DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 6 Splashing Colors Everywhere, Like a Rainbow (Optics)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 6 Splashing Colors Everywhere, Like a Rainbow (Optics) Optics 1 Chapter 6 Splashing colors everywhere, like a rainbow (optics) Here are the references and web links for the stories in the book. Recently added references are highlighted. For updates to those stories and for all the new stories, go to http://www.flyingcircusofphysics.com/News/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=42 Jan 2015 6.1 Rainbows This item is discussed in the book The Flying Circus of Physics, second edition, by Jearl Walker, published by John Wiley & Sons, June 2006, ISBN 0-471-76273-3. The material here is located at www.flyingcircusofphysics.com and will be updated periodically. Photos and discussions http://www.atoptics.co.uk/ Many photos and explanations of atmospheric optics http://atmospherical.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2006-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z&updated- max=2007-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z&max-results=50 Blog devoted to photos of atmospheric phenomena http://atmospherical.blogspot.com Way cool blog site with lots of photos and descriptions. Go through the archived blogs by clicking on the button at the bottom of the page. The blog started in April 2006. Videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3iOjTqFGWY&mode=related&search= Double rainbows plus lightning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmVuO-qQOn8 Primary rainbow plus faint secondary bow http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cylV9Lp9fuM&mode=related&search= Double rainbow References Dots through indicate level of difficulty Journal reference style: author, journal, volume, pages (date) Book reference style: author, title, publisher, date, pages Neuberger, N., "A rainbow in a cirrus sky in winter," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 26, 211 (1945) Boyer, C. B., "Kepler's explanation of the rainbow," American Journal of Physics, 18, 360-366 (1950) Walker, D., "A rainbow and supernumeraries with graduated separations," Weather, 5, 324-325 (1950) Kangieser, P. C., "Refraction phenomena affecting ceilometer observations," Monthly Weather Review, 78, 211-216 (1950) Minnaert, M., Light and Colour in the Open Air, Dover, 1954, pages 174-190 Malkus, W. V. R., "Rainbows and cloudbows," Weather, 10, 331-335 (1955) Neuberger, H., Introduction to Physical Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Mineral Industries, Pennsylvania, 1957, page 177 Van de Hulst, H. C., Light Scattering by Small Particles, Wiley, 1957, Chapter 13 Boyer, C. B., The Rainbow from Myth to Mathematics, Thomas Yoseloff, New York, 1959 McDonald, J. E., "Caustic of the primary rainbow," American Journal of Physics, 31, 282-284 (1963) Humphreys, W. J., Physics of the Air, Dover, 1964, Chapter 4 Querfeld, C. W., "Mie atmospheric optics," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55, 105-106 (1965) Rosch, S., "Der Regenbogen in Wissenschaft und Kunst," Applied Optics, 7, 233-239 (1968) Optics 2 Nussenzveig, H. N., "High-frequency scattering by a transparent sphere. II. Theory of the rainbow and the glory," Journal of Mathematical Physics, 10, 125-176 (1969) Dave, J. V., "Scattering of visible light by large water spheres," Applied Optics, 8, 155-164 (1969) Tricker, R. A. R., Introduction to Meteorological Optics, American Elsevier, 1970, chapters 3 and 6 Liou, K., and J. E. Hansen, "Intensity and polarization for single scattering by polydisperse spheres: a comparison of ray optics and Mie theory," Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 28, 995-1004 (1971) Larmore, L., and F. F. Hall Jr., "Optics for the airborne observer," The Journal of the Society of Photo- Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 9, 87-94 (February/March 1971) Mason, E. A., R. J. Munn, and