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Soaring Weather
Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven contributions to meteorology. For example, soar tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft. -
Atmospheric Phenomena by Feist
Atmospheric optical phenomena An introductory guide by Mike Feist Effects caused by water droplets— rainbows and coronae The most well known optical sky effect is the rainbow. This, as most people know, sometimes occurs when the Sun is out and it is raining. To see a rainbow you must stand with your back to the Sun with the raindrops in front of you. It does not have to be raining where you are standing but in the direction that you are looking. The arc of the primary (main) bow is centred on the antisolar point, the spot directly oppo- site the Sun, and has a radius of 42°. The antisolar point is actually centred on the shadow of your head. If the Sun is rising or setting and therefore on the horizon, the primary rainbow will be a complete semi- circle and the top will be 42° up in the sky. If, on the other hand, the Sun is 42° up in the sky, the primary bow will be on the horizon, the top just rising or setting. Con- ventionally the rainbow is said to have John Constable. Hampstead Heath with a Rainbow (1836). seven colours but all we need to remember seen in the spray near waterfalls and artifi- ous forms but with a six-sided shape. They is that, in the primary bow, the red is on cial rainbows can be made using a garden may be as flat hexagonal plates or long the outside and the blue on the inside. Out- hose. Rainbows are one of the easiest opti- hexagonal prisms or as a combination of side the primary bow sometimes there is cal effects to photograph although they the two. -
Extreme Climatic Characteristics Near the Coastline of the Southeast Region of Brazil in the Last 40 Years
Extreme Climatic Characteristics Near the Coastline of the Southeast Region of Brazil in the Last 40 Years Marilia Mitidieri Fernandes de Oliveira ( [email protected] ) Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Jorge Luiz Fernandes de Oliveira Fluminense Federal University Pedro José Farias Fernandes Fluminense Federal University, Physical Geography Laboratory (LAGEF), Eric Gilleland National, Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Nelson Francisco Favilla Ebecken Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Research Article Keywords: ERA5 Reanalysis data, Non-parametric statistical tests, severe weather systems, subtropical cyclones Posted Date: June 7th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-159473/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 Extreme climatic characteristics near the coastline of the Southeast region of Brazil in the last 40 years Marilia Mitidieri Fernandes de Oliveira1, Jorge Luiz Fernandes de Oliveira2, Pedro José Farias Fernandes3, Eric Gilleland4, Nelson Francisco Favilla Ebecken1 1Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Civil Engineering Postgraduate Program-COPPE/UFRJ, Center of Technology, Rio de Janeiro 21945-970, Brazil 2Fluminense Federal University, Geography Postgraduate Program, Department of Geography, Geoscience Institute, Niterói 24210-340, Brazil 3Fluminense Federal University, Physical Geography Laboratory (LAGEF), Department of Geography, Niterói 24210-340, -
Section 9 Development of and Studies with Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere
Section 9 Development of and studies with coupled ocean-atmosphere models Global warming and Mean Indian summer monsoon Sujata K. Mandke*1, A K Sahai1, Mahesh Shinde1 and Susmita Joseph1 1Climate & Global Modeling Division, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411 008, India *[email protected] The rising level in concentration of green house gases(GHGs) in the atmosphere have led to enhanced radiative heating of the earth. Global warming is evident from increase in temperature, sea level rise etc(IPCC,1990,IPCC WG1 TAR,2001). The extreme events of climate system such as floods and droughts is projected(IPCC WG1 TAR, 2001). The impact of climate change on monsoon and its variability is a major issue for Indian subcontinent where agriculture and economic growth is strongly linked to behavior of monsoon. Current versions of Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models(AOGCM) provide reliable simulations of the large scale features of the present day climate but there are uncertainties on regional scale. The present study emphasis the possible impact of climate change on the daily mean summer precipitation focusing on Indian region simulated by ten AOGCMs. Daily precipitation simulated by ten AOGCMs that participated in IPCC for fourth assessment report is used in the present study. The model output from variety of experiments carried out by different modeling groups throughout the world is archived by PCMDI and made available on request to international research community on pcmdi.llnl.gov/ipcc/about_ipcc.php website. Two experiments namely 1pctto2x (1% per year CO2 increase to doubling) and 1pctto4x (1% per year CO2 increase to quadrupling) have been used to study the influence of climate change relative to control experiment. -
