International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Technology Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2021, 9-21

9

Study of Public Transport Development in South Districts: Potential Public Transport Mode

Adni Bidari Putri1*, Muhammad Farda1, Sigit Puji Santosa1,2, Puspita Dirgahayani1,3, Putu Alit Suthanaya4, I Gusti Ayu Andani3, Hansen Sutanto3, Laily Rochmatul Charky3,5, Nunuj Nurjanah5 1National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology, Bandung, 2Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia 3School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia 4Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Udayana, , Indonesia 5Research and Development Agency, Indonesian Ministry of Transportation, Jakarta, Indonesia *Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

Abstract Bali Province in Indonesia is one of the most attractive tourist destinations in the world. The number of tourists visiting this province keeps increasing year by year parallel with the increase of the population of local citizens. Such a phenomenon will certainly increase travel demand and put pressure on the current transport infrastructure. Hence, transport infrastructure development is essential to support the travel demand. This study explores the possibility of implementing a new public transport system in the South Bali District, a district with numerous tourist attractions and activity centres. Data collection on the current transport system and land use in the district were carried out to understand potential corridors for public transport. A stated preference survey was also conducted to discover the public transport mode preferred by the respondents, encompassing tourists and local citizens. This study then recommends the type of public transport mode to be implemented in the district based on i) space availability, ii) respondent preference, and iii) ability to accommodate demand based on calculation. The study concludes that Automated Rapid Transit (ART) is a mode that has the highest potential to be implemented in South Bali Districts.

Keywords Mass rapid transit; Public transport; South Bali; Travel behavior

1 Introduction The increasing number of tourists indicates that there is a need for transport policies to support tourist Bali is one of 32 provinces in Indonesia as well as an destinations within Bali Island. Moreover, it is not the island that is well known for its tourism sector. From tourists in Bali only whose movement need to be time to time, people from around the world visit Bali to accommodated. According to the Bali Central Bureau enjoy its attractive locations and culture. Due to its of Statistic [3], the population of Bali Province has been potential, approximately 80% of Bali’s economy relies increasing as shown in Figure 2. The population on the tourism business. Table 1 shows the number of certainly needs to move from one place to another, e.g., tourists, both domestic and international [1, 2]. to school, offices, shopping centers, etc. to fulfil their

needs. In other words, the demand for transport or 12,000,000 movement will increase in line with the population 10,000,000 increase. Therefore, transport policies are needed to 8,000,000 accommodate people’s movement, not only in short term but also in the long term. 6,000,000 4,000,000 Looking at the current situation, traffic congestion has 2,000,000 been occurring frequently in big cities in Bali Province such as Denpasar [4, 5]. Given the trend in tourist visits 0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 as well as population increase, the traffic congestion in Bali is expected to get worse unless the right measures Overseas Visitor Domestic Visitor are taken.

Figure 1 Number of tourists based on airport and port data.

Received January 28, 2021, Revised February 11, 2021, Accepted for publication February 17, 2021 10 Study of Public Transport Development in South Bali Districts: Potential Public Transport Mode

