Northern Spring Salamander Fact Sheet
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Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma Maculafum)
Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculafum) RANGE: Nova Scotia and the Gaspe Peninsula to s. On- BREEDINGPERIOD: March to mid-April. Mass breeding tario, s. through Wisconsin, s. Illinois excluding prairie migrations occur in this species: individuals enter and regions, toe. Kansas andTexas, and through the Eastern leave breeding ponds using the same track each year, United States, except Florida, the Delmarva Peninsula, and exhibit fidelity to breeding ponds (Shoop 1956, and s. New Jersey. 1974). Individuals may not breed in consecutive years (Husting 1965). Breeding migrations occur during RELATIVE ABUNDANCEIN NEW ENGLAND:Common steady evening rainstorms. though populations declining, probably due to acid pre- cipitation. EGG DEPOSITION:1 to 6 days after first appearance of adults at ponds (Bishop 1941 : 114). HABITAT:Fossorial; found in moist woods, steambanks, beneath stones, logs, boards. Prefers deciduous or NO. EGGS/MASS:100 to 200 eggs, average of 125, laid in mixed woods on rocky hillsides and shallow woodland large masses of jelly, sometimes milky, attached to stems ponds or marshy pools that hold water through the sum- about 15 cm (6 inches) under water. Each female lays 1 to mer for breeding. Usually does not inhabit ponds con- 10 masses (average of 2 to 3) of eggs (Wright and Allen taining fish (Anderson 1967a). Terrestrial hibernator. In 1909).Woodward (1982)reported that females breeding summer often wanders far from water source. Found in in permanent ponds produced smaller, more numerous low oak-hickory forests with creeks and nearby swamps eggs than females using temporary ponds. in Illinois (Cagle 1942, cited in Smith 1961 :30). -
The Natural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-Dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus Spp
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2005 The aN tural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia Michael Steven Osbourn Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Osbourn, Michael Steven, "The aN tural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia" (2005). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 735. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Natural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia. Thesis submitted to The Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science Biological Sciences By Michael Steven Osbourn Thomas K. Pauley, Committee Chairperson Daniel K. Evans, PhD Thomas G. Jones, PhD Marshall University May 2005 Abstract The Natural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia. Michael S. Osbourn There are over 4000 documented caves in West Virginia, potentially providing refuge and habitat for a diversity of amphibians and reptiles. Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, are among the most frequently encountered amphibians in caves. Surveys of 25 caves provided expanded distribution records and insight into ecology and diet of G. -
Subterranean Reproduction of the Southern Two-Lined Salamander (Eurycea Cirrigera) from Short Mountain, Tennessee
Herpetological Conservation and Biology 2(2):106-112. Submitted: 15 April 2007; Accepted: 7 July 2007 SUBTERRANEAN REPRODUCTION OF THE SOUTHERN TWO-LINED SALAMANDER (EURYCEA CIRRIGERA) FROM SHORT MOUNTAIN, TENNESSEE 1,2 1 MATTHEW L. NIEMILLER AND BRIAN T. MILLER 1Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, USA 2Corresponding author/Present Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—The Southern Two-lined Salamander, Eurycea cirrigera, typically inhabits the margins of small, rocky streams, springs, and seeps in forested areas. The species is found only occasionally in subterranean habitats and, consequently, is considered a cave visitor (accidental or trogloxene). However, we discovered egg clutches in the deep cave zone of a subterranean stream during January and February 2005, indicating that some individuals are adapted to reproduce in caves. Eggs were attached singly to form monolayer masses on the undersurfaces of submerged rocks; females were found attending three of nine clutches. We determined the total number of eggs/clutch, mass surface area, egg and embryo size, and stage of development using digital images of each clutch. Embryo length correlated positively with developmental stage. Duration of embryonic period ranged from 35-42 days; consequently, eggs were laid from early to mid-January and larvae hatched from late February to early March. Adult males and females migrated into the cave to breed during late autumn. Males exited the cave after mating; whereas, females brooded their eggs and exited the cave only after eggs hatched. Larvae drifted downstream and out of the cave following heavy winter and early spring rains. -
Successful Reproduction of the Mole Salamander Ambystoma Talpoideum in Captivity, with an Emphasis on Stimuli Environmental Determinants
