed to establish themselves on the other continent females that had just begun to brood with those near probably because they prohibit mutual ecological completion of brooding. Differences in these four occurrence. The sister groups leptodactylids and ranids variables between the two groups are not significant at are a typical case. P<0.05.The argument that brooding females are at an For many millions of years after its birth the energetic disadvantage because they are unable to forage Atlantic Ocean was a narrow sea and therefore not a is discarded because the males collected from the area major barrier against rafting dispersal. Kluge during the same time period also had empty stomachs and demonstrated such crossings as recent as Pliocene or intestines. We therefore suggest that there is no Pleistocene for the Hemidactylus mabouia brooki complex. increase in energetic cost due to brooding in A. opacum. Quite reasonably, many groups might haveFeiFuccessful in a similar feat during earlier periods. Especially DIFFERENTIATION AND HYBRIDIZATION IN THE NATRIX FASCIATA for the Gekkoninae several waves might be considered. COMPLEX (REPTILIA: SERPENTES): A NONMORPHOLOGICAL In general, the rafting from South America to Africa APPROACH. Howard I. Kochman. National Fish and seems to be a dubious and unusual event (Typhlopidae, Wildlife Laboratory. Natricidae), whereas the African invaders of South America seem to have been considerably more frequent-- Reproductive interactions among freshwater and not only the Gekkoninae, but also the skinks (Mabuya) coastal populations of Natrix fasciata were evaluated on and the Gavialidae which died out there afte17,57E, the basis of osmoregulatory criteria. Putative hybrids perhaps also some amphisbaenians and Typhlopidae, the between water snakes of the fasciata and clarki groups Lycodontinae and the Colubridae (sensu Underwood). were collected from a brackiTF—EFIk alonT57—Atlantic

HERP. REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 11

Some groups apparently came from elsewhere in both TRACKING AS AN AID IN THE STUDY OF SNAKE COMMUNITIES. continents according a Matthewsian or Darlingtonian Harvey B. Lillywhite. The University of Kansas, scheme; these include the Testudinidae, Crocodylidae. Lawrence, Kansas. Elapidae, and possibly the Lycodontinae, Boiginae, Natricidae and Colubridae. Snakes weighing as little as two grams leave A round-about Odyssey through northern continents in identifiable impressions when crawling over finely fundamented for the Ranidae with Rana palmipes as a textured soil surfaces. Dirt roads, dune habitats, and rather agressive pioneer. An inverse course is quite surfaces prepared by scraping or brushing of topsoil unlikely but seems a remote possibility for the have been used as trackways in ecological studies of Boiginae, which are numerous in South America snake communities in southern California chaparral and (Leptodeira, etc.) and so far made a modest inroad in desert. Preliminary data point to the usefulness of Africa (Telescopus). snake tracks in determining behavioral density, spatial However, the most numerous groups evolved on only relationships, social behavior, and species composition one side of the Atlantic and failed to colonize the within communities. In a montane chaparral community it other continent. Examples are the Dermophiinae, was possible to discriminate reliably among tracks made Caecilidae (sensu stricto) Typhlonectidae, the already- by the three common species, Crotalus viridis, Pituophis mentioned Leptodactylidae, the Hylidae, Centrolenidae, melanoleucus, and Masticophis lateralis.In desert sand Pseudidae, Dendrobatidae, Teiidae, Anguidae, Boini, environment, individual sidewinder rattlesnakes, Dipsadinae, Xenodontinae, Crotalinae for South America; Crotalus cerastes, have been followed for distances the Scolecomorphidae, Herpelinae, Ranidae (except for exceeding 1.8 Km. Data for snake activity in chaparral Rana palmipes), Hyperoliidae, Agamidae, Chamaeleonidae, point to the difficulties of estimating accurately the Lacertidae, Cordylidae, Varanidae, Pythoninae, absolute densities of snake populations by any presently Dasypeltinae and Viperinae for Africa. A temporary accepted method. inroad before the Turonian severance or a short-lived beach head on either side are distinct possibilities List, James C. - see Branham which paleontological discoveries in Cretaceous and Paleocene beds on the critical coast zones of both REFUGIA, REFUGES AND MINIMUM CRITICAL SIZE:PROBLEMS IN continents might substantiate. THE CONSERVATION OF THE NEOTROPICAL HERPETOFAUNA. Thomas E. Lovejoy. World Wildlife Fund-U.S.. THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE LLANOS AND ASSOCIATED NON-FOREST Washington, D. C. REGIONS OF NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA. Juan R. Leon. Escuela de Ciencias Universidad de Oriente, Cumana, As the face of South America changes steps must be Venezuela, S.A. taken to set aside refuges in which the continent's herpetofauna can survive. Contours of endemism as in Considering the great number of species and Pleistocene refugia constitute one means of identifying diversity of South American neotropical amphibians and areas for conservation priority. Contours of species reptiles, a discussion restricted to llanos species diversity represent another approach. The merits of the deals with only a tiny fraction of the entire two will be discussed. Also, refuges must be above a herpetofauna. Since different authors in this symposium will be dealing with other major areas, a good amount of minimum critical size to retain species over long periods of time. Aspects of this problem will be knowledge on the origin, evolution, dispersal and discussed, as will emerging results on reptiles as complexity of the neotropical amphibians and reptiles contrasted to data available on birds. can be gained. The northern South American flat lands (llanos) THE AMPHIBIANS OF THE LOWLAND TROPICAL FORESTS OF SOUTH mostly occur in Colombia and Venezuela east of Andes, AMERICA. John D. Lynch. The University of Nebraska- where they range from 0 to 500 meters above sea level. Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska. Geologically, the origin and existence of these llanos can be traced back to Plio-Pleistocene. The actual composition and distribution of the herpetofauna of this The lowland tropical forests (rainforests Auct., below 1000 m) of South America exist as four units: the area is explained as a function of the recent origin, Trans-andean forests (Choco, Nechi, and Magdalena), the and the climatic, topographic and ecological changes Northern forests (Santa Marta, Maracaibo Basin, and that have taken place subsequently. These changes are coastal Venezuela), the Central cis-andean forests thought to have altered the amount of precipitation (Amazonia or Hylaea Auct.), and the Atlantic forests inducing a relative aridity to this landscape. (eastern and southeastern Brasil). These four forests The amphibians and reptiles of the llanos of harbor 530 species of amphibians belonging to 13 Colombia and Venezuela are presented together with a families (one salamander, three caecilians, and nine brief review of adjacent areas like the Caribbean scrub. anurans). In general, the herpetofauna of the South American Endemicity is pronounced; only 26 species (4.9 %) llanos is impoverished considering its relative land are shared by two or more forests. The Northern forests extension. Actually, there is not a typical are most depauperate (39 species) and least distinct (56 herpetofauna inhabiting the llanos, probably as a result % endemicity). The Atlantic forests harbor 183 species of recent dispersion of faunal elements into this area (92 % endemic), the Central forests 225 (90 % endemic) coming in from adjacent regions, mostly from Amazonian and the Trans-andean forests 126 (88 % endemic). forests, perhaps as a consequence of a high level of Hylid frogs are dominant in all four forests adaptation of animals to the arid climatic conditions. (Atlantic 38 %, Central cis-andean 37 %, Northern 28 %, On the basis of these two points of view different and Trans-andean 22 %) as are leptodactylid frogs aspects of the llanos herpetofauna are discussed. (Atlantic 37 %, Central cis-andean 24 %, Northern 26 %, and Trans-andean 25 %). The leptodactylids of the BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE AMPHIBIANS IN THE ORIENTAL REGION OF THE GUIANAS. Lescure, Jean. Museum National d'Histoire Central, Northern, and Trans-andean forests are Naturelle, Paris, France. essentially eleutherodactylines and leptodactylines whereas those of the Atlantic forests are primarily NO ABSTRACT RECEIVED. elosiines, grypiscines, leptodactylines, and odontophrynines. Dendrobatid frogs are prominent components of Central, Northern, and Trans-andean forests but essentially absent in Atlantic forests.