F. J. Smith, "Rainbows and glories in molecular scattering," Endeavor, 30, 91-96 (1971) Fraser, A. B., "Inhomogeneities in the color and intensity of the rainbow," Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 29, 211-212 (1972) Patitsas, A. J., "Rainbows, glories, and the scalar field approach," Canadian Journal of Physics, 50, 3172-3183 (1972) Khare, V., and H. M. Nussenzveig, "Theory of the rainbow," Physical Review Letters, 33, 976-980 (1974) Whitaker, R. J., "Physics of the rainbow," The Physics Teacher, 12, 283-286 (1974) Graham, G. R., "Polarization of rainbows," Physics Education, 10, 50-51 (1975) White, R., (letter) "Remarkable rainbow at Woodford Green," Journal of Meteorology, 1, 69 (1975/76) Walker, J., "Multiple rainbows from single drops of water and other liquids," American Journal of Physics, 44, 421-433 (1976), contained on Classic Reprints on CD-ROM Vol. 1, On Minnaert’s Shoulders: Twenty Years of the “Light and Color” Conferences, C. L. Adler, editor, 1999, Optical Society of America, ISBN 1-55752-621-4 Brockman Jr., C. L., and N. G. Alexopoulos, "Geometrical optics of inhomogeneous particles: glory ray and the rainbow revisited," Applied Optics, 16, 166-174 (1977) Nussenzveig, H. M., "The theory of the rainbow," Scientific American, 236, 116-127 + 148 (April 1977) Walker, J., "How to create and observe a dozen rainbows in a single drop of water" in "The Amateur Scientist," Scientific American, 237, 138-144 + 154 (July 1977) Walker, J., "The Amateur Scientist," Scientific American, 239, 179-187 (October 1978); see pp 185-187 Konnen, G. P., and J. H. de Boer, "Polarized rainbow," Applied Optics, 18, 1961-1965 (1979), contained on Classic Reprints on CD-ROM Vol. 1, On Minnaert’s Shoulders: Twenty Years of the “Light and Color” Conferences, C. L. Adler, editor, 1999, Optical Society of America, ISBN 1-55752-621-4 Nussenzveig, H. M., "Complex angular momentum theory of the rainbow and the glory," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 69, 1068-1079 + Plates 107 and 108 (1979), contained on Classic Reprints on CD-ROM Vol. 1, On Minnaert’s Shoulders: Twenty Years of the “Light and Color” Conferences, C. L. Adler, editor, 1999, Optical Society of America, ISBN 1-55752-621-4 Mobbs, S. D., "Theory of the rainbow," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 69, 1089-1092 (1979), contained on Classic Reprints on CD-ROM Vol. 1, On Minnaert’s Shoulders: Twenty Years of the “Light and Color” Conferences, C. L. Adler, editor, 1999, Optical Society of America, ISBN 1-55752-621- 4 Greenler, R., Rainbows, Halos, and Glories, Cambridge University Press, 1980/1989, Chapter 1 Walker, J., "Mysteries of rainbows, notably their rare supernumerary arcs" in "The Amateur Scientist," Scientific American, 242, 174-184 + 186 (June 1980) Marston, P. L., "Rainbow phenomena and the detection of nonsphericity in drops," Applied Optics, 19, 680-685 (1980) Gedzelman, S. D., "Visibility of halos and rainbows," Applied Optics, 19, 3068-3074 (1980), contained on Classic Reprints on CD-ROM Vol. 1, On Minnaert’s Shoulders: Twenty Years of the “Light and Color” Conferences, C. L. Adler, editor, 1999, Optical Society of America, ISBN 1-55752-621-4 Schaefer, V. J., and J. A. Day, A Field Guide to the Atmosphere, Houghton Mifflin, 1981, pages 162-164 Optics 3 White, R., "Visibility of halos and rainbows: comment," Applied Optics, 20, 1730 (1981) Bishop, R. L., "Rainbow over Woolsthorpe Manor," Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 36, 3-11 (August 1981) Gedzelman, S. D., "Rainbow brightness," Applied Optics, 21, 3032-3037 (1982), contained on Classic Reprints on CD-ROM Vol. 1, On Minnaert’s Shoulders: Twenty Years of the “Light and Color” Conferences, C. L. Adler, editor, 1999, Optical Society of America, ISBN 1-55752-621-4 Greenslade Jr., T. B., "The rainbow," The Physics Teacher, 20, 463 (1982) Schaaf, F., Wonders of the Sky: Observing Rainbows, Comets, Eclipses, the Stars, and Other Phenomena, Dover, 1983, Chapter 1 