Animação E Quadrinhos Disney: Produção Cultural No Início Do Século XXI

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Animação E Quadrinhos Disney: Produção Cultural No Início Do Século XXI UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO ESCOLA DE COMUNICAÇÕES E ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS DA COMUNICAÇÃO Animação e quadrinhos Disney: Produção cultural no início do século XXI CELBI VAGNER MELO PEGORARO SÃO PAULO 2016 CELBI VAGNER MELO PEGORARO Animação e quadrinhos Disney: Produção cultural no início do século XXI Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências da Comunicação da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências da Comunicação. Versão Corrigida. Área de Concentração: Interfaces Sociais da Comunicação Orientador: Prof. Dr. Waldomiro de Castro Santos Vergueiro SÃO PAULO 2016 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Versão Corrigida. A versão original encontra-se disponível na Biblioteca da ECA/USP e Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP (BDTD). Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo Dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a) AGRADECIMENTOS À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp), processo n. 2013/04103- 9, pelo apoio financeiro. À minha mãe Celina, por todo o apoio e compreensão durante a jornada desta tese; e ao meu pai João Carlos, por periodicamente ter discutido os temas da tese comigo Aos meus primos Marcos e Christina por todo o seu apoio e companheirismo nas viagens aos Estados Unidos, pelas dicas de livrarias e atividades culturais. Ao Prof. Dr. Waldomiro Vergueiro por seu apoio incondicional e por promover um ambiente rico de pesquisa em quadrinhos na USP. Suas sugestões e críticas foram bem recebidas e só enriquecem a tese. Sinto-me honrado em ter sido seu orientando. Ao animador Floyd Norman, quem colaborou em sua gentileza e disposição ao nos guiar pelos estúdios Disney na Califórnia. Ao Fernando Ventura, caríssimo amigo, incentivador e um avaliador implacável de minhas pesquisas. Ao amigo Gerson Levy da Silva Mendes pelo apoio e por apostar, ainda em 2007, que eu faria um doutorado direto. Aos colegas de Observatório de Histórias em Quadrinhos da ECA/USP e das Jornadas Internacionais de Histórias em Quadrinhos pela amizade, apoio e troca de ideias. Aos professores Dr. Waldenyr Caldas e Dr. Roberto Elísio dos Santos pelas ricas contribuições nos exames de qualificação e pela confiança ao terem promovido esta pesquisa ao nível de doutoramento direto. Aos professores doutores da ECA, Cristian da Silva Borges, Eugênio Bucci, Paulo Eduardo Ramos, Eduardo Morettin, Mary Anne Junqueira, Celso Frederico e Gilson Schwartz pelas novas descobertas nas disciplinas cursadas no programa de pós-graduação. Aos colegas e amigos da USP e da vida que dividiram suas experiências comigo. Aos animadores e quadrinistas da Disney cujos trabalhos me encantam desde a infância e continuam a estimular novas descobertas e experiências. "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic” Arthur C. Clarke “It's kind of fun to do the impossible” Walt Disney RESUMO PEGORARO, Celbi V. M. Animação e Quadrinhos Disney: Produção Cultural no Início do Século XXI. 2016. 416 f. Tese (Doutorado) - Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. Analisa as influências e as transformações promovidas pelas produções cinematográficas Disney, a partir das mudanças da estrutura corporativa, resultando numa descentralização do processo de produção e a criação de uma nova dinâmica na indústria cultural. Para seu desenvolvimento, utilizou-se o método funcionalista com pesquisa bibliográfica e visita técnica de campo. Com um viés tecnológico, a pesquisa transdisciplinar teve como objetivos analisar o atual processo de produção nas histórias em quadrinhos e animação Disney, com ênfase a partir da década de 1990. O trabalho baseia-se em duas hipóteses: 1) a produção cultural Disney passa por um momento de transição criativa, levando em consideração que o processo é cíclico quando compreendemos o processo histórico Disney e a expansão do universo de personagens; 2) em segundo plano, lançamentos da indústria cultural no início desta década apontam para uma nova dinâmica na produção. Há uma sinergia econômica, tecnológica e cultural na construção do universo Disney, em que as histórias em quadrinhos se colocam em posição privilegiada como matéria-prima em relação as produções audiovisuais. A tese é iniciada com um panorama histórico de diversas perspectivas sobre a produção Disney discutidas por autores como Adorno, Benjamin, Dorfman, Mattelart, Eco, Baudrillard, Swingewood e Watts. A pesquisa apresenta as origens e convergências dos quadrinhos e animação Disney, seguido de um levantamento de dados