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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88916-2 — Light Scattering by Ice Crystals Kuo-Nan Liou , Ping Yang Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88916-2 — Light Scattering by Ice Crystals Kuo-Nan Liou , Ping Yang Index More Information Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88916-2 — Light Scattering by Ice Crystals Kuo-Nan Liou , Ping Yang Index More Information Index 120° parhelion, 133, 134, see also halo A-Train satellite constellation, 259, 260 1-D climate model, 365 cloud and aerosol interactions, 366 1-D model, 51, 361, 363, 364 deposition, 192, 193 detection of thin cirrus, 286, 287 22° halo, 133, 134, see also halo direct and indirect effect of, 361, 362, 380 22° parhelion, 130, 133, see also halo historical review of polarization measurements, 302 2-D climate model, 366 radiative transfer, 332 radiative transfer results compared with satellite 46° halo, 128, 132, 134, 186, 189, 220, 233, 268, 269, observations, 346, 348 see also halo soot and sulfate aerosols, 379, 380 view from satellite instruments, 14, 16 absorbing boundary conditions, 204 Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor, 302 absorptance, 80, 255 AGCM, 366, 370, see also GCM absorption aggregate, 20, 32, 35, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47, 49, 216, 218, coefficient, 77, 78, 80, 325, 335, 336, 337 233, 234, 239, 271, 273, 303 cross-section, 55, 56, 156, 157, 175, 176, 330 Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer, 286 efficiency, 168 AIRS, 11, 259, 277, 279, 280, 281, 300, see also line, 250, 252, 279, 321, 323, 328, 333, 335, 336, Atmospheric Infrared Sounder 338 Airy function, 167 spectrum albedo CH4, 250 cloud, 344, 351, 361 CO, 250 global, 293, 390 CO2, 250 planetary, 346 H2O, 250 shortwave, 349 N2, 250 single-scattering, see single-scattering albedo N2O, 250 solar, 341, 342, 344, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364, 373, O2, 250 374, 377 O3, 250 surface, 254, 255, 257, 263, 266, 291, 293, 295, Ac, see altocumulus 305, 321, 322, 341, 342, 344, 353, 355, 366, accretion, 29, 33, 47, 192, 277, 360 373, 384 ACCRI, 375, 377, 380, see also Aviation Climate TOA, 347, 348 Change Research Initiative total-sky, 348 ADDA, 212, 234, 243, 246 altocumulus, 2 adding method, 112, 339 altostratus, 2 ADEOS, 302, 303, 304 AMSR2, see Advanced Microwave Scanning Advanced Earth Observing Satellite, see ADEOS Radiometer 2 Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2, 259 AMSR-E, see Advanced Microwave Scanning Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS, 259 Radiometer-EOS Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit, 11, 259, 279 Amsterdam DDA, 212, see also ADDA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 5, 6, 286 AMSU, 280, see also Advanced Microwave Sounding aerosol Unit as atmospheric composition, 249 AMSU-A, 259 427 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88916-2 — Light Scattering by Ice Crystals Kuo-Nan Liou , Ping Yang Index More Information 428 Index analyzer, 92 BDC, see Brewer–Dobson circulation anomalous dispersion, 77 Beer’s law, 79 anthelion, 131, 134, see also halo Bessel function, 68, 71, 74, 136, 141, 144, 223 anvil, 5, 42, 50, 279, 306, 382, 383, see also tropical bidirectional reflectance anvil climate studies, 327 APS, see Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor ice spectral, 257 Aqua, 14, 258, 259, 269, 279, 283, 285, 376, see also reflected line spectra in 1.38 and 0.76 µm bands, MODIS, A-Train 318, 319, 324 ARM, 13, 42, 43, 49, 287, 288, 292, 295, 300, 346, reflected polarization from ice clouds, 305 348, see also Atmospheric Radiation relative position of sun–satellite system, 254 Measurement remote sensing, 248, see also remote sensing As, see altostratus retrieval associated Legendre function, 73 algorithm for vertical sizing, 293 asymmetry factor of cirrus cloud parameters, 325 comparison with FDTD and DDA, 173 single-scattering properties of ice spheres, 102 current MODIS operation program, 273 birefringence, 78, 79, 147 effect of ice crystal shape on cloud radiative Bishop’s ring, 117 forcing, 367 black carbon, see also BC FDTD 1-D cloud–precipitation–climate model, 362 and DDA, 174 application to climate studies, 341 and PSTD, 220 cirrus radiative forcing, 355 for ice sphere and circular cylinder, 102 contrail cirrus, 370 invariant imbedding T-matrix method, 237 high thin clouds, 391 Koch snowflake, 184 Rayleigh–Gans–Debye approximation, 176 radiative forcing of cirrus clouds, 350 single-scattering parameterization for ice crystals, RGD approximation, 175 333 single-scattering parameterization for ice crystals, snow grains contaminated by, 192 333 unified theory for light scattering, 180, 184 snow grain contaminated by BC and dust, 192 blackbody, 285, 342, 383, 384 surface wave approach for sphere, 167, 168, 169, blue sky, 1, 5, 6 171 BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution two-channel inversion, 264 function), 254, 255, 256, 257 unified theory, 178, 179, 181, 184 Brewer–Dobson circulation, 382 asymmetry