Fraser, A. B., "Chasing rainbows," Weatherwise, 36, 280-287 (1983) Schlatter, T., "What causes a double rainbow?" Weatherwise, 36, 140-142 (1983) Fraser, A. B., "Why can the supernumerary bows be seen in a rain shower?" Journal of the Optical Society of America, 73, 1626-1628 + plate I (1983), contained on Classic Reprints on CD-ROM Vol. 1, On Minnaert’s Shoulders: Twenty Years of the “Light and Color” Conferences, C. L. Adler, editor, 1999, Optical Society of America, ISBN 1-55752-621-4 Corliss, W. R., Rare Halos, Mirages, Anomalous Rainbows and Related Electromagnetic Phenomena, Sourcebook Project, 1984 (PO Box 107, Glen Arm, MD 21057), pages 6-39 Pedgley, D. E., (letter) "A tertiary rainbow," Weather, 41, 401 (1986) Konnen, G. P., "Appearance of supernumeraries of the secondary rainbow in rain showers," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 4, 810-816 (1987), contained on Classic Reprints on CD-ROM Vol. 1, On Minnaert’s Shoulders: Twenty Years of the “Light and Color” Conferences, C. L. Adler, editor, 1999, Optical Society of America, ISBN 1-55752-621-4 Bohren, C. F., Clouds in a Glass of Beer: Simple Experiments in Atmospheric Physics, Wiley, 1987, pages 171-185; now available from Dover Publications, ISBN 0486417387 Gedzelman, S. D., "Rainbows in strong vertical atmospheric electric fields," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1717-1721 (1988) Austin, J. D., and F. B. Dunning, "Mathematics of the rainbow," The Mathematics Teacher, 81, 484-488 (1988) Lock, J. A., "Observability of atmospheric glories and supernumerary rainbows," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 6, 1924-1930 (1989) Beard, K. V., H. T. Ochs III, and R. J. Kubesh, "Natural oscillations of small raindrops," Nature, 342, 408- 410 (1989) Wilk, S. R., (letter) Science News, 137, 302 (1990) Tan, A., and T. King, "Solar zenith and local time from a rainbow," The Physics Teacher, 28, 224-225 (1990) Olson, D., C. Brozovich, J. Carr, H. Hatton, G. Miles Jr., and G. Zwicke, "Monte Carlo computer simulation of a rainbow," The Physics Teacher, 28, 226-227 (1990) Lee, R., and A. Fraser, "The light at the end of the rainbow," New Scientist, 127, 40-44 (1 September 1990) Peterson, I., “Shaking raindrops was out rainbows,” Science News, 137, 4 (6 January 1990) Schaller, A., (letter) “Rainbow phenomena” Science News, 137, 179 (24 March 1990) Floor, C., "The rainbow in the class-room of the primary school," Weather, 46, 281-284 (1991) Wang, R.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Effectiveness of Glare-Obscuring Glasses on Nighttime Driving Performance
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Summer 2012 The Effectiveness of Glare-Obscuring Glasses on Nighttime Driving Performance Heath Theodore Friedland San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Friedland, Heath Theodore, "The Effectiveness of Glare-Obscuring Glasses on Nighttime Driving Performance" (2012). Master's Theses. 4194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.byjp-34sm https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4194 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLARE-OBSCURING GLASSES ON NIGHTTIME DRIVING PERFORMANCE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate Program in Human Factors and Ergonomics San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Heath T. Friedland August 2012 i © 2012 Heath T. Friedland ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLARE-OBSCURING GLASSES ON NIGHTTIME DRIVING PERFORMANCE by Heath T. Friedland APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY August 2012 Dr. Sean Laraway Department of Psychology Dr. Louis Freund Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering Dr. Cary Feria Department of Psychology iii ABSTRACT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLARE-OBSCURING GLASSES ON NIGHTTIME DRIVING PERFORMANCE by Heath T. Friedland Currently no driver-aid system effectively addresses glare-reduction for oncoming headlights.
