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1979

Vegetation description of potential grizzly bear habitat in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area Montana and Idaho

G. B. Scaggs The University of Montana

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Recommended Citation Scaggs, G. B., "Vegetation description of potential grizzly bear habitat in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area Montana and Idaho" (1979). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6407. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6407

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VEGETATION DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIAL GRIZZLY BEAR HABITAT IN THE

SELWAY-BITTERROOT WILDERNESS AREA, MONTANA AND IDAHO

By

Gordon B. Scaggs

B.A., University of Montana, 1977

Presented in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science

UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA

1979

Approved by;

Chairman, Board of Examiners

Dean, Graduate School

Date UMI Number: EP37208

All rights reserved

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ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Scaggs, Gordon B., M.S., June 1979 Wildlife Biology

Vegetation Description of Potential Grizzly Bear Habitat in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area, Montana and Idaho (148pp. )

Û y Director: Bart W. O’Gara

2 The vegetation of a 40 square mile (104km ) study area in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area of Montana and Idaho was described in relation to grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) habitat. Vegetation in the grass-shrubland and coniferous forest landtypes was sampled, described, and type-mapped for two climatic zones. Documented grizzly bear food plants were identified and the composition was evaluated for all landtypes and landtype groupings in each climatic zone. Grizzly bear food plants represented 61.5% of the vegetation in seven ecological landtypes of the subalpine grass-shrublands. Bear food plants comprised 56.6% of the undergrowth vegetation. Pinus albicaulis was 23.8% of the forest canopy. Grizzly bear food plants in six ecological landtypes of the temperate grass- shrublands represented 58.8% of the vegetation. The coniferous forest undergrowth vegetation was composed of 45.1% bear food plants• The subalpine zone was evaluated as superior to the temperate as grizzly bear habitat based on the abundance of food plants in relation to area. The study area was assessed as good potential grizzly bear habitat on the basis of vegetation. The rating of individual ecological landtypes and forest habitat types was precluded by several gaps in the current know­ ledge of grizzly bear habitat requirements. To accurately rate potential grizzly bear habitat and its components, grizzly food plants must be evaluated based on preference, abundance, d is tri­ bution, and other factors. For evaluation of a potential réintro­ duction site, food and landtype values from "donor" population areas should be incorporated into the data base of the potential site to identify the "donor" population best suited for existence in the new area.

ir ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Wildlife-Wildlands Institute, Game Conservation

International, and the Wildlife Management Institute provided financial support that was essential to conduct this project.

Their interest was much appreciated. The Montana Cooperative

Wildlife Research Unit provided some equipment for field work.

Dr. Bart W. 0*Gara, Leader of the Montana Cooperative

Wildlife Research Unit, was my committee chairman and gave invaluable critique of the manuscript as well as overall support of the study. I am grateful for his friendship and interest during my involvement with the Wildlife Research Unit. Dr.

Robert D. Pfister, Principal Plant Ecologist with the U.S. Forest

Service, was another committee member whose review of the manus­ cript and assistance in the forest evaluation was extremely helpful and appreciated. Donald Comstock, U.S. Forest Service, was instrumental in gathering maps and photographs of the study area that were critical for the field work. I am very thankful to Mary Thompson for her expertise and expediency in typing the final draft and portions of the rough draft. I appreciate the work Virginia Johnson did in typing the large tables in the text,

I*d like to thank Vicki Ringleb for her art skills on the cover.

Special thanks to Cliff Bara, my field assistant, for a lot of

iii hard work in spectacular but rugged terrain and his persistance

in entering the study area.

It is impossible to think of any aspect of the project

where Dr. John Craighead did not have some input. He provided

funding, equipment and supplies, and reviewed the manuscript.

The intense training I received during my 5 year association with

him in mapping grizzly bear habitat using satellite imagery is

unparalled and prepared me for this study. Most valuable was,

and is, his advice and friendship that will continue long after

this study has ended. Two people instilled my original values

towards the natural world long before it became publicly popular.

Those values were incorporated in my work. They provided exten­

sive financial and moral support especially during hard times

that seemed more common than not. For this and much more, I

thank my mother and father, Grace and Howard Scaggs. My sons

Jason, Geromy^and Jevin excelled in what children do best and provided a diversion when the work needed to be set aside.

Finally and most importantly, I extend my deep appreciation to my wife and best friend, Jo-Anne. She was a continuous source of moral support and dependable advice as well as a valuable aid

in compiling data, proofreading, and typing the appendix, which alone would have tested any relationship, all while raising three children on a worn shoestring budget. This project, unquestionably, could not have been accomplished without her. Thanks Buttercup.

IV TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT...... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... i i i

LIST OF TABLES...... X

LIST OF FIGURES...... xi

LIST OF PLATES...... x ii

CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

II. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA...... 3

L ocation...... 3 Geology, physiography, and vegetation . . 3

III. METHODS AND MATERIALS ...... 5

Coniferous Forest Sampling ...... 5 Non-forest Sampling ...... 5 Analysis ...... 6 Zones 6 Mapping ...... 7 Plant Identification ...... 7

IV. RESULTS ...... 8

Description of Ecological Landtypes in the Subalpine Z o n e ...... 8 Vegetated Talus ...... 9 Semi-Vegetated Talus ...... 10 Ridgetop Glades ...... 13 Dry F orb G ra ssla n d s ...... 13 S la b -R o c k ...... 14 Wet Forb B e n c h e s ...... 15 S no w slides ...... 16

V Page

Identification of Subalpine Forest Habitat T y p e s ...... 17 Larix lyallii-Abies lasiocarpa .... 18 Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii- Vaccinium scopar iu m ...... 18 Abies 1asiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii- Menziesia ferruginea 18 Pinus albicaulis-Abies lasiocarpa . • • 19 Other Types of the Subalpine Zone . . . 19

Description of Ecological Landtypes in the Temperate Z one...... 20 Vegetated Talus ...... 20 Dry Forb G rasslands ...... 20 Serai Stages (Burns)...... 21 Slab-Rock 24 Wet Forb Benches...... 24 Snowslides ...... 25

Identification of Temperate Forest Habitat T y p e s ...... 26 Abies 1 asiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii- Menziesia ferruginea ...... 26 Abies lasiocarpa/Menziesia ferruginea . 27 Abies lasiocarpa/Xerophyllum tenax- Vaccinium globulare ...... 27 Abies 1as iocarpa/Clintonia uniflora. . 27

Minor Forest Habitat Types...... 28 Abies 1 as iocarpa/Calamagrost is c a n a d e n sis ...... 28 Pseudotsuga menziesii/ Calamagrostis rubescens-Calamagrost is rubescens • . 28 Other Types of the Temperate Zone • . • . 28

Acreage of Ecological Landtypes and Forest Habitat Types in the Subalpine and Temperate Z o n e s ...... 29 Subalpine Z o n e ...... 29 Temperate Z o n e ...... 29

Analysis of Grizzly Bear Food Plants • • . 30 Food P l a n t s ...... 30 Species used by Grizzly Bears . . • , 30 Abundance and Distribution of Grizzly Bear Food P lants...... 30

vi Page

Ecological Landtypes in the Subalpine Z o n e...... 31 Forest Habitat Types in the Subalpine Zone ...... 31 Evaluation of Ecological Landtypes in the Subalpine Z one ...... 34 Evaluation of Forest Habitat Types in the Subalpine Z one ...... 35 Ecological Landtypes in the Temperate Z o n e...... 41 Forest Habitat Types in the Temperate Z o n e...... 41 Evaluation of Ecological Landtypes in the Temperate Zone...... 43 Evaluation of Forest Habitat Types in the Temperate Zone ...... 45

Habitat Evaluation of the Subalpine and Temperate Zones ...... 50

Grizzly and Black Bear A c tiv ity ...... 50 Observations ...... 50 Sign ...... 52 Bear Population Evaluation...... 53

V. DISCUSSION...... 66

VI. SUMMARY 72

REFERENCES CITED 75

APPENDIX...... 78

Table 1. Acreage of Ecological Landtypes and Forest Habitat Types in the Selway-Bitterroot Study Area 79

Table 2, Grizzly bear food plants identified in the Selway-Bitterroot Study Area ...... 83

Table 3. Percent cover of plant species in the Sub­ alpine Vegetated Talus ...... 87

Table 4. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine Vegetated Talus ...... 89

vin. Page

Table 5. Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine Semi-Vegetated Talus ...... 91

Table 6. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine Semi-Vegetated Talus ...... 92

Table 7. Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine Ridgetop Glades ...... 93

Table 8. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine Ridgetop Glades ...... 94

Table 9. Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine Dry Forb-Grasslands ...... 95

Table 10. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine Dry Forb-Grasslands ...... 97

Table 11, Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine Slab-Rock ...... 99

Table 12. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine Slab-Rock ...... 100

Table 13. Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine Wet Forb B e n c h e s ...... 101

Table 14. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine Wet Forb B e n c h e s ...... 103

Table 15. Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine Snowslides ...... 105

Table 16. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine Snowslides ...... 106

Table 17. Summary of percent vegetative cover in seven Ecological Landtypes of the Subalpine Zone . . 107

Table 18. Summary of percent occurrence of plant species in seven Ecological Landtypes of the Subalpine Z one...... 110

Table 19. Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate Vegetated Talus ...... 113

V I 1 1 Page

Table 20, Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate Vegetated Talus ...... 114

Table 21. Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate Dry Forb G rasslands ...... 115

Table 22. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate Dry Forb G rasslands ...... 117

Table 23. Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate Serai Stages (Burns) ...... 119

Table 24. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate Serai Stages (Burns) ...... 120

Table 25. Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate Slab-Rock . 121

Table 26. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate Slab-Rock ...... 122

Table 27. Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate Wet Forb Benches...... 123

Table 28. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate Wet Forb Benches...... 125

Table 29. Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate Snowslides. . 127

Table 30. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate Snowslides ...... 129

Table 31, Summary of percent vegetative cover in six Ecological Landtypes of the Temperate Zone. . , 131

Table 32. Summary of percent occurrence of plant species in six Ecological Landtypes of the Temperate Z o n e...... 134

Table 33. Plant species identified in the Selway- Bitterroot Wilderness study area ...... 137

IX LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1, Percent cover of plant species in seven Ecological Landtypes of the Subalpine Grass-Shrublands ...... 11

2, Percent occurrence of plant species in seven Ecological Landtypes of the Subalpine Grass-Shrublands ...... 12

3, Percent cover of plant species in six Ecological Landtypes of the Temperate Grass—Shrublands ...... 22

4, Percent occurrence of plant species in six Ecological Landtypes of the Temperate Grass-Shrublands ...... 23

5, Percent abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in seven Ecological Landtypes of the Subalpine Grass-Shrublands ...... 32

6, Abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in four major forest habitat types of the subalpine zone . . 33

7, Abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in the grass-shrublands of the subalpine zone .... 36

8, Summary of percent abundance and percent distribution of grizzly bear food plants in four major forest habitat types of the subalpine z o n e ...... 39

9, Percent canopy cover and occurrence of Pinus albicaulis in the subalpine and temperate z o n e s ...... 40

10. Percent abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in six Ecological Landtypes of the Temperate Grass-Shrublands ...... 42

11. Abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in four major forest habitat types of the temperate zone . . 44

12. Abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in the grass-shrublands of the temperate zone...... 46

13. Summary of percent abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in four major forest habitat types of the temperate zone...... 49

14. Habitat Rating System ...... 51

X LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Map of the study area and surrounding portion of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area ...... 4a

XX LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page

1. Glacial cirque basin ...... 55

2. Vegetated Talus ...... 55

3. Ridgetop Glades ...... 57

4. Wet Forb B e n c h e s ...... 57

5. Dry Forb G r a s s la n d s ...... 59

6. Slab-Rock ...... 61

7. Snowslides ...... 63

8* Pinus albicaulis snags. . . . 63

9. Serai Stages (Burns) ...... 65

10, Xerophyllum t e n a x ...... 65

Xll CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness once supported a viable population of grizzly bears (Wright 1909). Present evidence

suggests that a viable population no longer exists. A grizzly bear population is dependent upon suitable habitat. The purpose of this research was to describe and evaluate the vegetation of a study area within the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness and determine whether habitat was limiting the bear population.

Grizzly bear habitat has been mapped, described, and evaluated in the Scapegoat Wilderness of Montana by Sumner and

Craighead (1973) and by Craighead et al. (1976 and 1979). Critical

Grizzly Bear Habitat in the Yellowstone Ecosystem was described by Craighead (1978). I adapted the methodology employed by

Craighead et al. to a 40 square mile (104km ) study area within the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness.

Specific research objectives were to:

1) identify and map forest habitat types, according to the class­

ification of Pfister et al. (1977);

2) type map the mountain grasslands according to the classifica­

tion of Craighead et al. (1976 and 1979);

3) consolidate vegetation types into large groupings, using the

method of Craighead et al. (1976 and 1979) and rate them in

importance value to the grizzly bear; 4) make quantitative measurements of the major grizzly bear

plant foods and relate these estimates to the vegetation

group ings;

5) record black bear (Ursus americanus) and possible grizzly

bear use of plant foods within the study area, and make a

rough estimate of population density for each species; and

6) analyse the data recorded in objectives 1-5 to determine

whether the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness meets basic habitat

requirements for grizzly bears. CHAPTER II

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

Location

The study area was located approximately 60 miles (96km)

south^®st- of Missoula and lA miles (22km) west of Darby, Montana,

in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area (Fig, 1). It included

portions of the Bitterroot National Forest in Montana and the

Nez Perce National Forest in Idaho, The area encompassed approx- 2 imately 40 square miles (104km ) and was representative of the

Bitterroot Mountains along the Montana-Idaho Divide. General

study area boundaries were: Upper Bear Lake, South of Bear Creek

Pass, to the north; Whites Mountain, Southeast of Lost Horse Lake, to the east; the head of El Capitan Creek Drainage, South of Lake

Capitan, to the south; and Hunter Peak, West of the Grizzly lakes, to the west.

Geology, physiography, and vegetation

The Bitterroot Mountains are a fault-formed granitic range at the periphery of the Idaho Batholith (Lindgren 1904). Coniferous forests are interrupted by a mosaic of extensive granite slabs, boulder fields, talus slopes, parks, and snowslides- These often culminate in impressively rugged granite cliffs rising over 800 feet

(240m) to the peaks above. Geology, geography, climate, and soils have been described for the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness and

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Bitterroot Mountains by Lindgren (1904), Arno (1970), Lackschewitz

(1970), Habeck (1972), Smith (1976), and Stauffer (1976).

