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Amphibian and Reptile Checklist

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KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS ___ Eastern Rat Snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) – BLUE RIDGE (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Varies from rocky timbered hillsides to flat farmland. The following codes refer to an animal’s abundance in ___ Eastern Hog‐nosed Snake (Heterodon platirhinos) – PARKWAY suitable habitat along the parkway, not the likelihood of (NC‐R, VA‐U) Habitat: Sandy or friable loam soil seeing it. Information on the abundance of each species habitats at lower elevation. AMPHIBIAN & comes from wildlife sightings reported by park staff and ___ Eastern Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) – (NC‐U, visitors, from other agencies, and from park research VA‐U) Habitat: Generalist at low elevations. reports. ___ Northern Mole Snake (Lampropeltis calligaster REPTILE C – COMMON rhombomaculata) – (VA‐R) Habitat: Mixed pine U – UNCOMMON forests and open fields under logs or boards. CHECKLIST R – RARE ___ Eastern Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) – (NC‐ U, VA‐U) Habitat: Woodlands, grassy balds, and * – LISTED – Any species federally or state listed as meadows. Endangered, Threatened, or of Special Concern. ___ Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Wetlands, streams, and lakes. Non‐native – species not historically present on the ___ Rough Green Snake (Opheodrys aestivus) – (NC‐R, parkway that have been introduced (usually by humans.) VA‐R) Habitat: Low elevation forests. ___ Smooth Green Snake (Opheodrys vernalis) – (VA‐R) NC – NORTH CAROLINA Habitat: Moist, open woodlands or herbaceous Blue Ridge Red Cope's Gray wetlands under fallen debris. Salamander Treefrog VA – VIRGINIA ___ Northern Pine Snake (Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus) – (VA‐R) Habitat: Abandoned fields If you see anything unusual while on the parkway, please and dry mountain ridges with sandier soils. report it at one of our visitor centers or email ___ Queen Snake (Regina septemvittata) – (NC‐U, VA‐U) [email protected] Habitat: Rocky streams and rivers at lower altitudes. ___ Northern Brown Snake (Storeria dekayi dekayi) – (NC‐R, VA‐R) Habitat: Wetlands; moist woods and Eastern Box Northern hillsides. Turtle Copperhead ___ Red‐bellied Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata) – (NC‐ U, VA‐U) Habitat: Open deciduous and pine forests, The Southern Appalachian region is a hotspot for CLASS REPTILIA swamp edges, and woody developed areas. amphibian diversity—especially salamanders. More than ___ Eastern Ribbon Snake (Thamnophis sauritus) – (NC‐ 50 species of amphibians have been found along the ORDER SQUAMATA R, VA‐U) Habitat: Damp meadows, marshes, and parkway, including 43 different salamanders. Frogs, along streams. toads, and salamanders are most active on warm, rainy FAMILY COLUBRIDAE ___ Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) – nights, but can sometimes be found underneath rocks ___ Eastern Worm Snake (Carphophis amoenus (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Habitat generalist. and logs, or in a stream during the day. Due to habitat amoenus) – (NC‐U, VA‐C) Habitat: Moist, forested loss, many amphibian species are declining in this area. habitats at low to medium elevations. FAMILY DACTYLOIDAE ___ Northern Black Racer (Coluber constrictor ___ Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) – (NC‐R) Habitat: Habitat generalist; in trees and shrubs or fences and Though they enjoy a drier, sunnier climate, a variety of constrictor) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Generalist. walls in developed areas. reptiles are also found along the parkway, including 20 ___ Northern Ring‐necked Snake (Diadophis punctatus edwardsii) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Forested areas species of snakes, 10 turtle species, and 8 types of FAMILY PHRYNOSOMATIDAE lizards. Reptiles are more active during daylight hours, with decaying logs or stumps. but are often secretive. ___ Red Corn Snake (Pantherophis guttatus) – (NC‐U, ___ Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) – (NC‐C, VA‐U) Habitat: Low elevation forests. VA‐C) Habitat: Lower elevation open pine and mixed woods, building sites, and fences. FAMILY SCINCIDAE ___ Northern Red‐bellied Cooter (Pseudemys ___ Cope’s Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) – (NC‐C, ___ Northern Coal Skink (Plestiodon anthracinus rubriventris) – (NC‐R, VA‐R) Habitat: Rivers, lakes, VA‐C) Habitat: Areas with small trees or shrubs anthracinus) – (NC‐R, VA‐R) Habitat: Rocky, wooded and ponds. in/near shallow bodies of water. areas. ___ Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) – ___ Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor) – (VA‐C) Habitat: ___ Common Five‐lined Skink (Plestiodon fasciatus) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Forested habitats and field Areas with small trees or shrubs in/near shallow (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Moist, wooded areas. edges; largely terrestrial. bodies of water. ___ Southeastern Five‐lined Skink (Plestiodon ___ Red‐eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) – (NC‐ ___ Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) inexpectatus) – (VA‐R) Habitat: Drier forests of pines R, VA‐R) Habitat: Rivers, ditches, lakes, and ponds. Habitat: Woodlands near temporary/semi‐ or mixed hardwoods and around buildings. Non‐native. permanent ponds or swamps. ___ Broad‐headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps) – (NC‐R, ___ Upland Chorus Frog (Pseudacris feriarum) – (NC‐C, VA‐R) Habitat: Wooded areas with large spreading FAMILY KINOSTERNIDAE VA‐C) Habitat: Grassy swales, moist woodlands, trees at lower elevations. ___ Eastern Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus) – (NC‐ ponds, bogs, and marshes. ___ Little Brown Skink (Scincella lateralis) – (NC‐U, VA‐ U, VA‐U) Habitat: Shallow, clear water lakes and U) Habitat: Disturbed areas and open woodlands at streams at lower elevations. FAMILY RANIDAE lower elevations. ___ American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianaus) – (NC‐ FAMILY TRIONYCHIDAE C, VA‐C) Habitat: Larger lakes, ponds, bogs, and FAMILY TEIIDAE ___ Eastern Spiny Softshell (Apalone spinifera spinifera) sluggish stream habitats. ___ Six‐lined Racerunner (Aspidoscelis sexlineata) – (VA‐ – (NC‐R*) Habitat: Rivers, lakes, and ponds. ___ Green Frog (Lithobates clamitans) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) R) Habitat: Open, well‐drained areas with loose soils Habitat: Shallow fresh water habitats. and scattered vegetation. ___ Pickerel Frog (Lithobates palustris) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Sphagnum bogs, rocky ravines, meadow FAMILY VIPERIDAE streams, and other water habitats. ___ Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix ___ Southern Leopard Frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus mokasen) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Woodlands. utricularius) – (VA‐R) Habitat: Freshwater habitat ___ Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) – (NC‐U*, generalist. VA‐U) Habitat: Rocky hillsides, fields bordered by ___ Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Moist, wooded habitats near water. forests, and low elevation pines. Bog Turtle ORDER TESTUDINES ORDER CAUDATA FAMILY CHELYDRIDAE CLASS AMPHIBIA FAMILY AMBYSTOMATIDAE ___ Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) – (NC‐C, VA‐ ___ Jefferson Salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) C) Habitat: Aquatic habitat generalist. – (VA‐R) Habitat: Moist, well‐drained deciduous ORDER ANURA forests with breeding ponds. FAMILY EMYDIDAE ___ Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) – FAMILY BUFONIDAE ___ Eastern Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta picta) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Forested areas with vernal (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Marshes, lakes, and ponds. ___ American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) – (NC‐C, VA‐ ponds or temporary wetlands. ___ Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata) – (VA‐U) Habitat: C) Habitat: Habitat generalist. ___ Eastern Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) – Very slow moving, shallow water with lots of ___ Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) (VA‐R*) Habitat: Wooded or unwooded areas with vegetation. Habitat: Habitat generalist. light to sandy soils. ___ Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) – (NC‐R*, VA‐ R*) Habitat: Wet fields and bogs. FAMILY HYLIDAE FAMILY CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE ___ Eastern River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna ___ Eastern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans) – (NC‐U, VA‐C) ___ Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis concinna) – (VA‐U) Habitat: Large slow moving rivers Habitat: Open grassy margins of ponds and streams. alleganiensis) – (NC‐R*, VA‐R*) Habitat: Large, clean, and streams with exposed areas for basking. and fast flowing streams with big flat rocks. FAMILY PLETHODONTIDAE ___ Three‐lined Salamander (Eurycea guttolineata) – ___ Southern Red‐backed Salamander (Plethodon ___ Carolina Mountain Dusky Salamander (NC‐U, VA‐U) Habitat: Shaded seeps, bogs, streams, serratus) – (NC‐U) Habitat: Under rocks, leaf litter, (Desmognathus carolinensis) – (NC‐C) Habitat: or vernal ponds in hardwood forests. and rotten logs in forests. Seeps, wet rock faces, and forest floor habitats near ___ Long‐tailed Salamander (Eurycea longicauda) – ___ Big Levels Salamander (Plethodon sherando) – (VA‐ streams. (NC‐R*, VA‐U) Habitat: Near shaded seeps or R) Habitat: Forests and rocky talus slopes. ___ Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus streams and sometimes forested areas. ___ Southern Appalachian Salamander (Plethodon fuscus) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Edges of small ___ Cave Salamander (Eurycea lucifuga) – (VA‐R) teyahalee) – (NC‐U) Habitat: Deciduous forests with woodland streams, springs, and seeps. Habitat: Usually cave entrances but occasionally rocks and logs. ___ Imitator Salamander (Desmognathus imitator) – wooded areas under rocks or logs near water. ___ Wehrle’s Salamander (Plethodon wehrlei) – (NC‐R*, (NC‐R) Habitat: Wet rock faces, seeps, streams, and ___ Blue Ridge Two‐lined Salamander (Eurycea VA‐R) Habitat: Upland forests, entrances to caves or forest floors near streams.
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  • A Preliminary Investigation of the Taxonomic Status Of