4,500 2.2. Potential alternatives of public transport mode 4,400 Electric bus 4,300 Electric bus is one of the alternatives to achieve 4,200 sustainability since the engines use battery energy hence more environmentally friendly compared to 4,100 conventional buses or other fossil-fueled transport 4,000 modes. Some countries already implemented Electric 3,900 Bus as mass public transport in the city, such as China, 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 Netherland, and UK [6]. The purpose of the use of the electric bus is to reduce carbon emission, hence this can Figure 2 Population in Bali from 2011 to 2020 (in thousands) be a greener option for travelers in South Bali, in [3]. addition to complementing the existing public transport in South Bali such as Trans Sarbagita Bus and Komotra. The operation of public transport is one of the measures to reduce traffic congestion as it focuses on moving Trolley bus people, rather than moving vehicles and encourages Trolley bus operates on the road with electric power more efficient use of road spaces. Hence, the operation drawn from two overhead cables with a trolley pole of public transport is one policy option that can be taken (pantograph). It differs from , which runs on rails to address the transport challenges in Bali. rather than on tires. The trolley bus has the advantage of being able to operate in a hilly rail, because the electric As there are many types of public transport modes, a motor works better than a diesel engine on an incline, question was arisen on what type of transport mode suits does not cause exhaust emissions, and is not as noisy as the Bali context. Therefore, this study attempts to a diesel engine hence it is a greener transport mode than answer this question by considering several aspects the fossil-fueled ones. such as demand, existing road topology, local culture, etc. The result of this study is expected to be a valuable However, the downside is that the operational routes input for policymakers to choose the types of transport have been defined, thus it is not as flexible as a bus that mode to be operated in Bali. The study focuses on the can change routes easily. Trolley bus must remain on need for public transport in South Bali Area. the pantograph line with the overhead electric cable, which sometimes can disrupt the surrounding This article is organized as follows. Section I explains infrastructures or buildings and gives vision the background and motivation for this study while obstruction. Section II reviews the type of public transport mode and related past studies. Section III then talks about the Light rapid transit study area, which is South Bali District while Section IV describes the method used in this study. The analysis Light Rapid Transit (LRT) is a light train-based mass is then explained in Section V, while Chapter VI and transport, which operates on a dedicated railway and VII explain the conclusion and recommendation based uses electricity as energy. LRT is usually built to on this study, respectively. accommodate trips in urban areas, to provide a distinctive transport mode that differs from other modes, creating a more heterogenetic public transport 2 Literature Review system in the society. The construction of LRT is built in a way that adapts to the geographical condition of the 2.1. Public transport definition area. LRT infrastructures can be underground, at grade, Public transport is a transport system that or elevated to avoid urban traffic. In general, LRT accommodates group travel and can be accessed by the consists of three main systems: rolling stock, public. A public transport system typically operated infrastructure (track and station), and supply substation. based on a schedule, runs in a pre-determined route, and charges an amount fee for each passenger trip. Public LRT system has been used in many countries in the transport offers an advantage in which it can carry world. Currently, the Indonesian Government has passengers more efficiently (more passengers with established LRT in Palembang, South Sumatera fewer spaces) compared to private vehicles. Such a Province and has another one in ongoing construction feature is beneficial for areas with high and growing which connects Jakarta, Bogor, Depok and Bekasi. Bali travel demand but limited spaces to develop more road is one of the provinces in Indonesia that have high networks. economic growth, hence providing mass rapid transport Adni Bidari Putri, et al. 11 such as LRT in the South Bali district can boost the 3 South Bali’s Public Transportation development in the area and increase social welfare. System: Characteristics and Conditions

Autonomous-rail rapid transit 3.1. The master plan of Bali public transportation Autonomous-Rail Rapid Transit is a multi-unit vehicle, In 2019, the Department of Transportation of Bali two directions, and a low deck. Each of the wheels has designed a Master Plan of Bali Public Transportation. its control system, running on a virtual track with a In the document, there are several priorities of train-like movement. ART consists of several infrastructure development in the transport sector (see subsystems, such as car body, running system, vehicle Figure 3) [12]: control, network control, traction, auxiliary power system (APS), onboard PIS, braking dan power saving 1. Urban rail development to connect Ngurah Rai system. Airport – KSPN Kuta – Sanur – – Mengwi Bus Terminal – North Bali Airport. 2.3. Past studies on public transport planning 2. Urban rail development to connect Ngurah Rai Previous studies have carried out research related to Airport – Kerobokan – Mengwi Bus Terminal. public transport planning and analysis. For instance, 3. The establishment of short cut access between Ayuningtyas et. al. [7] analyzed the opportunities to West Bali to South Bali area and North Bali to improve public transport in Bandung City by South Bali area (Singaraja – Mengwi). developing three main bus terminals. The study result 4. The construction of Beringkit – Batuan – Purnama shows that the addition of an intercity bus terminal will access. spread the load at the current intercity terminal, which 5. The development of Nusa Penida Ring Road. will contribute to improving road performance. 6. The development of Trans Sarbagita public mass A study [8] utilized the stated preference method to transport. estimate the passenger demand of a high-speed railway 7. The development of the electric vehicle. connecting Jakarta and Surabaya City. The estimate was based on three scenarios, namely pessimist, moderate and optimistic scenario. By estimating the passenger demand in the future, one can also use it to estimate the required public transport fleet.

Interesting to note that Khan et. al. [9] carried out a study on how to increase public transport passengers based on the case in Sweden. By using a comparative analysis of 6 regions in Sweden, the study found that regions with the high passenger increase concentrate the resources in the corridor with the highest demand. The study also stated that the increasing public transport increase should be enabled by governance conditions. The center of trip distribution/attraction (TOD) Regarding public transport planning for tourists, Road network Rail network research [10] explored the public transport mode choice Road & rail network preference of international tourists in Ghana. The study Port network was conducted by collecting 479 international tourist Figure 3 Integrated master plan of Bali public transport data in Kotoka International Airport and analyzed the system [12]. data by using multinomial logistic regression. The results show that factors that influence mode choice are affordability, accessibility, availability, safety, and According to the master plan, the South Bali transport comfort. A similar study was conducted to understand corridor is crucial as it covers several of the priorities the influencing factor of public transport planning in (number 1, number 2, and number 3). This research will car-dependent cities [11]. The study discovered that the address the suitability of transport modes that can important factors are walking distance, number of facilitate the need of the corridor. transfers and family privacy.