HERP. REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 12 Four areas of marked endemism are apparent:(1)the THE ENERGETIC BASIS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: LIZARD SOCIAL South American Choco, (2) the upper Amazon Basin (Napo- STRUCTURES. George Middendorf III and Wilfred M. Post Ucayali drainages), (3) the Guyanas, and (4) coastal III. Graduate Program in Ecology, University of Brazil (Rio de Janeiro - Sao Paulo area). Forty-four Tennessee. per cent (233) of all forest dwelling species of South American Amphibia are restricted to these four forest The mechanisms controlling the specific social areas. structures exhibited by various vertebrate populations Many amphibian groups and genera exhibit are as yet unknown. Although some suggestions have been distributional patterns congruent with Haffer's forest made of environmental or genetic causality, most refugia model. Such a model, consisting of waves of investigators have been content to label the social advances and retreats of forests, could be used to structure as to general type. Investigations of lizards account for some of the high species densities observed have often contained reports of their social structure; in some groups. several different types have been reported. These However, amphibians are poorly represented in some reports are examined for iguanid lizards and other of the proposed refugia or core areas. The poor vertebrates where appropriate. Specific attention is representation may reflect profound differences between paid to environmental conditions of the population under forests mediated by seasonality of rainfall. Unlike study. From this examination an energetic-based model amniotes or aquatic vertebrates, most amphibians attempt is proposed in which both population density and to be terrestrial without the amniote water-conserving resource abundance are seen as crucial factors. Social mechanisms. The lack of such mechanisms is most structures, particularly territoriality and social apparent in the reproductive strategies of the hierarchy, once thought dichotomous, are seen as points amphibians. on a spectrum of social hierarchy to social aggregation. The high species densities (and endemicities) of These structures replace one another depending upon the Amphibia correlate well with areas of high aseasonal environmental conditions. While the concept of a social rainfall. In forested regions, such rainfall provides structure reflecting the environmental conditions is not high humidity microhabitats of long duration necessary new, the concept of an energetic-based spectrum of for the most fragile reproductive modes employed by structures reflecting these conditions is. Such a amphibians (direct development, terrestrial eggs and formulation suggests that studies of social behavior larvae). Such environments do not of necessity reduce should, in addition to examining type and variation of the success of more pedestrian reproductive modes (eggs structure, consider the energetic cost to the animals, and larvae in water). the associated gain, and, most importantly, consider the The importance of reproductive mode in providing structure in relation to the ecological conditions. constraints to or enhancement of dispersal of forest Until an approach of this sort is used, studies of amphibians is demonstrated by observing that a greater social structure will remain only descriptive. The proportion of mode 1 and mode 5 species are non-endemic social behavior of the iguanid lizard Sceloporus jarrovi than might be predicted and that fewer mode 6 and mode 8 is currently being examined utilizing this approach. species are non-endemic than might be predicted if non- (Funded by NSF-DEB 76-16841). endemicity and reproductive mode are not related. If the sensitivity to seasonality of rainfall is an ACTIVITY METABOLISM IN THE MUDPUPPY, NECTURUS MACULOSUS. appropriate index to forest fidelity, then groups Kirk Miller. Department of Zoology, University of exhibiting the more sensitive reproductive modes become Oklahoma. of importance in drawing inferences about past climates and biogeographic events. The groups exhibiting Routine and sustained activity metabolism° were sensitive reproductive modes include bolitoglossine inxestigated in Necturus maculosus acclimated at 5 C or salamanders and dendrobatid and eleutherodactyline 15 w C and an LD 12:12 photoperiod. Mudpuppies exhibited frogs. The two groups of frogs are autochthonous South significant daily cycles in oxygen consumption and American forest elements most dominant in the northern spontaneous locomotor activity at both acclimation forests of South America. In each case, their ancestry temperatures. The majority of the increment of oxygen may be traced to the forests of southeastern Brasil. consumption during periods of high spontaneous activity The Brasilian groups are in turn derived from was due to air breathing. Routine whole body lactate leptodactyloid groups in the Austral forest of levels did not vary with acclimation temperature or time Patagonia. of day. Animals from both acclimation temperatures were Martori, R. - see DiTada electrically stimulated to maximum activity for 30 min (complete exhaustion) at two times of day. Animals UTILIZATION OF CAVE RESOURCES BY A LIZARD COMMUNITY. stimulated to maximum activity during periods of high William J. Mautz. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. spontaneous levels and depended entirely on anaerobiosis for extra energy production. Animals stimulated to A community of three lizard species exploits the maximum activity during periods of low spontaneous resources of a system of caves at Puerto Marquez, activity increased oxygen consumption by air breathing Guerrero, Mexico. The caves provide a stable, low but derived the majority of the increase in energy temperature, high humidity environment with variable and production anaerobically. sparse food resources. Anolis taylori (Iguanidae), Whole body lactate production during maximum Phyllodactylus lanei (Gekkonidae), and Lepidophyma activity was independent of acclimation temperature and smithi (KantusiTaTir differ in the degree to which they independent of the level of spontaneous activity at the TTTie the cave resources. These differences are time of stimulation. Whole body lactate levels remained apparent in activity pattern, body temperature, high for more than 10 h following stimulation but evaporative water loss, and diet. Specializations for returned to resting levels within 24 h. Salamanders may cavernicolous life involve absence of a diel activity excrete lactate into the medium but no lactate was found cycle, absence of thermo-regulatory activity, low in bladder urine. resistence to water loss, and a generalized diet that Mudpuppies routinely produce 50 - 75% of their includes decaying fruit and probably carrion. energy aerobically, during stimulated maximum activity, however, 67 - 75% of total energy produced is derived Maxson, Linda R. - see Wake anaerobically.

