DOCSLIB.ORG

Surface Weather Observations and Reports

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Surface Weather Observations and Reports U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH FEDERAL METEOROLOGICAL HANDBOOK No. 1 Surface Weather Observations andReports FCM-H1-1995 Washington, D.C. December 1995 FEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH 8455 COLESVILLE ROAD, SUITE 1500 SILVER SPRING, MARYLAND 20910 FEDERAL METEOROLOGICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER 1 SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS FCM-H1-1995 Washington, D.C. December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
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Final Exam December 16, 2004 Name (Print, Last first): Signature: on My Honor, I Have Neither Given Nor Received Unauthorized Aid on This Examination
    21111 21111 Instructor(s): Prof. Seiberling PHYSICS DEPARTMENT MET 1010 Final Exam December 16, 2004 Name (print, last ¯rst): Signature: On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this examination. YOUR TEST NUMBER IS THE 5-DIGIT NUMBER AT THE TOP OF EACH PAGE. (1) Code your test number on your answer sheet (use 76{80 for the 5-digit number). Code your name on your answer sheet. DARKEN CIRCLES COMPLETELY. Code your UFID number on your answer sheet. (2) Print your name on this sheet and sign it also. (3) Do all scratch work anywhere on this exam that you like. Circle your answers on the test form. At the end of the test, this exam printout is to be turned in. No credit will be given without both answer sheet and printout with scratch work most questions demand. (4) Blacken the circle of your intended answer completely, using a #2 pencil or blue or black ink. Do not make any stray marks or some answers may be counted as incorrect. (5) The answers are rounded o®. Choose the closest to exact. There is no penalty for guessing. (6) Hand in the answer sheet separately. There are 33 multiple choice questions. Clearly circle the one best answer for each question. If more than one answer is marked, no credit will be given for that question, even if one of the marked answers is correct. Guessing an answer is better than leaving it blank. All questions are worth 3 points except 1, marked 4 points. Good Luck! 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fujita Scale F‐Scale Intensity Wind Type of Damage Done Number Phrase Speed
    Weather‐Wind Worksheet 2 L2 MiSP Weather-Wind Speed and Direction Worksheet #2 L2 Name _____________________________ Date_____________ Tornados – Pressure and Wind Speed Introduction (excerpts from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/tstorms/tornado.htm ) A tornado is a violently rotating (usually counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere) column of air descending from a thunderstorm and in contact with the ground. The United States experiences more tornadoes by far than any other country. In a typical year about 1000 tornadoes will strike the United States. The peak of the tornado season is April through June and more tornadoes strike the central United States than any other place in the world. This area has been nicknamed "tornado alley." Most tornadoes are spawned from thunderstorms. Tornadoes can last from several seconds to more than an hour but most last less than 10 minutes. The size and/or shape of a tornado are no measure of its strength. Occasionally, small tornadoes do major damage and some very large tornadoes, over a quarter-mile wide, have produced only light damage. The Fujita Scale F‐Scale Intensity Wind Type of Damage Done Number Phrase Speed 40‐72 Some damage to chimneys; breaks branches off trees; F0 Gale tornado mph pushes over shallow‐rooted trees; damages sign boards. The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane wind speed; Moderate 73‐112 peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off F1 tornado mph foundations or overturned; moving autos pushed off the roads; attached garages may be destroyed. Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; Significant 113‐157 mobile homes demolished; boxcars pushed over; large F2 tornado mph trees snapped or uprooted; light object missiles generated.