Extratropical Cyclones and the Projected Decline of Winter Mediterranean Precipitation in the CMIP5 Models
Clim Dyn DOI 10.1007/s00382-014-2426-8 Extratropical cyclones and the projected decline of winter Mediterranean precipitation in the CMIP5 models Giuseppe Zappa · Matthew K. Hawcroft · Len Shaffrey · Emily Black · David J. Brayshaw Received: 23 July 2014 / Accepted: 21 November 2014 © The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The Mediterranean region has been identified Keywords Mediterranean climate · Precipitation as a climate change “hot-spot” due to a projected reduc- projections · Extratropical cyclones · CMIP5 tion in precipitation and fresh water availability which has potentially large socio-economic impacts. To increase confidence in these projections, it is important to physi- 1 Introduction cally understand how this precipitation reduction occurs. This study quantifies the impact on winter Mediterranean The Mediterranean area has been identified as a climate precipitation due to changes in extratropical cyclones in change “hot-spot” (Giorgi 2006; Diffenbaugh and Giorgi 17 CMIP5 climate models. In each model, the extratropi- 2012). Under climate change scenarios, the precipitation cal cyclones are objectively tracked and a simple approach in the Mediterranean region is projected to decline lead- is applied to identify the precipitation associated to each ing to increasing aridification and reduction in fresh water cyclone. This allows us to decompose the Mediterranean supplies (Mariotti et al. 2008; Jin et al. 2010; Collins et al. precipitation reduction into a contribution due to changes in 2013; Seager et al. 2014). This may have serious socio- the number of cyclones and a contribution due to changes economic impacts in regions such as the Middle East and in the amount of precipitation generated by each cyclone. -
NOTES and CORRESPONDENCE Synoptic-Scale Controls of Summer
15 FEBRUARY 2006 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE 613 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Synoptic-Scale Controls of Summer Precipitation in the Southeastern United States JEREMY E. DIEM Department of Anthropology and Geography, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Manuscript received 15 October 2004, in final form 11 August 2005) ABSTRACT Past climatological research has not quantitatively defined the synoptic-scale circulation deviations re- sponsible for anomalous summer-season precipitation totals in the southeastern United States. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to determine the synoptic-scale controls of wet and dry multiday periods during the summer within a portion of the southeastern United States as well as to assess the linkages between synoptic-scale circulation and multidecadal variations in precipitation characteristics for the study domain. Daily precipitation data from 30 stations for June, July, and August from 1953 to 2002 were converted into 13-day totals. Using standardized principal components analysis (PCA), the study domain was divided into three precipitation regions (i.e., South, Northwest, and Northeast). Wet and dry periods for each region were composed of the top 56 and bottom 56 thirteen-day periods. Composite circulation maps for 500 and 850 mb revealed the following: wet periods were generally associated with an upper-level trough over the interior southeastern United States coincident with strong lower-tropospheric flow into the South- east from the Gulf of Mexico, and dry periods were characterized by ridges or anticyclones over the midwestern and southeastern United States coupled with weak lower-tropospheric flow. Many of the wet periods had surface fronts. Over the 50-yr period, increased precipitation was significantly correlated with increased occurrences of midtropospheric troughs over the study domain. -
Aviation Meteorology
