AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK AA glanceglance atat ourour airair The air quality monitoring network operating in the province of is managed by Arpa . It is composed of 23 monitoring stations (16 background stations and 7 traffic stations) and one mobile station for short measuring Annual report on data collected by campaigns. All the stations are connected to the data acquisition centre provincial air quality monitoring network by telephone lines and transmit hourly measurement result. provincial air quality monitoring network This setup allows a continuous monitoring of the main factors that may affect air quality. Location of measurement stations on the territory is a key factor to achieve a costeffective air quality monitoring. In Torino 2014 sky above Dall’Olio, Sergio some cases the selected sites must be representative of a large portion of territory, in other cases stations must 20142014 previewpreview represent specific pollution situation like traffic hot spot or single source emissions. A strategic location of measurement points gives extremely representative information on air quality.

MEASUREMENT STATIONS AIR QUALITY IN THE

Station Address Pollutants Type of station Data collected during the last 10 years by air quality monitoring network Pollutant Situation Baldissero (GDF) (1) Str. , 1 – Baldissero NO , O , CO, PM10ß, PAHs deposimeter Rural background operating in the province of Turin and managed by Arpa Piemonte show an x 3 sulphur dioxide Via S. Pellico, 5 – Beinasco NO x Urban background overall and significant improvement but at the same time confirm the critical NO PM10 , PM10 ß , PM2,5 ß, BTX, PCDD/DF sampling situation of the territory, in particular of the Turin urban area. carbon monoxide Via San Giacomo c/o giardino X , Beinasco (TRM) (1) system, Metals/PAHs deposimeter, Hg deposimeter, Suburban background Seven out of twelve regulated pollutants (CO, SO , Benzene, Pb, As, Cd, Ni) pubblico Aldo Mei Beinasco Pollutant Description 2 benzene PCDD/DF deposimeter, Hg gaseous analyzer fully comply with the limits or target values throughout the province. All indicators concerning human health protection are fulfilled Benzo(a)pyrene and PM2,5 show sporadic exceedances in the traffic lead Borgaro Via Italia , sn – Borgaro NO x, O 3, PM10, PM2,5, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P, BTX Suburban background throughout the province of Turin. AsCdNi Arsenic, Cadmium, Nickel, monitoring station of the Turin urban area . In the same area nitrogen dioxide P.zza I Maggio sn – Carmagnola NO , CO, PM10, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P Urban traffic Arsenic x Pb Lead (NO ) and PM10 most frequently exceed limit values. Data confirms that Ozone c/o cent. Idroelettrica Ceresole NO , O ,PM10ß, PM2,5ß, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P Rural background 2 x 3 (O ) is critical throughout the provincial territory. Cadmium Via Bersezio sn – Chieri NO , O , PM2,5 Suburban background B(a)P Benzo(a)pirene 3 x 3 Compliance with NO annual limit value was observed in 80% of the C.so Francia, 137 Collegno NO , PM10 Urban traffic BTX Benzene, toluene, xilene 2 nickel x measurement stations. The hourly limit value was fulfilled throughout the Cascina Peppinella – Druento NO , O , PM10, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P Rural background x 3 CO Carbon monoxide province. Most monitoring stations comply with the annual target for human Viale Radich 8/12 Grugliasco NO , SO Urban background benzo(a)pirene health protection but a general increase in concentrations must be x 2 NO Oxides of nitrogen As regards PM10, 93% of the monitoring stations comply with the annual limit Viale della Liberazione, 1 – Ivrea NO , O , PM10, PM2,5, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P Suburban background X highlighted in comparison with previous years. Three traffic stations x 3 value: the percentage drops to 43% in case of the daily limit value. In 2014 for Leinì (GDF) (1) Via vittime di Bologna, 12 Leinì NO , O , CO, PM10ß, PM2,5ß Suburban background O Ozone in Turin urban area exceed the target value. x 3 3 the first time some suburban stations on the plain (e.g. Ivrea) complied with Via Gozzano sn – Orbassano NO , O Suburban background PM10 Particulate matter < 10 m x 3 both the daily and annual limit while the annual mean of Consolata traffic The annual limit value concerning human health protection is Via Roma sn – Oulx NO , CO, PM10, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P Trafficosuburbano 3 x PM2,5 Particulate matter < 2,5 m station which is located in the very centre of Turin fell below 40 g/m . Also nitrogen dioxide exceeded in some traffic stations located in Turin urban area. The P.zza III Alpini, 1 – Pinerolo NO , O urban background PM2,5 showed an improvement because all stations fulfilled the annual limit x 3 PTS Total particulate hourly limit value is fulfilled throughout the province of Turin. Settimo T.se Via Milano, 31 – Settimo NO x, CO, PM10, PM2,5, BTX, B(a)P Urban traffic value except for Settimo T.se. SO Sulphur dioxide Susa P.zza della Repubblica – Susa NO x, O 3, PM10, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P Suburban background 2 Ozone target value for human health protection was exceeded in all The annual limit value concerning human health protection is TOConsolata Via Consolata, 10 – Torino NO x, CO, SO 2, PM10, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P, BTX, PTS Urban traffic measuring sites. PM10 substantially fulfilled all over the province. The hourly limit value is TOGrassi Via P. Veronese, 305 – Torino PM10, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P Urban traffic exceeded in Turin urban area. The highest levels of PM10, PM2,5 and NO 2 were found in Turin urban area, whereas rural areas showed the highest ozone concentration. TOLingotto Via A. Monti, 21 – Torino NO x, O 3, PM10PM10ß, PM2,5, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P, BTX Urban background The annual limit value concerning human health protection is NO , CO, SO , (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P, BTX, PM10ß, In 2014 a significant decrease in NO 2, PM10 and PM2,5 concentrations was PM2,5 TORebaudengo P.zza Rebaudengo, 23 Torino x 2 Urban traffic substantially fulfilled all over the province. PM2,5ß observed. On the one hand this improvement is believed to be mainly due to a decrease of polluting emissions, connected with the reduction of energy NO , CO, PM10, (AsCdNiPb), B(a)P, BTX, PM10ß, The target limit value for the protection of human health is TORubino Via Rubino sn Torino x Urban background consumption concerning car traffic and industrial production; on the other ozone PM2,5ß exceeded all over the province. hand the decrease is associated with the unusually favourable dispersive Via Garibaldi, 3 – Vinovo NO x, O 3, BTX Suburban background atmospheric conditions during winter months. (1) Station owned by private body managed by Arpa Piemonte