El Capitan, bordering the southeast corner of the study

area, rises 9983 feet (3038m); Whites Mountain exceeds 9100 feet

(2774m^ and Hunters, Grizzly, and several unnamed peaks exceed

8400 feet (2560m) in elevation. Narrow, jagged ridges at timber-

line surround heavily glaciated basins containing picturesque

cirque lakes; subalpine coniferous forests encompass the lakes producing an overall esthetically spectacular landscape (Plate 1).

The lower lim its extend down to 5400 feet (1646m).

The vast majority of coniferous forest was in the Abies lasiocarpa series described by Pfister et al. (1977) and Steele et al* (in press). Below 7000 feet (2134m) in elevation, A. lasiocarpa and Ficea engelmannii dominated the forest canopy;

Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta, and P. albicaulis occurred less frequently and 2" ponderosa and A. grandis were rarely en­ countered. Above 7000 feet (2134m), 2* albicaulis occurred more frequently. Where A. lasiocarpa develop the krummholz form, the hearty 2* albicaulis and L a rix ly a llii dominated, with the la tte r occupying the highest timber expanses.

Timberline generally occurred at 9600 feet (2927m) in the southern portion of the Selway-Bitterroots with alpine vegetation found on peaks above 9000 feet (2744m) (Lackschewitz 1970). The alpine zone, represented by only one narrow, rocky peak that ex­ tended to 9162 feet (2793m) elevation, was virtually nonexistent and not evaluated during this study. CHAPTER III

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Coniferous Forest Sampling

Coniferous forests were identified to habitat-types accord­

ing to the classification of Pfister et al, (1977). Field forms

were constructed to include: 1) indicator species for habitat

type identification; 2) potential grizzly bear food plants; and

3) other species with greater than 3% coverage. Species in a

stand were recorded by coverage estimates to the nearest 5%

class. The 5% coverage estimate represented a range of 3-7%,

10% represented 8-12%, and so on. "Trace" was used to represent

a range of 0-3% cover. Individual plant species, other than

bear food plants and indicator species, that occurred below 3%

coverages were not recorded separately, but were combined in

the vegetative designation of "Trace forbs". All plant estimates were summed for a total vegetative coverage for each 1/5 acre

(O.OBha) plot.

Non-Forest Sampling

Areas with a forest canopy estimate of less than 20% were treated as Ecological Landtypes (ELTs) using the types defined by Craighead et al. (1976 and 1979). Plots of approximately 900 square feet (30 feet X 30 feet) (83.6m^), rather than the 1156 2 square feet (107m ) employed by Craighead et al. were selected to obtain vegetative coverage. Cover classes were the same

5 6

as for the coniferous forests. Areas that did not conform to

Craighead's ELT descriptions, and had a characteristic and distinct

vegetative composition, were sampled similarly and described as

new ELTs.

Analysis

Sample plots for each forest habitat type and each ecological

landtype were analyzed to give a vegetative description based on plant species coverage and occurrence (constancy).

From these detailed vegetative descriptions, grizzly bear

food plants were selected to evaluate each ELT in terms of food plant abundance (cover) and distribution (occurrence). Similarly, grizzly food plants were selected to evaluate each forest habitat type and major habitat type grouping in each zone. The food plant abundance and distribution were compared with other species

(the balance of the non-food vegetation) and the total vegetation to rate the habitat in terms of grizzly bear food production.

Zones

The study area and data were subdivided into two major zones, subalpine and temperate (lower subalpine). The distinction was based primarily on the upper elevational lim its of Pseudotsuga menziesii where Pinus albicaulis was a consistent component of the canopy. This transition occurred at an elevation of about

7000 feet (213Am). Grkovic (1976) described an identical upper lim it for _P. menziesii in the Bitterroot National Forest. Data from forest habitat types and ecological landtypes were also 7

summarized by zones to allow a general comparison between zones.

Mapping

A type map was constructed of the study area delineating

all ELTs and forest habitat types on the ortho photos. Acreage was calculated for the land classifications using the Numonics-

Electronic graphic calculator model #113. The location of all

sample plots were recorded on U.S. Forest Service ortho photographs on a scale of 1:15840.

Plant Identification

Plants were usually identified to species on the sample plot. However, some unfamiliar plants were collected and identified later at camp. These rarely constituted more than a trace level of coverage. Some plants that were difficult to identify to species were recorded at the genus level as in Carex spp. or Salix spp. Unidentifiable grasses were combined and recorded under the designation of Gramineae. All species that were encountered on the study area were identified using the nomenclature of Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973) and all of the 232 species appear on the species checklist in the appendix. CHAPTER IV

RESULTS

The types in the study area were arranged within two

zones. All vegetation types were analyzed by zones and the

following categories:

Subalpine Zone

Ecological Landtypes

Forest Habitat Types

Other Types

Temperate Zone

Ecological Landtypes

Forest Habitat Types

Other Types

Description of Ecological Landtypes in the Subalpine Zone

Two field seasons of extensive sampling in the non­

forested portion of the subalpine zone revealed four ecological

landtypes similar to ones described by Craighead et al. (1976 and

1979). Three other landforms Craighead et al. associated pre­ dominantly with the alpine zone were found to be components of the subalpine zone. The seven ELTs were sampled to obtain a quantitative description of each type that possessed a character­

istic assemblage of vegetative characteristics (Tables 1 and 2).

8 9

Transitional gradients or ecotones existed between ecologically

similar landtypes.

Vegetated Talus

The Vegetated Talus in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness

characteristically occurred at the base of c liffs. The shallow,

coarse soil was partially derived through weathering and fragmen­

tation of the cliffs above. The vegetation associated with the

Vegetated Talus reflected the marginal soil conditions and the subsequent deficiency in moisture. Vegetative coverages varied from site to site, and denser coverages occurred on more favorable soil conditions. Xerophyllum tenax. Polygonum phytolaccaefolium, and graminales dominated the vegetation, comprising 48% of the relative vegetative cover (Tables 1 and 2). Penstemon ellipticus.

Aster integrifolius, and Lomatium dissectum were plant species that typically occupied dry and rocky environments and, though not abundant, provided a greater vegetative composition for the

Vegetated Talus than for other ELTs. Species occupying moist sites were irregularly encountered in sample plots, but they were not indicitive of the Vegetated Talus per se. Rather, they were generally dependent upon intermittent streams from melting snow- packs, transecting the talus. Senecio triangularis, Veratrum veride, Boykinia major, Valariana sitchensis, Aquil1ja flavescens,

Hypericum formosum, and Carex nigricans were moist site species that collectively represented 5,3% of the total vegetative com­ position (Table 1). 10

The Vegetated Talus was described as an ecological land unit in the Alpine Zone by Craighead et al# (1976 and 1979).

Semi-Vegetated Talus

The Semi-Vegetated Talus represented a transition to the

Vegetated Talus with 40% maximum vegetative cover that separated the two talus landtypes# It was a minor landtype because talus slopes were typically either very sparsely vegetated or well vegetated with abrupt boundaries and lit tle or no transition

(ie# Semi-Vegetated Talus) between them (Lackshewitz, pers. comm.)

(Plate 2).

Juncus spp. and Xerophyllum tenax had a combined vegetative cover of 37.2%, with 19.3% and 17.9% cover, respectively (Table 1).

Carex geyeri was the only other plant species that comprised at least 5% of the vegetative composition.

Boykinia major, Hypericum formosum, Mertensia c llia ta , and

Carex nigricans were the major moist site plants and together comprised 10.0% of the total cover; only ji. formosum occurred more than once at the 5% level.

The Semi-Vegetated Talus was deliniated using similar c riteria to that of Craighead et al. (1976 and 1979), Although they described this Icundtype as an Ecological Land Unit of the alpine zone, it occurred on ecologically similar sites in the subalpine zone in the Selway Bitterroot. Table 1. Percent cover of plant species in seven Ecological Landtypes of the Subalpine Grass-Shrublands (308 plots).

Vegetated Talus Semi-vegetated Talus Ridgetop Glades Dry Forb Grasslands Slab-Rock \)'et Forb Benches Snowslides (61 plots) (20 p lo t» ) (35 p lo t» ) (70 plots) (55 plots) (48 plots) (17 plots)

Xerophyllum tenax 17.1 1 7.9 28.4 30.7 19.0 2 .4 15.9 Carex geyeri 8 .8 7.1 3 .2 3 .5 2.6 0.1 2 .2 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 8.4 2.1 2 .5 3.7 7.7 3.8 Carex spp. 8.4 7 .0 5.6 5.5 3.8 Trace forbs" 5.7 5.0 6.1 6.4 3.8 3.3 Vaccinlum scoparium 4 .7 3 .8 7.2 8.6 9.1 2.2 3.3 Gramineae** 4 .0 0 .7 0.7 0 .9 0 .4 0 .8 Juncus spp. 4.0 19 .3 7.0 4.0 15.5 2.7 0.8 Erythronium grandiflorum 3 .3 2 ^ 5 .5 2.8 4.2 8.2 Vaccinlum globulare 2.7 1.4 4 ^ 8.4 2 .8 1.4 0.5 Penstemon ellipticus 2.2 2 .1 1.0 0.7 4.0 0.8 Hedysarum occidentale 1.7 0.5 Lomatium dissectum 1.6 0.3 Mertensia cillata 1.4 2 .1 0.5 Phyllodoce empetriformls 1.3 3.6 3.7 2.8 6.4 5.3 0.5 Artemisia ludoviciana 1.2 0.1 Delphinium occidentale 1.2 Luzula hitchcockii 1.2 2 .9 1.2 1.7 1.5 2.4 0.3 Polemonium occidentale 1.1 Senecio triangularis 1.0 0.2 0.8 2.2 Anemone occidentalis 1.0 1.4 0 .4 0.1 Clrsium scariosum 1.0 0.2 0.5 Carex nigricans 1.0 2.1 0 .4 0.3 Trifolium agrarium 1.0 Valariana sitchensis 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 Veratrum veride 0.8 0.1 0 .5 1.1 2.5 Lonicera utahensis 0.7 0.5 0 .8 0,2 Osmorhiza occidentalis 0.7 0.1 Boykinia major 0.7 2 .9 1.1 3.5 3 .3 Spiraea denslflora 0.7 0.2 2 .0 2 .4 2,0 1.4 Hieracium albertlnum 0 .6 0 .7 0 .5 Hypericum formosum 0.6 2 .8 1.2 0 .2 0 .7 1.0 Soli dago spp. 0.5 0.4 0.4 0 .3 Potentilla dlversifolia 0.5 0.2 0.3 Castilleja spp. 0.5 0.5 Senecio integerrimus 0.5 0.2 juniper us communis 0.5 0.5 1.2 Penstemon albertinus 0.4 0.2 0 .4 0 .2 0.1 Potentilla glandules a 0.4 Thalictrum occidentale 0.4 0.1 1.1 Arnica latifolia 0.4 4 .3 0.1 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 0.4 2.1 1.5 Ranunculus populago 0.4 0.4 1.4 Aster Integrlfolius 0.2 Agastache urticifolia 0.2 Sambucus cerulea 0.2 0.2 0.1 Poa spp. O j 2.7 Aquileja flavescens 0.2 Viola glabella 0.2 0.7 5.5 Achillea millefolium 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.1 Senecio spp. 0.2 0 .5 0.3 0.3 Ribes lacustre 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 Arenaria spp. 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.7 Antennaria spp. 0.1 2.1 1.7 0.2 2 .4 Penstemon flavescens 0.1 0.4 Phlox spp. 0.1 0 .9 Eriogonum flavum 0.1 0.2 Claytonia lanceolata 0.1 1.7 0.2 1.2 Pedicuiaris bracteosa 0.1 0.4 Hackelia micrantha 0.1 Penstemon spp. 0,1 1.1 Anaphalis margaritacea . 0.1 Eeutkea pectinata 3.8 0.2 0.3 Festuca Idahoensis 2.9 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.1 Lomatium triternatum 0.7 0.1 Arnica cordifolia 0.7 0 .2 Delphinium bicolor 0.7 Chimaphila umbellata 0.7 Eriogonum pyrolifolium 0.7 0.7 0.1 Menziesia ferruginea 0.5 1.9 1.6 Woodsta oregana 0.5 0.2 Phyllodoce glandullflora 0.2 Lomatium cusickii 0.2 Heuchera cylindrica 0.2 0 .1 Vaccinlum caespltosum 0.2 Ledum glandulosum 0 .2 0.7 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 0.2 2.9 0.3 Agropyron spicatum 0.8 Sorbus scopullna 0.6 0.2 0.1 Amelanchier alnifolia 0.4 0.5 Potentilla fruiticosa 0.3 0.1 Gentiana calycosa 0.3 5 .8 Rosa spp. 0.2 Calamagrostis rubescens 0.1 Epiloblum angustifollum 0.1 Dodecatheon pulchellum 0.1 Lychnis alba 0.1 Crepis atrabarba 0.1 Ranunculus spp. 0.2 2 .4 Antennaria racemosa 0.9 0 .4 Spiraea betulifolia 0.2 Eriogonum umbellatum 0.2 Carex ecopulorum 1 9 .8 Carex rostrata 1 4.9 Kalmia mlcrophylla 0.8 Salix spp. 0.7 0.3 Rhododendron alblflorum 0.5 Alnus sinuata 0 .5 28.0 Pterldium aquilinum 0.3 1.6 Pedicuiaris groenlandica 0.3 Saxlfraga ferruginea 0.3 Calamagrostis canadensis 0 .3 3.8 Lupin us spp. 0.3 Juncus mertenslanus 0.1 Angelica arguta 0 .1 0.3 Polygonum bistortoides 0 .1 Caltha leptosepala 0.1 Montia cordifolia 6.0 Heracleum lanatum 0.5 Athyrium filix-femlna Rub us parviflorus 1.1 Abies laslocarpa reproduction 0.5 5.5 1.5 0 .9 0.5 0.3 Pinus albicaulis reproduction 0.4 1.5 0,1 0.1 Larlx lyallii reproduction 0,2 0.1

Total 00.0 90.9 98.8 100.0 99.5 99.7

"Trace forbs represents tlie total percent cove of all ipecles that did not occur at the 5% level.