12 Study of Public Transport Development in South Bali Districts: Potential Public Transport Mode

3.2. South Bali districts 3.3. Land use and socio-economic condition of South Bali The planning of public transportation in South Bali will cover three administrative cities, i.e. Denpasar City, The type of land use along South Bali transport , and Badung Regency. As Figure 4 corridors are dominated by a residential area, in addition shows that the planned corridors will connect I Gusti to business and tourism destination in the central area, Ngurah Rai Airport (DPS) with Mengwi Terminal Bus and port and industrial area in the southern (see Figure and Benoa Port through Jineng, Kuta Central Park, and 5). The corridors are planned to accommodate residents Canggu area. The districts that affected directly by the and tourists hence it is important to highlight local corridors is illustrated in Table 1. attractions vis-à-vis business districts and residential areas. However, the planned route will still need feeders for some tourism destinations in the northern area, especially for Beach, since the location is far from the main road.

Figure 4 Planned transport corridors.

Table 1 District coverage of South Bali transport corridors.

No City Districts 1 Badung Regency Kuta Business Education 2 Badung Regency North Kuta Residential Industry 3 Denpasar City West Denpasar Tourism Port 4 Denpasar City South Denpasar 5 Tabanan Regency Kediri Figure 5 Type of land use on South Bali transport corridors. The analysis of the public transport plan will refer to the travel demand of affected districts, as well as the 3.4. Existing public transport modes physical framework of the route for deciding the most The South Bali District is currently served by two bus feasible and favorable transport mode. systems, namely i) Trans Sarbagita Bus and ii) Trans

Metro Dewata Bus. The Trans Sarbagita serves the

route from I Gusti Ngurah Rai Airport to three end

destinations, namely Nusa Dua, Batubulan and

Tabanan. Adni Bidari Putri, et al. 13

The other bus system, namely Trans Metro Dewata is Table 2 Attribute and attribute level of the stated preference an expansion of the Trans Sarbagita. The system serves survey. the agglomeration area which includes Denpasar, Attribute/Alternative Level-1 Level-2 Level-3 Badung, Gianyar, and Tabanan. This system currently serves three routes, namely i) Persiapan Terminal – Travel Time (minutes) Kuta Central Park, ii) Ubung Terminal – Monkey Forest Light Rapid Transit 20 40 60 Central Park, and iii) Matahari Terbit Beach – Dalung. Trolley Bus 35 55 110 Automated Rapid 30 45 70 4 Methodology Transit Hybrid Bus 35 55 110 To understand the public transport mode that fits the Car 45 55 70 South Bali District context, several aspects are Motorcycle 35 45 55 considered. These aspects include, i) demand for different types of transport modes, ii) spaces on the road Headway (minutes) 5 15 30 to accommodate public transport operation, iii) fleet Cost (in IDR) requirement and maximum capacity. In addition, local Public Transport 5,000 10,000 15,000 culture, which would not allow a transport Car 15,000 20,000 25,000 infrastructure to be built above the worship place, is also Motorcycle 10,000 12,000 14,000 considered. Type of right-of-way