    [Show full text]
  • Kentucky Mesonet Weather Station Moves to Ephram White Park
    Home / News https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/kentucky-mesonet-weather-station-moves-to-ephram-white- park/article_5c142169-496b-5905-90c0-fb3ac31cfab0.html Kentucky Mesonet weather station moves to Ephram White Park By AARON MUDD [email protected] 9 min ago A Kentucky Mesonet weather station was recently relocated to Warren County’s Ephram White Park from its previous location near the General Motors Bowling Green Assembly Plant. Submitted photo courtesy of WKU Visitors to Ephram White Park might notice a new feature – a Kentucky Mesonet weather station has been relocated to the park from its previous location near the General Motors Corvette plant. Stuart Foster, director of the Kentucky Mesonet and the Kentucky Climate Center, said the move comes after the station was damaged during a lightning strike. He said the new location shouldn’t afect forecasting in the area. On the contrary, the real- time weather information the station ofers could become even more valuable in its new location at the park at 885 Mount Olivet Road. “With the growing population, nearby schools and industrial park, we felt it was important to keep coverage in that area so we worked with Chris Kummer and Warren County Parks and Recreation and partnered with them on the site at Ephram White Park,” Foster said in a news release. Part of a statewide network of 71 stations in 69 counties, the Mesonet station collects real- time data on temperature, precipitation, humidity, barometric pressure, solar radiation, soil moisture, soil temperature, wind speed and direction. That data is transmitted to the Kentucky Climate Center at WKU every fve minutes, 24 hours a day throughout the year, and is available online at kymesonet.org.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Region Technical Attachment 92-11 Using New Technology To
    /Ou)%-c<v^A cU-i CRH SSD MAY 1992 CENTRAL REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT 92-11 USING NEW TECHNOLOGY TO LOCATE AND FORECAST THE MOVEMENT OF A FRONT IN THE MESOSCALE MICHAEL K. HOLZINGER NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORECAST OFFICE DENVER, COLORADO 1. INTRODUCTION The National Weather Service (NWS) is testing much of the future technology in an operational environment at the Weather Service Forecast Office (WSFO) in Denver, Colorado. The Denver AWIPS Risk Reduction and Requirements Evaluation (DARRRE II) workstat­ ion at the WSFO gives forecasters the ability to analyze mesosc- ale features in much more detail and make local forecasts with more precision than was possible a few years ago. WSFO Denver conducted an experimental project, called the En­ hanced Terminal Forecast (EFT) program, between January and November, 1991 (NWS 1990; NWS 1991). In place of standard avia­ tion terminal forecasts, EFT forecasts were issued for the three terminals in the Denver metropolitan area. These are Stapleton International Airport (DEN), Centennial Airport (APA), and Jefferson County Airport (BJC) (Fig. 1A). Compared to conven­ tional terminal forecasts, the EFT had a slightly different format, slightly different amendment criteria, disallowed the use of terms "chance" and "slight chance" during the first three hours, and attempted to nail down weather changes to the nearest 15 minutes during the first three hours. Perhaps, the best opportunity to attempt forecasts to the nearest 15 minutes along the Front Range is provided by warm season wind shifts, either gust fronts or frontal. Warm season wind shifts can often be spotted on Doppler radar an hour or more before they reach DEN.
    [Show full text]
  • AMOFSG/10-Sod 19/6/13
    AMOFSG/10-SoD 19/6/13 AERODROME METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATION AND FORECAST STUDY GROUP (AMOFSG) TENTH MEETING Montréal, 17 to 19 June 2013 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS 1. HISTORICAL 1.1 The tenth meeting of the Aerodrome Meteorological Observation and Forecast Study Group (AMOFSG) was held at the Headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in Montréal, Canada, 17 to 19 June 2013. 1.2 The meeting was opened by Mr. Greg Brock, Chief of the Meteorology Section of the Air Navigation Bureau of ICAO, who extended a warm welcome to all the participants. Mr. Brock emphasized that this tenth meeting of the AMOFSG was likely to be the last of the group prior to the convening of an ICAO Meteorology (MET) Divisional Meeting in July 2014, to be held in part conjointly with the Fifteenth Session of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM-XV). For this reason, Mr. Brock underlined the need for the group to work efficiently during its three days of deliberations, with a strong emphasis placed on determining whether proposals arising from each of the topics to be addressed were of sufficient maturity so as to reduce or eliminate entirely the need for significant further work and/or a meeting ahead of the MET Divisional Meeting. 1.3 The names and contact details of the participants are listed in Appendix A . Mr. Bill Maynard was elected Chairman of the meeting. The meeting was served by the Acting Secretary of the AMOFSG, Mr. Greg Brock, Chief, Meteorology Section. 1.4 The meeting considered the following agenda items: Agenda Item 1: Opening of the meeting; Agenda Item 2: Election of Chairman; Agenda Item 3: Adoption of working arrangements; Agenda Item 4: Adoption of the agenda; (41 pages) AMOFSG.10.SoD.en.docx AMOFSG/10-SoD - 2 - Agenda Item 5: Aerodrome observations; Agenda Item 6: Forecasting at the aerodrome and in the terminal area and ATIS requirements; Agenda Item 7: Deliverables; Agenda Item 8: Any other business; and Agenda Item 9: Closure of the meeting.