Mecham, John S. - see Sattler McNulty, John A. - see Schwalm

HERP, REV, 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 13 COMPARISON OF "NATURALISTIC" AND QUADRAT APPROACHES IN eggs from a number of species of Squamata. Shells from THE ANALYSIS OF A BRAZILIAN FROG COMMUNITY. Craig eggs fixed in formalin at the time of oviposition and Nelson. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. shells from eggs incubated to hatching were examined. In general, "parchment-shelled" eggs are composed of Approximately 60 species of anurans occur at the several layers of fibers with a calcareous Boraceia Biological Station of the Sao Paulo Museum of (=crystalline) layer forming the outermost surface. Zoology in southeastern Brazil. Three techniques were Both the fibrous layers and the calcareous layer vary in used for analyzing the habitat differences among the structure and thickness from species to species. The more ubiquitous members of this community. In the continuity of the crystalline layer is often broken by first, or "naturalistic", numerous records of site of cracks or fissures which presumably provide for the capture of each species are compared with gross habitat exchange of respiratory gases with the environment, as divisions of the station (forest, scrub, meadow, well as for the uptake of liquid water from the pondside, streamside, etc.). In the second random substate. quadrats were searched. In the third, quadrats were non-randomly placed. In the latter two cases a number COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN HIGH ANDEAN HERPETOFAUNAS. Jaime of physical and biotic parameters were measured, and E. Pefaur and William E. Duellman. University of weighted and unweighted "niche" breadth and overlap were Kansas. calculated. Density, diversity, niche breadth and niche overlap AMPHIBIAN COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA: FACTORS were analyzed for amphibians and reptiles in 10 study INFLUENCING SPECIES COMPOSITION IN PONDS. Craig Nelson. sites above tree line in the Andes. Two to eight Indiana University, Bloomihgton, Indiana. species were found at each site; a total of 1373 specimens of 33 specimens was studied. Laboratory and field data combined with speculation Values for speices diverity of the entire suggest that three major processes are important in herpetofauna show no clear latitudinal trends; there is determining the species composition of amphibian a significant trend for increasing species diversity in communites at individual ponds in southern Indiana. A reptiles from equatorial to temperate sites, but there primary factor is the relative permanence of the pond is a comparatively higher diversity in amphibians in the which largely determines the types, if any, of aquatic equatorial sites. Two niche dimensions were analyzed vertebrate predators which overwinter in the pond. The fully -- structural habitat and food. Niche breadth nature of the predators in turn is a strong influence on values for structural habitat are slightly higher in egg and larval survival of spring breeding forms. In reptiles than in amphibians. Niche breadth values for several cases it appears that some species are food are inverse. Overall niche breadth is higher in maintained by a stochastic process including escape from amphibians than in reptiles, the former being more predators in good years and nearly complete mortality in generalists than the latter. Niche overlap for other years. Finally, habitat selection and competition structural habitat is higher than for food. Overlap among cogeners influence the pool of species available values between any species of pairs in the same in particular habitats. community are generally low, with the exception of some pairs of amphibians in which values are relatively high. Ocand, A. - see DiTada However, there is no consistent difference in values within and between communities. Unexpectably, niche TEMPERATURE INDUCED ANOMALIES IN NATRIX FASCIATA. David overlap increases with decreasing species richness and Wm. Osgood. Butler University. TPresented by title species diversity. only) Penna V. Mario - see Veloso Thirty-four litters of the banded water snake, Natrix fasciata, were incubated under controlled, A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SKIN SURFACE SCULPTURING IN constant-temperature conditions. The 754 young snakes TOADS. David Pettus and Tyler A. Woolley. Colorado from these litters were compared with a control group of State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado. 20 broods (384 snakes) taken from females caught shortly prior to littering. Of 1,138 young snakes examined, 33 Specimens from three species of toads (Bufo boreas, were grossly abnormal in external morphology. The terrestris and B. woodhousei) were s tudied by B. various anomalies can be classified into general groups scanning electron microscopy. Skins from four regions (shortening of the axial skeleton, bending of the of the body were examined at relatively low vertebral column, cleft palate, microphthalmia, and magnifications (65X and 300X). Surface sculpturing reversal of subcaudal scales). Some types of showed considerable variation between regions as well as abnormalities were positively correlated with high (30C) between species. Well developed channels were present and others with low (21C) developmental temperature. on all species and most regions. The pattern of The frequency of anomalies was lowest in the 26C channels is more reticulate on the ventral and lateral treatment group. The incidence of abnormalities in both surfaces and more parallel on the dorsum. The skin of the 21C and 30C treatment groups was more than twice B. terrestris is more rugose and spinose than that of that of the controls or 26C sample. the other two species. Too few specimens were used to permit definitive conclusions, but the technique appears Packard, Gary C. - see Packard, M. promising in working out the adaptive significance of the differences between species. Packard, Gary C. and Mary C. - see Tracy EFFECTS OF DNA BIOSYNTHETIC INHIBITORS ON BULLFROG Parker, William S. - see Brown TADPOLES DURING THYROID HORMONE INDUCED METAMORPHOSIS. Robert Phillips, James Williams, Wahleah Baker, and Gary SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF EGGS OF SQUAMATA. Mary VanDenbos. Northeastern Oklahoma State University, J. Packard, C. Richard Tracy, and Gary C. Packard. Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Colorado State University, Fort Collins. The nature of the control mechanisms regulating cell Light microscopy in conjunction with scanning growth and replication in eukaryotic organisms is an electron microscopy has been used to study the active area of research. The anuran system, Rana morphology and ultrastructure of "parchment-shelled" catesbeiana, provides an interesting animal model for a