Light Rapid Transit Underground At-Grade Elevated To understand the demand for different types of Automated Rapid At-Grade Elevated transport modes, a stated preference survey was Transit conducted. The survey form was spread through an Car/Motorcycle At-Grade online form and aimed at two types of respondents, namely tourists and local citizens. The survey form Finally, to determine the number of fleet requirements itself consists of 6 alternatives, namely i) Light Rapid and maximum capacity, the number of fleets is Transit, ii) Trolley Bus, iii) Automated Rapid Transit, determined based on public transport demand as well as iv) Hybrid Bus, v) Car, vi) Motorcycle. The attributes public transport mode’s carrying capacity. The demand for the survey are i) travel time, ii) headway, iii) cost for public transport is then assumed to increase every and iv) type of track (elevated, at grade, or year at 6% (for 30 years) hence the public transport fleet underground). In addition, the survey form also asked addition requirement is calculated accordingly. Note the respondent about their origin and destination, data that the demand for public transport in this phase is in that will be useful for analysing the fleet requirement form of origin-destination (OD) matrices that are and maximum capacity. The attribute and attribute level derived from the stated preference survey. From such of the stated preference survey can be seen in Table 2. calculation, the study then sees which public transport mode that can accommodate passenger demand Based on the alternative, attribute, and its level in Table increase for 30 years, and which will not be able to 2, the choice sets are then generated by using the accommodate demand increase. This then will become fractional factorial design approach. Based on the major consideration to choose which transport mode fits survey result, the demand for public transport is then with the South Bali District context. generated based on a multinomial logit approach. 5 Data and Analysis The next approach that is used to understand spaces on the road to accommodate public transport operation in 5.1. Overview of survey respondents South Bali District is by a drone survey as well as secondary data collection from google maps – street The total number of survey respondents is 1082, with view. Based on these data, the road width and number 86% of them is Bali’s resident. The proportion of male of lanes of roads in the study area are then identified. and female respondents is relatively balanced with Such information is used to understand whether the 50.16% of males, which is quite representative of the existing road can be used for new public transport gender proportion of the population in Bali Province operations and determine whether the construction of [13]. The majority of the age group of the residential elevated or underground public transport infrastructure respondents is 21-30 years old with 66%, while tourists’ is necessary. sample is more age distributed from 21-50 years old. The domination of young age in the sample delivers positive impacts, as the plan of transport development will be executed in the coming years hence the most people who will be affected is the people in their 14 Study of Public Transport Development in South Bali Districts: Potential Public Transport Mode productive ages in the future. The age distribution and pairs from and to Kediri districts has the least number occupation of respondents are presented in Table 3 and of trips. It concluded that the movement within South Table 4. Bali was mostly concentrated on the middle and Table 3 Sample of respondents. southern area of the route, rather than the northern area. It determines the magnitude of supply for the transport Age Resident Tourist mode needed in those areas. group N Percentage N Percentage Table 5 Estimation of the number of trips according to <17 10 1% 0 0% demand distribution in OD matrix for South Bali corridors on 17-20 102 11% 3 2% year 0 21-30 619 66% 39 27% South West North 31-40 110 12% 44 30% O/D Kuta Kediri Oi Denpasar Denpasar Kuta 41-50 42 4% 31 21% South - 9,202 4,323 2,532 550 22,142 51-60 46 5% 27 19% Denpasar West >60 8 1% 1 1% 11,458 - 6,940 9,867 3,342 37,310 Denpasar Total 937 100% 145 100% Kuta 3,925 5,061 4,978 2,515 634 24,502 North 2,299 7,193 2,515 6,456 2,535 23,063 Table 4 Respondents’ occupation Kuta Kediri 757 1,131 254 1,015 1748 5,185 Resident Tourist Occupation Dj 18,439 22,587 19,010 22,386 8,809 11,2203 N Percentage N Percentage Civil servant 185 20% 88 61% Public transport mode preference Teachers & 44 5% 7 5% Lecturers To estimate public transport preference, the respondents Private sector 438 47% 41 28% were asked to fill Stated Preference (SP) survey for each staff scenario of travel cost, starting from IDR5,000 to Retired 1 0% 1 1% IDR15,000. The headway and travel time for each mode Student 217 23% 4 3% was also provided within the scenario thus the Housewives 7 1% 3 2% respondents can opt for the best convenience for their Others 43 5% 1 1% choice. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to find the Total 937 100% 145 100% average result for public transport mode choice. The result reveals that the average travel cost the respondents were willing to pay is IDR10,000, with the 5.2. Travel behaviour analysis proportion of public transport as presented in Table 6. OD matrix Table 6 Probability of public transport preference based on travel cost of IDR10,000 The distribution of OD trips per district was generated from the revealed preference (RP) survey. The data was originally for all districts, but for this research, we only analyzed trips from and to the affected districts by South 8.21% Bali corridors. In addition, the movement was estimated from the trip rate per person for residents only, as 11.78% 36.11% tourists’ movement was minor compared to local trips [14]. Because the survey represented a portion of the population, the number of trips for the OD matrix was 20.94% calculated using the approximation method to estimate the trip distribution model that will be used to determine the fleet required for the demand. AGT/LRT ART Trolley Bus Electric Bus

Table 5 illustrated the estimated number of trips from From the result, this study projected the demand using the origin (Oi) to the destination (Dj) of each district in the moderate scheme, due to financial consideration. year 0 when the survey was taken, with the exception of The tariff used in this scheme was IDR10,000 based on interzonal trips in West Denpasar district and South the SP survey. Then the demand was projected until Denpasar district since it is irrelevant with the planned year 30, the expected optimal operational age of typical corridor. The data shows that the highest number of public transport, using demand growth of 6% as it is the trips were generated between Denpasar Barat district to average of the growth of DPS airport visitors per year other districts especially North Kuta, and its interzonal [15]. trips as well. On the other hand, the total number of OD Adni Bidari Putri, et al. 15

