Trabajar En El Nuevo Capitalismo: Cultura Y Experiencia Del Trabajo

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Trabajar En El Nuevo Capitalismo: Cultura Y Experiencia Del Trabajo Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona Departamento de Psicología Social Doctorado en Psicología Social Trabajar en el nuevo capitalismo: Cultura y Experiencia del Trabajo en el Brasil Contemporáneo. Patrícia Martins Goulart Director: Dr. Josep M. Blanch Ribas UAB, febrero de 2006 1 Resumen El objetivo principal de esta investigación es el de conocer el significado del trabajo, la visualización y el afrontamiento del propio futuro laboral en la muestra investigada, integrada por personas brasileñas del sur del país. Partimos de la suposición de que las alteraciones objetivas del escenario sociolaboral (impulsadas por la globalización de la economía, las políticas neoliberales de flexibilización organizacional y laboral y las tecnologías avanzadas de información y comunicación), asociadas a la cultura del entorno, implican cambios en los esquemas mentales relacionados con la experiencia de trabajar y con el modo de percibir y afrontar el futuro laboral. El instrumento básico del estudio empírico consistió en un amplio cuestionario de papel y lápiz, que incluye series de ítems cerrados y un bloque de preguntas abiertas, que ha sido aplicado en muestras de una serie de países en el marco de un proyecto de investigación conjunto, cuyos datos psicométricos generales han sido presentados por su coordinador (Blanch, 2005). En el apartado metodológico de la segunda parte de esta tesis hemos presentado los datos correspondientes a la parte brasileña del bloque del cuestionario especialmente utilizado para este estudio. La aplicación del cuestionario se ha desarrollado en dos fases, coincidentes con los primeros semestres respectivos de 2004 y de 2005. Lo contestaron de modo individualizado 680 personas de las ciudades de Porto Alegre, RS y Criciúma, SC, a las que accedimos mediante búsqueda aleatoria y estratificada intencionalmente atendiendo a criterios de edad, sexo-género y situación ocupacional. En la discusión de los datos empíricos adoptamos implícitamente como marco de referencia para el análisis de la experiencia laboral dos de los tres componentes del “Significado del Trabajo” señalados por el estudio MOW (1987): el de la centralidad del trabajo y el de las metas y expectativas laborales. Los resultados indican que el trabajo asalariado sigue siendo considerado y valorado como la vía principal de inclusión, cohesión e integración sociales. Por otro lado, en contraste con investigaciones anteriores, el valor trabajo presenta en conjunto un fuerte carácter instrumental, algo que parece distanciarse de lo que aparecía normalmente en muestras recogidas en los años ochenta, cuando el paradigma fordista aún era predominante (MOW, 1987; Blanch, 1986; Blanch & Salleras, 1987; Blanch, 1990). En estos estudios, la función instrumental parecía más combinada con la expresiva, cosa que en nuestra muestra ello sólo aparece en el grupo del personal empleado y que trabaja en un contexto de economía regular y formal, que sigue funcionando de modo similar a como lo hacía en el fordismo. Éste es un grupo importante pero minoritario. Para la mayoría de los sectores de la población trabajadora brasileña que hemos investigado, las expectativas y metas laborales, están marcadas por la incertidumbre, la inseguridad y el malestar psicológico, afectando indistintamente a todas las categorías de sexo-género y edad, pero, como era de esperar, incidiendo de modo más intenso a los sectores sociales con menor nivel de renta y de estudios. El análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de las respuestas pone de manifiesto que el significado del trabajo para las personas está estrechamente vinculado a su situación ocupacional y a su calidad de vida percibida. Resumo O objetivo principal desta investigação é o de conhecer o significado do trabalho, a visualização e o afrontamento do próprio futuro laboral na amostra investigada, integrada por pessoas brasileiras do sul do país. Partimos da suposição que as alterações objetivas do cenário sócio laboral (impulsionadas pela globalização da economia, as políticas neoliberais de flexiblização organizacional e laboral e as tecnologias avançadas de informação e comunicação), associadas a cultura do entorno, implicam alterações nos esquemas mentais relacionados com a experiência de trabalhar e com o modo de perceber e afrontar o futuro laboral. O instrumento básico do estudo empírico consistiu em um amplo questionário de papel e lápis, que inclui séries de itens fechados e um bloco de perguntas abertas, que foi aplicado em coletivos de uma série de países num marco de um projeto de investigação conjunta, cujos dados psicométricos gerais são apresentados por seu coordenador (Blanch 2005). No apartado metodológico apresentamos os