HERP, REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 14 number of reasons, especially: a). their existence for populations plot in the lower left-hand portion of the extended periods of time in the larval (tadpole) state, graph, because most or all individuals lack the above and b). the ability to induce metamorphosis precociously characters (0.0, 0.0). with thyroid hormone (TH). The morphological analyses are consistent with non- The morphological and biochemical transition which morphological data indicating an intermediate origin of takes place during the metamorphosis climax are H. versicolor, involving two groups of diploid interesting from the standpoint of their rapidity and populations. The range of the former subspecies H. v. efficiency, and pose the question: to what extent are sandersi corresponds well with that of the western the developing tissues (ie. limbs, lungs) dependent on diploid populations. The range of H. v. chrysoscelis pre-formed moelcular components from regressing tissue (type locality Dallas, Texas) probably included diploid (ie. tail, gills)? intergrades in north-central Texas and extreme eastern We are investigating this question by comparing the Texas-Louisiana, as well as southern tetraploid morphological and biochemical effects of drugs, which populations. The former subspecies H. v. versicolor inhibit DNA synthesis by blocking specific metabolic probably included most eastern diploid populations and steps in the precursor-to-DNA pathway, on TH treated and northeastern tetraploid populations. control tadpoles. One of these drugs, 5- fluorodeoxyuridine is used as a human chemotheraputic Rand, A. Stanley - see Andrews agent. The extent to which the dose sensitivity of tadpoles reflects that used to regulate cell USE OF A MAMMALIAN RESOURCE BY A CHIHUAHUAN SNAKE proliferation will also be discussed. COMMUNITY. Robert Reynolds. University of New Mexico, This study was supported by NIH grant 1-S06-RR- Albuquerque, New Mexico. 08123. During the summers of 1975-1976 I studied the snake Phillips, Robert - see Williams and rodent communities northeast of Chihuahua city. This region is desert scrub with Larrea, Flourensia, ACTIVITY, HABITAT, AND POPULATION STRUCTURE IN THE Parthenium and Prosopis the characterliTiE -genera. TURTLE, TRIONYX MUTICUS. Michael V. Plummer. Harding Snakes were collected along an 80.5 km stretch of College. route 16. Examination of capture sites for the plant species present, structural characteristics of the A riverine population of Trionyx muticus was studied vegetation and topographic features showed that snake for 3 years by capture-mark-recapture. -TFese turtles species exhibited distinct habitat preferences. Rodent were most active from May through September. Trapping species present and their relative densities were success was affected by changes in water level, and a assessed by 4500 trap nights at 15 trap stations. midsummer period of inactivity was associated with low, Twelve species of rodents were recorded. stable water levels and high water temperatures. Males Digestive tracts of 274 snakes of 16 species were preferred areas with emergent sandbars but females examined and yielded 121 food items. Rodents comprised preferred deeper, more open water except during the 60.68% of the diet by frequency of occurrence, with nesting season when they moved into shallow water birds, reptiles, amphibians and arthropods accounting adjacent to sandbars. Deviations from parity in sex for the remainder. The frequency of occurrence of the ratios were attributed to biases in sampling. About 82% rodent species in the snake diets is closely related to of the male population and 25% of the female population their relative densities found by trapping. was mature. There was a high degree of mobility within The size of the prey was roughly proportional to the and between local subsets of the population; discrete size of the predator. Arena experiments in which prey populational boundaries were not observed. were introduced to a predator show that snakes are Approximately 1900 turtles were estimated to be within a selecting prey items on the basis of size and probably 1.5 km section of river. However, direct counts of all not on species. Small snakes selected smaller rodents, individuals present were not feasible even for small whereas large snakes took larger rodents and ignored the areas, and indices based on capture-mark-recapture were smallest species. biased by temporary emigration and immigration. The coexistence of the snakes is probably due to differences in the habitat preferences of the snakes and Post, Wilfred M. III - see Middendorf rodents, and is also the result of size differences within and between predator species. Each predator Putnam, R. W. - see Drewes species of a given size class takes a different size class of prey. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN A DIPLOID-TETRAPLOID SPECIES COMPLEX OF TREEFROGS. Ralin, Dennis B., James S. Rodulfo, Felicia C. - see Acuna Rogers, and Sylvia Colbert. Kentucky State University, University of New Orleans, Kentucky State University. Rogers, James S. - see Ralin

A multiple discriminant analysis of 13 external DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS, CLADISTIC PATTERNS, morphological measurements was made on diploid (H la PALEOGEOGRAPHY, AND BIOTIC HISTORY. Rosen, Donn E. chrysoscelis) and tetraploid (H. versicoTor American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. populations. Eastern populations of H. chrysoscelis (South Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Mississippi) clearly No ABSTRACT RECEIVED. separate from western (south-central Texas) populations when plotted on the first two DF axes. Populations of Ross, John - see Stewart H. vericolor occupy intermediate positions, but are not very distinct from the eastern diploid populations. COMPARATIVE CRANIAL OSTEOLOGY OF FARANCIA AND A bivariate plot of the same populations, utilizing PSEUDOERYX: SYSTEMATIC IMPLICATIONS. Douglas A. indices based on two qualitative characteristics used to Rossman, Louisiana State Univ., and David L. Cundall, define the three formerly described subspecies, shows a Lehigh Univ. similar pattern. Eastern diploid populations plot in the upper right-hand portion of the graph, because most Neill (1964) united the montypic North American or all individuals have a reticulate pattern on the xenodontine snake genera Abastor and Farancia, and he posterior border of the thighs (1.0) and noticeable postulated that Farancia erytrogramma and F. abacura webbing between the fingers (1.0). Western diploid shared a common anETT5FWitli Pseudoeryx plicati its

HERP, REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 15 South America. Our examination of approximately 90 is unlike any cell previously described. A major skull characters supports the congeneric relationship difference in organization of pigment cells is apparent. between the rainbow snake (F. erytroqramma) and the mud The dermis is not primarily composed of discrete groups snake (F. abacura), but it fails to confirm a close of chromatophores in associations resembling the hylid affinity between Farancia and Pseudoeryx. The two dermal chromatophore unit. Instead, flat xanthophores genera exhibit their greatest differences in the nasal form a continuous sheet just under the basement lamina. and orbital regions of the skull. The similarities This layer is occasionally interrupted by groups of between Farancia and Pseudoeryx in external features iridiophores that break up the green ground color as a probably e attributed to convergence. Many skull series of light spots. The stellate processes of the characters exhibit considerable intraspecific variation, new pigment cell also form a continous layer, generally which underscores the need to examine series when subjacent to other chromatophore types. Pigment conducting osteological studies. granules in the new cell are moderately electron-dense and have an irregular shape that suggests a fluid HYBRIDIZATION IN SPADEFOOT TOADS. Paul W. Sattler and composition. Melanophores are too few and widely spaced John S. Mecham. Texas Tech University. to contribute significantly to the overall appearance of C. fleischmanni. Melanosomes have a fibrous appearance Hybridization and introgression between Scaphiopus but are smaller and lack the electron-dense inner core bombifrons and S. hammondi are being investigated with of the phyllomedusine melanosomes they resemble. the use of se77177ctrophoretic species-specific Implications of chromatophore ultrastructure are markers. Field studies have demonstrated that discussed in terms of systematics and development. significant numbers of hybrids and backcross progeny occur throughout the wide area of sympatry. Scitallo Y., Gustavo - see Baez Experimental laboratory crosses have been made in order to more precisely measure levels of fertility of various SEASONAL SHIFT IN THE TEMPERATURE PREFERENDUM OF THE hybrid products. Analysis of laboratory hybrids has WANDERING GARTER SNAKE. John R. Scott. Colorado State shown that all but one of the protein markers are University, Fort Collins, Colorado. inherited codomonately, and so may be used to differentiate between hybrids and offspring from A constant temperature thermal gradient was used to backcrosses. Further, the large number of markers evaluate preferred body temperatures of spring and fall permits identification of the parental species involved specimens of Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Baird and in the backcross. Preliminary data does not suggest the Girard) from a montane hAbitat. Spring animals, which occurrence of differential introgression between the two were overwintered at 4 C in the laboratory, maintained species. significantly higher cloacal temperatures over a 2 day period than animals collected and tested in the fall. Saunders, R. P. - see Denny Voluntary hypothermia in the fall should be adaptive in that cool retreats (hibernacula) are sought which THE ELABORATION OF VENOM DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN SNAKES. protect against early winter storms. Hyperthermia in Alan H. Savitzky. National Museum of Natural History. the spring may enhance reproduction and digestion.