METEOROLOGY NUMBER OF DAYS FAVOURABLE TO PM10 ACCUMULATION AIR QUALITY DATA Temperature ( °C) Precipitation (mm) Rainy days TURIN AGGLOMERATION 2006-2014 180 173 http://www.sistemapiemonte.it/ambiente/srqa/conoscidati.shtml Month mean mean mean mean mean mean 164 2014 2014 2014 160 20042013 20042013 20042014 145 137 140 January 4,2 2,7 88 41 8 5 130 February 6,0 4,2 116 39 13 4 125 120 TURIN URBAN AREA AIR QUALITY FORECAST March 10,6 9,1 103 67 5 5 109 112 http://www.provincia.torino.gov.it/ambiente/inquinamento/aria/qualita/ipqa/index April 14,4 13,8 59 109 7 8 100 May 16,8 18,2 140 107 7 9 80 June 21,7 22,1 85 111 9 8 60 July 21,8 24,6 242 68 12 5 NUMBER OF DAYS ANNUAL REPORTS August 21,4 23,4 75 76 8 6 40 September 18,7 19,2 46 91 4 6 20 http://www.provincia.torino.gov.it/ambiente/inquinamento/eventi/sguardo October 15,0 13,6 37 46 4 5 n.d. 0 http://www.arpa.piemonte.it/approfondimenti/territorio/torino/aria/Pubblicazioni November 9,5 7,9 220 116 14 6 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 December 5,0 3,1 97 58 8 5

year 13,8 13,5 1309 931 99 73 NUMBER OF DAYS FAVOURABLE TO PM10 ACCUMULATION TURIN AGGLOMERATION The year 2014 was assessed by the index "number of days favourable to PM10 accumulation“ from 2014 COMPARED WITH 2006-2013 PERIOD PM10 REGIONAL FORECAST AND WEEKLY DATA BULLETINS 30 a meteorological viewpoint. The index, which is referred to Turin urban area, analyzes the http://www.arpa.piemonte.it/bollettini interactions of transport, chemical transformation and dispersion of pollutants with meteorology. The 25 aim of the index is to pick out the days when stability conditions favourable to PM10 increase occur.