""Gramineae include# Immature grasses that cou ld not be Identified when the plot was taken. They were later identified from mature specimens. Table 2. Percent occurrence of plant species in seven Ecological Landtypes of the Subalpine Grass-Shrublands (306 plots).

Vegetated Talus Semi-vegetated Talus Ridgetop Glades Dry Forb Grasslands Slab-Rock Wet Forb Benches Snow slides Vegetation (61 plots) (20 plots) (35 plots) (70 plots) (55 plots) (48 plots) (17 plots)

Trace forbs 60.7 33.0 48.6 68.6 56.4 41.7 64.7 Polygonum phytolaccaefollura 54.1 10.0 20.0 31.4 45.5 14.6 17.6 Xerophyllum tenax 52.5 45.0 68.6 7 7 ^ 58.2 25.0 41.2 Carex geyeri 42.6 30.0 28.6 30.0 16.4 2.1 5.9 Juncus spp. 34.4 60.0 48.6 31.4 80.0 16.7 . 11.8 Carex spp. 29.5 31.4 28.6 40.0 17.6 Vaccinium scoparium 26.2 10.0 31.4 45.7 41.8 16.7 29.4 Erythronium grandiflorum 24.6 20.0 40.0 21.4 30.9 54.2 Gramineae 23.0 5 .0 5,7 7 .3 4 .2 5.9 Penstemon elllpticus 19.7 15.0 11.4 10.0 29.1 11.8 Vaccinium globulare 16.4 5.0 22.9 37.1 16.4 8.3 11.8 Heciysarum occidentale 13.1 5.7 Polemonium occidentale 11,5 Luzula hitchcockil 11.5 20.0 14.3 11.4 1 2.7 2 7.1 5.9 Trifolium agrarium 11.5 Phyllodoce empetriformis 9.8 5.0 22,9 12.9 40.0 35.4 11.8 Spiraea densiflora 9,8 2 .9 17.1 23.6 10.4 11.8 Cirsium scariosum 9.8 2 .9 11.8 Anemone occidentalis 8.2 10.0 2.9 2.1 Hieracium albertlnum 8.2 8.6 7.1 Veratrum veride 8.2 1.4 1.8 8.3 2 9.4 Valariana sitchensis 8.2 1 .4 2.1 5.0 Lomatiuni dissectum 6.6 2 .9 Artemisia ludovlciana 6.6 1.4 Solidago spp. 6.6 2 .9 3 .6 Castilieja spp. 6.6 5 .7 L.onlcera utahensis 4.9 2.9 5 .7 1.8 Penstemon albertlnus 4.9 2 .9 2 .9 1.8 2 .1 Boyklnla major 4.9 5.0 2 .9 12.5 23.5 Delphinium occidentale 4.9 Senecio triangularis 4.9 1.8 10.4 41.2 Potentilla glandulosa 4.9 Arnica latlfolia 4.9 1.4 Juniper us communis 3,3 5 .7 10.0 Osmorhlza occidentalis 3.3 2.1 Mertensia ciliata 3.3 5 .0 5.9 Potentilla diVersifolia 3.3 2 .9 4 .3 Thalictrum occidentale 3.3 2.1 23.5 Sambucus cerulea 3.3 2.9 1.4 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 3.3 15.0 5.7 Aquileja flavescens 3.3 Senecio integerrimus 3.3 2.9 Hypericum formosum 3.3 15.0 5.7 1.4 7.3 10.4 Viola glabella 3.3 5.0 35.3 Achillea millefolium 3.3 5.7 4.3 1.8 5.9 Ribes lacustre 3,3 5.0 2.9 4.3 1.8 Arenaria spp. 1.6 5.0 2.9 1.4 7.3 Aster integrifolius 1.6 Agastache urticifolia 1.6 Antennaria spp. 1.8 15.0 11.4 2.9 14.5 1 8 .8 Penstemon flavescens 1.6 2.9 1.8 Phlox spp. 1.6 1.4 3.6 Eriogonum flavum 1.6 2.9 Poa spp. 1.6 7.1 Ranunculus populago 1.6 2.9 20.8 Claytonia lanceolate 1.6 11.4 2.9 14,6 Pedicularis bracteosa 1.6 2 .9 Carex nigricans 1.6 5.0 3.6 2.1 Hackella micrantha 1.6 Senecio spp. 1.6 5.7 2 .9 5 .9 Anaphalis margaritacea 1.6 Penstemon spp. 1.6 5.5 Euetkea pectinata 15.0 2.9 4.2 Festuca idahoensis 15.0 8.6 4.3 5.5 2.1 Lomatium triternatum 5.0 1 .4 Arnica cordlfolia 5.0 1.8 Delphinium bicolor 5.0 Amelanchier alnifolla 4.3 1.8 Sorb us scopulina 4.3 1.8 2.1 Rosa spp. 2 .9 Woodsia oregana 5.7 2.9 Gentiana calycosa 2.9 41.7 Agropyron splcatum 1.4 Epilobium angustifollum 1.4 Potentilla fruiticosa 1.4 2.1 Dodecatheon pulchellum 1.4 Heuchera cyllndrlca 2 .9 1.4 Lychnis alba 1.4 Crepis atrabarba 1 .4 Calamagrostls rubes cens 1.4 Chimaphila umbellata 8.6 Eriogonum pyrolifollum 5.7 5.5 2.1 Phyllodoce glanduliflora 2.9 Menzlesla ferruglnea 2.9 10.4 23.5 Lomatium cuslckll 2.9 Vaccinium caespitosum . 2.9 Ledum glandulosum 2.9 6.3 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 2.9 31.3 5.9 Antennaria racemosa 3.6 4.2 Spiraea betullfolla 1.8 Ranunculus spp. 1.8 20.8 Eriogonum umbellatum 1.8 Carex scopulorum 2 9.2 Carex rostrata 58.3 Pteridium aquilinum 2.1 5 .9 Pedicularis groenlandica 2.1 Saxifraga ferruglnea 2,1 Juncus mertenslanus 2.1 Sallx spp. 8.3 5.9 Angelica arguta 2.1 5.9 Rhododendron albiflorum 6.3 Polygonum bistortoides 2.1 Alnus sinuata 4.2 35.3 Calamagrostls canadensis 4.2 35.3 Lupin us sp. 4.2 Kalmia microphylia 6.3 Caltha leptosepala 2.1 Montla cordlfolia Athyrlum filix-femlna 17.6 Rubus parviflorus 17.6 Heracleum lanatum 5.9 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 6.6 2 2 .8 11.4 9 .1 6.3 5 .9 Pinus alblcaulis reproduction 4.9 11.4 1.4 2.1 Larlx lyallli reproduction 2.9 1.4 13

Ridgetop Glades

The Ridgetop Glades occupied ecological situations similar

to those described by Craighead et al. (1976 and 1979) (Plate 3).

Although not restricted to timberline, the glades often occurred

where vegetation was severely stunted and adjacent to where Abies

lasiocarpa often appeared in "krummholz"- In contrast to the

description of Ridgetop Glades by Craighead et a l., where

Xerophyllum tenax was not present, X» tenax was the major plant

species with 28.4% vegetative composition (Table 1). Vaccinium

scoparium, Juncus spp., Carex spp•, and Erythronium gr and if1orum were other species with greater than 5.0% of the total cover and had frequent occurrences. Mesic plant species generally occupied

areas of late snow melt but contributed less than 3% of the total vegetation (Tables 1 and 2).

Dry Forb Grasslands

The Dry Forb Grasslands comprised a large portion of the

Subalpine Zone, especially on southerly aspects (Plate 5; Appendix

Table 1). They differed from the Vegetated Talus, where greater soil development and less steep slopes resulted in a change in vegetation. Xerophyllum tenax was the most abundant and most widely distributed forb; it accounted for 30.7% of the vegetation and occurred in 77.1% of all sample plots (Tables 1 and 2).

Vaccinium scoparium and V. globulare were less abundant than X. tenax, but they were major components of the vegetation where they 14

represented 8.6% and 8.4%, respectively (Table 1). Boyklnla

major, Valarlana sitchensis, Veratrum veride, and Ranunculus

populago were moist site species that collectively comprised

only 1.7% of the total vegetation. These plants were generally

restricted to the Intermittent streams and seeps as were similar

species In the Vegetated Talus.

Slab-Rock

In the Slab-Rock, soil development was minimal and generally

restricted to rock fractures, cavities In the exposed granite

surfaces, and the periphery of the rock slabs. Trees, however,

were not usually stunted. Sample plots Indicated only 49,7%

of this major ELT was vegetated (Plate 6).

Xerophyllum tenax and Juncus spp. were the most widely

distributed and abundant plant species. X. tenax accounted for

19.0% of the total ground cover and occurred In 58.2% of the sample

plots. Juncus spp. was not as abundant per plot but occurred more

frequently; It comprised 15.5% of the vegetation with an 80.0%

occurrence (Tables 1 and 2).

Vaccinium scoparium. Polygonum phytolaccaefollum, Phyllodoce

empetriformis, and Carex geyeri were other species with total vegetative coverages greater than 5% for the Slab-Rock, Moist

site species were uncommon components of the Slab-Rock and account­ ed for less than 2% of the total vegetative cover.

Craighead et a l. (1976 and 1979) described two slab-rock

Ecological Land Units for the alpine zone in the Scapegoat Wilderness 15

Area of Montana. The alpine units Slab-Rock krununholz and Slab-

Rock steps were characterized by flat, creviced bedrock or ledges

with generally shallow soil and sparse stunted vegetation,

Stauffer (1976) described a Rock Ledge Community Type in the

Bitterroot Mountains of Montana. The Rock Ledge Type was a

component of snowslide communities and was typified by ledges

and crevices where shallow soil accumulation supported vegetation on an area with approximately 80% exposed rock.

Wet Forb Benches

The Wet Forb Benches were associated with the mesic bench areas around laic es and streams and gentle slopes along their periphery (Plate 4 ).The vegetation was dominated by a prepon­ derance of moist site plants. Carex scopulorum and jC. rostrata contributed 19.6% and 14.9% to the vegetative composition,

Erythronium grandiflorum (8.2%) was an early summer species occurring in 58,3% of the samples. Gentiana calycosa and

Phyllodoce enpetriformis were also characteristic of the Wet Forb

Benches and were well represented in both cover and occurrence

(Tables 1 and 2). Dodecatheon jeffreyi and Ledum glandulosum were more common in this subalpine landtype than in others, while

Pedicularis groenlandica, Caltha leptosepala, and Kalmia microphylia and Rhododendron albiflorum were mesic plants not found elsewhere in the subalpine landtypes. Craighead et al. (1979) used P. groenlandica as an indicator of a site with a high water table. 16

Snowslides

Snowslides were sampled in several developmental stages

that ranged from moderate through luxuriantly vegetated sites

(Plate 7). Alnus sinuata and Xerophyllum tenax were the most

prevalent plants and represented 28.0 and 15.9% of the vegetation,

respectively (Table 1). Montia cordifolia (6.0%) and Viola

glabella (5.5%) were other major vegetational components, but

were generally associated with the alder swales within the snow-

slides (a brief description of the alder swales will be given).

Calamagrostis canadensis (3.6%) and Veratrum veride (2.5%)

were minor components occurring in 35.3 and 29.4% of the plots

(Table 1), but they were more abundant in the Snowslides than in

other ELTs.

Stauffer (1976) delineated a variety of different plant

community types within snowslides in the Lost Horse Creek Drainage

of the Bitterroot Mountains. Vegetation varied among the community

types which were dependent, in part, on geomorphic conditions,

moisture, and frequency of avalanches. A division of snowslides

to the community level was beyond the scope and objective of my

study; a vegetative description of snowslides as ecological land­

types coincided with Craighead et a l. (1976 and 1979).

Alder swales were included with the snowslide landtype but

had a unique vegetative hierarchy adapted to a persistently disturbed site.

Alnus sInuata formed a dense canopy over other vegetative components. It constituted 54.0% of the total cover and averaged 17

85% cover per plot. Montia cordifolia and Viola glabella

characteristically were major species under the Alnus canopy

representing 11.6% and 10.6%, respectively, and were the only

other species with total vegetative covers greater than 5%.

An Alnus Boykinia community type in snowslides was

described by Stauffer (1976) where Alnus sinuata and Boykinia

major provided the dominant vegetation in an extremely moist

situation. Schaerer (1978) examined tree age and height in

avalanche outrun zones. He concluded that where areas of Alnus

sp. and SalIx sp. occurred without trees (greater than 4.5 feet;

1.5m) frequent large avalanches were indicated.

Identification of Subalpine Forest Habitat Types

Extensive albicaulis forests in the Northern Rocky

Mountains were attacked arid killed by the mountain pine beetle

(Pendroctonus monticolae) between 1909 and 1940 (Arno 1970,

Roe and Amman 1970, Pfister et a l. 1977). Many of these forests

are currently infested by white pine b lister rust (Cronartium ribicola) . Large stands of dead and dying 2* alblcaulis in my study area were evidence of past and present infestations (Plate 8)

The four major habitat types in the subalpine forest were Larix lyallii-A bies lasiocarpa (LALY-ABLA,860), Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Vaccinium scoparium (ABLA/LUHI-

VASC,831), Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Menziesia ferruglnea

(ABLA/LUHI-MEFE,832), and Pinus albicaulis-Abies lasiocarpa

(PIAL-ABLA,850) after Pfister et al. (1977). The grizzly bear 18

food plant components in the subalpine forest will be discussed

later in the text,

Larix lyallii-Abies lasiocarpa (LALY-ABLA)

The LALY-ABLA forest habitat type occurred on northerly

aspects in a wide elevational range. It was regularly encountered

from 7400 feet (2456m) to timberline (9000 feet)(2743m) and was

the most abundant forest type in the subalpine zone (Appendix

Table 1). Larix ly a llii and Pinus albicaulis were major over­

story components, Abies lasiocarpa typically occurred as stunted

or krummholz form. Major undergrowth components were Phyllodoce

empetriformis » Vaccinium scoparium, Luzula hitchcockii, and

Xerophyllum tenax. Arno (1970) throughly described the L,

lyallii forest.

Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Vaccinium scoparium (ABLA/LUHl-VASC)

Although generally associated with xeric conditions, the

ABLA/LUHI-VASC type was found on a variety of sites. The eleva­

tional distribution of this type was from approximately 7000

(2134m) to 7600 feet (2316m) and was a major subalpine forest type.