Systems for the injection of venom under pressure THE HERPETOFAUNA OF FOREST LITTER PLOTS FROM CAMEROON. through tubular fangs have been developed in at least Norman J. Scott, Jr. National Fish and Wildlife five lineages of colubroid snakes. Three of these Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico. culminated in proteroglyphous taxa, two in solenoglyphous ones. Despite numerous differences Systematic samples of African forest litter between these groups, sufficient similarities exist to herpetofaunas were made in Cameroon, Africa. The recognize common responses to adaptive and mechanical African faunas are compared with faunas from similar problems. Four components of the venom delivery system tropical forests of Asia and Central America. Data may be recognized: venom, fangs, storage lumina, and compared include total species, distribution of gland-deforming muscles. Although each of the five individuals among species, and the taxonomic make-up of proteroglyphous and solenoglyphous groups has developed the samples. all four components, other taxa exhibit different Of special interest are the African samples that combinations of them. Examination of these forms were taken from a forest established on a white sand suggests the sequence of modifications leading to fully soil. This type of system is generally supposed to be elaborated systems. Functional coordination among the much less productive than tropical forests growing on components of well-developed venom delivery systems other types of soils. enhances the likelihood of convergence in independent lineages of many structural details, including features THE STATUS OF STUDIES OF HERPETOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES AND not immediately related to feeding activities. Although SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. Norman J. Scott, Jr.. selection favors gradual improvement in the venom (address above) and Howard W. Campbell, National Fish delivery apparatus, full attainment of the front-fanged and Wildlife Laboratory, Gainesville, Fla. condition consititutes a major adaptive step. Historical trends in the study of herpetological COMPARISON OF CHROMATOPHORE ULTRASTRUCTURE IN communities are summarized. Contributions from this NEOTROPICAL HYLID AND CENTROLENID FROGS. Patricia A. session are considered to represent the present "state Schwalm (University of Chicago) and John A. McNulty of the art." (Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University). General goals are defined as perceived in these studies and recommendations are made for ways in which Chromatophore ultrastructure in the infrared- these goals can be furthered. Additional ways of reflecting glass-frog Centrolenella fleischmanni looking at herpetological communities are suggested. (family Centrolenidae) was found to differ markedly from that of other arboreal green frogs (family Hylidae). LOW FREQUENCIES OF REPRODUCTION IN ITEROPAROUS Four types of pigment cells are found in the dermis of ORGANISMS. Richard Shine and James J. Bull. University C. fleischmanni: two correspond in structure to typical of Utah. Fylid xanthophores and iridiophores, one is similar to the unusual melanophores of phyllomedusine hylids (which Most vertebrates reproduce every year after also reflect infrared light) and one chromatophore type maturing, but some, mainly poikilotherms, reproduce at

HERP. REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 16

lower frequencies. Reproducing every second year, or egregius, the most surficial of the three species, less often, is known in a variety of salamanders, frogs, genera izes on blattids, lycosids and gryllids. snakes, lizards, turtles and fish. A simple mathematical model suggests that low reproductive GROWTH AND MOVEMENT OF ALLIGATORS IN SOUTH TEXAS. E. frequencies are at a selective advantage over high Norbert Smith. Northeastern Oklahoma State University. frequencies if reproducing entails a large fecundity- Tahlequah, Oklahoma. independent cost. A large fecundity-independent cost means that even a small clutch entails a high cost (in The growth and movement of the American alligator, energy and survivorship) to the reproducing animal. Alligator mississippiensis, has been studied at the Breeding migrations, territory defense, nest-building Welder Wildlife Refuge, Sinton, Texas for six years. and brooding are examples of activities where the costs Nearly 150 animals have been measured, weighed, sexed, are largely independent of the number of offspring marked and released. Eleven alligators have been produced. We make three predictions from this model: recaptured and showed a mean annual weight gain of 8.9 + (1) species with low reproductive frequencies should 1.7 pounds (4.0 + 0.8 kg) and 9.4 + 0.8 inches (23.9+ show obvious high fecundity-independent costs; (2) 2.0 cm). Rate of weight gain was positively correlate within a species, the sex with the highest fecundity- with initial body weight. Rate of length gain was not independent cost should show the lowest reproductive correlated with initial body length. frequency; and (3) within a species, the lowest Alligators of all sizes were found to move freely reproductive frequency should be found in the poorest- between the Aransas River and impoundments on the quality habitat. The data support these predictions. refuge. Intense collecting activity on the lakes resulted in movement to the river. QUATERNARY BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN HIGHLANDS. Night counts and nest counts were found to be the Beryl B. Simpson. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, most reliable method for estimating the population. D. C. Mark-recapture estimates are grossly inflated because alligators once caught become wary and are seldom The major highland areas of South America include recaptured. The population of alligators at the Welder the complex Andean Cordillera, the Pantepui Highlands Refuge appears to have doubled the past 5 years. This and the mountains of southeastern Brazil. Quaternary is probably the result of federal and state protection climatic events affected these highlands differently for the reptile. because of their varying ages, elevations and This research was supported by generous grants from: latitudinal positions. The Andean Cordillera which The National Geographic Society, Welder Wildlife spans about 66 degrees of latitude and reaches Foundation, and the Caesar Kleiberg Foundation. elevations over 6000 m, is Cenozoic in age with the highest elevations uplifted only at the end of the Smith, E. Norbert - see Earnhart, V. Pliocene. The biota of the high Andes thus developed primarily during the Quaternary via immigration from Sokol, O. M. - see Drewes Central America and radiations within the high elevation zones fostered by cyclical climatic changes. Glacial THE ALBANY PINE BUSH - A NORTHERN HERPETOLOGICAL OUTPOST periods, correlated with those elsewhere, were times of FOR SOUTHERN SPECIES IN NEW YORK. Margaret M. Stewart ice expansion throughout the length of the Cordillera. and John Rossi. State University of New York at Albany. In the most northern and southern parts of the Andes, glacial periods were times of range expansion and The Albany Pine Bush, a pitch pine - scrub oak fire increased dispersal for supraforest elements: subclimax, has developed on sand dunes deposited as interglacials were periods of population restrictions. post-glacial Lake Albany drained out the Hudson River Across the Altiplano, the reverse situation applied. In Valley. Several species of amphibians and reptiles, addition to cold/warm cycles, arid/humid cycles absent or rare from surrounding areas, live in the Pine variously affected the Andean biota. In contrast to the Bush and comprise a community far more like that of Long Andes, the Venezuelan and Brazilian highlands are Island than mid-state New York. Since the fire- ancient, in some cases over 1700 million years old. As controlled dune area is inhospitable to most species, a consequence of long term erosion, these highlands are about half as many species live there compared to lower than those in the western part of the continent surrounding areas. At present the Pine Bush supports 26 and were less drastically affected by Quaternary species while 43 are present in surrounding Albany climatic changes. Biogeographical evidence indicates County. that the primary Quaternary changes were lowered The "greater" sand plains area of Albany, vegetation zones that allowed increased immigration from Schenectady, Saratoga and Warren counties contain the other montane regions. The floras and faunas of these northern-most populations in New York for 9 of the 26 highlands are consequently now composed of ancient species known from the sand plains. This pattern elements mixed with Pleistocene immigrants. probably results from migrations of southern species up the Hudson Valley corridor, warmer than surrounding FOOD RESOURCE PARTITIONING OF BURROWING SAND-PINE SCRUB highlands. Distributional patterns of these amphibians REPTILES. Charles R. Smith. National Fish and Wildlife and reptiles correspond to those of several plant Laboratory, Gainesville, Florida. species and appear to follow patterns of underlying bedrock. Tantilla relicta, Eumeces egregius and Neoseps As development encroaches on the Pine Bush, one of reynoldsi share essenrTTT the same fossoria the few remaining open areas of the Capital District, microhabitat within the sand-pine scrub of Florida. populations of several species are being greatly reduced Except for Eumeces e re ius (Mount, 1963), little has and may be entirely cut off from the main range of the been reporTTF-71 t eliterature on their food habits. species if not lost. One or more species have Stomach analysis of specimens from several localities in disappeared during the last century. Only rigid Florida shows considerable differences in their protection of the area can save these peripheral preferred prey. Tantilla relicta is a completely populations. fossorial snake which specia1777-7 tenebrionid larvae. Neoseps reynoldsi also burrows exclusively and feeds on THE EFFECT OF CHLORINE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RANA a variety of prey, including termites, lycosids, PIPIENS EGGS. Betty I. Tarnowski. Butler University. tenebrionid larvae and ant lions (Neurtoptera). Eumeces TPresented by title only)