The index provides a useful tool to connect annual variability of pollutant concentrations and 20 OZONE BULLETINS meteorology. http://www.arpa.piemonte.it/bollettini In 2014 the number of days favourable to PM10 accumulation was lower than in the previous 3 15 years. The monthly analysis of the index points out that the colder months of 2014 were less critical 10

than the ones of the 20062013 period . In particular January and November show the lowest number DAYS NUMBER OF of “critical days” in the period. Precipitation data confirm the index findings: 2014 was more rainy All air quality data presented in tables and graphs were subjected to two out of three validation steps (daily, monthly and annual) of Arpa Piemonte Quality 5 than 20062013 period, in terms of both total precipitation (1309 mm vs. 931 mm on the average), Management System. The 2014 edition of "A glance at our air" which will be available for download at websites of Città Metropolitana di Torino and Arpa Piemonte will and number of rainy days (99 days versus 73 days on the average), especially in January, February, include a circumstantial report on measurement data, further information on pollution sources and indepth studies on specific issues. 0 November and December. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Maximum - Minimum 2006-2013 2014 NITROGEN DIOXIDE PARTICULATE MATTER PM10 ANNUAL MEAN Annual Annual 2000-2014 NO 2 Annual mean Exceeding Nitrogen dioxide (NO ) is considered one of the most dangerous air pollutant because it irritates the mucous PM10 Exceeding PM2,5 2 mean mean( 90 2014 (g/m 3) number membranes and it is a precursor of ozone and PM in photochemical processes. Diesel vehicles emission is the 2014 number 2014 (g/m 3) g/m 3) 82 Baldissero 14 0 main source of NO and its derivates. 2 Beinasco TRM (ß) 30 47 Beinasco TRM (ß) 23 80 76 77 Beinasco 31 0 In 2014 the annual limit value was exceeded in 7 out of 22 stations but only the traffic stations of ToRebaudengo 71 71 Borgaro 31 44 Borgaro 23 70 69 69 Beinasco TRM 38 0 70 67 67 and ToConsolata showed very high values. All the monitoring stations complied with the hourly limit value; the Carmagnola 36 82 Ceresole(ß) 4 65 66 63 64 Borgaro 26 0 3 61 200 g/m threshold was exceeded only twice in Grugliasco station and once in TorinoConsolata one. The time Ceresole (ß) 5 0 Chieri 22 59 Carmagnola 35 0 60 58 57 series displays a slight decrease in concentrations over the last 30 years. Collegno 32 61 Ivrea 19 53 53 Ceresole 4 0 51 50 50 Druento 19 11 48 48 Chieri 23 0 Settimo 26 50 NO 2 ANNUAL MEAN Ivrea 23 30 ToLingotto 24 43 43

Collegno 47 0 g/m³ 40 µ µ 1991-2014 Leinì (ß) 25 35 Leinì data still under µ µ 40 Druento 15 0 118 35 120 Oulx 17 5 Grugliasco 37 2 validation Settimo 34 81 30 Ivrea 24 0 Valore limite: 102 103 3 99 99 Susa 16 1 25 g/m annual mean Leiní 30 0 100 97 20 94 ToConsolata 35 75 Orbassano 32 0 90 90 85 ToGrassi 43 77* Oulx 21 0 82 83 10 79 78 ToLingotto 32 59 80 75 Pinerolo 28 0 73 74 71 71 71 72 ToRubino 31 58 Settimo 35 0 70 70 0 65 66 65 *Underestimate because of low data 3 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Susa 20 0 61 62 59 capture 60 54 g/m 53 53 ToConsolata 58 1 52 51 52 51 µ 50 50 49 50 TORebaudengo data still under TO-Consolata TO-Grassi Limit value 47 ToLingotto 41 0 45 45 43 43 validation ToRebaudengo 70 0 41 42 41 40 Valori limite: ToRubino 39 0 40 g/m 3 annual average Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is microscopic solid (or liquid) matter suspended in the atmosphere. There is growing Vinovo 29 0 50 g/m 3 daily mean not to be epidemiological evidence that exposure to PM may increase chronic diseases of breathing apparatus, in particular asthma, Limit values: 20 bronchitis and emphysema. 3 exceeded more than 35 times a 40 g/m annual mean In 2014 PM10 annual limit value for the protection of human health was exceeded only in one measuring station (the highest 3 calendar year 200 g/m hourly mean not to be exceeded more than values are measured in traffic stations), nevertheless the daily limit value was exceeded in 9 stations out of 15. Only the stations 18 times a calendar year. 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 located in the alpine valleys usually comply with this limit value, whereas in 2014 flatlands stations of Ivrea and Druento fulfilled it. Also PM2,5 showed an improvement because all stations fulfilled the annual limit value (25 µg/m 3) except for Settimo T.se. TO-Lingotto TO-Rebaudengo Limit Value