    [Show full text]
  • RADIAL VELOCITIES in the ZODIACAL DUST CLOUD
    A SURVEY OF RADIAL VELOCITIES in the ZODIACAL DUST CLOUD Brian Harold May Astrophysics Group Department of Physics Imperial College London Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy to Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine London · 2007 · 2 Abstract This thesis documents the building of a pressure-scanned Fabry-Perot Spectrometer, equipped with a photomultiplier and pulse-counting electronics, and its deployment at the Observatorio del Teide at Izaña in Tenerife, at an altitude of 7,700 feet (2567 m), for the purpose of recording high-resolution spectra of the Zodiacal Light. The aim was to achieve the first systematic mapping of the MgI absorption line in the Night Sky, as a function of position in heliocentric coordinates, covering especially the plane of the ecliptic, for a wide variety of elongations from the Sun. More than 250 scans of both morning and evening Zodiacal Light were obtained, in two observing periods – September-October 1971, and April 1972. The scans, as expected, showed profiles modified by components variously Doppler-shifted with respect to the unshifted shape seen in daylight. Unexpectedly, MgI emission was also discovered. These observations covered for the first time a span of elongations from 25º East, through 180º (the Gegenschein), to 27º West, and recorded average shifts of up to six tenths of an angstrom, corresponding to a maximum radial velocity relative to the Earth of about 40 km/s. The set of spectra obtained is in this thesis compared with predictions made from a number of different models of a dust cloud, assuming various distributions of dust density as a function of position and particle size, and differing assumptions about their speed and direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Astronomical Sights and Sounds
    Jonathan Powell Rare Astronomical Sights and Sounds The Patrick Moore The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/3192 Rare Astronomical Sights and Sounds Jonathan Powell Jonathan Powell Ebbw Vale, United Kingdom ISSN 1431-9756 ISSN 2197-6562 (electronic) The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series ISBN 978-3-319-97700-3 ISBN 978-3-319-97701-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97701-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953700 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Atmospheric Phenomena by Feist
    Atmospheric optical phenomena An introductory guide by Mike Feist Effects caused by water droplets— rainbows and coronae The most well known optical sky effect is the rainbow. This, as most people know, sometimes occurs when the Sun is out and it is raining. To see a rainbow you must stand with your back to the Sun with the raindrops in front of you. It does not have to be raining where you are standing but in the direction that you are looking. The arc of the primary (main) bow is centred on the antisolar point, the spot directly oppo- site the Sun, and has a radius of 42°. The antisolar point is actually centred on the shadow of your head. If the Sun is rising or setting and therefore on the horizon, the primary rainbow will be a complete semi- circle and the top will be 42° up in the sky. If, on the other hand, the Sun is 42° up in the sky, the primary bow will be on the horizon, the top just rising or setting. Con- ventionally the rainbow is said to have John Constable. Hampstead Heath with a Rainbow (1836). seven colours but all we need to remember seen in the spray near waterfalls and artifi- ous forms but with a six-sided shape. They is that, in the primary bow, the red is on cial rainbows can be made using a garden may be as flat hexagonal plates or long the outside and the blue on the inside. Out- hose. Rainbows are one of the easiest opti- hexagonal prisms or as a combination of side the primary bow sometimes there is cal effects to photograph although they the two.
    [Show full text]
  • DISSERTATION O Attribution
    COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za (Accessed: Date). The Potential of the Pinhole as a Visual Aid in the Developing World by Anthony Stephen Carlson Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Magister Philosophiae in Optometry in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Johannesburg Advisor: Professor W.F. Harris March 2014 Declaration I declare that this dissertation is my own unaided work. It is being submitted for the degree of Magister Philosophiae at the University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other educational institution. ………………………………………………………. ………………………………day of……………………………… i Abstract Background Significant vision impairment caused by uncorrected distance or near vision (at a level defined by The World Health Organization as a disability) affects over 600 million people globally (9% of the world’s population). Over 3.5 billion people (52% of the world’s population) need some form of vision correction to see clearly.
    [Show full text]
  • Electricity and Magnetism (Cont'd), Light and Optics
    Problems 931 53. Suppose you install a compass on the center of a car’s needle” is a magnetic compass mounted so that it can dashboard. (a) Assuming the dashboard is made rotate in a vertical north–south plane. At this location, mostly of plastic, compute an order-of-magnitude esti- a dip needle makes an angle of 13.08 from the vertical. mate for the magnetic field at this location produced What is the total magnitude of the Earth’s magnetic by the current when you switch on the car’s headlights. field at this location? (b) How does this estimate compare with the Earth’s 59. A very large parallel-plate capacitor has uniform magnetic field? S charge per unit area 1s on the upper plate and 2s 54. Why is the following situation impossible? The magnitude on the lower plate. The plates are horizontal, and both of the Earth’s magnetic field at either pole is approxi- move horizontally with speed v to the right. (a) What mately 7.00 3 1025 T. Suppose the field fades away to is the magnetic field between the plates? (b) What is zero before its next reversal. Several scientists propose the magnetic field just above or just below the plates? plans for artificially generating a replacement mag- (c) What are the magnitude and direction of the mag- netic field to assist with devices that depend on the netic force per unit area on the upper plate? (d) At presence of the field. The plan that is selected is to lay what extrapolated speed v will the magnetic force on a a copper wire around the equator and supply it with a plate balance the electric force on the plate? Suggestion: current that would generate a magnetic field of magni- Use Ampere’s law and choose a path that closes tude 7.00 3 1025 T at the poles.