5.3. The geometrical framework of the route 5.4. Operational design of public transport alternatives In general, South Bali roads were dominated by narrow roads and some wider ones in a limited part of the route. Based on the result of the Stated Preference (SP) survey, As Figure 6 illustrates, the middle section of the route the most preferred public transports according to their is mostly 2/2 UD (2 lanes, 2 directions, undivided) type popularity among the respondents were as follow: with the width is in the range 5-6 m. The wider roads 1. AGT/LRT were found at the southern part (Sunset Road, 6/2 D) 2. ART and the northern part (Raya Denpasar-Gilimanuk Road, 3. Trolley bus 4/2 UD) of the study area with its width is in the range of 11-15 m. 4. Hybrid/electric bus The socio-culture analysis revealed that there was a The geometric condition of the route is important to potential resistance from the society for elevated determine the feasibility and suitability of public infrastructure across certain buildings or residential transport mode. For instance, the operating bus will fit areas due to religious concerns. Therefore, establishing in most of any range of road width, but a typical mass the trolley bus will be problematic since it requires cable transport such as LRT will require significant space for installation above the route. Public transport the station and the railway. Therefore, applying mass alternatives considered in this study are limited to transport in the narrow section will need a larger Electric Bus, Light Rapid Transit (LRT), and investment as it will be either elevated or underground Automated Rapid Transit (ART). In general, the infrastructure. characteristic of those modes is presented in Table 7.

The design of stops, stations, and routes According to the characteristics of transport mode in Table 7, the number of stops and stations will differ for each mode. The placement of stops considered the available space along the route, such as a wide sidewalk, gas station, or unoccupied land/park nearby. The number of routes or lines depends on the capacity of the transport mode with the current demand.

A. Electric Bus

The stops for electric buses are plotted on the existing road along the corridor, with a total number of 6 main stations and 23 small stops. The distance between stops approximately is 1-1.5 km depending on the land use and population density of the area. The illustration is shown in Figure 7.

6/2 D (11 m) or 4/2 UD (15 m) 2/2 UD (6 m) 2/2 UD (5.5 m) 2/2 UD (5 m) Figure 6 Road type classification on South Bali public transport route

Figure 7 Potential bus stops and planned bus routes 16 Study of Public Transport Development in South Bali Districts: Potential Public Transport Mode

Due to the limited number of bus capacity, there were 8 routes planned for the electric bus in South Bali. Since the demand within the southern-middle area of the route was relatively greater than the northern area, the number Underground of fleets for the former trips should be higher to Elevated accommodate the needs.

B. LRT

Most of the LRT infrastructure was designed underground, thus it will not disrupt the buildings on the surface and will be more socially accepted. The underground route was plotted under and nearby the existing road to minimize conflict with utilities. It also had relatively wide angles in the curves since LRT needs an adequate turning radius. The LRT track is Figure 8 Potential LRT stations and planned line shown in Figure 8. Table 7 General specification of Electric Bus, LRT, and ART

Automated Rapid Transit Element Electric Bus Light Rapid Transit (LRT) (ART) Capacity (passenger/set) 30 270-540 300-500 Number of carriages per set 1 2-4 carriages 3-5 carriages Running way Road Rail Rail Usually at-grade, or in some At-grade, elevated, or Usually at-grade, or in some Type of right-of-way cases elevated or underground underground cases elevated or underground Dimension (length x width) [m] 7 x 2.14 51 x 2.65 31 x 2.65 Distance between stations [km] 1-1.5 1.5-2.5 1.5-2.5 Average operational speed 20-40 40-50 40-50 [km/h] Maximum speed [km/h] 65 80 70 Min. turning radius [m] 15 40-60 15 Max. grade/ramp slope 13% 6%-10% 13% Min. required space for <1 2.5-3.7 <1 station/depot [Hectare] Minimum width of space required for the track At-grade [m] 2-3 6-7 2-3 Elevated (pier) [m] - 1.5 1.5

The LRT track is divided into 2 sections: elevated and There are 3 designed lines for LRT (DPS Airport- underground. The underground part is designed for Canggu, DPS Airport-Mengwi Bus Terminal, and DPS Corridor 1 DPS Airport-Mengwi Bus Station. The Airport-Benoa Port). The LRT design has 6 main elevated section is designed to accommodate half of stations and 7 small stations with the average distance Corridor 2, particularly from Benoa Port-Kuta Central between stations is around 1.5-2.5 km (see Figure 8). Park. According to the Bali Public Transportation Even though most of the track will be underground, land Master Plan, there will be another underground LRT acquisition still will be required in some places due to providing mass transit from the southern to the northern the density of the building in the business district and part of Bali, planned by Nindya Karya and the Bali tourism area. Province Government. This makes the current track C. ART design intersect with Nindya Karya’s LRT track from DPS Airport to Kuta Central Park, hence both can be ART for South Bali is designed in at-grade, elevated, integrated to cut the cost and distribute the demand and underground infrastructure depends on the more evenly. geometrical condition of the road. The elevated section is from DPS Airport to entering Sunset Road segment, Adni Bidari Putri, et al. 17 where the road is quite wide and there are not many !" = "" + %" + ! (1) restrictions of elevated infrastructure. After that, it requires some underground infrastructure before Where: entering Sunset Road due to the density of the building !" : Cycle time (hr.) there. On Sunset Road, the ART is expected to use the "" : Travel time (hr.) mixed traffic lane with other vehicles, as well as the %" : Layover time (hr.) segment from Benoa Port to the end of Sunset Road. ! : Contingency (hr.) After the end of Sunset Road, ART should use an underground section until it reaches Mengwi Bus Cycle time is the required time for a fleet to travel the Terminal due to narrow roads and social resistance for route from origin to destination and back to origin. elevated infrastructure. The potential track for the ART Travel time is the time a passenger spent in the vehicle is shown in Figure 9. to travel from origin to destination. It depends on the vehicle's speed and length of the route. In this study, travel time is calculated for a return trip. Layover time indicates the break time for the vehicle and the driver to rest in-between trips. It is specified as 15 minutes per Underground Elevated cycle. While Contingency is the estimated time spent to At-grade pick up and drop passengers off, and additional time to anticipate traffic uncertainty. Contingency time in this study takes up to 25% of travel time.