    [Show full text]
  • Soaring Weather
    Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven­ contributions to meteorology. For example, soar­ tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun­ altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be­ denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur­ a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Energy Forecasting: a Collaboration of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Xcel Energy
    Wind Energy Forecasting: A Collaboration of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Xcel Energy Keith Parks Xcel Energy Denver, Colorado Yih-Huei Wan National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado Gerry Wiener and Yubao Liu University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Boulder, Colorado NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. S ubcontract Report NREL/SR-5500-52233 October 2011 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Wind Energy Forecasting: A Collaboration of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Xcel Energy Keith Parks Xcel Energy Denver, Colorado Yih-Huei Wan National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado Gerry Wiener and Yubao Liu University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Boulder, Colorado NREL Technical Monitor: Erik Ela Prepared under Subcontract No. AFW-0-99427-01 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Subcontract Report 1617 Cole Boulevard NREL/SR-5500-52233 Golden, Colorado 80401 October 2011 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 This publication received minimal editorial review at NREL. NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • The Error Is the Feature: How to Forecast Lightning Using a Model Prediction Error [Applied Data Science Track, Category Evidential]
    The Error is the Feature: How to Forecast Lightning using a Model Prediction Error [Applied Data Science Track, Category Evidential] Christian Schön Jens Dittrich Richard Müller Saarland Informatics Campus Saarland Informatics Campus German Meteorological Service Big Data Analytics Group Big Data Analytics Group Offenbach, Germany ABSTRACT ACM Reference Format: Despite the progress within the last decades, weather forecasting Christian Schön, Jens Dittrich, and Richard Müller. 2019. The Error is the is still a challenging and computationally expensive task. Current Feature: How to Forecast Lightning using a Model Prediction Error: [Ap- plied Data Science Track, Category Evidential]. In Proceedings of 25th ACM satellite-based approaches to predict thunderstorms are usually SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD ’19). based on the analysis of the observed brightness temperatures in ACM, New York, NY, USA, 10 pages. different spectral channels and emit a warning if a critical threshold is reached. Recent progress in data science however demonstrates 1 INTRODUCTION that machine learning can be successfully applied to many research fields in science, especially in areas dealing with large datasets. Weather forecasting is a very complex and challenging task requir- We therefore present a new approach to the problem of predicting ing extremely complex models running on large supercomputers. thunderstorms based on machine learning. The core idea of our Besides delivering forecasts for variables such as the temperature, work is to use the error of two-dimensional optical flow algorithms one key task for meteorological services is the detection and pre- applied to images of meteorological satellites as a feature for ma- diction of severe weather conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Weather Station Handbook
    PART 2A. MANUAL WEATHER STATIONS: MEASUREMENTS; INSTRUMENTS This portion of the handbook focuses on manual 5. Mechanical wind counte r equipped with a timer wea ther station instru ments and thei r operational fea ­ (Forester IO-Minute Wind Counter), or other suitable tures. The individual chapters first define and describe read out device, such as the Forester (Haytronics) Total­ the weather elements or parameters that are measured izing Wind Counter. The counter enables measurement at fire-weather an d other stations. of average windspeed in miles per hour. The generator Observers with a basic understanding of weather in­ an emometers mentione-d above have a n electronic accu­ struments, and wha t the measurements re present, are mulator or odomete r that can give a digital readout of better prepared toward obtaining accurate wea ther data. IO-minute average windspeed. They will be better able to recognize an erroneous rea ding 6. Wind direction system-including wind vane and or defective instrumen t. Similarly, persona assigned the remote readout device. Again, no particular model has task will be more likely to properly install and maintai n been adopted as the standard. the instrume nts. 7. Nonrecording ("stick") rai n gauge, with support; In addition. a n increased understandin g of the instru­ gauge has 8-inch diameter and may be either large capac­ ments may bring greater satisfaction to what might other­ ity type or Fores t Service type. Measuri ng stick gives wise become a routine, mechan ical task. An understand­ rainfall in hundred ths of an inch. ing of the weather elements and processe s may further 8.