The forest canopy was characteristically composed of Abies

lasiocarpa and Pinus albicaulis as major species. Xerophyllum

tenax, Vaccinium scoparium, and Luzula hitchcockii were major

undergrowth components.

Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Menziesia ferruglnea (ABLA/LUHI-MEFE)

The ABLA/LUHI-MEFE habitat type occurred almost exclusively 19

on northerly exposures. Within the subalpine zone, this type

occurred from about 7000 feet (2134m) to 7400 feet (2456m)

where it merged with the LALY-ABLA type.

Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii dominated the

forest canopy with Pinus albicaulis a relatively minor component.

The ground vegetation was dominated by Menzlesia ferruginea,

Xerophyllum tenax, and Vaccinium scoparium.

Pinus albicaulis-Abies lasiocarpa (PIAL-ABLA)

The PIAL-ABLA forest type was generally associated with

the upper elevations where it often occurred on sites not occupied

by Larix ly a llii. Stands of this habitat type with forest canopy

coverage of less than 20% were treated as the Ridgetop Glade

ecological landtype.

Pinus albicaulis and Abies lasiocarpa were the most common

species with A. las iocarpa occurring in a stunted condition.

Xerophyllum tenax, Vaccinium scoparium, Phyllodoce empetriformis,

and Carex spp. dominated the ground cover.

Other Types of the Subalpine Zone

Extensive portions of the subalpine zone had no or

extremely lit tle vegetation. These non-vegetated landtypes

were classified as either Bare Talus or Rock. The combined

land area is shown in Appendix Table 1.

The classification for non-vegetated landtypes follows the system of Craighead et a l. (1976 and 1979), 20,

Description of Ecological Landtypes in the Temperate Zone

Vegetated Talus

The Vegetated Talus in the temperate zone occupied the

same physical setting as talus in the subalpine zone (at cliff

bases). In some instances, it was an extention of the subalpine

Vegetated Talus into the temperate zone. However, greater soil

accumulation and a consequent higher moisture content resulted

in contrasting plant dominance. The composition of moist site

species was a major contrast with the subalpine. Total compos­

ition for the mesic vegetation in the temperate Vegetated Talus

was 28.4% as compared to 5.3% in the subalpine. Valariana

sitchensis, Veratrum veride, Menziesia ferruglnea, and Boykinia

major predominated (Tables 3 and 4). Vaccinium globulare and

Xerophyllum tenax were major components of the vegetation with

a combined coverage of 20.0%. Xm tenax represented 9.3% of the

total cover contrasting with 17.2% in the subalpine talus

(Table 3). Graminales were relatively minor components in this landtype.

Dry Forb Grasslands

The Dry Forb Grasslands were the major landtype in the temperate grass-shrublands (Appendix Table 1). They were most common on southerly exposures and were characterized by an abundance of plants predominantly inhabiting xeric environments.

Xerophyllum tenax, the most frequently encountered species, dominated the vegetative cover with 25.7%. It occurred in 77.1% 21

of the samples» identical to its occurrence in the subalpine

zone (Tables 3 and 4).

Vaccinium globulare was more abundant in the temperate

Dry Forb Grasslands than in the subalpine and constituted 12.5%

of the cover. Carex geyeri was typical of this ELT and occurred

in 60,4% of the samples for 7,6% cover.

As in the subalpine, mesic site vegetation was not abundant

and was generally restricted to moist areas near seeps in trans­

ition areas where the Dry Forb Grasslands and snowslides form

an ecotone. Plants dependent on moist sites comprised only 3.5%

and only one, Veratrum veride, represented more than 1% (Table 3),

Serai Stages (Burns)

One small burn was found within the ABLA/LUHI-VASC (831)

forest habitat type and was handled as a minor landtype (Plate 9),

Xerophyllum tenax was the most extensive plant species (57,7%)

and occurred in all samples (Tables 3 and 4). Vaccinium scoparium,

Carex geyeri, and V. globulare were also abundant with 15.3,

12.6, and 7.2%, respectively. Relatively few species were found

with coverages of 5% or greater in any sample.

Burns were treated and evaluated as a landtype by Craig­

head et a l. (1976 and 1979) and thus, were treated similarly

here. Habeck (1972) described the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness

in terms of fire ecology. Although fire was a major influencing

factor on the landscape in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, few had occurred since 1900 in the vicinity of my study area. Table 3. Percent cov^r of plant species in six Ecological Eandtypes of the Temperate Grass-Shrublands <231 plots).

Vegetated Talus Dry Forb Grasslands Serai Stages (Burns) Slab-Rock Wet Forb Benches Snowslides V egetalion (14 plots) <48 plots) (8 plots) (19 plots) (96 plots) (46 plots)

Vaccinium globulare 10.7 12.4 7.2 1.7 0.3 1.8 Xero|5hyllum tenax 9,3 25,7 37.7 2 8 .2 1.0 12 .8 Trace forbs* 7.3 5 .8 0.9 7.5 4 .4 4 .8 Thalictrum occidentale 6.8 0 .3 0.1 0.6 Valariana sitchensis 6.8 0.3 Veratrum veride 4.4 1.2 2.0 4.4 Menziesia ferruglnea 4 .4 0.2 2 .3 Erythronium grandiflorum 4 .4 3.1 0.9 2 .3 0 .4 Boyklnla major 3 .9 1.1 0 .8 Viola glabella 3 .9 0.1 0 .7 4 .4 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 3 .4 2 .3 5.7 0.3 0.2 Spiraea densiflora 2.9 3 .5 2.7 5.2 1.5 1.8 Gramineae** 2.9 2 .5 2.9 2 .2 2 .5 Luzula hitchcockii 2.4 0.9 0 .8 0 .3 Osmorhlza occidentalis 2.4 0.1 0.6 0.1 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 2.0 Carex geyeri 2.0 7 .6 12.6 1.1 1.7 Carex spp. 1.5 2.4 9.2 1 5 .9 2.8 Alnus sinuata 1 .5 0.6 21.1 Cirsium scariosum 1.5 Hedysarum occidentale 1.5 0.7 0.1 Aquilejla flavescens 1.5 Senecio triangularis 1 .0 0 .3 7 .7 4.9 Anemone occidentalis 1.0 Solidago multiradiata 1.0 0.5 0.2 Mertensia ciliata 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.9 Sorbus scopulina 1.0 0.7 0.5 Ribes lacustre 1.0 0.3 0 .2 Lonlcera utahensis 1.0 0 .3 0.2 0.9 Senecio integerrimus 0.5 Hydrophyllum capitatum 0.5 Agastache urticifolia 0.5 0 .5 0 .4 Pedicularis bracteosa 0.5 0 .4 Lomatium dissectlum 0.5 Mitella pentendra 0.5 0.6 0.1 Montia cordlfolia 0.5 0.2 4 .0 Pteridium aquilinum 0.5 1 ^ 0.5 3.6 Arnica latlfolia 0.5 Polemonium occidentale 0.5 0.1 0.2 Juncus spp. 0.5 1.3 1 0 .9 0.1 Amelanchier alnifolla 4.5 0.9 1.1 Vaccinium scoparium 3.7 15.3 9.8 0.3 0.9 Calamagrostls rubescens 2 ^ 0.6 0.2 0.3 Poa spp. 2.1 0.1 Potentilla dlverslfolia 1.1 0.1 Achillea millefolium 1.1 0.1 Hub us parviflorus 1.1 0.9 Senecio spp. 0.8 0.2 Castilieja spp. 0.7 Rosa spp. 0.7 0.5 Antennaria microphylia 0.5 Acer glabrum 0.5 1.8 Claytonia lanceolata 0.5 0 .1 Penstemon elllpticus 0.4 1 .7 Epilobium angustifollum 0.4 0 .1 Salix sp. 0.4 5.5 Antennaria spp. 0.4 0.1 0.2 Phlox diffusa 0.4 Spiraea betullfolla 0.4 Agropyron splcatum 0.3 Festuca idahoensis 0 .3 Eriogonum flavum 0.3 Angelica arguta 0 .3 0.3 Calamagrostls canadensis 0.3 8.5 8.3 Penstemon spp. 0.3 0.1 Sedum lanceolatum 0.1 Fhacelia heterophylla 0.1 Calochortum elegans 0,1 Penstemon albertlnus 0.1 Juniper us communis 0.1 Berberis repens 0 .1 Sambucus cerulea 0 .1 0.2 Lomatium triternatum 0 .1 Hieracium albertlnum ^ 1 ' Fragaria vlrginlana 0.1 Trifolium agrarium 0.1 Symphorlcarpos albus . 0.1 0 .3 Heuchera cyllndrlca 0 .1 1.1 Phyllodoce empetriformis 7.5 0.1 Eriogonum pyrolifollum 0.8 Arenaria spp. 0 .6 Solidago spp. 0 .8 0 .1 Gentiana calycosa 0.6 3 .2 0.2 Carex scopulorum 1 7.8 Vaccinium occidentale 5.9 Carex rostrata 5.3 Kalmia microphylia 2.6 Lediun glandulosum 1 .4 2.0 Carex interior 1.3 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 1.1 0.1 Ranunculus spp. 1.0 Pedicularis groenlandica 0 .9 Carex mertensil 0.9 Ranunculus populago 0.7 Osmorhlza chllensls 0.2 0.5 Totleldia glutinosa 0 .1 Delphinium occidentale 0 .1 0.1 Carex lentlcularis 0.1 Polygonum bistortoides 0.1 Luzula parvlflora 0.1 Mellca spectabilis 1.3 Athyrlum filix-femina 0.4 Galium triflorum 0 .2 Heracleum lanatum 0 .2 Smilaclna stellata 0.1 Oplopanax horrldum 0.1 Potentilla glandulosa 0.1 Aster integrifolius 0.1 Trillium ovatum 0.1 Rhododendron albiflorum 0 .1 Mitella stauropetala 0.1 Cllntonla uniflora 0.1 StreptopuB amplexlfollus 0.1 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 0.5 0.3 0 .8 0.6 0.2 0.6 Pinus contorta reproduction 1.1 Pseudotsuga menzlesli reproduction 0.1

Total 100.4 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0 8 9 .7

Trace forbs represents the total percent cover of all species that did not occur at the 5% level.

'''■’'■‘Gramineae Includes immature grasses that could not be identified when the plot was taken. They were later identified fror mature specimens. Table 4. Percent occurrence of plant species in six Ecological Landtypes of the Temperate Grass-Shrublands (231 plots).

Vegetated Talus Dry Forb Grasslands Serai Stages (Burns) Slab-Rock Wet Forb Benches Snowslides Vegetation (14 plots! (48 plots) (8 plots) (19 plots) (06 plots) (46 plots)

Trace forbs 71.4 68.8 12.5 63.2 51.0 71.7 Valariana sitchensis 64.3 8.3 Vaccinium globulare 50.0 30.0 75.0 10.5 4 .2 17.4 Thalictrum occidentale 50.0 4.2 1.0 10.9 Gramineae 42.9 3 1 .3 26.3 1 3.5 26.1 Xerophyllum tenax 35.7 100.0 68.4 4 .2 50.0 Veratrum veride 35.7 6 .3 14.5 41.3 Erythronium grandiflorum 35.7 20.8 12 5 15.8 5.2 Osmorhlza occidentalis 35.7 2.1 6.3 2.2 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 28.6 1 ^ 7 26.3 4 .2 4.3 Carex geyeri 28.6 6 0 .4 100.0 10.5 17.4 Menziesia ferruglnea 21.4 2 .1 10.9 Boykinia major 21.4 11.5 10.9 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 21.4 Cirsium scariosum 21.4 Hedysarum occidentale 21.4 8.3 1.0 Aquilegia flavescens 21.4 Carex spp. 14.3 22.9 42.1 53.1 21.7 Alnus sinuata 14,3 2 .1 3 9 .f Viola glabella 14.3 2.1 11.5 32.6 Senecio triangularis 14.3 4.2 29.2 45.7 Solidago multiradiata 14.3 8.3 4 .3 Mertencia ciliata 1 4 .3 6.3 7.3 10.9 Spiraea densiflora 7.1 27.1 12.5 31.6 7 .3 28.3 Luzula hitchcockii 7.1 12.S 5.2 6.5 Anemone occidentalis 7.1 Senecio integerrimus 7.1 Hydrophyllum capitatum 7.1 Agastache urticifolia 7.1 2.1 6,5 Pedicularis bracteosa 7.1 7.3 Sorbus scopulina 7.1 8.3 8.7 Ribes lacustre 7.1 4.2 4.3 Lomatium dissectum 7.1 Mitella pentandra 7.1 5.3 1.0 Montia cordlfolia 7.1 3 .1 2 3 .9 Pteridium aquilinum 7.1 6.3 1.0 15.2 Lonicera utahensis 7.1 Arnica latlfolia 7.1 Polemonium occidentale 7.1 4.3 Juncus spp. 7.1 8.3 47.4 1.0 Amelanchier alnifolla 28 .3 12.5 1 0 .9 Vaccinium scoparium 25.0 87.5 42.1 2 .1 17.4 Calamagrostls rubescens 18.7 5.3 3.1 4.3 Achillea millefolium 14 .8 1.0 Senecio spp. 12.5 1.0 Potentilla dlverslfolia 10.4 1 .0 Rosa spp. 10.4 10.9 Rubus parviflorus 8.3 8.7 Acer glabrum 8.3 8 .7 Castilieja spp. 6 .3 Epilobium angustifollum 6.3 2 .2 Antennaria microphylia 6.3 Antennaria spp. 6.3 1.0 4.3 Poa spp. 6.3 1.0 Spiraea betullfolla 6.3 Claytonia lanceolata 6.3 1.0 Penstemon elllpticus 4.2 1 5 .8 Lonicera utahensis 4 ^ 4.2 13.0 Festuca idahoensis 4.2 Eriogonum flavum 4.2 Angelica arguta 4.2 6.5 Calamagrostls canadensis 4 .2 3 4 .4 39.1 Salix spp. 4 .2 13 .5 Penstemon spp. 4.2 1.0 Sedum lanceolatum 2.1 Agropyron splcatum 2.1 Phacelia heterophylla 2.1 Calochortus elegans 2,1 Penstemon albertlnus 2.1 Juniper us communis 2 .1 Berberis repens 2.1 Sambucus cerulea 2.1 4 .3 Lomatium triternatum 2.1 Hieracium albertlnum 2.1 Fragaria vlrginlana 2.1 Trifolium agrarium 2.1 Phlox diffusa 2.1 Symphorlcarpos albus 2.1 6.5 Heuchera cyllndrlca 2.1 10.5 Phyllodoce empetriformis 47.4 2.1 Eriogonum pyrolifollum 5.3 Arenaria spp. 5.3 Solidago spp. 5.3 Gentiana calycosa 5.3 29 .2 4 .3 Carex scopulorum 39.6 Vaccinium occidentale 26.0 Ledum glandulosum 17.7 17.4 Carex rostrata 16.7 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 14.6 2.2 Pedicularis groenlandica 12.5 Ranunculus spp. 11.5 Kalmia microphylia 1 0 .4 Ranunculus populago 9 .4 Osmorhlza chilensis 2 ^ 8.5 Tofieldia glutinosa 2.1 Carex mertensil 2.1 Carex interior 2.1 Delphinium occidentale 1.0 2 .2 Carex lentlcularis 1.0 Polygonum bistortoides 1.0 Luzula parvlflora 1.0 Mellca spectabilis 6.5 Athyrlum filix-femina 6.5 Galium triflorum 4.3 Heracleum lanatum 4.3 Smilaclna stellata 2.2 Oplopanax horrldum 2 .2 Potentilla glandulosa 2.2 A ster integrifolius 2.2 Trillium ovatum 2 .2 Rhododendron albiflorum 2.2 • Mitella stauropetala 2.2 Cllntonla uniflora 2 .2 Streptopus amplexlfollus 2.2 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 7.1 4.2 12.5 5 .3 4.2 8.7 Pinus contorta reproduction 10.5 Pseudotsuga menziesii reproduction 2.2 2A

Slab-Rock

The composition of vegetation on the temperate Slab-Rock

was consistant with subalpine Slab-Rock, The vegetation was

indicative of xeric conditions associated with shallow soils

and low moisture content. Plant species occupying generally

mesic environments were rare and accounted for only about 1%

of the landtype.