International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS) Volume VI, Issue VIIIS, August 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540 Aviation Meteorology Yashmitha Kumaran, N. Sumathi Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract: - The purpose of this paper is to highlight the general atmosphere plays a major role in protecting the Earth‟s life terms and definitions that falls under the ‘common set’ in the forms from the solar radiations, cosmic rays and meteoroids. intersection of the sets Meteorology and Aerospace Engineering. It is also responsible for maintaining the Earth‟s global It begins with the universal explanations for the meteorological temperature by insolation, reflection and circulation, and for phenomena under the ‘common set’ followed by the the scattering of sunlight, which enables us to perceive categorization of clouds and their influences on the aerial various colours. vehicles, the instrumentation used in Aeronautics to determine the required Meteorological quantities, factors affecting aviation, Oceans have a diurnal variation of just 2 to 3C and they effects of aviation on the clouds, and the corresponding protocols consist of two separate layers of water, warm and cold. The involved in deciphering the ‘common set’ elements. layer of separation is called thermocline. The upper (warm) It also talks about the relation between airport construction and layer is a heat reservoir and is 150 to 200 meters deep. This is Geology prior to concluding with the uses and successes of the cause for the genesis of several aquatic circulations like Meteorology in the field of Aerospace. the cyclones, the hurricanes and the typhoons. The Earth is at an average distance of 149,600,000 km from I. -
Meteorological Equipment Data Sheets
TM 750-5-3 TECHNICAL MANUAL METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT DATA SHEETS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 30 APRIL 1973 *TM 750–5–3 TECHNICAL MANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 750–5–3 WASHINGTON, D.C., 30 April 1973 METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT DATA SHEETS Paragraph Page SECTION I. INTRODUCTION Scope _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 3 Purpose _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 3 Organization of content _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3 3 US Army type classifications _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 3 Currency of information _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 4 Omitted data_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 4 II. -
1 Climatology of South American Seasonal Changes
Vol. 27 N° 1 y 2 (2002) 1-30 PROGRESS IN PAN AMERICAN CLIVAR RESEARCH: UNDERSTANDING THE SOUTH AMERICAN MONSOON Julia Nogués-Paegle 1 (1), Carlos R. Mechoso (2), Rong Fu (3), E. Hugo Berbery (4), Winston C. Chao (5), Tsing-Chang Chen (6), Kerry Cook (7), Alvaro F. Diaz (8), David Enfield (9), Rosana Ferreira (4), Alice M. Grimm (10), Vernon Kousky (11), Brant Liebmann (12), José Marengo (13), Kingste Mo (11), J. David Neelin (2), Jan Paegle (1), Andrew W. Robertson (14), Anji Seth (14), Carolina S. Vera (15), and Jiayu Zhou (16) (1) Department of Meteorology, University of Utah, USA, (2) Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, (3) Georgia Institute of Technology; Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, USA (4) Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, USA, (5) Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, USA, (6) Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, USA, (7) Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, USA, (8) Instituto de Mecánica de Fluidos e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad de la República, Uruguay, (9) NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, USA, (10) Department of Physics, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil, (11) Climate Prediction Center/NCEP/NWS/NOAA, USA, (12) NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, USA, (13) Centro de Previsao do Tempo e Estudos de Clima, CPTEC, Brazil, (14) International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, USA, (15) CIMA/Departmento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, (16) Goddard Earth Sciences Technology Center, University of Maryland, USA. (Manuscript received 13 May 2002, in final form 20 January 2003) ABSTRACT A review of recent findings on the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) is presented. -
Synoptic-Scale Controls of Fog and Low Clouds in the Namib Desert: Response to Reviewer 1