    [Show full text]
  • 6.4 the Warning Time for Cloud-To-Ground Lightning in Isolated, Ordinary Thunderstorms Over Houston, Texas
    6.4 THE WARNING TIME FOR CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING IN ISOLATED, ORDINARY THUNDERSTORMS OVER HOUSTON, TEXAS Nathan C. Clements and Richard E. Orville Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 1. INTRODUCTION shear and buoyancy, with small magnitudes of vertical wind shear likely to produce ordinary, convective Lightning is a natural but destructive phenomenon storms. Weisman and Klemp (1986) describe the short- that affects various locations on the earth’s surface lived single cell storm as the most basic convective every year. Uman (1968) defines lightning as a self- storm. Therefore, this ordinary convective storm type will propagating atmospheric electrical discharge that results be the focus of this study. from the accumulation of positive and negative space charge, typically occurring within convective clouds. This 1.2 THUNDERSTORM CHARGE STRUCTURE electrical discharge can occur in two basic ways: cloud flashes and ground flashes (MacGorman and Rust The primary source of lightning is electric charge 1998, p. 83). The latter affects human activity, property separated in a cloud type known as a cumulonimbus and life. Curran et al. (2000) find that lightning is ranked (Cb) (Uman 1987). Interactions between different types second behind flash and river flooding as causing the of hydrometeors within a cloud are thought to carry or most deaths from any weather-related event in the transfer charges, thus creating net charge regions United States. From 1959 to 1994, there was an throughout a thunderstorm. Charge separation can average of 87 deaths per year from lightning. Curran et either come about by inductive mechanisms (i.e. al. also rank the state of Texas as third in the number of requires an electric field to induce charge on the surface fatalities from 1959 to 1994, behind Florida at number of the hydrometeor) or non-inductive mechanisms (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Ownship Information and Nexrad Resolution on Pilot Decision Making in the Use of a Cockpit Weather Information Display
    NASA/CR-2001-210845 The Effect of Ownship Information and NexRad Resolution on Pilot Decision Making in the Use of a Cockpit Weather Information Display Paul F. Novacek, Malcolm A. Burgess, Michael L. Heck, and Alan F. Stokes RTI International, Hampton, Virginia December 2001 The NASA STI Program Office ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected the advancement of aeronautics and space science. The NASA Scientific and Technical papers from scientific and technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other Information (STI) Program Office plays a key meetings sponsored or co sponsored by part in helping NASA maintain this important NASA. role. SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, The NASA STI Program Office is operated by technical, or historical information from Langley Research Center, the lead center for NASA's scientific and technical information. The NASA programs, projects, and missions, often concerned with subjects having NASA STI Program Office provides access to the substantial public interest. NASA STI Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The Program Office is also NASA's institutional TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English language translations of foreign scientific mechanism for disseminating the results of its and technical material pertinent to NASA's research and development activities. These mission. results are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services that complement the STI Program Office's diverse offerings include TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of creating custom thesauri, building customized completed research or a major significant databases, organizing and publishing research phase of research that present the results of results ..
    [Show full text]
  • Imet-4 Radiosonde 403 Mhz GPS Synoptic
    iMet-4 Radiosonde 403 MHz GPS Synoptic Technical Data Sheet Temperature and Humidity Radiosonde Data Transmission The iMet-4 measures air temperature with a The iMet-4 radiosonde can transmit to an small glass bead thermistor. Its small size effective range of over 250 km*. minimizes effects caused by long and short- wave radiation and ensures fast response times. A 6 kHz peak-to-peak FM transmission maximizes efficiency and makes more channels The humidity sensor is a thin-film capacitive available for operational use. Seven frequency polymer that responds directly to relative selections are pre-programmed - with custom humidity. The sensor incorporates a temperature programming available. sensor to minimize errors caused by solar heating. Calibration Pressure and Height The iMet-4’s temperature and humidity sensors are calibrated using NIST traceable references to As recommended by GRUAN3, the iMet-4 is yield the highest data quality. equipped with a pressure sensor to calculate height at lower levels in the atmosphere. Once Benefits the radiosonde reaches the optimal height, pressure is derived using GPS altitude combined • Superior PTU performance with temperature and humidity data. • Lightweight, compact design • No assembly or recalibration required The pressure sensor facilitates the use of the • GRUAN3 qualified (pending) sonde in field campaigns where a calibrated • Status LED indicates transmit frequency barometer is not available to establish an selection and 3-D GPS solution accurate ground observation for GPS-derived • Simple one-button user interface pressure. For synoptic use, the sensor is bias adjusted at ground level. Winds Data from the radiosonde's GPS receiver is used to calculate wind speed and direction.
    [Show full text]