    A Preliminary Investigation of the Taxonomic Status Of

    A Tale of Two Salamanders Rachael Glavin In 1951, Richard Hoffman performed a survey of Virginian amphibians and found what he considered a new subspecies of Desmognathus monticola to the east of the Shenandoah Valley, and named the new subspecies D. monticola jeffersoni (Hoffman, 1951). This subspecies was considered unique by Hoffman because of its unusual reticulated dorsal pattern caused by less extensive black spotting that merged to form the reticulated coloration and the geographical separation it had from D. monticola monticola. However, Petranka (2001), denied Hoffman’s subspecies classification of D. monticola jeffersoni. Petranka refers to Hoffman’s key distinction of D. m. jeffersoni: less conspicuous dorsal patterning. Petranka then stated that he has found salamanders that fit Hoffman’s description south of where the subspecies should exist. Without geographical separation, any subspecific designation for the Seal Salamander is not valid. Desmognathus monticola, the seal salamander, occurs in the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia and Alabama (Conant, 1998; Petranka, 2010). Desmognathus monticola is in the family Plethodontidae, the lungless salamanders which respire entirely through their skin. Usually residing in well oxygenated mountain springs and streams in elevations below 1300 feet, D. monticola has a stout, gray body, about three to six inches in length (Conant, 1998; Martof et al., 1980; Petranka, 2010). The dorsal side has irregular black spots scattered randomly, and the tail of the salamander is laterally compressed and knife-shaped at the tip. D. monticola has a single line of white spots between the legs, cornified darkened friction pads on the toes, enlarged pre-maxillary teeth, and males are larger than females (Petranka, 2010).
  • AMPHIBIANS of OHIO F I E L D G U I D E DIVISION of WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION

    AMPHIBIANS of OHIO F I E L D G U I D E DIVISION of WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION

    AMPHIBIANS OF OHIO f i e l d g u i d e DIVISION OF WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION Amphibians are typically shy, secre- Unlike reptiles, their skin is not scaly. Amphibian eggs must remain moist if tive animals. While a few amphibians Nor do they have claws on their toes. they are to hatch. The eggs do not have are relatively large, most are small, deli- Most amphibians prefer to come out at shells but rather are covered with a jelly- cately attractive, and brightly colored. night. like substance. Amphibians lay eggs sin- That some of these more vulnerable spe- gly, in masses, or in strings in the water The young undergo what is known cies survive at all is cause for wonder. or in some other moist place. as metamorphosis. They pass through Nearly 200 million years ago, amphib- a larval, usually aquatic, stage before As with all Ohio wildlife, the only ians were the first creatures to emerge drastically changing form and becoming real threat to their continued existence from the seas to begin life on land. The adults. is habitat degradation and destruction. term amphibian comes from the Greek Only by conserving suitable habitat to- Ohio is fortunate in having many spe- amphi, which means dual, and bios, day will we enable future generations to cies of amphibians. Although generally meaning life. While it is true that many study and enjoy Ohio’s amphibians. inconspicuous most of the year, during amphibians live a double life — spend- the breeding season, especially follow- ing part of their lives in water and the ing a warm, early spring rain, amphib- rest on land — some never go into the ians appear in great numbers seemingly water and others never leave it.