International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Technology Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2021, 9-21 9 Study of Public Transport Development in South Bali Districts: Potential Public Transport Mode Adni Bidari Putri1*, Muhammad Farda1, Sigit Puji Santosa1,2, Puspita Dirgahayani1,3, Putu Alit Suthanaya4, I Gusti Ayu Andani3, Hansen Sutanto3, Laily Rochmatul Charky3,5, Nunuj Nurjanah5 1National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology, Bandung, Indonesia 2Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia 3School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia 4Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Indonesia 5Research and Development Agency, Indonesian Ministry of Transportation, Jakarta, Indonesia *Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Abstract Bali Province in Indonesia is one of the most attractive tourist destinations in the world. The number of tourists visiting this province keeps increasing year by year parallel with the increase of the population of local citizens. Such a phenomenon will certainly increase travel demand and put pressure on the current transport infrastructure. Hence, transport infrastructure development is essential to support the travel demand. This study explores the possibility of implementing a new public transport system in the South Bali District, a district with numerous tourist attractions and activity centres. Data collection on the current transport system and land use in the district were carried out to understand potential corridors for public transport. A stated preference survey was also conducted to discover the public transport mode preferred by the respondents, encompassing tourists and local citizens. This study then recommends the type of public transport mode to be implemented in the district based on i) space availability, ii) respondent preference, and iii) ability to accommodate demand based on calculation. The study concludes that Automated Rapid Transit (ART) is a mode that has the highest potential to be implemented in South Bali Districts. Keywords Mass rapid transit; Public transport; South Bali; Travel behavior 1 Introduction The increasing number of tourists indicates that there is a need for transport policies to support tourist Bali is one of 32 provinces in Indonesia as well as an destinations within Bali Island. Moreover, it is not the island that is well known for its tourism sector. From tourists in Bali only whose movement need to be time to time, people from around the world visit Bali to accommodated. According to the Bali Central Bureau enjoy its attractive locations and culture. Due to its of Statistic [3], the population of Bali Province has been potential, approximately 80% of Bali’s economy relies increasing as shown in Figure 2. The population on the tourism business. Table 1 shows the number of certainly needs to move from one place to another, e.g., tourists, both domestic and international [1, 2]. to school, offices, shopping centers, etc. to fulfil their needs. In other words, the demand for transport or 12,000,000 movement will increase in line with the population 10,000,000 increase. Therefore, transport policies are needed to 8,000,000 accommodate people’s movement, not only in short term but also in the long term. 6,000,000 4,000,000 Looking at the current situation, traffic congestion has 2,000,000 been occurring frequently in big cities in Bali Province such as Denpasar [4, 5]. Given the trend in tourist visits 0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 as well as population increase, the traffic congestion in Bali is expected to get worse unless the right measures Overseas Visitor Domestic Visitor are taken. Figure 1 Number of tourists based on airport and port data. Received January 28, 2021, Revised February 11, 2021, Accepted for publication February 17, 2021 10 Study of Public Transport Development in South Bali Districts: Potential Public Transport Mode 4,500 2.2. Potential alternatives of public transport mode 4,400 Electric bus 4,300 Electric bus is one of the alternatives to achieve 4,200 sustainability since the engines use battery energy hence more environmentally friendly compared to 4,100 conventional buses or other fossil-fueled transport 4,000 modes. Some countries already implemented Electric 3,900 Bus as mass public transport in the city, such as China, 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 Netherland, and UK [6]. The purpose of the use of the electric bus is to reduce carbon emission, hence this can Figure 2 Population in Bali from 2011 to 2020 (in thousands) be a greener option for travelers in South Bali, in [3]. addition to complementing the existing public transport in South Bali such as Trans Sarbagita Bus and Komotra. The operation of public transport is one of the measures to reduce traffic congestion as it focuses on moving Trolley bus people, rather than moving vehicles and encourages Trolley bus operates on the