Total plant coverage in this landtype was 45,8%, Xerophyllum

tenax and Juncus spp, were again the most abundant and widely

distributed plants, X. tenax represented 28.2% of the vegetative

cover and occurred in 68,4% of the samples. Juncus spp. comprised

10.9% with an occurrence of 47,4% (Tables 3 and 4), Vaccinium

scoparium (9,8%), Carex spp, (9,2%), Phyllodoce empetriformis

(7,5%), and Polygonum phytolaccefolium were other major components

of the vegetation.

Wet Forb Benches

Wet Forb Benches in the temperate zone occurred in the

same situations as in the subalpine. They were also found at

the heads of drainages in most glacial basins and in some mesic

forests occurring on relatively level ground.

A wide variety of moist site species were recorded.

Sedges and grasses comprised the majority of vegetation in this

landtype with 49,1%. Carex scopulorum, the most abundant species,

covered 17,1% of the Wet Forb Benches and approached monoculture

status in some samples as did C, interior, Calamagrostis canadensis 25

and Senecio triangularts represented 8.5 and 7.7% (Tables 3 and 4).

Vaccinium occidentale (5.9%) and Kalmia microphylia (2.6%) were

moist site shrubs not found in other landtypes.

Snowslides

Snowslides in the temperate zone were a common landtype

and generally extensions from the subalpine zone (their origin)

to below 7000 feet (2134m) elevation.

Vegetation was dominated by Alnus sinuata and Xerophyllum

tenax which represented 21.1 and 12.8% of the vegetative cover

and occurred in 39.1 and 50.0% of the plots, respectively.

Calamagrostls canadensis was more abundant in the temperate

zone than in the subalpine zone and comprised 8.3% of the cover

(Table 3 and 4). Other plants that occurred in more than 20%

of the plots were Mont ia cordifolia, V iola glabella, Senecio

triangularis, Veratrum veride, Carex spp., and Spiraea dens if1ora

(Table 4). A variety of mesic plant species grew throughout the

landtype.

Alder swale vegetation growing in the snowslides of the

temperate zone was quite similar to that in the subalpine. Dense

canopies of Alnus sinuata precluded other plant species except

the most shade tolerant. Montia cordifolia and Viola glabella

were found in equal abundance (11.8%) and distribution (100.0%).

Lower elevation was partially responsible for the presence

of additional plant species. Galium triflorum, Clintonia uniflora,

Streptopus amplexifoli us, and Trillium ovatum were some plants

only encountered in the subalpine alder swales. 26.

Identification of Temperate Forest Habitat Types

The four major habitat types in the temperate forest were

Abies 1asiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Menziesia ferruginea (AMLA/

LUHI-MEFE,832), Abies lasiocarpa/Menziesia ferruglnea (ABLA/MEFE,

670), Abies lasiocarpa/Xerophyllum tenax-Vaccinium globulare

(ABLA/XETE-VAGL,691) and Abies lasiocarpa/Clintonia uniflora

(ABLA/CLUN,620) after Pfister et al. (1977). Two other forest

habitat types were minor components of the temperate forest.

The grizzly bear food plant components in the temperate forest

will be discussed later in the text.

Placement of part of ABLA/LUHI-MEFE in the temperate zone

was contradictory to Pfister et al. (1977). However, L.

hitchcock ii regularly extended to lower elevations in the study

area (6400 feet, 1951m) than normal for Montana. This situation

occurs from the southern Bitterroot Mountains into Central Idaho

(Steele et a l• in press) because of tremendous snowpack and

relatively cool conditions associated with the basins (Arno pers.

comm.). After reviewing this classification problem with Pfister

and Steele (pars, comm.)* I decided to subdivide the ABLA/LUHI-

MEFE into subalpine (associated with PInus albicaulis) and temperate (below lower lim its of Pinus alblcaulis) for the study area.

Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Menziesia ferruglnea (ABLA/LUHI-MEFE)

The ABLA/LUHI-MEFE forest habitat type occurred on similar aspects in the temperate and subalpine zones. Plant 27

composition was the major difference from the subalpine.

Pinus albicaulis was essentially absent and Abies las iocarpa

and Picea engelmannii were the major trees. The major undergrowth

was composed of Menziesia ferruginea> Xerophyllum tenax» Vaccinium

scoparium» and V. globulare.

Abies lasiocarpa/Menziesia ferruglnea (ABLA/MEFE)

Below the ABLA/LUHI-MEFE type (approximately 6400 feet,

1951m) the ABLA/MEFE type was preponderant on northerly exposures.

Abies 1 asiocarpa and Picea engelmannii were the major trees.

Menziesia ferruglnea, Xerophyllum tenax, and Vaccinium globulare

were major undergrowth species.

Abies lasiocarpa/Xerophyllum tenax-Vaccinium globulare (ABLA/XETE-VAGL)_

The ABLA/XETE-VAGL type was associated with xeric condi­

tions. I t's range extended to the lower lim its of the study

area.

The forest canopy was dominated by Abies lasiocarpa with

lesser amounts of Pseudotsuga menziesia and Pinus contorta.

Xerophyllum tenax » Vaccinium globulare, and V. scoparium were

major components of the undergrowth.

Abies 1asiocarpa/Clintonia uniflora (ABLA/CLUN)

The ABLA/CLUN type was encountered at elevations below 6000 feet (1829m) associated with moist benches and slopes along streams.

Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, and Pseudotsuga menziesia were the most abundant trees. Major undergrowth 28 vegetation included Menziesia ferruglnea, Vaccinium globulare,

Athyrium f 11ix-femina, and Xerophyllum tenax.

Minor Forest Habitat Types

Abies lasiocarpa/Calamagrostls canadensis (ABLA/CACA)

Occurring at elevations from 6000 feet (1829m) through 6800 feet (2073m) the ABLA/CACA forest type was associated with wet sites along streams and lakes.

Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa were the dominant trees. Senecio tr iangularis, Xerophyllum tenax, and Calamagrostls canadensis were major undergrowth species in both phases of this type.

Pseudotsuga menziesii/Calamagrostis rubescens-Calamagrostis rubescens (PSME/CARU-CARU)

The PSME/CARU-CARU habitat type phase was encountered on xeric southerly aspects at 5800 feet (1768m) through 6600 feet (2012m).

Pseudotsuga menziesii was the only major component of the overstory. Calamagrost is rubescens and Carex geyeri were the dominant undergrowth plants.

Other Types of the Temperate Zone

Bare Talus and Rock in the temperate zone were treated as in the subalpine zone. These non-vegetated landtypes were not major components of the temperate zone and their combined land area appears in Appendix Table 1. 29

Acreage of Ecological Landtypes and Forest:

Habitat Types in the Subalpine and Temperate Zones

Subalpine Zone

The subalpine zone included 45% of the study area (Appendix

Table 1), This zone was made up of: ecological landtypes 38.6%;

forest habitat types 33.9%; and Bare Talus and Rock 27.5%.

The major ecological landtypes were the Dry Forb Grass­

lands and Slab-Rock that comprised 25.2 and 24.1% of the grass-

shrublands, respectively.

Larix lyallii-Abies las iocarpa (36.2%) and Abies lasiocarpa/

Luzula hitchcockii-Vaccinium scoparium (30,6%) were the major

forest habitat types.

Temperate Zone

The temperate zone represented 54.8% of the study area and was made up of; ecological landtypes 29.6%; forest habitat types

59.2%; and Bare Talus and Rock 9.1% (Appendix Table 1).

The Dry Forb Grasslands were 31.2% of the temperate grass- shrublands. Snowslides, Wet Forb Benches, and Slab-Rock represented

61.7% of the grass-shrublands in almost equal proportions.

Major forest habitat types were: Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Menziesia ferruginea (29.9%); Abies lasiocarpa/

Menziesia ferruglnea (29.9%); and Abies lasiocarpa/Xerophyllum tenax-Vaccinium globulare (28.1%). 30

Analysis of Grizzly Bear Food Plants

Food Plants

A 5-yoar-study in the Scapegoat Wilderness Area of Montana quantified and qualified the abundance and distribution of grizzly

bear food plants in three climatic zones (Craighead et a l• 1976

and 1979).

Grizzly bear food habits were extensively studied in Yellow­

stone National Park by Mealey (1975), Craighead (in prep.), and

Craighead et a l. (unpubl, data); in the Scapegoat Wilderness Area by Sumner and Craighead (1973) and Craighead et al. (1976 and 1979). and in Glacier National Park by Shaffer (1971). Succulent herb­ aceous vegetation provided a substantial portion of the bears* diets. These plants were, generally, widely distributed although some had a restricted distribution and were selectively sought.

Species used by Grizzly Bears

The grizzly bear food plants, documented in the Scapegoat

Wilderness area and Yellowstone ecosystem studies, that were found in my study area,are listed in Appendix Table 2.

Abundance and Distribution of Grizzly Bear Food Plants

Food plant cover (abundance) and occurrence (distribution) were used to evaluate each zone. Each food plant was evaluated and related to other food plants by its representation in a major group and, in turn, each zone was evaluated. This provided for a comparison among major groups and zones. 31

Ecological Landtypes in the Subalpine Zone

Grizzly bear food plants were abundant and widely d is tri­

buted in all but one ELT. In six of the seven ELT' s , food plants

represented over 50% of the ground vegetation,and in four of the

seven they comprised over 60% (Table 5).

The Dry Forb Grasslands and Ridgetop Glades contained the

greatest proportion of food plants per type in the subalpine zone with 72.0 and 67.7%, respectively. The largest variety (23 species)

of food plants that occurred at the 5% level of recording was also

found in the Dry Forb Grasslands. Craighead et a l. (1979) also reported that the highest percent cover of food plants was found

in that ELT.

In the Selway-Bitterroot, as well as in the Scapegoat

studies, Xerophyllum tenax was the most abundant food plant

(Plate 10). The problems of interpreting abundance vs. prefer­ ence are addressed in Chapter V.

T^orest Habitat Types in the Subalpine Zone

Two forest habitat types, Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-

Vacc in ium scoparium and Pinus albicaulis-Abies las iocarpa, had bear food plants representing over 70% of the ground vegetation

(Table 6).

Vaccinium scoparium was the most abundant food shrub in both types. The low priority food plant, Xerophyllum tenax, was the most abundant food. 32 Table 5. Percent abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in seven Ecological Landtypes of the Subalpine Grass-Shrublands (306 plots).

V egetated Semi-vegetated Ridgetop Dry Forb Wet Forb Bear Food Plants Talus Talus Glades G rasslands Slab-Rock Benches Snowslides

Xerophyllum tenax 17.2/52.5 17.9/45.0 28.4/68.6 30.7/77.1 19.0/58.2 2.4/25.0 15.9/41.2 Carex geyeri 8.9/42.6 7.1/30.0 3.2/28.6 3.5/30.0 2.6/16.4 0.1/ 2.1 2.2/ 5.9 C arex spp. 8.4/29.5 7.0/31.4 5.6/28.6 5.5/40.0 3.8/17.6 Vaccinium scoparium 4.7/26.2 3.6/10.0 7.2/31.4 8.6/45.7 9.1/41.8 2.2/16.7 3.3/29.4 Juncus spp. 4.0/34.4 19.3/60.0 7.0/48.6 4.0/31.4 15.5/80.0 2.7/16.7 0.8/11.8 Gramineae 4.0/23.0 0.7/ 5.0 0.6/ 5.7 0.9/ 7.3 0.4/ 4.2 0.8/ 5.9 Erythronium grandiflorum 3.3/24.6 2.9/20.0 5.5/40.0 2.8/21.4 4.2/30.9 8.2/54.2 Vaccinium globulare 2.7/16.4 1.4/ 5.0 4.5/22.9 8.4/37.1 2.6/16.4 1.4/ 8.3 0.5/11.8 Hedysarum occidentale 1.7/13.1 0.5/ 5.7 Lomatium dissectum 1.6/ 6.6 0.3/ 2.9 Cirsium scariosum 1.0/ 9.8 0.2/ 2.9 0.8/11.8 Carex nigricans 1.0/ 1.6 2.1/ 5.0 0.4/ 3.6 0.3/ 2.1 Veratrum veride 0.8/ 8.2 0.1/ 1.4 0.5/ 1.8 1.1/ 8.3 2.5/29.4 Lonicera utahensis 0.7/ 4.9 0.5/ 2.9 0.6/ 5.7 0.2/ 1.8 Osmorhiza occidentalis 0.7/ 3.3 0.1/ 2.1 Hieracium albertinum 0.6/ 8.2 0.7/ 8.6 0.5/ 7.1 Sambucus cerulea 0.2/ 3.3 0.2/ 2.9 0.1/ 1.4 Poa spp. 0.2/ 1.6 2.7/ 7.1 Ribes lacustre 0.1/ 1.6 0.7/ 5.0 0.2/ 2.9 0.3/ 4.3 0.2/ 1.8 Claytonia lanceolata 0.1/ 1.6 1.7/11.4 0.2/ 2.9 1.2/14.6 Festuca idahoensis 2.9/15.0 1.0/ 8.6 0.4/ 4.3 0.5/ 5.5 0.1/ 2.1 Lomatium cusickii 0.2/ 2.9 Vaccinium caespitosum 0.2/ 2.9 Agropyron spicatum 2.7/ 7.1 Sorbus scopulina 0.6/ 4.3 0.2/ 1.8 0.1/ 2.1 Amelanchier alnifolia 0.4/.4.3 0.5/ 1.8 Rosa spp. 0.2/ 2.9 Calamagrostls rubescens 0.1/ 1.4 Carex scopulorum 19.6/29.2 Carex rostrata 14.9/58.3 Calamagrostls canadensis 0.3/ 4.2 3.6/35.3 Juncus mertenslanus 0.1/ 2.1 Angelica arguta 0.1/ 2.1 0.3/ 5.9 Polygonum bistortoides 0.1/ 2.1 Rubus parviflorus i.1/17.6 Heracleum lanatum 0.5/ 5.9

Total bear food plants 61^ 58.6 6L7 72.0 6L9 5&^ 35.8 Other species 38^ 41.4 3 2 J 28.0 38^ 44.6 64.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33

Table 6 Abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in four major forest habitat types of the subalpine zone.