HERP. REV, 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 17 Developing eggs of Rana pipiens were exposed to Tracy, C. Richard - see Packard, M. various chlorine concentiqtions 1n a flow through system. A high mortality to developing embryos occurred COLLECTION OF HIBERNATING CNEMIDOPHORUS SEXLINEATUS after departure from the egg jelly at chlorine (LACERTILIA: TEIIDE) FROM VARIOUS PARIS OF ITS RANGE. concentrations of 0.6 ppm and 0.9 ppm. Exposure of Stanely E. Trauth. Auburn University. embryos to chlorine concentrations of 0.3 ppm and 0.04 ppm did not result in high mortalities following A total of 776 six-lined racerunners was collected hatching, but increased the time necessary for during hibernation periods extending from October, 1973, completion of development. It is suggested that the egg to April, 1977. Lizards were unearthed from 299 jelly provided protection to the developing embryos separate localities in nine states. Excavations since eggs exposed to chlorine concentratons of 0.6 ppm, generally were made on south- and west-facing, red clay only while in the egg jelly, showed no high mortality banks along secondary highways. Animals were found to upon hatching or subsequent abnormal development. hibernate communally or singly. Communal hibernacula Survivors of the 0.6 ppm exposure through test duration consisting of well-developed burrow systems were resulted in chlorine-related abnormalities seen as a occassionally found. The "typical" microhabitat site for reduced body length and twisted tail. An analysis of hibernation, which varied little throughout the portion chlorine-exposed egg jelly is in progress to determine of the range studied, is discussed. if the egg jelly prevents contact of chlorine with the egg by chemically reacting with the chlorine. HERPETOFAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF SOUTH AMERICA WITH AUSTRALIA. Michael J. Tyler. University of Adelaide. GENUS, OR SUBGENUS: THAT IS THE QUESTION. Robert A. Thomas. Texas A&M University. With the sole exception of the Pygopodidae, the families comprising the modern Australian herpetofauna Current studies of certain Neotropical xenodontine evolved beyond its continental borders. South America colubrid snake genera indicate that confusion exists constituted the first source but, in contrast with South concerning parameters used to define species American/African herpetofaunal exchange, there was no assemblages. The Philodryas-Alsophis generic complex is direct land communication with Australia, and Antarctica used as a model for discussion and comment is made on constituted a substantial intermediary landmass. taxonomic categorical alternatives. From South America, Australia received the Leptodactylidae and Hylidae as totally separate PARTITIONING OF FOOD IN A COMMUNITY OF TROPICAL FROGS. entities, but conceivably simultaneously. The Catherine Ann Toft. University of California, Davis, Leptodactylidae differentiated substantially: primarily California. to occupy terrestrial, fossorial and aquatic niches; secondarily to form a few scansorial animals. It is not In the neotropical rain forest, a number of species represented by the Limnodynastinae, Myobatrachinae and of frogs are found in the leaf litter by day. These Rheobatrachinae. The Hylidae exploited the arboreal and species partition food on the basis of food type and scansorial regimes, differentiating from a Neotropical food size. The structure of this community has at least hyline stock to constitute an endemic subfamily: the these components: number and equitability of species; Nyctimystinae. the proportion of species that specialize on different Within Australia the ancestral hylid stock may have types of prey; and the similarity in prey utilization of resembled the Litoria aurea group, and at an early stage species that specialize on the type of prey. this diverged T(77.17 rise a separate lineage lacking The factors which determine the structure of this intercalary structures and now represented solely by the community will vary from place to place in the fossorial Cyclorana. The second lineage produced the neotropics and include the predictability, abundance, scansorial, and ultimately more highly modified arboreal and seasonality of food resources. Where the relative frogs. Within this second lineage intercalary influences of these factors vary, communities of structures have become more labile, and now include all different structure result. other forms recorded in the Anura. For the systematist Cyclorana remains a problematical genus which cannot be THE DYNAMICS OF WATER EXCHANGE BY EGGS OF PAINTED accommodated in the Hylidae. TURTLES (CHRYSEMYS PICTA). C. Richard Tracy, Gary C. At the time of the onset of rapid drift of Australia Packard, and Mary J. Packard. Colorado State from Antarctica (55-53 m.y. B.P.), Australia probably University, Fort Collins. lacked snakes. (A possible exception is the large boid Wonambi known from the Pleistocene of South Australia, Water exchanges of painted turtle eggs depend upon a17--With apparent affinites to Madstoia.) At that time such factors as substrate water potential, relative the only lizards in Australia were the diplodactyline surface of the eggshell exposed to the nest atmosphere, geckos from which the Pygopodidae evolved. hydraulic conductance of the eggshell, and conductance Pleurodine chelonians are restricted to the of the eggshell to water vapor. Eggs absorb liquid Neotropical and Australian Regions, but the Chelidae is water across that portion of the eggshell in contact the only modern family common to both. The current with the substrate, and simultaneously lose water vapor distribution of chelids in Australia is unquestionably from that part of the eggshell exposed to air inside the relictual; the family occurred as far south as Tasmania nest chamber. Depending upon the rates of influx and in the Eocene, and in the now arid Central Australia in efflux of water, eggs may experience increases or the Miocene. Chelid source ancestry is uncertain; the decreases in weight during incubation, or they may Lower Cretaceous Chelycarapookidae of Victoria is a maintain a constant weight between oviposition and candidate. hatching. Water absorption by turtle eggs may have The depauperate nature of the Australian fauna was considerable adaptive significance, for hatchlings remedied in the Miocene. In the mid-Miocene New Guinea emerging from eggs absorbing and storing large (the leading edge of the Australian continental plate) quantities of water are heavier than hatchlings emerging collided with a chain of oriental islands and accreted from eggs taking up smaller quantities of water from the some of them. These islands were occupied by various substrate. Additionally, water absorption equal to, or ranid genera including Plat antis and by the in excess of, water loss by transpiration assures that microhylids Oreophrre and Sphenophryne. The the shape of the egg will be such that sufficient space Carettochelyidae, Scincidae, Boidae (Ilythoninae), is available to accommodate the developing embryo. Elapidae, Agamidae, Varanidae and Typhlopidae all entered as a result of this collision - some at the time