SULPHUR DIOXIDE CARBON MONOXIDE BENZENE BENZO(a)PYRENE Annual Maximum SO Annual Maximun BENZENE Annual mean Annual As regard the PAHs group, current legislation sets a 2 Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) is the natural CO Carbon monoxide (CO) is a Benzene (C H ) is an aromatic B(a)P mean hourly mean 3 6 6 mean* 2014 oxidation product of sulphur and mean 8h mean colourless and odourless gas. It is 2014 (g/m ) 2014 target value only for benzo(a)pyrene. The IARC (g/m 3) (g/m 3) 2014 3 3 hydrocarbon mainly emitted from gasoline 3 compounds containing it. The main (mg/m ) (mg/m ) mainly produced by the incomplete Beinasco (TRM) 2,2 (ng/m ) includes B(a)p in group 1, i.e."carcinogenic to Grugliasco 7 25 cars. It is classified as carcinogenic source is the combustion of fossil fuels Baldissero 0,4 1,0 combustion of organic materials. The Borgaro 1,4 Beinasco (TRM) 0,9 humans". ToConsolata 7 19 belonging to EU category 1R45. Borgaro 0,8 like diesel oil , fuel oil and coal. Carmagnola 0,5 1,8 main source of CO is traffic and in Settimo 2,0 The B(a)p 2014 annual means, estimated on the ToRebaudengo 7 24 Measuring data show in 2014 fully Carmagnola 0,9 Leinì 0,6 2,7 particular gasoline vehicles. ToConsolata 2,0 basis of first 10 months of measurement, are slightly Limit values: Time series analysis shows that compliance with the limit value for the Ceresole 0,1 3 Oulx 0,6 1,9 ToLingotto 1,0 higher than the one measured in previous years, 125 g/m daily mean not to be exceeded ambient air concentrations of SO 2 Limit value is widely fulfilled. Time protection of human health. Data Druento 0,3 Settimo 1,1 3,5 ToRebaudengo 2,5 3 more than 24 times a calendar year; have complied with the limit values series analysis shows that CO especially in Turin urban area where 3 traffic stations ToRubino 2,2 collected in 2014 confirm the slight but Ivrea 0,8 350 g/m 3 hourly mean not to be for the last twenty years ToConsolata 1,3 3,8 concentrations have not are above the target value. Data will be confirmed Vinovo 1,2 steady decrease of concentrations which Oulx 0,6 exceeded more than 24 times a calendar ToRebaudengo 1,3 3,2 substantially changed over the last when definitive annual means (including November Limit value: has been observed for the last 5 years Settimo 1,4 ToRubino 1,3 3,4 10 years, with annual means always and December measurements) will be available. year. 3 Susa 0,6 Limi value: 3 5 g/m annual mean below 2 mg/m . ToConsolata 0,8 It’s relevant to point out, as a partial explanation of 10 mg/m 3 maximum daily 8 hour mean SO MAXIMUM DAiLY MEAN ToGrassi 1,2 the concentration increasing, that in January 2014 2 BENZENE ANNUAL MEAN 1644 1972 - 2014 the percentages of B(a)P adsorbed on PM10 are 1996 - 2014 ToLingotto 0,8 1600 CO ANNUAL MEAN 1980 - 2014 20 ToRebaudengo 1,2 twice as great in comparison with previous years. Further investigations and evaluations are ongoing. 1400 10 9,8 ToRubino 0,8

8,9 8,9 (*) Estimation based on the 8,7 16,0 1200 1112 14,9 8,1 15 first 10 months of BENZO(a)PIRENE ANNUAL MEAN 992 8 measurement 2000 - 2014 1000 7,0 1,2 6,6 11,8 Target value: 1,1 1,1 6,4 6,2 800 3 3 1,0 1,0 6 1 ng/m annual mean 1,0

µg/m³ 10

3 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 g/m 9,1 0,9

5,1 µ µ 4,8 µ µ 600 7,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 4,5 7,6 0,8 0,8 0,7

mg/m 0,7 0,7 0,7 4,1 6,7 0,7 0,7 3,8 3,9 0,7 4 3,6 3 400 3,4 3,5 5,4 0,6 0,6 0,6 297 3,2 5,0 0,6 0,6