The number of trips in the OD-pair matrix determines the number of routes and fleets, where the significant ones will be prioritized to avoid oversupply or undersupply in the areas. Each route has a various number of fleets to suit the high demand in crowded areas. The optimum number of fleets is achieved after Figure 9 Potential ART stations and planned lines iteration of headway to accommodate the time-based demand. According to Bali Public Transportation Master Plan, there will be another ART from the southern to the As the baseline, the calculation of fleet number used eastern part of Bali, planned by PT KAI and the Bali electric bus with the capacity of 30 passengers, ART Province Government. This makes the current track with the capacity of 300 passengers (3 carriages = 1 design intersect with PT KAI’s track from DPS Airport trainset) and could be expanded to 500 passengers (5 to Kuta Central Park, hence both can be integrated to carriages = 1 trainset), and LRT with the capacity of 270 cut the cost and distribute the demand more evenly. passengers (1 trainset) and could be expanded to 540 passengers (2 trainsets). Table 8 shows the calculation ART design has 6 main stations and 15 small stations result of the number of fleets and average cycle trip for with the distance between stations around 1-2.5 km (see each fleet on 8 routes of South Bali corridors. Figure 9). The placement of stations depends on the density of movement around tourism and residential The required number of fleets was calculated each year area. until year 30. It was computed iteratively to suit the increasing demand each year, with the change of a reasonable amount of headway time and passenger Fleet calculation capacity. According to Figure 10, the demand for the The number of fleets is determined based on forecasted bus is raised each year, while ART and LRT need to demand calculated from mode share and population upgrade the trainset on year 20 and 15 respectively data. Headway in-between departure of the fleet is (illustrated by darker color). With the arranged fleet, computed iteratively, with a minimum length of 10 ART and LRT are estimated to cover all time demand minutes. To achieve the optimum number of fleets for without significant hassle. The detail of calculation daily demand, the vehicle will be reused after it finishes result is presented in Table 8. one cycle time of the trip. Each mode has a different cycle time, depending on travel time, layover time and contingency. The cycle time can be calculated by using the following formula: 18 Study of Public Transport Development in South Bali Districts: Potential Public Transport Mode

Table 8 Fleet calculation of potential public transport mode

Bus LRT ART Average trip Average trip Average trip Route Origin Destination No. No. No. cycle per cycle per cycle per fleet fleet fleet bus trainset trainset 1 DPS Airport Kuta Central Park 6 11 3 13 2 DPS Airport Canggu 3 5 3 DPS Airport Mengwi Bus Terminal 5 3 6 8 6 8 4 DPS Airport Benoa Port 4 7 4 18 4 17 5 Kuta Central Park Canggu 16 7 6 Kuta Central Park Mengwi Bus Terminal 11 4 7 Kuta Central Park Benoa Port 6 11 8 Canggu Mengwi Bus Terminal 11 7

However, the analysis shows that even though the 20% number of Electric Bus was expanded over the year, it 17% will be insufficient to cover the demand starting year 20 15% (see Figure 11). As it could not exceed the headway 12% limit of 10 minutes, adding another fleet would be impractical as shorter headway will cause bus-bunching 10% and overcrowded on the road. Figure 11 demonstrates that on year 30, 17% of the demand cannot be covered 5% 4% by the bus fleet. Therefore, the most sustainable plan for Overcapacity percentage South Bali transport mode is ART or LRT. 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 140 Year

120 115 Figure 11 The percentage of overcapacity of electric bus 106 102 100 5.5. Comparison of public transport alternatives 88 90

80 76 Based on field survey and qualitative analysis, several aspects can be the indicator to distinguish compatibility 62