road with electric power more efficient use of road spaces. Hence, the operation drawn from two overhead cables with a trolley pole of public transport is one policy option that can be taken (pantograph). It differs from trams, which runs on rails to address the transport challenges in Bali. rather than on tires. The trolley bus has the advantage of being able to operate in a hilly rail, because the electric As there are many types of public transport modes, a motor works better than a diesel engine on an incline, question was arisen on what type of transport mode suits does not cause exhaust emissions, and is not as noisy as the Bali context. Therefore, this study attempts to a diesel engine hence it is a greener transport mode than answer this question by considering several aspects the fossil-fueled ones. such as demand, existing road topology, local culture, etc. The result of this study is expected to be a valuable However, the downside is that the operational routes input for policymakers to choose the types of transport have been defined, thus it is not as flexible as a bus that mode to be operated in Bali. The study focuses on the can change routes easily. Trolley bus must remain on need for public transport in South Bali Area. the pantograph line with the overhead electric cable, which sometimes can disrupt the surrounding This article is organized as follows. Section I explains infrastructures or buildings and gives vision the background and motivation for this study while obstruction. Section II reviews the type of public transport mode and related past studies. Section III then talks about the Light rapid transit study area, which is South Bali District while Section IV describes the method used in this study. The analysis Light Rapid Transit (LRT) is a light train-based mass is then explained in Section V, while Chapter VI and transport, which operates on a dedicated railway and VII explain the conclusion and recommendation based uses electricity as energy. LRT is usually built to on this study, respectively. accommodate trips in urban areas, to provide a distinctive transport mode that differs from other modes, creating a more heterogenetic public transport 2 Literature Review system in the society. The construction of LRT is built in a way that adapts to the geographical condition of the 2.1. Public transport definition area. LRT infrastructures can be underground, at grade, Public transport is a transport system that or elevated to avoid urban traffic. In general, LRT accommodates group travel and can be accessed by the consists of three main systems: rolling stock, public. A public transport system typically operated infrastructure (track and station), and supply substation. based on a schedule, runs in a pre-determined route, and charges an amount fee for each passenger trip. Public LRT system has been used in many countries in the transport offers an advantage in which it can carry world. Currently, the Indonesian Government has passengers more efficiently (more passengers with established LRT in Palembang, South Sumatera fewer spaces) compared to private vehicles. Such a Province and has another one in ongoing construction feature is beneficial for areas with high and growing which connects Jakarta, Bogor, Depok and Bekasi. Bali travel demand but limited spaces to develop more road is one of the provinces in Indonesia that have high networks. economic growth, hence providing mass rapid transport Adni Bidari Putri, et al. 11 such as LRT in the South Bali district can boost the 3 South Bali’s Public Transportation development in the area and increase social welfare. System: Characteristics and Conditions Autonomous-rail rapid transit 3.1. The master plan of Bali public transportation Autonomous-Rail Rapid Transit is a multi-unit vehicle, In 2019, the Department of Transportation of Bali two directions, and a low deck. Each of the wheels has designed a Master Plan of Bali Public Transportation. its control system, running on a virtual track with a In the document, there are several priorities of train-like movement. ART consists of several infrastructure development in the transport sector (see subsystems, such as car body, running system, vehicle Figure 3) [12]: control, network control, traction, auxiliary power system (APS), onboard PIS, braking dan power saving 1. Urban rail development to connect Ngurah Rai system. Airport – KSPN Kuta – Sanur – Nusa Dua – Mengwi Bus Terminal – North Bali Airport. 2.3. Past studies on public transport planning 2. Urban rail development to connect Ngurah Rai Previous studies have carried out research related to Airport – Kerobokan – Mengwi Bus Terminal. public transport planning and analysis. For instance, 3. The establishment of short cut access between Ayuningtyas et. al. [7] analyzed the opportunities to West Bali to South Bali area and North Bali to improve public transport in Bandung City by South Bali area (Singaraja – Mengwi). developing three main bus terminals. The study result 4.