5 4,1 ng/m 2,6 2,7 3,9 3,7 4 191 2,4 3,6 3,4 200 154 2,2 3,3 3,3 88 86 1,9 2,7 2,6 2,7 0,4 58 53 59 1,7 2,2 2,0 2,2 33 28 33 40 22 24 29 23 19 2 1,5 1,5 1,6 1,7 17 10 16 14 15 13 14 1,3 1,4 1,3 0 1,1 1,1 1,1 0,2 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0,0 1973-1975 1976-9181 1983-1986 1988-1991 TO-Consolata Limit value 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 To-Consolata To-Rubino Limit value TO-Rebaudengo CARMAGNOLA TO-CONSOLATA Target value

HEAVY METALS OZONE As Cd Ni Pb Number of Heavy metals are a class of pollutants extremely widespread. Natural sources, like erosion or volcanic eruptions, can Number of Ozone (O ) is a secondary pollutant. It is formed through a series of photochemical reactions involving nitrogen Metals Annual Annual Annual Annual exceedances of the 3 be the cause of their presence in air but also many human activities (traffic, metallurgical industry, combustion O exceedances of oxides and volatile organic compounds. Low concentrations of O may cause throat inflammation, breathing 2014 mean* mean* mean* mean* 3 target value for the 3 processes) have an important role. Heavy metals may affect human health in several ways depending on the kind 2014 information apparatus and eye irritation; higher concentrations can lead to respiratory function worsening. (ng/m 3) (ng/m 3) (ng/m 3) (g/m 3) protection of human of metal, the way of exposure and of course the quantity absorbed. threshold Beinasco TRM 0,7 0,13 3,1 0,008 health The target value for the protection of human health (as an average for the last three years) is exceeded in all Nickel, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic are metals with harmful effect on human health for which the Legislative Borgaro 0,7 0,14 3,5 0,006 Baldissero 14 71 the monitoring stations of the province. Decree no. 155 of 13/08/2010 sets limit or target values. Carmagnola 0,7 0,13 2,9 0,005 Borgaro 4 27 Time series essentially show a stability of the concentrations; annual variations are mainly due to different Ceresole 0,7 0,09 1,1 0,001 These values are widely respected in all the monitoring sites for all metals. Time series shows that lead concentration Ceresole 0 54 weather conditions. in atmosphere have decreased around 300 times over the last 40 years and it is now stabilised at very low levels. Druento 0,7 0,09 1,6 0,004 Chieri 9 43 Ivrea 0,7 0,13 2,3 0,005 60 Druento 26 O3 SUMMER MEAN (may - september) Oulx 0,7 0,13 2,1 0,002 LEAD ANNUAL MEAN Ivrea 1 31 1973 - 2014 2003 - 2014 Susa 0,7 0,09 2,3 0,005 Leinì 2 26 ToConsolata 0,7 0,16 5,2 0,008 3 2,9 140 Orbassano 7 55 ToGrassi 0,7 0,24 5,5 0,013 128 2,6 Pinerolo 0 29 ToLingotto PM10 0,7 0,13 3,5 0,007 2,5 2,4 Susa 0 29 120 2,3 2,3 112 ToRebaudengo 0,7 0,26 4,9 0,014 108 2,1 ToLingotto 9 39 106 104 104 ToRubino 0,7 0,13 3,6 0,007 101 101 Vinovo 4 41 100 100 (*) Estimation based on the first 10 months of 2 100 95 95 information threshold : measurement 87 3 3 1,5 180 g/m hourly average )

Limit value: 1,5 3 80 76 72 Target value for the protection human health: 70 71 70 70 70 µg/m 69 3 3 67 67 68 lead 0,5 g/ m annual mean 1,1 120 g/m maximum daily 8hour mean not to exceed (µg/m Target value: 1 more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over 60 arsenic 6 ng/ m3 annual mean three years cadmium 5 ng/ m3 annual mean 0,5 40 0,28 nickel 20 ng/ m3 annual mean 0,07 0,04 0,03 0,04 0,04 0,05 0,03 0,025 0,0160,016 0,015 0,012 0,0090,008 0 20 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1985 1988 1993 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0

1979-1994 1986-1987 1989-1992 1994-1999 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 TO-Consolata Limit value Pino/ Torino - Lingotto