SHORT NOTE The Herpetological Bulletin 141, 2017: 28-31 Successful reproduction of the mole salamander Ambystoma talpoideum in captivity, with an emphasis on stimuli environmental determinants AXEL HERNANDEZ Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, University Pasquale Paoli of Corsica, Corte, 20250, France Author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT - Generating and promoting evidence-based husbandry protocols for urodeles, commonly known as newts and salamanders, is urgently needed because most of the up-to-date ex situ programs are focused on frogs and toads than Urodela. Data on biology, life history, ecology and environmental parameters are lacking for many species and are needed to establish suitable husbandry and breeding conditions in captive environments. Two adult females and two adult males, of the mole salamander Ambystoma talpoideum successfully reproduced in captivity. It was found that reproduction of this species depends on various complex stimuli: including natural photoperiod 12:12, rainwater (acidic to neutral pH) and an aquarium full of various debris. Additionally high temperature variations ranging from 2 °C to 17 °C (a decrease followed by an increase) between November and February showed that it is possible to breed adults in aquariums provided the right stimuli are applied at the right moment of time in winter. A. talpoideum shows an explosive breeding mode as previously reported for the whole genus Ambystoma. INTRODUCTION with an emphasis on the environmental determinant stimuli involved. These data may assist in improving breeding these ince the 1980s, the current global amphibian extinction salamanders under artificial conditions. crisis has been discussed and acknowledged (Wake, A. -
AMPHIBIANS of OHIO F I E L D G U I D E DIVISION of WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION
AMPHIBIANS OF OHIO f i e l d g u i d e DIVISION OF WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION Amphibians are typically shy, secre- Unlike reptiles, their skin is not scaly. Amphibian eggs must remain moist if tive animals. While a few amphibians Nor do they have claws on their toes. they are to hatch. The eggs do not have are relatively large, most are small, deli- Most amphibians prefer to come out at shells but rather are covered with a jelly- cately attractive, and brightly colored. night. like substance. Amphibians lay eggs sin- That some of these more vulnerable spe- gly, in masses, or in strings in the water The young undergo what is known cies survive at all is cause for wonder. or in some other moist place. as metamorphosis. They pass through Nearly 200 million years ago, amphib- a larval, usually aquatic, stage before As with all Ohio wildlife, the only ians were the first creatures to emerge drastically changing form and becoming real threat to their continued existence from the seas to begin life on land. The adults. is habitat degradation and destruction. term amphibian comes from the Greek Only by conserving suitable habitat to- Ohio is fortunate in having many spe- amphi, which means dual, and bios, day will we enable future generations to cies of amphibians. Although generally meaning life. While it is true that many study and enjoy Ohio’s amphibians. inconspicuous most of the year, during amphibians live a double life — spend- the breeding season, especially follow- ing part of their lives in water and the ing a warm, early spring rain, amphib- rest on land — some never go into the ians appear in great numbers seemingly water and others never leave it. -
Thurston County Species List
Washington Gap Analysis Project 202 Species Predicted or Breeding in: Thurston County CODE COMMON NAME Amphibians RACAT Bullfrog RHCAS Cascade torrent salamander ENES Ensatina AMMA Long-toed salamander AMGR Northwestern salamander RAPR Oregon spotted frog DITE Pacific giant salamander PSRE Pacific treefrog (Chorus frog) RAAU Red-legged frog TAGR Roughskin newt ASTR Tailed frog PLVA Van Dyke's salamander PLVE Western redback salamander BUBO Western toad Birds BOLE American bittern FUAM American coot COBR American crow CIME American dipper CATR American goldfinch FASP American kestrel TUMI American robin HALE Bald eagle COFA Band-tailed pigeon HIRU Barn swallow STVA Barred owl CEAL Belted kingfisher THBE Bewick's wren PAAT Black-capped chickadee PHME Black-headed grosbeak ELLE Black-shouldered kite (White-tailed kite DENI Black-throated gray warbler DEOB Blue grouse ANDI Blue-winged teal EUCY Brewer's blackbird CEAM Brown creeper MOAT Brown-headed cowbird PSMI Bushtit CACAL California quail BRCA Canada goose VISO Cassin's vireo (Solitary vireo) BOCE Cedar waxwing PARU Chestnut-backed chickadee SPPA Chipping sparrow NatureMapping 2007 Washington Gap Analysis Project ANCY Cinnamon teal HIPY Cliff swallow TYAL Common barn-owl MERME Common merganser CHMI Common nighthawk COCOR Common raven GAGA Common snipe GETR Common yellowthroat ACCO Cooper's hawk JUHY Dark-eyed (Oregon) junco PIPU Downy woodpecker STVU European starling COVE Evening grosbeak PAIL Fox sparrow ANST Gadwall AQCH Golden eagle RESA Golden-crowned kinglet PECA Gray jay ARHE Great -
Cave Biodiversity of the Southern Cumberland Plateau Kirk S
