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Masterarbeit-Fertig Korrektur 1 MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit Die Rache der monströsen Frauen. Die Hauptantagonistinnen des modernen japanischen Horrorfilms. Verfasserin Sharon Jennifer Alice Hudson (Bakk.phil.) Angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts (MA) Wien, im August 2009 Studienkennzahl: A 066 843 Studienrichtung: Japanologie Betreuerin: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ingrid Getreuer-Kargl Danksagung Ich möchte an dieser Stelle kurz einigen Menschen danken, ohne die diese Arbeit in der Form wie sie jetzt vorliegt vielleicht nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Ich danke zunächst meiner Professorin Dr. Ingrid Getreuer-Kargl für ihre äußerst kompetente und freundliche Betreuung, und dafür, dass sie mir bei vielen Fragen/Unklarheiten die Augen geöffnet hat. Ebenfalls zu großem Dank verpflichtet bin ich Herrn Professor Dr. Sat Masanori von der Meiji Universität in Tokyo, der mich während meines Austauschjahres in Japan (2007-2008) betreut hat, und mir in dieser Zeit zahlreiche Tipps und Literaturempfehlungen für meine Masterarbeit gegeben hat. Nicht weniger danken möchte ich meinen japanischen Freunden und Freundinnen Hirata Shigenobu für seinen nützlichen Hinweis zur japanischen Mythologie, Hashimoto Junko für ihre interessanten Literaturempfehlungenen zum Thema Haare, Ide Yuriko dafür, dass sie mir die Tokyo-Stadtbibliothek vorgestellt hat, Kageyama Nobuko dafür, dass sie mich bei einem kurzen Japanaufenthalt für letzte Recherchen herzlich bei sich aufgenommen hat, und ich danke auch Suzuki Shunsuke, der so freundlich war mir wichtige Materialien (DVDs) zu besorgen und nach Wien zu schicken. Und nicht zuletzt danke ich meinen Eltern und meinem Mann Tai Motoda, die mich finanziell und moralisch unterstützt haben, und mir Mut gemacht haben, wenn ich manchmal das Gefühl hatte es ginge nicht weiter. Vielen Dank für die großartige Hilfe und Unterstützung! 2 ߅ጤߐࠎߦߐߐߍࠆ Für Oiwa 3 “If monsters signify something about culture, then culture can (at least to a degree) be read through the monster.” (Ken Gelder) 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis 8 1. Einleitung 12 2. Einführung zum Horrorfilm 17 2.1 Definition von „Horror“ und „Horrorfilm“ 17 2.2 Theorien des Horrorfilms 20 2.2.1 Psychoanalyse und Horrorfilm 21 2.2.2 Der Körper im Horrorfilm 24 2.2.3 Gender im Horrorfilm 27 2.2.3.1 Blick und Identifikation 27 2.2.3.2 Monströse Weiblichkeit 30 3. Der japanische Horrorfilm 33 3.1 Die Geschichte des japanischen Horrorfilms 33 3.1.1 Von der Meiji Zeit bis nach dem 2. Weltkrieg (ca.1940) 34 3.1.2 Auf dem Weg in die Moderne: 1949 – 1988 37 3.1.3 Der J-Horrorfilm 40 3.2 Einfluss auf das Horrorfilmgenre außerhalb Japans 45 3.2.1 Asia Horror 46 3.2.2 Amerika und die Remakes 48 4. Kulturgeschichtliche Einflüsse auf die Darstellung der Frauen im J-Horrorfilm 50 4.1 Mythologie – die Trennung des weiblichen und männlichen Prinzips 51 4.2 Die unreine Frau und die heilige Mutter 53 4.3 Patriarchalische Macht und die Diskriminierung der Frau 56 4.4 Vorbilder aus der Populärkultur 58 4.4.1 Volkserzählungen und Literatur 58 4.4.2 Theater und Ukiyo-e 61 5 5. Häufig auftretende Merkmale der weiblichen Antagonisten im J-Horrorfilm 63 5.1 Haar-Horror 64 5.2 Geistermode 69 5.3 Dämonische Blicke 74 5.4 Monströse Frauenkörper 78 5.5 Unheimliches Wasser 85 6. Die Rache der Schwächsten – am Beispiel von Shibuya Kaidan (2003) 90 6.1 Inhalt 91 6.2 Sacchan 95 7. Die Pein der Jugend – am