LALY-ABLA, 860 (49 plots) ABLA/LUHI-VASC, 831 (38 plots) ABLA/LUHI-MEFE, 832 (25 plots) PIAL-ABLA, 850 (22 plots) Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Bear Food Plants Abundance Distribution Abundance Occurrence Abundance Distribution Abundance Distribution

Vaccinium scoparium 14,3 67.3 24.3 92,1 9.7 77.3 10.8 50.0

Xerophyllum tenax 12.7 59.2 43.8 100.0 18.9 95.5. 3A3 77.3

Erythronium grandiflorum 7.6 42.9 4.6 44.7 2.9 40.9 1.9 18.2

Carex spp. 2,0 l^ J 1.7 18.2

Juncus spp. 1.6 12.2 1.4 13.6 0.5 4.5

Vaccinium globulare 0.2 2,0 5.4 31.6 2.9 31,8 7.5 21 ^

Claytonia lanceolata 0.2 2.0 0.2 2.6

Gramineae 0.2 2.0

Carex geyeri 0.8 10.5 12.3 77.3

Veratrum veride 0.4 5.3 1.2 18.2

Lonicera involucrata 0.2 2.6 0.3 4.5

Hedysarum occidentale 0.2 2.6 1.9 18.2

Ribes lacustre 1.4 13.6

Festuca idahoensis 0.5 4.5

Total Bear Food Plants 38.8 79.9 39.0 74.1

Other species 61.2 20.1 61.0 25.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 34

The two other forest types had less than 40% bear food

plant composition with V. scoparium and X, tenax again the most

abundant species.

Evaluation of Ecological Landtypes in the Subalpine Zone

Grizzly bear food plant values for seven ELTs in the sub­

alpine grass-shrublands were compiled from Tables 1 and 2.

Of the total vegetation, 36 food plants represented 61.5%

and indicated an important potential food source (Table 7).

Forbs represented 32.2% of the vegetation and Xerophyllum tenax,

the most abundant and widely distributed food plant, comprised

19.0%. Juncus spp. (5.9%) and Erythronium grandiflorum (4.1%) contributed substantially to food plant abundance. Although not as abundant as forbs, graminales, particularly Carex, represented

18.5%. Carex geyeri, jC. scopulorum, and C^. ro strata, as well as the graminales, were important food plants of the subalpine grass- shrublands and comprised 3.8, 3.6, and 2.8%, respectively.

Combined abundance values for the graminales was 18.5%. Vaccinium scoparium and V. globulare were primary berry producing shrubs and collectively comprised 9.6% of the total vegetation (Table 6).

Grizzly bear food plants were widely distributed in the sub­ alpine grass-shrublands. Food plants that were abundant generally had a corresponding wide distribution. X, tenax, the most abundant, also occurred more often than all other food plant species, 55.6%.

Juncus spp. and _E, grand if1orum occurred in 37.3 and 29,7% of the plots. Veratrum veride was the only other forb that had a 35

distribution value greater than 5,0%.

Of nine food producing shrub species well represented in the

ELTs, only V. scoparium and V. globulare were widely dispersed;

they had distribution values of 37.3 and 19.6%. Widely d is tri­

buted graminales were the Carex, with Carex spp. and C^. geyeri

each occurring in 24.2% of the plots. C^. rostrata with a distribution

of 9,2% was the only other highly dispersed graminale.

The remaining food plants in the subalpine grass-shrublands

occurred in less than 5% of the plots with a range of 0.3-4.6%,

Evaluation of Forest Habitat Types in the Subalpine Zone

Four major forest habitat types, Larix lyallii-Abies

lasiocarpa, Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula h itchcock i i-V acc in ium scoparium,

Abies 1asiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Menziesia ferruginea, and

Pinus albicaulis-Abies lasiocarpa, in the subalpine zone of the

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area provided an abundance of grizzly bear food plants (Table 8). Bear food plants provided a greater portion of the undergrowth vegetation in habitat types Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-V acc in ium scoparium and Pinus albicaulis-Abies lasiocarpa than in the Larix lyallii-Abies lasiocarpa and Abies las iocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Menziesia ferruginea types. Food plant composition was 79.9 and 74,1%, respectively. In the Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Vaccinium scoparium type, X. tenax and V. scoparium were predominant and had a combined total cover of 68.1% (Table 8). The Pinus albicaulis-

Abies lasiocarpa forest type was dominated by the food plants 36

Table 7. Abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food

plants in the grass-shrublands of the subalpine zone. (306 plots)

Percent Percent Bear Food Plants Abundance Distribution

Graminales

Carex spp. 4.9 24.2

Carex geyeri 3-8 24.2

Carex scopulorum 3.6 4.6

Carex rostrata 2.8 9.2

Gramineae 1.3 8.5

Poa spp. 0.7 2.0

Carex nigricans 0.4 1.6

Calamagrostis canadensis 0.4 2.9

Festuca idahoensis 0.4 3.6

Calamagrostis rubescens 0.1 0.3

Agropyron spicatum 0.1 0.3

Subtotal 18.5

Forbs

Xerophyllum tenax 19.0 55.6

Juncus spp. 5.9 37.3

Erythronium grandiflorum 4.1 29.7

Veratrum veride 0.7 5.2

Hedysarum occidentale 0.5 3.9

Claytonia lanceolata 0.5 4.6

Lomatium dissectum 0.4 2.0 37 Table 7 (continued)

Percent Percent Bear Food Plants Abundance Distribution

Forbs (cont.)

Hieracium albertinum 0.3 4.2

Cirsium scariosum 0.3 2.9

Osmorbiza occidental is 0.2 1.0

Bubus parviflorus 0.1 1.0

Heracleum lanatum 0.1 0.3

Angelica arguta 0.1 0.7

Subtotal 32.2

Shrubs

Vaccinium scoparium 5.9 37.3

Vaccinium globulare 3.7 19.6

Lonicera utahensis 0,4 2.9

Bibes lacustre 0.2 2.3

Amelanchier alnifolia 0.2 1.3

Sorbus scopulina 0.2 1.6

Sambucus cerulea 0.1 1.3

Rosa spp. 0.1 0.7

Subtotal 10.8

Summary

Total Bear Food Plants 61.5

Other species 38.5

Total 100.0 38

X* tenax , Cm geyeri» and V^. scoparium where they comprised 60.4% of the vegetation. Bear food plants were loss abundant in the

Larix lyallii-A bies lasiocarpa and Abies 1asiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Menziesia ferruginea types and accounted for 38.8 and

39.0% of the undergrowth cover. As in the other types, X. tenax

and V. scoparium were the major food plants and had a combined

abundance of 27.0% in the Larix lyallii-Abies lasiocarpa type

and 28.6% in the Abies 1asiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Menziesia ferruginea type. X. tenax and V. scoparium were the most abundant and widely distributed food plants in the subalpine forest and represented 27.3 and 16.0% of the total undergrowth vegetation, respectively. Of all samples, X« tenax occurred in 78.4% while

V. scoparium occurred in 71.6% (Table 8). Erythronium grand if1orum,

V. globulare, and C^. geyeri were other food plants that comprised more than 1% of the total ground vegetation. Bear food plants accounted for 56.6% of the understory forest vegetation.

Z* albicaulis was a major component of the subalpine forest and represented 23.8% of the forest composition (Table 9).

Although it occurred in 66.4% of all plots, it averaged only 6,7% coverage per p lo t•

Craighead et al. (1976 and 1979) evaluated the subalpine coniferous forests as an energy source for grizzly bears.

Vaccinium scoparium, Xcrophyllum tenax, and Carex geyeri were the major undcrstory food plants. Bear food plants represented

59.4% of the forest understory vegetation in the Craighead studies. 39 Table Summary of percent abundance and percent distribution of grizzly

bear food plants in four major forest habitat types of the

subalpine zone (134 plots).

Percent Percent Bear Food Plants Abundance Distribution

Xerophyllum tenax 27.3 78.4

Vaccinium scoparium 16.0 71.6

Erythronium grandiflorum 4.8 37.3

Vaccinium globulare 3.4 18.7

Carex geyeri 1.9 15.7

Carex spp. 1.0 8.2

Juncus spp. 0.9 7.5

Veratrum veride 0.4 4.5

Hedysarum occidentale 0.3 3.7

Bibes lacustre 0.2 2.2

Lonicera involucrata 0.1 1.5

Claytonia lanceolata 0.1 1.5

Festuca idahoensis 0.1 0.7

Gramineae 0.1 0.7

Total Bear Food Plants 56.6

Other species 43.4

Total 100.0 40 Table Percent canopy cover and occurrence of Pinus albicaulis in the

subalpine and temperate zones (229 plots).

Subalpine Temperate Percent Canopy Zone Zone

Total percent forest canopy 3785 4630

Total percent Pinus albicaulIs canopy 900 65

Percent canopy composition 23.8 1.4

Average percent coverage 6.7 0.6

Occurrence 89 9

Percent occurrence 66.4 9.5 41

Finus albicaulis seeds were an important food source in subalpine

forest canopy in the Scapegoat Wilderness Area.

Ecological Landtypes in the Temperate Zone

Among ecological landtypes of the temperate zone, a wide

range in bear food plant abundance occurred with a low of 42.0

and a high of 94.6% (Table 10). Of the six ELTs, four exceeded

50% in food plant composition.

The Serai Stages (Burns) had the greatest abundance of food

plants with 94.6%. Food plant composition in the burns was exceed­

ingly large because of the preponderance of Xcrophyllum tenax.

This marginal food plant represented 57.7% of the vegetative cover.

However, vacciniurns (preferred food plants) were more abundant in

the burns than in all other ELTs with 22.5%. The Dry Forb Grass­

lands also had an abundant food plant composition with 75.5%.

Forest Habitat Types in the Temperate Zone

Abundance of bear food plants in the temperate forest was

precluded by the extensive dense overstory associated with moist

site habitat types.

The Abies 1asiocarpa/Xerophyllum tenax- Vaccinium globulare

forest type had 88.9% of the vegetation in food plants (Table 11).

Vaccinium globulare and V. scoparium were abundant and widely distributed; they represented 19.9 and 16.6% of the vegetation.

Xerophyllum tenax, 47.2%, was the most abundant food plant.

None of the other three major forest habitat types.exceeded 42 Table 10. Percent abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in six Ecological Landtypes of the Temperate Grass-Shrublands (231 plots]

Vegetated Dry Forb Serai Stages Wet Forb Bear Food Plants Talus G rasslands (Burns) Slab-Rock Benches Snowslides Vaccinium globulare 10.7/50.0 12.4/50.0 7.2/ 75.0 1.7/10.5 0.3/ 4.2 1.8/17.4 Xerophyllum tenax 9.3/35.7 25.7/77.1 57.7/100.0 28.2/68.4 1.0/ 4.2 12.8/50.0 V eratrum veride 4.4/35.7 1.2/ 6.3 2.0/14.6 4.4/41.3 Erythronium grandiflorum 4.4/35.7 3.1/20.8 0.9/ 12.5 2.3/15.8 0.4/ 5.2 Gramineae 2.9/42.9 2.5/31.3 2.9/26.3 2.2/13.5 2.5/26.1 Osmorhiza occidentalis 2.4/35.7 0.1/ 2.1 0.6/ 6.3 0.1/ 2.2 Carex geyeri 2.0/28.6 7.6/60.4 12.6/100.0 1.1/10.5 1.7/21.7 C arex spp. 1.5/14.3 2.4/22.9 9.2/42.1 15.9/53.1 2.8/21.7 Cirsium scariosum 1.5/21.4 Hedysarum occidentale 1.5/21.5 0.7/ 8.3 0.1/ 1.0 Sorbus scopulina 1.0/ 7.1 0.7/ 8.3 0.5/ 8.7 Ribes lacustre 1.0/ 7.1 0.3/ 4.2 0.2/ 4.3 Lonicera utahensis 1.0/ 7.1 0.3/ 4.2 0.2/ 4.2 0.9/13.0 Lomatium dissectum 0.5/ 7.1 Amelanchier alnifolia 4.5/29.2 0.9/ 12.5 1.1/10.9 Vaccinium scoparium 3.7/25.0 15.3/ 87.5 9.8/42.1 0.3/ 2.1 0.9/17.4 Calamagrostis rubescens 2.9/16.7 0.6/ 5.3 0.2/ 3.1 0.3/ 4.3 Poa spp. 2.1/ 6.3 0.1/ 1.0 Juncus spp. 1.3/ 8.3 10.9/47.4 0.1/ 1.0 Rubus parviflorus 1.1/ 8.3 0.9/ 8.7 Rosa spp. 0.7/10.4 0.5/10.9 Claytonia lanceolata 0.5/ 6.3 0.1/ 1.0 Agropyron spicatum 0.3/ 2.1 Festuca idahoensis 0.3/ 4.2 Angelica arguta 0.3/ 4.2 0.3/ 6.5 Calamagrostis canadensis 0.3/ 4.2 8.5/34.4 8.3/39.1 Berberis repens 0.1/ 2.1 Sambucus cerulea 0.1/ 2.1 0.2/ 4.3 Hieracium albertinum 0.1/ 2.1 Fragaria virginiana 0.1/ 2.1 Symphoricarpos alb us 0.1/ 2.1 0.3/ 6.5 Carex scopulorum 17.1/39.6 Vaccinium occidentale 5.9/26.0 Carex rostrata 5.3/16.7 Carex interior 1.3/ 2.1 Carex mertensii 0.9/ 2.1 C arex lenticularis 0.1/ 1.0 Polygonum bistortoides 0.1/ 1.0 Mêlica spectabilis 1.3/ 6.5 Heracleum lanatum 0.2/ 4.3 Total bear food plants 4^T 75^ 94.6 66^ 62^ 42.0 Other species &L9 24^ 5.4 33^ 37^ 58.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 43

40% in food plant abundance* The vaccinlums were generally the most abundant food plants in those types.