Number 60 of public transport options between electric bus, LRT, and ART for South Bali transport corridors. The aspects 37 40 include the geometrical framework of the road, space 28 30 30 availability for dedicated lanes, turning radius, and 16 stations/stop, and land use limitation. The detail of the 20 11 12 12 12 12 6 9 6 8 comparative analysis is presented in Table 9. 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 According to the appraisal, the electric bus is the most Year favorable transport mode as it has the least of conflicts Daily number of ART trainset Daily number of LRT trainset with the mentioned aspects. On the other hand, LRT has Daily number of bus the most conflict among the indicators, even though it can be changed by making more investment in the Figure 10 The required number of daily fleets for each mode elevated or underground structure.

Adni Bidari Putri, et al. 19

Table 9 Compatibility of transport modes in South Bali corridor

Compatibility Aspect Existing condition Electric bus LRT ART Geometrical Almost 80% of the road along the route is type 2/2 UD Mixed traffic is possible with limited Not possible to operate at grade, Not possible to operate at grade, since the aspect of the with 5-6 m width. The wider section (4/2 UD and 6/2 D) speed, especially in peak hours. since the space required for LRT is space required for ART is about 2-3 m, road (space only appears in the southern and northern parts of the about 6-7 m, while most of the road while most of the road width is around 5-6 availability route. For at-grade, bus lanes can be width is around 5-6 m. m. for dedicated installed on Sunset Road and Raya lane) Denpasar Road section only. Space On the at-grade existing road along the route, there are Still possible to run at grade since the LRT needs a 40-60 m turning radius ART needs a 15 m turning radius hence it availability several intersections with a low turning radius (5 m). turning radius is around 6.5-7.5 m, hence it will not fit in most of the will not fit in many of the turning sections for turning but some intersections will need turning sections of the at-grade of the at-grade route. radius minor reconstruction. route. Space Large stations (e.g. intermodal changes) can only be Adequate spaces on the sidewalks Insufficient space to install proper ART stops require a relatively small space availability placed in certain areas such as Sunset Road or Raya and clearance around the greenfield interchange stations on the existing (similar to bus stops but slightly larger) for Denpasar Road. While small stops can be installed on the are suitable for simple bus stops routes. hence still feasible to install on the existing stations/stops sidewalk or empty spaces along the route. (does not require huge space). routes.

Land use The land around the Ngurah Rai airport, the southern part The electric bus can operate on LRT cannot operate at grade on the ART cannot operate at grade on the route limitation of the route, is mostly used for residential, business, and existing roads and without a route due to large space due to large space requirements for the tourism purposes. The middle section of the route (By dedicated due to space requirements both for the track and tracks. Pass Road-Tanah Lot) is dominated by green fields (rice limitations and the difficulty of land the stations. fields) and residential areas in some parts. The northern acquisition. part of the route is the business and residential areas. Note that land acquisition nearby the existing road will be difficult, costly, and generating negative social impact.

Socio-culture Elevated infrastructure will embrace social resistance due The electric bus can operate on the LRT requires huge spaces for both As ART requires huge space for the track, (based on to religious concern among society. Pier or elevated existing route thus minimising the track and stations hence to minimise to minimise social resistance it can use an Focus Group tracks can only be constructed at the green fields area or occurrence of social resistance. social resistance this option requires underground track on most of the route Discussion, another route. underground infrastructure on most section. Elevated sections of ART can be observation, of the route section. Elevated installed on the undeveloped area, spacious and sections of LRT can be installed on roads on the route, or greenfield. questionnaire) the undeveloped area, spacious roads on the route, or greenfield.

Note: Almost not applicable/require considerable changes Relatively applicable with some notes Applicable with no significant problem

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6 Conclusion and Recommendation financial analysis for the light rapid transit and automated rapid transit operation in South Bali District, This study aims to determine which type of transport and also explore the potential of supporting measures mode fits with the South Bali District context. The such as transit-oriented development, ticket subsidies, context here includes i) the demand for different types etc. In addition, as there are many plans for public of transport modes, ii) spaces on the road to transport system development in Bali, opportunities accommodate public transport operation, iii) fleet exist to integrate the different public transport systems requirement and maximum capacity. Based on the and see the impact of the integration on the number of stated preference survey, the three most preferred public passengers as well as income for system operators. Such transport modes for tourist and South Bali District local comprehensive analysis will strengthen the government citizens are i) light rapid transit (LRT), ii) automated or transit authority decision on which public transport rapid transit (ART), and iii) electric bus. However, mode to be operated so that sustainable transportation rather than determining the type of transport mode in South Bali District can be achieved. based on the demand only, this study also considers the road geometry as well as the carrying capacity for 30 years ahead. References