    [Show full text]
  • Table Talk Succos VOLUME FOUR.Pub
    MADE POSSIBLE IN ABLE ALK PART THROUGH A T T GRANT FROM THE STAR-K VAAD OCTOBER 2020 SUCCOS WWW.ACHIM.ORG ISSUE 201 VOLUME 4 HAKASHRUS A MITZVA DILEMMA FOR THE SHABBOS TABLE BALCONY SUCCAH MUSCLE BUILDING We know that everything that happens to us comes from HaShem. When everything in life By Rabbi Yitzi Weiner runs smoothly we ‘understand’ why everything is smooth. However, when life becomes complicated we struggle to understand why HaShem changed His plan. How are we to make sense out of circumstances when they go totally out of control. This question sits on This week is the holiday of Succos. We my mind as we all find ourselves in the middle of Covid and life has spun out of control. all know that on Succos there is a mitz- Although we have no Navi to direct us to the answer, nevertheless, there are clues to vah to live and sleep in a succah in order which we must pay attention. to remember the clouds of glory that pro- Let us leave Covid for a moment and enter the life of a young couple that just had their tected the Jewish people during their trav- third child. Sibling rivalry begins to lift its head and the parents struggle to keep the home els in the desert. This leads us to the fol- peaceful. Nobody is at fault for this challenge; that is how children are programmed. As lowing story. the parents work their way through this challenge, they discover that when they practice Akiva and his family lived in an apart- patience the situation becomes more manageable.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0268030 A1 Castacane Et Al
    US 20140268030A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0268030 A1 Castacane et al. (43) Pub. Date: Sep. 18, 2014 (54) PNHOLE GLASSES (57) ABSTRACT Applicants: Stephen Castacane, Mildford, CT (US); (71) Pinhole glasses which can be used to assist people with low to John Kelman, Milford, CT (US) moderate myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, are invented. The present invention can be used for glasses which function (72) Inventors: Stephen Castacane, Mildford, CT (US); as progressive glasses, distance glasses, computer glasses, John Kelman, Milford, CT (US) reading glasses, and when tinted, Sunglasses. The present (21) Appl. No.: 13/802,788 invention provides the best balance of visual acuity, bright ness and visual field with emphasis on acuity, through the (22) Filed: Mar 14, 2013 system of axes and the pinholes in multiple sizes along the axes which are clinically and empirically proven to be effec Publication Classification tive. Especially, the placement of pinholes along the axes has clinically and empirically been determined depending on the (51) Int. C. seriousness of the astigmatism of the users in correcting the GO2C 702 (2006.01) astigmatic refractive errors. The size, number, spacing, pat (52) U.S. C. tern, and axes of the pinhole apertures have been optimized CPC ...................................... G02C 7/021 (2013.01) through optical theories and extensive clinical and empirical USPC ..................................................... 351/159.52 testing. Patent Application Publication Sep. 18, 2014 Sheet 1 of 4 US 2014/0268030 A1 Patent Application Publication Sep. 18, 2014 Sheet 2 of 4 US 2014/0268030 A1 110 FIG. 2 Patent Application Publication Sep.
    [Show full text]
  • CORONAS and IRIDESCENT CLOUDS by CHARLESF
    MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW Editor, ALFRED J. HENRY, Assistant Editor, BURTON 116. VARNEY, VOl. 53, No. 2 CLOSEDAPRIL 3, 1926 W. B. No.859 FEBRUARY, 1925 IE~UEDAPRIL 30, 1925 CORONAS AND IRIDESCENT CLOUDS By CHARLESF. BROOK^ [Clark University, Worcester, Mass.] STh'OPBIS transform quickly into distinctly different, noniridescent, some- times halo-producing clouds of falling snow. (4). An analysis of Published observations and some new ones of coronas and iri- the sizes of double, triple, and quadruple coronas gives no evidence descence are summarized to show (1) the essential facts about that any were formed by ice crystals, and shows definitely that in these diffraction phenomena, (2) the explanations for them, espe- all but a very small percentage of cases ice spicules could not have cially as to the limited part ice crystals may play in their forma- been the cause. Only in the case of the small, nearly colorless tion, and (3) the relation between iridescence and cloud tem- annuli almost invariably seen in conjunction with halos on the perature. same cirro-stratus clouds, do ice crystal clouds appear to form Observations of coronas.-Coronas are the small colored ring3 cbronas, except in rare instances. frequently to be seen about the sun, moon, and, occasionally. The observation of a colored solar corona on a windowpane bright stars or planets. The order of colors is such that blue is covered with small spicules, shows that the lack of positiveevidence on the inside and red on the outside. Repetitions of the spectrum of colored coronas due to ice spicule clouds can not definitely ex- about the moon are observable, rarely, to a third red ring, but clude the possibility of their occurrence.