Evaluation of Ecological Landtypes in the Temperate Zone

Table 12, a lis t of grizzly bear food plants for the temperate grass-shrublands, was compiled from Tables 3 and 4,

Food plants were slightly less abundant than in the subalpine zone.

A significant difference in the food plant representation was apparent* Forb food plants accounted for 18.0% of the vege­ tation in the temperate zone as compared to 32.2 in the subalpine zone (Table 12). The substantial decrease in forbs was principally a result of an abrupt decrease in three food plants* Xerophyllum tenax, though s till the most abundant food forb, comprised 12.2% of the vegetative cover, but was 6.8% less common than in the sub­ alpine grass-shrublands* Erythronium grandiflorum and Juncus spp. accounted for only 1.2 and 0.8% of the plant cover in the temperate zone as opposed to 4.1 and 5.9% in the subalpine for a difference of 2.9 and 5*1%. Veratrum veride, though not particularly abundant

(2.4%), had a substantial increase in cover value.

In contrast, the graminales were the major group of bear food plants and represented 30.8% of the vegetation in the temperate grass-shrublands. Calamagrostis canadensis (5.7%) was the most abundant grass. Carex spp. and C* scopulorum were the predominant sedges and had values of 8.3 and 7.2%.

The vacciniums were major components of the food shrubs.

Vaccinium globulare, V. occidentale, and V. scoparium accounted 44

Table 11 Abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants in four maior forest habitat types of the temperate zone.

ABLA/LUHI -MEFE, 832 (42 plots) ABLA/MEFE, 670 (17 plots) ABLA/XETE-VAGL, 691 (22 plots) ABLA/CLUN, 620 (14 plots) Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Bear Food Plants Abundance Distribution Abundance Distribution Abundance Distribution Abundance Distribution

Xerophyllum tenax 12.2 92.9 14.4 52.9 47.2 100.0 6.2 42.9

Vaccinium scoparium 8,7 66.7 3.0 35.3 16.6 81.8 1.7 14.3

Vaccinium globulare 7.0 76.2 8.4 64.7 19.9 86.4 10.7 64.3

Erythronium grandiflorum 2.6 40.5 0.4 5.9 1,3 4.5

Carex spp, 2.6 19.0 3.8 11.8

Veratrum veride 1.2 14.3 2.3 11.8 0.3 4.5

Calamagrostis canadensis 0,6 4.8 4,6 17.6 2.5 35.7

Sorbus scopulina 0.2 2.4 0.4 7.1

Lonicera Involucrata 0.2 2.4 1,6 13.6

Fibes lacustre 0.2 2.4 0.8 11.8 0.7 9.1

Fubus parviflorus 1.7 14.3

Symphoricarpos albus 0,4 7.1

Carex geyeri 1.0 13.6

Angelica arguta 0.8 11,8 Cirsium scariostm 0.3 4.5

Total Bear Food Plants 35.4 38.5 88.9 23.6

Other species 64.6 61.6 11.1 76.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 45

for 3.9, 2.5, and 2.0% of the vegetation, respectively (Table 12).

Food plants were widely distributed in the temperate grass-

shrublands. X. tenax, 39.0%, was the most frequently found food

forb followed by V_, veride and JE. grand if 1 orum with 17,7 and 10.4% occurrence in all plots. Other forbs that occurred in more than

5% of the sample plots were Juncus spp. and Osmorhiza occidental is .

Calamagrostis canadensis (22.9%) and C* rubescens (6,1%) were the most dispersed grasses. The sedges were particularly well distri­ buted with Carex spp., geyeri, C^, scopulorum, and Cm rostrata distribution values of 35.5, 22.1, 16.5, and 6.9%, respectively.

Vaccinium globulare, 22.1%, scoparium, 16.0%, and V, occidentale,

10,8%, were widely distributed food shrubs. Amelanchier alnifolia and Lonicera utahensis were the only other shrubs with distribution values greater than 5% (Table 12).

Evaluation of Forest Habitat Types in the Temperate Zone

The temperate forest was considered an important energy source for grizzly bears in the Scapegoat Wilderness Area by

Craighead et a l. (1976 and 1979). The xeric habitat types Abies las iocarpa/Xerophyllum t enax-Vacclnium globulare, Ables lasiocarpa/

Xerophyllum tenax—Vaccinium scoparium, and Fseudotsuga menziesia/

Cal amagrostis rubescens each had bear food plants exceeding 80% of the ground cover whi l e the moist type, Abies lasiocarpa/

Menziesia ferruginea, had food plants representing only 35.6%.

Bear food plants were 72.2% of the forest understory vegetation there. The moist site habitat types in the Selway-Bitterroot 46

Table 12. Abundance and distribution of grizzly bear food plants

in the grass-shrublands of the temperate zone. (231 plots)

Percent Percent Bear Food Plants Abundance Distribution

Graminales

Carex spp. 8.3 35.5

Carex scopulorum 7.2 16.5

Calamagrostis canadensis 5.7 22.9

Carex geyeri 2.5 22.1

Gramineae 2.3 22.1

Carex rostrata 2.2 6.9

Calamagrostis rubescens 0.8 6.1

Carex interior 0.5 0.9

Carex mertensii 0.4 0.9

Poa spp. 0.4 0.9

Melica spectabilis 0.3 1.3

Agropyron spicatum 0.1 0.4

Festuca idahoensis 0.1 0.9

Subtotal 30.8

F orbs

Xerophyllum tenax 12.2 39.0

Veratrum veride 2.4 17.7

Erythronium grandiflorum 1.2 10.4

Juncus spp. 0.8 6.5

Rubus parviflorus 0.4 3.5 A7 Table 12 (continued)

Percent Percent Bear Food Plants Abundance Distribution

Forbs (cont.)

Hedysarum occidentale 0.2 3.5

Cirsium scariosum 0.1 1.3

Claytonia lanceolata 0.1 1.7

Angelica arguta 0.1 2.2

Heracleum lanatum 0.1 0.9

Subtotal 18.0

Shrubs

Vaccinium globulare 3.9 22.1

Vaccinium occidentale 2.5 10.8

Vaccinium scoparium 2.0 16.0

Amelanchier alnifolia 1.2 8.7

Lonicera utahensis 0.4 5.6

Sorbus scopulina 0.3 3.9

Rosa spp. 0.3 4.3

Ribes lacustre 0.2 2.2

Symphoricarpos albus 0.1 1.7

Sambucus cerulea 0.1 1.3

Subtotal 11.0

Summary

Total Bear Food Plants 58.8

Other species 41.2

Total 100.0 48

coincided with the findings of Craighead et a l• (1979) and Scaggs

(1979) in that they contained relatively small amounts of grizzly

bear food plants while food plants in the xeric type were abun­

dant. Xerophyllum tenax> Vaccinium scoparium, and V^. globul are were the predominant bear food plants in the Abies lasiocarpa/

Luzula hitchcockii-Menziesia ferruginea forest habitat type of

the temperate zone.

Bear food plants represented 35.4% of the undergrowth vegeta­

tion in the forest habitat type (Table 9). Food plants comprised

38.5% of the vegetation in the Abies 1asiocarpa/Menziesia ferruginea habitat type with Xerophyllum tenax, Vaccinium globulare, and

Calamagrostis canadensis predominating. Habitat type Abies lasiocarpa/

Clintonia uniflora had the lowest food plant composition with

23.6%; X, tenax and V. globulare were the major food plants. In contrast to the moist site types, bear food plants represented

88.9% of the undergrowth vegetative cover in the Abies lasiocarpa/

Xerophyllum tenax-Vaccinium globulare forest habitat type. X. tenax, V. globulare, and V. scoparium accounted for 47.2, 19.9, and 16.6% of the cover, respectively.

The temperate forest, represented by tnefour major habitat types, had bear food plants comprising 45.1% of the ground vegetation; the major food plants were X. tenax, V, globulare, and V. scoparium

(Table 13). Other food plants comprising more than 1.0% of the vegetation were Carex spp., Calamagrostis canadensis, and Erythronium gr and if1orum. 49 Table 13 Summary of percent abundance and distribution of grizzly bear

food plants in four major forest habitat types of the temperate

zone (95 plots).

Percent Percent Bear Food Plants Abundance Distribution

Xerophyllum tenax 18.9 80.0

Vaccinium globulare 10.6 74.7

Vaccinium scoparium 8.2 56.8

Carex spp. 1.8 10.5

Calamagrostis canadensis 1.5 10.5

Erythronium grandiflorum 1.5 20.0

Veratrum veride 1.0 9.5

Lonicera involucrata 0.4 4.2

Bubus parviflorus 0.3 2.1

Kibes lacustre 0.3 5.3

Carex geyeri 0.2 3.2

Sorbus scopulina 0.1 2.1

Angelica arguta 0.1 2.1

Cirsium scariosum 0.1 1.1

Symphoricarpos albus 0.1 1.1

Total Bear Food Plants 45.1

Other species 54.9

Total 100.0 50

Habitat Evaluation of the Subalpine and Temperate Zones

A numerical value to evaluate each zone in terms of grizzly

boar habitat, computed using five parameters assigned by Craighead

et a l. (1976 and 1979), is presented in Table 14.

The area of each zone reflected the biomass potential of

the grizzly bear food plants and was a factor in calculation.

Food plants in both the ground vegetation and the forest canopy

(jP. albicaul is ) were summed to arrive at a total food plant abund­

ance value for each zone. Finally, the percent of food plant

abundance was multiplied by the acreage percent and the product

divided by 100 to arrive at the rating for each zone. The larger

the product the more important the zone. A numerical rating was

given each zone.

The subalpine zone was the most important zone with regard to grizzly bear habitat with a zone rating of 37.4. The subalpine zone in the Scapegoat Wilderness evaluated by Craighead ct a l.

(1976 and 1979) was also rated as better than the temperate zone.

Grizzly and Black Bear Activity

Observations

No observations of either grizzly or black bear were made during the two field seasons. The vegetation in all portions of the study area was ground surveyed at least once with the majority transected twice and some three or more times. All surveying was done, almost exclusively, away from Forest Service tra ils . In 51

Table 14. Habitat Rating System.

Rating Categories Subalpine Zone Temperate Zone

Evaluation Method Bear Food Plants Bear Food Plants

Acreage Value (%) 45.2 54.8

Food Plant Abundance 59.0 51.9 (% ground vegetation)

Food Plant Abundance 23.8 1 .4 (% overstory vegetation P. albicaulis)

Total Food Plant 82.8 53.3 Abundance Value

Climatic Zone Rating (Acreage % X Food Plant Abundance %)

100 37.4 29.2 52 addition to visiting all portions, many hours were spent scanning the area with 8-15 variable power binoculars and a 20-60 variable power telescope.

Personnel of the U.S. Geologic Survey intensively surveyed the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area during the second field season (1978). My study area was part of a region where low altitude helicopter reconnaissance was employed for several weeks.

Neither the pilot nor the research team saw any bears during the flights that transected my study area several times daily. Two black bears, a sow with one cub, were seen near Big Foot lake approximately 2 miles (3km) southwest of Hunter Peak outside of the study area.

One local o u tfitter stated that he had not seen any bears in the area for at least 3 years. He further mentioned that black bears had, in previous years, frequented camps and were a nuisance to some outfitters.

Sign

As mentioned previously, reconnaissance through the study area was extensive. However, very little bear sign was recorded.

Four scats were found that were apparently from black bears. Two of the scats were seen along one tra il and the others some distance away from tr a ils . Only one main Forest Service tra il, along the

Rock Creek Drainage, leads into the study area and the extensive horse and foot travel the trail accommodated made the opportunity for observing scats or tracks short lived. During the vegetation 53 sampling, transects were made along routes such as ridges and mountain passes that were potentially natural travel corridors for bears. Numerous areas with high densities of bear food plants were also transected; however, bear signs were not found in those areas.

Bear Population Evaluation

Data related to bear activity were scant and inconclusive.

However, in light of the extensive ground surveying that was done, the lack of observed bear activity indicated that few bears inhabited the area.

Grizzly bears, if occurring at all, were considered not to have a viable population in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness by Craighead et a l. (1974). No data were found to contradict this, 54

Plate 1. Glacial cirque basin. Jagged ridge around Lake Cap itan within the subalpine zone.

Plate 2. Vegetated Talus. Abrupt boundaries with little or no transition into the Bare Talus were characteristic. Note the alder swales. 55

mt 56

Plate 3. Ridgetop Glades. Pinus albicaulis and stunted Abies lasiocarpa dominate the open forest canopy.

Plate 4. Wet Forb Benches. Carex scopulorum and C» r o s t r a t a were characteristic of these wet bench areas. 57 58

Plate 5. Dry Forb Grasslands. This ecological landtype (back­ ground ) comprised a large portion of both the subalpine and temperate zones on southerly exposures (Wet Forb Bench in foreground), 59 60

Plate 6, Slab-Rock. This major ELT was distinguished by exposed bedrock and minimal soil development. 61 62

Plato 7, Snowslides. The Snowsi ides (background, above South Lost Horse Creek) were numerous and generally transected through both the subalpine and temperate zones. Lost Horse Lake is in the foreground.