HERP. REV. 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 18

of impact and others subsequently. The Ranidae and viewing the eggs as a brief, transitory stage of the Scincidae had at least two invasions, and in general the amphibian life cycle. sequence of arrival greatly influenced the relative Organisms found in association with the eggs, success of the colonisers. Nevertheless ranids and however, have been traditionally neglected (or given microhylids have scarcely penetrated northern Australia. only very limited attention) although they may be a very Hence the anuran fauna of Australia is almost wholly important (often adverse) factor in the amphibian's from a South American source, whereas the reptile fauna population. For many organisms--ranging from fungi and is predominantly Oriental. single-celled algae--amphibian egg masses are an important (and sometimes even obligatory microhabitat VanDenbos, Gary - see Phillips. where developing and/or feeding takes place. Cases are presented of associations ranging from occasional VanDenbos, Gary - see Williams. commensals to parasites and predators of the embryos before or after hatching. Usually these associations STRUCTURAL PATTERNS OF SPONTANEOUS AND EVOKED CALLS IN are not restricted by taxonomic or geographic THE BUM SPINULOSUS SPECIES GROUP (AMPHIBIA-BUFONIDAE). boundaries. On the contrary, they are likely to be AlbeFT7 Veloso M. and Mario Penna V. Universidad de found anywhere in the world where amphibians breed; work Chile. in this direction is only beginning.

There are two allopatric species of the genus Bufo GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION, ALBUMIN EVOLUTION, AND THEIR in Central Chile (Lat. 33S). Bufo spinulosus lives Ti BIOGEOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS IN PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS the highlands (Andes mountains T and B. chilensis in (GENUS HYDROMANTES) OF CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHERN EUROPE. Acacia caven steppes and coastal lowlands. A third David B. Wake, Linda R. Maxson, and Gloria Z. Wurst. species, B. atacamensis (Lat. 28S) has a narrow University of California, Berkeley; University of distributional range and is restricted to small valleys Illinois, Urbana; University of California, Berkeley. surrounded by an extreme xeric environment. Absence of spontaneous vocal activity has been indicated as an Genetic variation and albumin evolution were studied important character in this group. This statement is in the plethodontid salamander genus Hydromantes using not according with present observations. Bufo starch-gel electrophoresis and the immunological spinulosus during the reproductive season shows a technique microcomplement fixation. There is generally spontaneous call in the field. The call consist in a high concordance in the data from these two approaches. complex signal initiated with a single pulse structure The three California species are relatively little followed by a trill. The same signal is present during differentiated, with H. shastae showing as much homosexual and heterosexual amplexus or can be differentiation among various populations as occurs artifically evoked. Bufo chilensis, a closely related between the three species. The Sardinian H. genei and species, shows a typica7Te call, elicited by H. italicus (from the mainland, primarily Ttaly) are homosexual amplexus. A second call is produced during str7177 -differentiated, and form a separate but not the amplexus and differs from the release call in well defined group, while the three California species duration, pulse frequency and energetic parameters. form a much tighter, less differentiated group. The There is geographic variation in the release call of B. curious distribution of the highly derived genus and the chilensis. The northern populations exhibit different fact that the two European species are the only members pu se frequency and modulation than southern of the large family Plethodontidae in the Old World are populations. Furthermore, marginal northern populations considered in the light of the new data. Plethodontids show similar call characteristic than the geographically are thought to have dispersed to present-day Europe from isolated Bufo atacamensis. Intrageneric relationships North America, with phylogenetic separation of the are pointed-out by present call analysis. Supported by groups dating to Oligocene times. Separation of the two Proj. 3098. Univ. de Chile and Prog. Multinacional de European species was just a little more recent. Genetica, O.A.S. Hydromantes, like many other amphibians, has changed little at the organismal level despite great change at THE HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF AN INTRODUCED POPULATION the level of structural genes (research supported by NSF OF LACERTA MURALIS (REPTILIA, SAURIA, LACERTIDAE), IN grant BMS 74-20922). CINCINNATI, OHIO. Gregory 0. Vigle. Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF A sizable population of Lacerta muralis has been THE MALE WATER SNAKE, (NATRIX SIPEDON). Michael R. Weil established in an urban area within the CITTTimits of and Robert D. Aldridge =7 -Louis Fiversity. Cincinnati as the result of the release of two individuals in 1948. The original pair of lizards was The effect of various temperatures upon the male captured in the Lake Como region of northern Italy by a reproductive cycle of the common water snake (Natrix young boy who brought them to Cincinnati and released sipedon) was studied. Snakes were divided into five them outside his home, hoping that they would reproduce. groups and kept in five different temperature regimes They did. for ten weeks. Those kept in chaTbers 1-4 were The lizards are present in large numbers on stone maintained at 21.3, 23.3, 27.4, and 29.3 C for n 8 hours and concrete walls on the north valley wall and flood per day respectively. All were kept at 20'C for She plain of the Ohio River. It appears that the lizards remaining 16 hours per day. Controls were kept at 20 C inhabit an area of approximately one by three for the entire day. kilometers, with the original release site being near Testicular growth appears to be positively the center of distribution. Well-traveled roads have correlated with increasing temperatures, as measured by not limited the spread of the population. estimated testis volumes. Additionally, increases in seminiferous tubule diameters appear to be nearly AMPHIBIAN EGGS: A NEGLECTED MICROHABITAT. Jaime Villa. linearly related to increases in temperature. This was Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell determined by measuring 20 seminiferous tubule diameters University. for each individual and averaging the results for all individuals within an environment. Interstitial cell In the past hundred years herpetologists have nuclear diameters were measured in the same manner as collected the eggs of hundreds of amphibian species and seminiferous tubule diameters and were found to be have described them (or the resulting larvae), usually unrelated to temperature. Spermatogenesis was measured