b-3-guidebook_Guidebook3 6/18/2014 10:01 PM Page 159 Cave Biodiversity of the Southern Cumberland Plateau Kirk S. Zigler, NSS 62696; Matthew L. Niemiller, NSS 53235; and Danté B. Fenolio The South Cumberland Region of Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia (Figure 1) is known for its tremendous diversity of caves, including huge pits, massive stream passages, and tight crawls. Less well known is that the region also supports tremendous cave biodiversity (Niemiller, Zigler, and Fenolio, 2013). Here we discuss many of the species that inhabit caves of the region, focusing on the southern Cumberland Plateau. Cave Biodiversity Four ecological classes of organisms can be found in caves: trogloxenes, subtroglophiles, eutroglophiles, and troglobionts (Culver and Pipan, 2009). Trogloxenes are not typically found in caves and cannot persist there for long periods of time. They must either find their way back to the surface or ultimately perish. Subtroglophiles are commonly found in caves but are associated with surface habitats for at least part of their life cycle. Some are seasonal inhabitants of caves and others move back and forth from cave to surface habitats for feeding, such as cave-roosting bats, cave crickets, and Allegheny Woodrats (Neotoma magister). Eutroglophiles are commonly found underground but can be found in surface habitats. Unlike trogloxenes and subtroglophiles, eutroglophiles can complete their entire life cycle Figure 1 - The South Cumberland Region at the junction of underground. Examples include the Cave Salamander Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia. Figure courtesy of Nick Hollingshead. (Eurycea lucifuga) and the Cave Orbweaver (Meta ovalis). Troglobionts are obligate, permanent residents of subterranean habitats. -
Spring Salamander (Gyrinophilus Porphyriticus) in Canada, Prepared Under Contract with Environment Canada
COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Spring Salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Adirondack / Appalachian population Carolinian population in Canada Adirondack / Appalachian population – THREATENED Carolinian population - EXTIRPATED 2011 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2011. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Spring Salamander, Adirondack / Appalachian and Carolinian populations Gyrinophilus porphyriticus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xiv + 52 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2002. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Spring Salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 16 pp. Bonin, J. 1999. COSEWIC status report on the Spring Salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus in Canada in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the spring salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-16 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Anaïs Boutin for writing the status report on the Spring Salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Ronald J. Brooks, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Amphibians and Reptiles Specialist Subcommittee For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur le salamandre pourpre population des Adirondacks et des Appalaches et population carolinienne (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) au Canada. -
Amphibian and Reptile Checklist
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS ___ Eastern Rat Snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) – BLUE RIDGE (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Varies from rocky timbered hillsides to flat farmland. The following codes refer to an animal’s abundance in ___ Eastern Hog‐nosed Snake (Heterodon platirhinos) – PARKWAY suitable habitat along the parkway, not the likelihood of (NC‐R, VA‐U) Habitat: Sandy or friable loam soil seeing it. Information on the abundance of each species habitats at lower elevation. AMPHIBIAN & comes from wildlife sightings reported by park staff and ___ Eastern Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) – (NC‐U, visitors, from other agencies, and from park research VA‐U) Habitat: Generalist at low elevations. reports. ___ Northern Mole Snake (Lampropeltis calligaster REPTILE C – COMMON rhombomaculata) – (VA‐R) Habitat: Mixed pine U – UNCOMMON forests and open fields under logs or boards. CHECKLIST R – RARE ___ Eastern Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) – (NC‐ U, VA‐U) Habitat: Woodlands, grassy balds, and * – LISTED – Any species federally or state listed as meadows. Endangered, Threatened, or of Special Concern. ___ Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon) – (NC‐C, VA‐C) Habitat: Wetlands, streams, and lakes. Non‐native – species not historically present on the ___ Rough Green Snake (Opheodrys aestivus) – (NC‐R, parkway that have been introduced (usually by humans.) VA‐R) Habitat: Low elevation forests. ___ Smooth Green Snake (Opheodrys vernalis) – (VA‐R) NC – NORTH CAROLINA Habitat: Moist, open woodlands or herbaceous Blue Ridge Red Cope's Gray wetlands under fallen debris. Salamander Treefrog VA – VIRGINIA ___ Northern Pine Snake (Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus) – (VA‐R) Habitat: Abandoned fields If you see anything unusual while on the parkway, please and dry mountain ridges with sandier soils. -
AMPHIBIANS Please Remember That All Plants and Animals Nature Lover’S Paradise