de produção histórica. Há uma discussão sobre “o que é arte” na indústria cultural no contexto da inovação e sua relação com os estúdios de Hollywood. Para compreender a dinâmica dos universos expandidos, analisamos os quadrinhos de Don Rosa e Casty. Duas gestões da Disney (Michael Eisner e Bob Iger) são analisadas em suas diferentes filosofias e estratégias de produção. A análise comprovou a existência do que chamamos de saturação e estagnação da produção do estúdio durante os períodos de transição ocorridos entre os anos 1990 e 2010, e o resultante efeito de “meltdown” (colapso) do mercado dos produtores culturais. Na década de 2010, os efeitos da cultura digital e da cultura de fã foram fundamentais para compreender os fenômenos culturais dos super-herois da Marvel e da saga “Star Wars”. Constatou-se que o storytelling transmídia e os universos expandidos tornaram-se fundamentais para o negócio do entretenimento. Palavras-Chave: Quadrinhos; Animação; Cinema; Cultura e Mídia de Massa; Inovação. ABSTRACT PEGORARO, Celbi V.M. Disney Animation and Comics: Cultural Production in the beginning of XXI Century. 2016. 416 f. Tese (Doutorado) - Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016 Analyzes the influences and the transformation promoted by the Disney film productions, beginning with the changes of corporate structure, resulting in decentralization of the production process and creating a new dynamic in the cultural industry. For its development, we used the functional method with bibliographic research and field trip. Using a technological approach, the transdisciplinary research aimed at analyzing the current production process in comic books and Disney animation, with emphasis from the 1990s. This thesis is based on two assumptions: 1) the Disney cultural production is suffering a moment of creative transition, taking into account that the process is cyclical when we understand the historical process and the expansion of Disney characters universe; 2) beginning in the 2010’s the cultural industry points to a new dynamic in production. There is an economic, technological and cultural synergy in building the Disney universe, where the comics are placed in a privileged position as a raw material for audiovisual productions. The thesis begins with a historical overview of different perspectives on the Disney production discussed by authors such as Adorno, Benjamin, Dorfman, Mattelart, Eco, Baudrillard, Swingewood and Watts. The research presents the origins and similarities of Disney comics and animation, followed by a survey of historical production data. There is a discussion about "what is art" in the cultural industry in the context of innovation and its relationship with the Hollywood studios. To understand the dynamics of the expanded universe, we analyze the comic stories by Don Rosa and Casty. Two terms of Disney management (Michael Eisner and Bob Iger) are analyzed in their different philosophies and production strategies. The analysis confirmed the existence of what we call saturation and production stagnation during the transitional periods that occurred between 1990 and 2010, and the resulting effect of a market "meltdown" for cultural producers. In the 2010s, the effects of digital culture and fan culture were fundamental to understanding the cultural phenomena of Marvel superheroes and the "Star Wars” saga. It was found that transmedia storytelling and expanded universes have become central to the entertainment business. Keywords: Comics; Animation; Cinema; Mass Media and Culture; Innovation. LISTA DE FIGURAS *Fonte das imagens: Divulgação da Disney, a não ser quando outra origem é informada. Figura 1 – Carl Barks, o maior mestre dos quadrinhos Disney.............................................30 Figura 2 – Os estúdios Walt Disney em Burbank - Califórnia, incluindo a rota da visita técnica (foto: Google Earth) .................................................................................................47 Figura 3 –Floyd Norman e Celbi Pegoraro durante a visita aos estúdios Disney em Burbank, Califórnia. (Fonte: Celbi Pegoraro) ..................................................................................... 48 Figura 4 – O edifício sede dos estúdios de animação Disney em Burbank, Califórnia (Fonte: Celbi Pegoraro) ....................................................................................................................52 Figura 5 - Celbi Pegoraro (o autor desta tese) na Legends Plaza......................................... 53 Figura 6 - A sede administrativa da Disney – Michael D. Eisner Building, conhecido anteriormente como Team Disney Building.........................................................................53
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