HERP. REV, 8(3) SUPPLEMENT: 19

by approximating the number of rows of each type of Whitford, Walter G. - see Creusure. meiotic cell and then assigning one type as being most prevalent. Rate of germ cell proliferation appeared to ANURAN SUCCESSION AT TEMPORARY PONDS IN A POST OAK increase with increasing temperatures except in the two SAVANNA REGION. John A. Wiest, Jr. Texas A&M warmest environments where spermatogenic activity was University. similar. Reproductive strategies of anurans utilizing HERPETOFAUNAL SURVEY OF THE SINAI PENINSULA (1967-1977). temporary ponds in a Texas post oak savanna region were Yehuda L. Werner. University of Chicago, Illinois studied during an abnormally wet year, September 1972 through September 1973. Anuran succession was Collections from Sinai in the Hebrew University of documented and correlated with varying environmental Jerusalem and in Tel-Aviv University, made in 1956 and conditions. The overriding causes of variation in since 1967, exceed 1000 specimens and 50 taxa. The anuran reproductive patterns were due to fluctuations in author created manual locality-record maps as part of a air and water temperatures, rainfall, and possibly distributional checklist of the reptiles of Israel and humidity. The anuran species in the study area were Sinai being prepared with J. H. Hoofien; and is separated spatially and temporally. Calling, breeding, examining morphological variation as part of a and larval periods for nine species were documented. computerized study of geographical variation of The vocalization strategy, based on the first evening squamates in the area Turkey-Sinai with C. Kosswig (DFG- when calling was heard for each species, was as follows: funded). Rana sphenocephala, vocalized first, followed by The only amphibian found is Bufo viridis. Piridacris streckeri, Pseudacris triseriata, Pseudacris Of the 50-plus reptiles, 9 taxa have not previously clarki, Scaphiopus holbrooki, Acris crepitans, Hyla been confirmed from Sinai; only 5 taxa do not occur in versicolor, Bufo valliceps, and G7Urophryne olivacea. the Negev as well. Ten additional taxa occur in both Males of each species initiated the calling period, and Israel and Egypt: 5 probably do occur in Sinai; 5 the presence of adult females determined the breeding others apparently lack suitable habitats there period. Calling activity was not always a good (including Acanthodactylus pardalis whose record had predictor of the presence of larvae for a particular been based on an A. boskianus - courtesy H. Marx). A species, and each species was present as larvae over a dozen literature records await verification and some different time span. For most anurans there was a (e.g., Agama mutabilis seem erroneous. larval bloom in April and May, and these months The interesting reptile community of N Sinai dunes corresponded to the time of the year associated with the includes Testudo kleinmanni (in dunes elsewhere in the most rainfall. Because of the drying tendencies of region replaced by T. graeca), Stenodactylus petrii temporary ponds, there is an adaptive advantage for most (elsewhere S. doriae), S. stenodactylus, Agama savignii larvae to be in the ponds in spring months. (elsewhere A. palliaa), Chamaeleo c. musae (C. c. recticrista)7 Acanthodactylu s reFiwheTe T. EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONE ON HEPATIC CELL PROLIFERATION boskianus or A. schreiberi), Eremias olivieri, AND TURNOVER IN THE BULLFROG TADPOLE. James Williams, Vienopssepsoides (elsewhere Chalcides ocellatus), Wahleah Baker, Robert Phillips and Gary VanDenbos. Scincus scincus, Lytorhynchus diadema, Spalerosophis Northeastern Oklahoma State University, Tahlequah, vipera (elsewhere C. cerastes). Oklahoma. PtyodaTTEs hasselqUisTii----guttatus inhabits northern and central Sinai and southern mountaintops, The precocious initiation of a number of biochemical whereas in the southern canyons P. h. cf. hasselquistii changes associated with metamorphosis have been occurs. documented using thyroid hormones(TH). Reports Thus, herpetologically, Sinai turned from a poorly- describing the biochemical transformation and known into a well-known corner of the Near-East. ultrastructural reorganization of the liver in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles during metamorphosis fall into two PLATYSTERNON AND THE EVOLUTION OF CHELYDRID TURTLES. conflicting categories. One group assumes the K. N. Whetstone. University of Kansas, Lawrence. metamorphic transition occurs in a population of cells existing before the onset of metamorphosis. Another Gaffney (1975) placed the Asiatic genus Platysternon assumes the hepatic transition occurs in a new in the Chelydridae on the basis of a presumed sister population of cells, cells produced in response to early group relationship to Macroclemys. Additional specimens metamorphic signals. The audioradiographic analysis of of the Miocene Macroclemys schmidti indicate that some the incorporation of 3 H thymidine into liver cells as a of the characters hypothesized by Gaffney to be function of TH was used as an indicator of mitotic synapomorphies actually represent convergences. Also, activity. These studies suggest a TH mediated increase Platysternon lacks the cruciform plastron, narrow in the fixation of 3 thymidine in mpcular hepatic epfplastra, "T" shaped entoplastron, serrated carapacial cells while the labUling kinetics of "°Id-Urd suggest margin, and long costiform process on the nuchal bone the thyroid hormone induced metamorphic transitions of which are found in Chelydra and Macroclemys. If the liver can be thought of as occurring in an essen- Platysternon is a chelydrid, loss of these characters tially fixed population of cells. (Supported by NIH must be interpreted as evolutionary reversals. No Grant 1-S06-RR-08123) hypothesis of reversal for these characters is necessary if Platysternon represents the sister group of Williams, James - see Phillips the Emydinae (sensu McDowell). Platysternon shares at least one presumed synapomorphy with emydines and Wooley, Tyler A.- see Pettus. testudinids, the presence of two biconvex vertebrae in the neck. Platysternon also has a double articulation BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE DESERTS OF between the :7th and 6th cervicals, a character otherwise WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA. John W. Wright. Los Angeles unique to the Emydinae. County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, The oldest known chelydrid turtle is a new genus California. from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of Montana. This turtle is distinguished from other known NO ABSTRACT RECEIVED. chelydrids by a suite of plesiomorphic characters which support Gaffney's theory of independent shell reduction Wurst, Gloria - see Wake. for chelydrids and toxochelyids.

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