Please help us protect our Hampton, VA Natural Resources Welcome to Hampton’s City Parks. The City of Hampton is located in what is Hampton City Park’s called the Peninsula area of the Coastal Plain region of the State of Virginia. The forests, fields, rivers, marshes, and grasslands are a AMPHIBIANS Please remember that all plants and animals nature lover’s paradise. found in Hampton’s City Parks are protect- During your visit to any of Hampton’s out- ed by law. It is illegal to molest, injure, or standing city parks, we hope you have the opportunity to observe our many and diverse remove any wildlife including their nests, species of fauna and flora. eggs, or young. It is also illegal to remove, cut, damage, or destroy any plants (including plant parts) found in the park. Help us conserve YOUR natural resources. Green Frog "Enjoy Hampton's Natural Areas" Chorus Frog Tadpole For more information… If you have any questions regarding this brochure, or if you would like more information about Hamp- ton City Parks and Recreation parks please contact us at: Hampton Parks , Recreation & Leisure Services 22 Lincoln Street Hampton, VA 23669 Tel: 757-727-6348 www.hampton.gov/parks American Bullfrog Frogs and Toads Salamanders What is an Amphibian? The typical frog (genus Rana) has a relatively While salamanders look similar to lizards, they are smooth skin and long legs for leaping. While very different. The typical salamander (many gene- Amphibians belong to the Class Amphibia. The the typical toad (genus Bufo) has a warty skin ra) has smooth or warty moist skin (not scaly) and is word “amphibious” is based on Greek words and and short legs for jumping. -
Key to the Identification of Streamside Salamanders
Key to the Identification of Streamside Salamanders Ambystoma spp., mole salamanders (Family Ambystomatidae) Appearance : Medium to large stocky salamanders. Large round heads with bulging eyes . Larvae are also stocky and have elaborate gills. Size: 3-8” (Total length). Spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum Habitat: Burrowers that spend much of their life below ground in terrestrial habitats. Some species, (e.g. marbled salamander) may be found under logs or other debris in riparian areas. All species breed in fishless isolated ponds or wetlands. Range: Statewide. Other: Five species in Georgia. This group includes some of the largest and most dramatically patterned terrestrial species. Marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum Amphiuma spp., amphiuma (Family Amphiumidae) Appearance: Gray to black, eel-like bodies with four greatly reduced, non-functional legs (A). Size: up to 46” (Total length) Habitat: Lakes, ponds, ditches and canals, one species is found in deep pockets of mud along the Apalachicola River floodplains. A Range: Southern half of the state. Other: One species, the two-toed amphiuma ( A. means ), shown on the right, is known to occur in A. pholeter southern Georgia; a second species, ,Two-toed amphiuma, Amphiuma means may occur in extreme southwest Georgia, but has yet to be confirmed. The two-toed amphiuma (shown in photo) has two diminutive toes on each of the front limbs. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis , hellbender (Family Cryptobranchidae) Appearance: Very large, wrinkled salamander with eyes positioned laterally (A). Brown-gray in color with darker splotches Size: 12-29” (Total length) A Habitat: Large, rocky, fast-flowing streams. Often found beneath large rocks in shallow rapids. Range: Extreme northern Georgia only. -
Distribution and Relative Abundance of Tennessee Cave Salamanders (Gyrinophilus Palleucus and Gyrinophilus Gulolineatus) with an Emphasis on Tennessee Populations
Herpetological Conservation and Biology 3(1):1-20. Submitted: 18 September 2007; Accepted: 28 December 2007 DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF TENNESSEE CAVE SALAMANDERS (GYRINOPHILUS PALLEUCUS AND GYRINOPHILUS GULOLINEATUS) WITH AN EMPHASIS ON TENNESSEE POPULATIONS 1,2 1,3 BRIAN T. MILLER AND MATTHEW L. NIEMILLER 1 Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, USA 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Present Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—The Tennessee Cave Salamander complex (Gyrinophilus palleucus and G. gulolineatus) consists of three obligate cave-dwelling taxa inhabiting subterranean waters of east and central Tennessee, north Alabama, and northwest Georgia. Although ranges of these taxa are poorly understood, their populations are reportedly small and declining. The IUCN lists G. gulolineatus as "Endangered" and G. p. necturoides as "Vulnerable"; whereas, NatureServe lists G. gulolineatus (G1) and G. p. necturoides (G2G3T1) as Critically Imperiled. To better determine the distribution and relative abundance of extant populations, we searched 113 cave streams in middle and east Tennessee, seven in northwest Georgia, 13 in north Alabama and two in southern Kentucky. We found 1183 salamanders, including 63 G. gulolineatus, 681 G. palleucus, and 439 G. porphyriticus (Spring Salamanders), during 229 surveys of 135 caves. Gyrinophilus palleucus and G. gulolineatus were observed in more caves (30) than G. porphyriticus (17 caves). Members of the complex were found at 52% (12 of 23) of historic caves and at 16% (18 of 110) of non-historic caves. We extended the known distribution of G.