Beispiel von Satsujin netto (2004) 101 7.1 Inhalt 103 7.2 Die Suche nach Identität 109 8. Monströse Geschlechtlichkeit – am Beispiel von Tomie (1999) 118 8.1 Inhalt 119 8.2 Ein neues mächtiges Geschlecht 125 9. Ambivalente Mutterrolle – am Beispiel von Kuchisake onna (2006) 133 9.1 Inhalt 134 9.2 Mörder-Mutter vs. Heldinnen-Mutter 141 10. Zusammenfassung 149 Literaturliste 155 Elektronische Quellen 165 Liste der japanischen Horrorfilme (mit Titelübersetzung) 165 Liste der nicht-japanischen Horrorfilme 173 6 Abstract 176 Lebenslauf 177 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1 (S.63): Okiku von Katsushika Hokusai http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hokusai_Sarayashiki.jpg/434px -Hokusai_Sarayashiki.jpg Abbildung 2 (S.63): Oiwa von Toyokuni Utagawa Aus Okazaki Masao: Edo no yami. Makai meguri – onry sut to kaii densetsu. S.48 Abbildung 3 (S.67): Wirre Haare im Gesicht (aus Ringu ) http://www.kfccinema.com/features/articles/besthorrorjapan1/besthorrorjapan1.html Abbildung 4 (S.67): Haar im Glas ( Honogurai mizu no soko kara ) http://www2.dead-donkey.com/modules/shares/index.php?section=movies&id=312 Abbildung 5 (S.68): Haare fließen wie Blut aus dem Körper (aus Ekusute - Hairextensions ) http://www.bloodygoodhorror.com/bgh/files/reviews/caps/extepic2big.jpg Abbildung 6 (S.68): Haare entwickeln ein Eigenleben (aus Ekusute - Hairextensions ) http://www.fantasiafestival.com/2007/_media/images/films/17/photo.jpg Abbildung 7 (S.72): Aggressives Rot (aus Katakata, Kowai onna ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Kowai onna Abbildung 8 (S.72): Geist in sexy Rot, traditionell ohne Füße ( Seance ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Séance Abbildung 9 (S.72): Yaeko, die ihr Kind zurück will ( Otoshimono ) http://media.photobucket.com/image/otoshimono/bruceleeiscoming/otoshimono02.jpg Abbildung 10 (S.73): Geistermädchen in Grün ( Seance ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Seance 8 Abbildung 11 (S.73): Geistermädchen in Gelb ( Honogurai mizu no soko kara ) http://asian-horror.benitronic.com/images/dark-water/dark-water-cover-1.jpg Abbildung 12 (S.76): Sadakos tödlicher Blick ( Ringu ) http://www.thebackalleys.com/ok/public/sadakoEye.jpg Abbildung 13 (S.76): Weit aufgerissene Augen einer toten Schülerin ( Pray ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Pray Abbildung 14 (S.77): Dämonische Augen ( Tomie ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Tomie Abbildung 15 (S.77): Mädchen mit finsterem Blick und gewölbter Stirn ( Otoshimono ) http://cyberpat.com/asiashock/gifs/noriko.jpg Abbildung 16 (S.83): Geheimnisvolles weibliches Geschlecht ( Hagane, Kowai onna ) http://thumbs.filmstarts.de/wallpaper/unholywomen_scene_01.jpg Abbildung 17 (S.83): Schwarze Witwe ( Dark Tales from Japan ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Dark Tales from Japan Abbildung 18 (S.84): Rokuro-Hals ( Woman Transformation ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Woman Transformation Abbildung 19 (S.84): Gefährliche Frauenwaffen ( Woman Transformation ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Woman Transformation Abbildung 20 (S.84): Verlust des Selbst ( Woman Transformation ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Woman Transformation Abbildung 21 (S.88): Wassergeist ( Curse, Death and Spirit ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Curse, Death and Spirit 9 Abbildung 22 (S.88): Wassertank ( Honogurai mizu no soko kara ) http://www.horror-extreme.com/movies/horror-reviews/latest-reviews.aspx