The results show that, for electric buses, the mode can [1] Bali Central Bureau of Statistics, “Number of Domestic be operated on the existing road. However, with respect Visitor to Bali by Month, 2004-2020,” 2020. [Online]. Available: to carrying capacity, this mode cannot accommodate all https://bali.bps.go.id/statictable/2018/02/09/29/banyaknya travel demand from the year 20 onwards. It should be -wisatawan-domestik-bulanan-ke-bali-2004-2020.html. noted that the demand here only considers the [Accessed: 28-Jan-2021]. respondents who prefer electric bus as their transport [2] Bali Central Bureau of Statistics, “Number of Monthly Foreign Tourists to Bali According to Entrance (Person),” mode. If the demand for other public transport mode is 2020. [Online]. Available: needed, it is highly likely that Electric Bus only will not https://bali.bps.go.id/indicator/16/106/11/banyaknya- be able to carry more passenger demand before year 20. wisatawan-mancanegara-bulanan-ke-bali-menurut-pintu- masuk.html. [Accessed: 28-Jan-2021]. It is interesting to note that the light rapid transit (LRT) [3] Bali Central Bureau of Statistics, “Projected Population of Bali Province by Gender and Age Group, 2011-2020 and autonomous rapid transit (ART) is a mode that can (thousand people),” 2020. [Online]. Available: accommodate all its demand even until year 30. https://bali.bps.go.id/statictable/2018/02/09/28/jumlah- Therefore, we can conclude that a mass rapid transit wisatawan-asing-ke-bali-dan-indonesia-1969-2017.html. system, which is provided by light rapid transit or [Accessed: 28-Jan-2021]. [4] The ASEAN Work-Life Balance Project, “Traffic Jam in automated rapid transit is a solution for mass Bali and Its Impacts on Productivity, Health, and Tourism transportation in South Bali District. However, due to – The ASEAN Work-Life Balance Project (2015 – 2017),” narrow road spaces as well as the local culture that 2016. [Online]. Available: https://asean-wlb.net/traffic- forbids building elevated tracks, the LRT can only be jam-in-bali-and-its-impacts-on-productivity-health-and- operated underground, while ART also must be tourism/. [Accessed: 28-Jan-2021]. [5] A. Ilahi, P. F. Belgiawan, and K. W. Axhausen, “Mode operated underground except in several wide road choice of transit system in Denpasar greater area segments. (Sarbagita),” Proc. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud., vol. 11, no. 62, 2017. Judging from the infrastructure requirement, the LRT [6] Sustainable Bus, “Electric bus, main fleets and projects around the world,” 2020. [Online]. Available: will require massive investment as all of its track has to https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/electric- be built underground while ART requires less bus-public-transport-main-fleets-projects-around-world/. investment. Therefore, ART is a public transport mode [Accessed: 28-Jan-2021]. that should be highly considered to be operated in South [7] K. N. S. Ayuningtyas, R. B. Frazila, S. S. Wibowo, and M. Bali District. Farda, “Network Analysis of Intercity Bus Terminal and Inner-City Toll Road Development – The Case of Bandung City,” Int. J. Sustain. Transp. Technol., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 8– However, it should be noted that choosing the right type 18, April. 2019. of public transport mode also requires aspects such as [8] H. A.-R. Lubis, V. B. Pantas, and M. Farda, “Demand economic and financial analysis. Moreover, the forecast of Jakarta-Surabaya high speed rail based on stated preference method,” Int. J. Technol., vol. 10, no. 2, 2019. construction and operation of the mass rapid transit [9] J. Khan, R. Hrelja, and F. Pettersson-Löfstedt, “Increasing system are usually capital intensive and infeasible, public transport patronage – An analysis of planning unless additional measures are taken to increase the principles and public transport governance in Swedish number of the passenger as well as adding the source of regions with the highest growth in ridership,” Case Stud. income for the system operator. Therefore, future Transp. Policy, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 260–270, March. 2021. [10] R. Y. Nutsugbodo, E. K. Amenumey, and C. A. Mensah, studies can consider carrying out economic and “Public transport mode preferences of international tourists

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in Ghana: Implications for transport planning,” Travel 2023", Denpasar, 2019. Behav. Soc., vol. 11, pp. 1–8, April. 2018. [13] Bali Central Bureau of Statistics, “Bali Province in [11] M. Aljoufie, “Exploring the Determinants of Public Figures,” Denpasar, 2020. Transport System Planning in Car-dependent Cities,” [14] Department of Transportation, "Origin-Destination Data of Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 216, pp. 535–544, January. National Transport", 2018. 2016. [15] Bali Central Bureau of Statistics, “Bali Province in [12] Bali Province Government, "Bali Transport Masterplan Figures," Denpasar, 2019.