    [Show full text]
  • National Weather Service Glossary Page 1 of 254 03/15/08 05:23:27 PM National Weather Service Glossary
    National Weather Service Glossary Page 1 of 254 03/15/08 05:23:27 PM National Weather Service Glossary Source:http://www.weather.gov/glossary/ Table of Contents National Weather Service Glossary............................................................................................................2 #.............................................................................................................................................................2 A............................................................................................................................................................3 B..........................................................................................................................................................19 C..........................................................................................................................................................31 D..........................................................................................................................................................51 E...........................................................................................................................................................63 F...........................................................................................................................................................72 G..........................................................................................................................................................86
    [Show full text]
  • Atmospheric Halos
    Atmospheric halos Auteurs : 16-07-2019 Encyclopédie de l'environnement 1/10 Généré le 01/10/2021 In the Earth's atmosphere, light often offers a spectacle that can be appreciated simply by looking at the sky with the naked eye. In a generic way, atmospheric light phenomena are called photometeors, from the Greek words "photo" and "meteora" which mean respectively "light" and "which is in the air" [1]. The rainbow and the glory (read the focuses Spectacular Rainbows and Brocken's Amazing Spectrum), which result from the interaction of light with water drops, are well known examples. Ice crystals also produce photometeors called atmospheric halos. Etymologically, the term "halo" refers to an aureole [2], viz., here, a luminous circle surrounding the Sun, the Moon or, possibly, any other light source. Broadly speaking, an atmospheric halo is a more or less strong accumulation of light, appearing in the sky as a spot, a circle, or an arc, which is mainly due to the refraction and/or reflection of light by ice crystals. There is a wide variety of halos, some of them are frequent, while others are much rarer and often only predicted. Sometimes coloured, their observation informs us about the properties of ice crystals in the atmosphere. The first observations of halos date back to Antiquity, but it was not until the 17th century that a scientific approach (synthetic, explanatory and predictive) is developed with the work on Optics by Descartes [3] and Huygens [4]. A boost is then given in the 18th and 19th centuries with more and more precise observations and thanks to detailed studies by physicists such as Arago, Babinet, Bravais, Mariotte, Venturi and Young.
    [Show full text]
  • Joe Orman's Naked-Eye
    Joe Orman’s Naked‐Eye 100 Title Description All‐Night Sky Stay up all night and watch the sky change as the earth turns. This faint patch of light is the farthest thing visible to the naked eye, over Andromeda Galaxy 2 million light‐years away! This red giant star in Scorpius is sometimes close to Mars, and they look Antares, The Rival Of Mars the same‐ bright and pink. Crepuscular rays converging on the antisolar point; often very faint and Anticrepuscular Rays diffuse. Follow the curve of the Big Dipper's handle to a bright star‐ Arcturus in Arc To Arcturus Bootes. ISS, HST etc. look like stars moving steadily across the sky. Check Artificial Satellites heavens‐above.com for visibility. Usually too faint to see, but on April13, 2029, asteroid 2004MN will Asteroids make a close naked‐eye pass. Bright glow around the sun or moon, colorless and only a few degrees Aureole across. Northern Lights. From the southern U.S., can occasionally be seen as a Aurora Borealis reddish glow in the northern sky. Sunlight peeking between the mountains of the moon during a total Bailey's Beads solar eclipse. A band of pink above the horizon; look opposite the sun just before Belt Of Venus sunrise or just after sunset Betelgeuse The Hunter's left shoulder is a red giant star, bright and pink to the eye. The body and tail of Ursa Major, the Big Bear. Close to Polaris in the Big Dipper northern sky. The star where the dipper's handle bends, Mizar, has a fainter Big Dipper Double‐Star companion Alcor‐ a good test of vision.
    [Show full text]