parameter, 306, 331, 348, see also brightness temperature, 270, 274, 281, 285, 307, see asymmetry factor also temperature atmospheric composition, 248, 357, 375 difference, 13, 15, 274, 280, 287, 288, see also Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, 11 BTD Atmospheric Radiation Measurement, 13, 42, 295, broadband emissivity, 336 346 BTD, 13, 15, 16, 274, 287, see also brightness A-Train, 13, 14, 257, 275, 292, 302, 316, 386 temperature attenuation, 59, 123, 252, 315, 339 bullet rosette Aura, 258, 259, 386 depolarization ratio, 316 AVHRR, 5, 279, 286, 374, see also Advanced Very FDTD method, 215 High Resolution Radiometer improved geometric optics approach, 163 Aviation Climate Change Research Initiative, 375 in contrails and contrail cirrus, 370 AVIRIS, 286, 318, see also Airborne Visible/Infrared invariant imbedding T-matrix method, 234 Imaging Spectrometer phase function, 268 azimuthal angle, definition of, 107 snow grains, 193 unified theory for light scattering, 182 Babinet’s principle, 117, 134, 148, 155, 170, 171, 178 backscattering, 11, 12, 14, 45, 104, 112, 117, 147, CAGEX (CERES/ARM/GEWEX Experiment), 346, 163, 176, 247, 267, 288, 306, 308, 310, 311, 347, 348, 349, 350 312, 313, 314, 315, 316 CALIOP, 14, 16, 259, 288, 306, 316, 318, see also backscattering depolarization ratio, see depolarization Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder ratio Satellite Observations band model, 336 CALIOP/IIR, 259 BC, 180, 192, 193, 195, 196, 355, 357, 362, see also CALIPSO, see Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared black carbon Pathfinder Satellite Observations © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88916-2 — Light Scattering by Ice Crystals Kuo-Nan Liou , Ping Yang Index More Information Index 429 A-Train satellite constellation, 259, 260 aerosol–cloud interactions, 361 backscattering depolarization, 306, 316 anthropogenic, 277 contrails and contrail cirrus, 376 clouds and cloud feedback, 327 high thin clouds, 387, 390 contrails and contrail cirrus, 371 mechanism of stratosphere dehydration, 386 detection of thin cirrus, 285 role of cirrus in UTLS exchange, 382 greenhouse gases, 248 view from satellite instruments, 14 impacts of aviation soot on cirrus, 380 CAM, 370, 377, 378, 387, see also Community natural variability and anthropogenic perturbations, Atmosphere Model 357 carbon dioxide, 248, 255, 359, 371 physical and microphysical properties of contrails, carbon monoxide, 248, 259 374 CART, 346, 348, see also Cloud and Radiation RFs resulting from aviation produced contrails, Testbed 377 Cartesian coordinate, 38, 72, 90, 94, 107, 168, 311 role of cirrus in UTLS exchange, 380 Cb, 3, 5, see also cumulonimbus role of ice clouds, 390 Cc, 2, see also cirrocumulus climate model CCN, 180, 359, 360, 361, see also cloud condensation 1-D climate–cirrus cloud model, 363, 364 nuclei 1-D cloud–precipitation–climate model, 359, 360, Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment, 42, see also 361 CEPEX cirrus cloud vertical profile effect, 289 CEPEX, 42, 46, 47, 266, 267, 292, see also Central cirrus radiative forcing, 351, 353 Equatorial Pacific Experiment comparison with satellite observations, 346 CERES, 11, 259, 277, 283, 346, 389, see also Clouds contrails and contrail cirrus, 373 and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System detection of thin cirrus, 286 CERES/ARM/GEWEX Experiment, 347, see also effect of interactive ice crystal size on precipitation, CAGEX 365 CESM, see Community Earth System Model energy balance climate model, 373 CF2Cl2, 339 general circulation model, 45, 289, 332 CF3Cl, 339 high thin ice clouds, 390 CFC, 249, 339 MODIS C6 products, 277 CFCl3, 339 one-dimensional, 358, 359 CFL, 204, 216, see also Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy radiative forcing of cirrus clouds, 350 condition radiative transfer, 340 CGOM, 162, 178, see also conventional geometric single-scattering parameterization for ice crystals, optics 332 CH4, 101, 248, 249, 251, 252, 335, 338, 339, 343, see thin cirrus detection and comparison with GCM, also absorption spectrum; methane 386 chemical composition cloud of atmosphere, 380, 386 absorptance, 283, 342 of particles, 239 condensation nuclei, 180, 360, see also CCN chlorine, 259 cover, xiv, 9, 275, 285, 348, 351, 355, 363, 371, chlorofluorocarbon, see CFC 373, 386, 389, 390 Christiansen effect, 102, 333 overlap, 348, 377, 385, 389 Ci, 2, see also cirrus radar system, 306 circular polarization, 86, 90, 91, 92 radiative forcing, 321, 328, 350, 351, 355, 362, 370, circumzenithal arc, 133, 134, see also halo 389, 390, see also CRF cirrocumulus, 2, 41, see also Cc reflection, 262, 351 cirrostratus, 2, 41, 43, 57, 103, 104, 114, 319, 320, see resolving model, 51 also Cs water content, 29, 365 cirrus, 2 Cloud and Radiation Testbed, 346 CIRRUS, 323 Cloud Particle Imager, 33 cirrus radiative forcing, 351, 355 Cloud Profiling Radar, 259, 295, 387, see also CPR CKD, 337, 338, see also correlated k-distribution Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared
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