Synoptic-scale controls of fog and low clouds in the Namib Desert: Response to Reviewer 1 Hendrik Andersen, Jan Cermak, Julia Fuchs, Peter Knippertz, Marco Gaetani, Julian Quinting, Sebastian Sippel, and Roland Vogt contact: [email protected] We would like to thank reviewer 1 for her/his careful review of the manuscript and her/his constructive criticism and valuable comments. Comments by the referee are colored in black, our replies or comments are colored in blue and italics. Using a 14-year period of reanalysis grids and backward trajectories, this study examines the impact of large-scale dynamics and thermodynamics on fog and low clouds (FLCs) over Namib. Specifically, the authors’ focus on two seasons when different FLC types are observed due to different synoptic-scale regimes. A main finding is that the mean sea level pressure (MSLP) field differs notably between clear and FLC days. To this end, the authors’ use a statistical model and MSLP fields to provide skillful prediction of FLCs up to one day in advance. A new conceptual model of the two different FLC regimes is developed to summarize findings and aid in future studies related to FLCs over Namib. In general, the scientific purpose is justified, the findings are important, and the paper is well-written; however, I do have concerns about some of the methods used. Overall, I think that the results are interesting and worthy of publication, and at this stage I suggest acceptance subject to major revisions. Major/general comments: 1. Use of MSLP, 2 m temperature, and 10 m winds to characterize synoptic-scale conditions This study relies on the assumption that near-surface (boundary layer) meteorological variables – specifically MSLP, 2 m temperature, and 10 m horizontal wind components – are representative of the large-scale dynamics. -
Title Author(S)
th 5 European Conference on Severe Storms 12 - 16 October 2009 - Landshut - GERMANY ECSS 2009 Abstracts by session ECSS 2009 - 5th European Conference on Severe Storms 12-16 October 2009 - Landshut – GERMANY List of the abstract accepted for presentation at the conference: O – Oral presentation P – Poster presentation Session 09: Severe storm case studies and field campaigns, e.g. COPS, THORPEX, VORTEX2 Page Type Abstract Title Author(s) An F3 downburst in Austria - a case study with special G. Pistotnik, A. M. Holzer, R. 265 O focus on the importance of real-time site surveys Kaltenböck, S. Tschannett J. Bech, N. Pineda, M. Aran, J. An observational analysis of a tornadic severe weather 267 O Amaro, M. Gayà, J. Arús, J. event Montanyà, O. van der Velde Case study: Extensive wind damage across Slovenia on July M. Korosec, J. Cedilnik 269 O 13th, 2008 Observed transition from an elevated mesoscale convective J. Marsham, S. Trier, T. 271 O system to a surface based squall line: 13th June, Weckwerth, J. Wilson, A. Blyth IHOP_2002 08/08/08: classification and simulation challenge of the A. Pucillo, A. Manzato 273 O FVG olympic storm H. Bluestein, D. Burgess, D. VORTEX2: The Second Verification of the Origins of Dowell, P. Markowski, E. 275 O Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment Rasmussen, Y. Richardson, L. Wicker, J. Wurman Observations of the initiation and development of severe A. Blyth, K. Browning, J. O convective storms during CSIP Marsham, P. Clark, L. Bennett The development of tornadic storms near a surface warm P. Groenemeijer, U. Corsmeier, 277 O front in central England during the Convective Storm C. -
Afman15-111 FEB2013.Pdf
BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY AIR FORCE MANUAL 15-111 OF THE AIR FORCE 27 FEBRUARY 2013 Weather SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY ACCESSIBILITY: This publication is available for downloading from the e-publishing website at www.e-publishing.af.mil RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication OPR: HQ USAF/A3O-WP Certified by: HQ USAF/A3O-W (Dr. Fred P. Lewis) Supersedes: AFMAN 15-111, Pages: 118 10 March 2009 This manual implements Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 15-1, Atmospheric and Space Environmental Support. It also implements Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 1 (FCM-H1) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Manual on Codes, Volume I.1, Part A (WMO 306, Vol I.1, Part A) aerodrome routine meteorological reports (FM-15 METAR) and aerodrome special meteorological reports (FM-16 SPECI) codes. It prescribes basic observing fundamentals and terms and establishes aviation code forms for recording and disseminating weather observations. It applies to all Active and Reserve Component organizations conducting weather operations, including government-contracted weather operations if stated in the Statement of Work or Performance Work Statement. This Air Force (AF) Manual (AFMAN) may be supplemented at any level, but all supplements must be routed to AF/A3O-WP, 1490 Air Force Pentagon, Washington, DC 20330-1490 for coordination prior to certification and approval. Refer recommended changes and questions about this publication to AF/A3O-WP using the AF 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication; route AF 847s from the field through Major Command (MAJCOM) publications/forms managers. Ensure that all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publication are maintained in accordance with AFMAN 33-363, Management of Records, and disposed of in accordance with the Air Force Records Disposition Schedule (RDS) located in the Air Force Records Information Management System (AFRIMS).