dados correspondentes ao coletivo brasileiro com base nos objetivos desta tese. A aplicação do questionário foi desenvolvida em duas fases coincidentes com os primeiros semestres respectivos de 2004 e 2005 Participaram de modo individualizado 680 pessoas das cidades de Porto Alegre, RS e Criciúma, SC, as quais acessamos mediante busca aleatória e estratificada intencional atendendo a critérios de idade, sexo-gênero e situação ocupacional. Na discussão dos dados empíricos adotamos implicitamente como marco de referencia para a análise da experiência laboral dois, dos três componentes do “Significado do Trabalho” assinalados pelo estudo MOW (1987): o da centralidade do trabalho e o das metas e expectativas laborais. Os resultados indicam que o trabalho assalariado segue sendo considerado e valorado com a via principal de inclusão, coesão e integração sociais. Por outro lado, em contraste com investigações anteriores, o valor trabalho apresenta em conjunto um forte caráter instrumental, algo que parece distanciar-se do que aparecia geralmente em amostras recolhidas nos anos oitenta, quando o paradigma fordista era predominante (MOW, 1987; Blanch, 1986; Blanch & Salleras, 1987; Blanch, 1990). Naqueles estudos, a função instrumental aparecia mais combinada com a expressiva, o que em nossa amostra só aparece no grupo de pessoas empregadas e que trabalham em um contexto de economia regular e formal, que segue funcionando de modo similar à época do fordismo. Este é um grupo importante, porém minoritário. Para a maioria dos setores da população trabalhadora brasileira que temos investigado, as expectativas e metas laborais, estão marcadas pela incerteza, a insegurança e o mal-estar psicológico, afetando indistintamente a todas as categorias de sexo-gênero e idade, porém, como era de se esperar, incide de modo mais intenso sobre os setores sociais com menores níveis de renda e de estudos. A análise quantitativa e qualitativa das respostas sugere que o significado do trabalho para as pessoas está estreitamente vinculado a sua situação ocupacional e a qualidade de vida percebida. 4 Abstract The main objective of this research is to know the meaning of the work, the visualization of the proper labor future and the way of coping with this future in the investigated sample, integrated for brazilian people of the south of the country. We estimate that the changing conditions of the context labor (stimulated for the globalization of the economy, the neoliberal politics of organization, the flexibilization of labor and the advanced technologies of information and communication), associates the culture of the place, imply alterations in the mental projects related with the experience to work and with the way of perceive and of coping with the labor future. The basic instrument of the empirical study consisted of an ample questionnaire of paper and pencils, that include closed series of itens and a block of opened questions, that was applied in collective of a series of countries in a landmark of a project of common research, whose given psychometric generalities is presented by its coordinator (Blanch 2005). In the methodology part one we on the basis of present the corresponding data to the collective Brazilian the objectives of this thesis. The application of the questionnaire was developed in two coincident phases with the first respective semesters of 2004 and 2005. They had answered 680 people of the cities of Porto Alegre, RS and Criciúma, SC, which we have access by means of intentional random search and estratificada taking care of the criteria of age, sex-gender and occupational situation. In the quarrel of the empirical data we adopt implicitly as landmark of referencia for the analysis of labor experience two, of the three components of the "Meaning of the Work" designated by study MOW (1987): of the centralidade of the work and of the labor goals and expectations. The results indicate that the wage-earning work follows being considered and valued as the main way of inclusion, social cohesion and integration. On the other hand, in contrast with previous studies, the value work presents in set a strong instrumental character, something that seems to differentiate of that it appeared generally in samples collected in the decade eighty, when the fordista paradigm was predominant (MOW, 1987; Blanch, 1986; Blanch & Salleras, 1987; Blanch, 1990). In those studies, the instrumental function appeared agreed with the expressive one, what in our sample it appears in the group of employed people and that they work in a context of regular and formal economy, that follows functioning in similar way to the time of the fordism. This is a group important, however minority. For the majority of the sectors of the Brazilian population diligent that we have investigated, the labor expectations and goals, are marked by the uncertainty,
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