Abbildung 23 (S.88): Verwesender Körper eines Geists ( Chakushin ari ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Chakushin ari Abbildung 24 und 25 (S.89): Sayori wird von der Mutter aus der Totenwelt zurückgeholt (Shikoku ): Screen Capture aus dem Film Shikoku Abbildung 26 und 27 (S.89): Reines Wasser färbt sich blutrot ( Tomie ) Screen Capture aus dem Film Tomie Abbildung 28 (S.89): Dunkles Wasser ( Honogurai mizu no soko kara ) http://www.pixelsurgeon.com/reviews/review.php?id=232 Abbildung 29 (S.95): Mit jedem weiteren Opfer wächst das Baby Screen Capture aus dem Film Shibuya Kaidan Abbildung 30 (S.95): Sacchans Haare wuchern sogar aus dem Münzspind Screen Capture aus dem Film Shibuya Kaidan Abbildung 31 (S.96): Sacchan kriecht insektenartig aus dem Spind Screen Capture aus dem Film Shibuya Kaidan Abbildung 32 (S.96): Rieka umarmt das arme Kind Screen Capture aus dem Film Shibuya Kaidan Abbildung 33 (S.109): Satsujin netto : „Geben Sie den Namen der Person ein, die Sie töten möchten“ Screen Capture aus dem Film Satsujin netto Abbildung 34 (S.109): Ais blutiger Alptraum Screen Capture aus dem Film Satsujin netto 10 Abbildung 35 (S.110): Fuyumis Geist erscheint Ai im Traum Screen Capture aus dem Film Satsujin netto Abbildung 36 (S.110): Chiharu, Ai und Akiko am Morgen danach Screen Capture aus dem Film Satsujin netto Abbildung 37 (S.125): Tomies dämonisches Auge lugt aus der Tüte hervor Screen Capture aus dem Film Tomie Abbildung 38 (S.125): Kaum ist der Kopf ab, wächst er schon wieder nach Screen Capture aus dem Film Tomie Abbildung 39 (S.126): „Ich bin du und du bist ich“ Screen Capture aus dem Film Tomie Abbildung 40 (S.126): Die Verwandlung Screen Capture aus dem Film Tomie Abbildung 41 (S.141): Die Kuchisake-onna , die Frau mit dem aufgeschlitzten Mund Screen Capture aus dem Film Kuchisake onna Abbildung 42 (S.141): Auf Kinderjagd Screen Capture aus dem Film Kuchisake onna Abbildung 43 (S.142): Das Opfer einer Mutter Screen Capture aus dem Film Kuchisake onna Abbildung 44 (S.142): „Watashi o kire!“ Screen Capture aus dem Film Kuchisake onna 11 1. Einleitung „An männlichen Geistern habe ich mich schon mehrmals versucht, aber, wie soll ich sagen, […] ein besonders furchteinflößendes Gefühl vermitteln sie nicht. […] Frauen sind kulturell vorbedingt schwach […] Sie sind hilflos und haben grundsätzlich keine Kraft, aber das Gefühl dass sie [weibliche Geister] ohne Zweifel existieren, ist irgendwie beängstigend.“ (Der Regisseur Kurosawa Kiyoshi in Kume 2007: 130) Ob das Monster in den Frankenstein Filmen, Graf Dracula, Serienmörder wie Freddy Krueger aus der Nightmare on Elm Street -Reihe und Jason aus der Freitag der 13. -Reihe (nur um ein paar Ikonen des amerikanischen Horrorfilmgenres aufzuzählen), sie sind alle eindeutig männlichen Geschlechts. Dass Frauen sehr wohl als Antagonistinnen im amerikanischen Horrorfilm auftreten, beweisen Wissenschaftlerinnen wie zum Beispiel Barbara Creed ( The Monstrous Feminine , 1993) oder Alexandra Rainer ( Monsterfrauen , 2003) in ihren Werken. Natürlich gibt es Ausnahmefilme wie beispielsweise die Stephen King Verfilmung von Carrie–des Satans jüngste Tochter , das vom Teufel besessene Mädchen Regan in Der Exorzist , oder das paarungswütige weibliche Alien aus dem Sci-Fi Horror Film Species . Bei einem anderen Horror-Sci-Fi – Film, Aliens , dem zweiten Teil der Alien Reihe, ist es immerhin die Eier legende Alien Königin, also eine monströse Muttergestalt, die alle in Angst und Schrecken versetzt.
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