Plate 8. Pinus albicaulis snags. Stands of dead and dying P. albicaulis were evidence of past and present infesta­ tions of bark beetles and blister rust. 63

IF 66

Plate 9. Serai Stages (Burns). One small burn (left center) was encountered and was c h arac terize d by Xerophyllum tenax and Vaccinium scoparium.

Plate 10. Xerophyllum tenax. This low priority grizzly bear food plant was preponderant in the study area. 65 CHAPTER V

DISCUSSION

I described a representative portion of the Selway-

Bitterroot Wilderness Area based on vegetational and landform

characteristics and, more specifically, in terms of the vegetative

components considered important to grizzly bears. This descrip­

tion was an initial task to serve as a data base and preliminary

evaluation of an area that once supported a viable population

of grizzly bears, but no longer docs so.

Ideally, an evaluation of grizzly bear habitat, or any

species habitat, should address all the habitat components and rate them in order of importance. The rating of individual ecological landtypes and forest habitat types in the study area was precluded by several gaps in current knowledge of grizzly bear habitat requirements. Consequently, a complete rating of each component is premature at this time. However, these basic data can be reevaluated in the future as new information on habitat requirements becomes available.

Land area was a factor in calculating the zone rating

(Table 14). It should also be a factor in calculating the impor­ tance of smaller habitat components. Within the subalpine zone, two ecological landtypes, the Vegetated Talus and Slab-Rock, had identical bear food plant coverages of 61.9% (Table 5). To evaluate these two ELTs as identical in importance to the grizzly, based on food plant abundance alone, would have been misleading

66 67

for several reasons. Total biomass potential between the two

types is reflected in the extreme difference in their land area.

Only 2.9% of the subalpine zone was designated as Vegetated

Talus whereas 9.3% was Slab-Rock,

Food plant diversity is another factor that should be used

to accurately evaluate the potential of a particular ELT or

forest habitat type. The number of food plant species varied by

25% between the two above types with the Vegetated Talus represented

by 20 species and the Slab-Rock by 15. Although total food plant

abundance was identical, it was distributed among more species

in the Vegetated Talus. Sumner and Craighead (1973), Mealey

(1976), and Craighead et al. (1979) addressed the variance in

numbers of food plants in evaluating land type importance to the

grizzly bear. A variety of food plants was assummed to be advanta­

geous to the grizzly bear and was appropriately considered in

their evaluations. Species abundance and variety can accurately

indicate a habitat potential, but rating the habitat and its

components is a more intricate and precise matter.

Grizzly bear food habits were studied by Mundy (1963),

Sumner and Craighead (1973), Mealey (1975), Mealey and Jonkel

(1975), Pearson (1975), Craighead et al. (1976 and 1979),

Hamer et al. (1977), Husby et al. (1977), Husby and McMurray (1978),

and Craighead et al. (in prep.). However, only recently have

advancements been made in quantifying the relative importance of

individual food plant species. Sumner and Craighead (1973),

Mealey (1975 and 1976), Craighead et al. (1976 and 1979), Husby et al. (1977), and Husby and McMurray (1978), assigned values to a 68

variety of food plants based on several parameters. Generally,

the values were calculated from results of grizzly bear fecal

analyses, chemical analyses of specific food plants, or both.

Seasonal availability, abundance, and distribution were also

evaluating factors used by Craighead et al. (1979).

The inclusion of preference in rating food plant impor­

tance is especially important with regard to the grizzly bear.

The grizzly has exhibited selectivity and preference in foraging

(Craighead et al. 1979). Preferred food plants may be sought

seasonally to the exclusion of other plants and would have a

consequent high value. Similarly, some plants, though utilized

by bears, may be of only incidental use and, thus, would have a

low value.

Preference values, although implied from fecal analyses,

have not been sufficiently documented. Craighead ct a l. (1979)

have documented the relative preferences of grizzly bears for a

wide range of foods, but further work is needed. The grizzly bears

selectivity for the fru it of Vaccinium spp., for example, has been

well documented through both fecal analyses and direct observations

of foraging bears. Much needs to be known concerning the grizzly's

selectivity for species of grasses and sedges that are consumed

abundantly and frequently. Hamer et a l. (1977) addressed

some problems associated with the identification of graminoids in

selective feeding.

The bias introduced by including highly abundant, but low

priority, food plants in calculating food potential was treated by 69

Craighead et al. (1979). Bear food plants were totaled with and without those plants. In that study, Xerophyllum tenax was recog­ nized as a low priority food. The bias potentially introduced by the abundance of X. tenax in my area was even more pronounced.

For example, the Temperate Serai Stages (Burns) had the highest percentage (94.6) of bear food plants compared to the total vegetation. This type apparently had the greatest potential for bears. However, X. tenax represented 57,7% of the ground vegeta­ tion (Table 10). To delete that plant alone would result in a food plant composition of 36.9% and would probably be a more accurate representation.

Documentation of historical grizzly bear food habits in the

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area was scarce. Deletion of any documented food plants was premature during this study for several reasons. Although many food plants have been evaluated by fecal analyses, there are additional plants utilized by the grizzly that arc not yet documented. Data concerning food preference were insufficient, but are essential to an accurate evaluation. Plant utilization by grizzly bears varies from population to population and the application of values from any single area would be too subjective.

The concentration of food plants within a specific type is important and data concerning this parameter needs to bo considered in any rating calculation. In the Subalpine Snowslides, only

35.8% of the vegetative composition was bear food plants and they appeared to be the lowest potential food source. Calamagrostis 70

canadons is » V acciniiim scoparium» and V or at rum ver ide were some

major food components, but represented only 3.6, 3.3, and 2.5%

of the vegetation, respectively. Craighead et a l. (1979) indi­

cated that the grizzly bear can be a selective feeder and utilize

areas of food plant concentration. They calculated the importance

of specific plants by considering the abundance of food plant

densities with other parameters to arrive at preference values.

Some plots in the Subalpine Snowslides, of my study area, had

coverage estimates for each of the three mentioned foods in excess

of 25%,and that would enhance the attractiveness to bears and

increase the potential value.

Consequently, to accurately rate potential grizzly bear habitat and its components,a complete evaluation for each food

plant must be made based on preference, abundance, distribution,

and other parameters currently under investigation. These values

can be incorporated into the data analyses to arrive at a rating for any habitat component (ecological landtypes and forest habitat types).

If potential habitat connotes potential réintroduction site , as it should for the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, then additional values can be calculated in the data base. If, for example, the réintroduction of grizzly bears into the Selway-

Bitterroot is to come from a population of bears in the Bob

Marshall-Scapegoat Wilderness ecosystems, then food and landtype

importance values from the "donor" population area should be

incorporated into the data base of the potential site . Conversely, 71

by comparing food and landtype importance values from a variety

of potential "donor" areas to the potential site, the "donor"

population best suited for existence in the new area could be

identified*

The U.S. Forest Service (1975) stated "Potential grizzly

bear habitat cannot be identified without a bear population present." Contrary to that statement, I assert that potential grizzly bear habitat can not only be identified without a bear population, but its* components can bo evaluated and rated. As studies are completed in areas currently supporting grizzly bears, evaluating the Selway-Bitterroot as a potential réintroduction site will bo possible. CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY

2 Within a 40 square mile (104km ) study area of the Selway-

Bitterroot Wilderness Area, vegetation in ecological landtypes

and forest habitat types of the subalpine and temperate zones was sampled to evaluate potential grizzly bear habitat. From

the descriptions of vegetation, the abundance and distribution of

grizzly bear food plants were compared to other vegetative compon­ ents to determine if vegetation limited bear numbers in the study area.

Of seven ecological landtypes in the subalpine zone, the

Dry Forb Grasslands had the most grizzly bear food plants (72.0%) and the widest variety (23 components). Xerophyllum tenax,

Vaccinium scoparium, V. globulare, and Carex spp. were the most abundant.

The Abies 1asiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii-Vaccinium scoparium forest habitat type had bear food plants comprising 79.9% of the ground vegetation. It had the greatest potential for bear food plants of the four major habitat types in the subalpine zone.

Xerophyllum tenax, Vaccinium scoparium, and _V. globulare were the most abundant species.

Food plants in the seven ecological land types of the sub­ alpine grass-shrublands represented 61.5% of the ground vegetation,

Xerophyllum tenax, Vaccinium scoparium, and species of Carex and

Juncus were the most abundant and widely distributed food plants.

72 73

Total grizzly food plant composition in the subalpine

forests was 56.6% with Xerophyllum tenaxy Vaccinium scoparium

and Erythronium grand iflo r urn the most abundant and widely d is tri­

buted plants.

Pinus albicaulis was a unique energy source in the subalpine zone and a major component of the forest canopy where it accounted for 23.8% of the cover.

The temperate grass-shrublands were represented by six ecological landtypes. In the Serai Stages (Burns) grizzly food plants represented 94.6% of the ground vegetation. However,

Xerophyllum tenax, a documented but low priority food, was 57.7% of the ground vegetation. Vaccinium scoparium, Carex geyeri, and V. globulare were other major food plant components. The

Dry Forb Grasslands were similar to the same landtype in the subalpine zone. Twenty nine food plants represented 75.5% of the ground cover.

Of the four major forest habitat types in the temperate zone, only one had grizzly food plants comprising over 40% of the undergrowth. The preponderance of moist and dense-canopy forests precluded the occurrence of many food plants. Undergrowth in the Abies laslocarpa/Xerophyllum tenax-Vaccinium globulare forest habitat type was composed of 88.9% food plants. X. tenax,

V. globulare, and V. scoparium were the major components.

Food plants in the temperate grass-shrublands represented

58.8% of the undergrowth. Dominant plants were Xerophyllum tenax,

Carex spp., Carex scopulorum, Calamagrostis canadensis, and ll\

Vaccinium globularc»

Within the temperate forests, 45.1% of the ground vegetation

was grizzly food plants. Xerophyllum te nax, Vaccinium globulare,

and scoparium wore the most abundant and widely distributed.

Evaluation of both the subalpine and temperate zones

resulted in rating the subalpine as superior grizzly bear habitat.

The evaluation was based on the abundance of grizzly bear food

plants in relation to land area. The study area was good grizzly

bear habitat from the standpoint of vegetation and the vegetation

was not a limiting factor effecting bear numbers.

To accurately rate potential grizzly bear habitat and its

components, additional knowledge is needed concerning grizzly bear

selectivity and preference with regard to vegetation. Analyses of

food plant diversity, concentration, and nutritional parameters

are currently under investigation and the results should be incor­ porated into a rating of specific food plants. To rate potential habitat as a réintroduction site, as it should be for the Selway-

Bitterroot Wilderness, additional values can be incorporated into the data base. By comparing food and landtype importance values from a variety of potential "donor" areas to the potential site, the."donor" population best suited for existence in the new area could be identified.

I assort that potential grizzly bear habitat can be identified and its components evaluated and rated without a bear population present. As studies are completed in areas currently supporting

grizzly bears, evaluating the Selway-Bitterroot as a potential réintro­

duction site will be possible. REFERENCES CITED

Arno, S.F. 1970. Ecology of alpine larch (Larix lyallii Pari.) in the Pacific Northwest. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of MT, Missoula. 264pp.

Craighead, J.J. 1978. A proposed delineation of critical grizzly bear habitat in the Yellowstone Region. Bears: their bio. and manage. Papers of the fourth Intern. Conif. of Bear Res. and Manage, Kalispell, MT. 1976.

, J.R. Varney, and F.C. Craighead. 1974. A popula­ tion analysis of the Yellowstone grizzly bears. For. and Cons. Exp. Sta., Sch. of For., Univ. of MT, Missoula. Bull. 40. 20pp.

______, J.S. Sumner, and J.R, Varney. 1976. Mapping grizzly bear habitat using LANDSAT multispectral imagery and computer assisted technology. Interim Rept. MT Coop. Wildl. Res. Unit, Univ. of MT, Missoula. 129pp.

______, J.S. Sumner, and G.B. Scaggs. 1979. Analysis of bear habitat Sect. I and II Resc. Rept. Wildl.-Wildlands Inst Univ. of MT, Missoula. In prep.

______, F.C. Craighead, and J.S. Sumner. In prep. Food habits of the grizzly bear in the Yellowstone ecosystem.

Grkovic, N. 1976. Montana-Idaho elk migration and key-use area study Salmon, Beaverhead, and Bitterroot National Forests. M.S. Thesis. Univ. of MT, Missoula. 128pp.

Habeck, J.R. 1972. Fire ecology investigations in Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Historical considerations and current observations. Univ. of MT-U.S. For. Ser. Publ, No. Rl-72-001, 119pp.

Hamer, D., S. Herrero, and R.T. Ogilvie. 1977. Ecological studies of the Banff National Park grizzly bear Cuthead/ Wigmore Region 1976, Parks Canada Contract WR 34-76. Interim Rept, 239pp.

Hitchcock, C.L., and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. of WA Press, Seattle. 730pp.

75 76

Husby, P., and N, McMurray, 1978. Seasonal food habits of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribills Ord) in Northwestern Montana, pp. 109-135. Ann. Rept. No. 3, Border Grizzly Proj., Univ. of MT, Missoula. 256pp.

______, S.P. Mealey, and C. Jonkel. 1977, Seasonal food habits of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribil is Ord) in north­ western Montana. pp. 103-117. Jn: C. Jonkel (Ed.) Ann, Rept, No, 2, Border Grizzly Proj., Univ. of MT, Missoula. lllpp

Lackschewitz, K.H. 1970, Alpine and Timberline flora in the Bitterroot Mountains, Montana. Proc, MT Acad. Sci, 30:1-30.

Lindgren, W. 1904. A geological reconnaissance across the Bitterroot Range and Clearwater Mountains in Montana and Idaho, U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof, Pap. No, 27. 22pp.

Mealey, S.P. 1975. The natural food habits of free ranging grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park, 1973-1974. M.S. Thesis, MT St. Univ., Bozeman, 158pp.

______, 1976, A survey for grizzly bear habitat on the mount Hebgen winter sports special use application site and adjacent areas. Contract Rept. Ski Yellowstone, Inc. West Yellow­ stone, MT. 22pp,

, and C. Jonkel. 1975. Grizzly bear food habits and habitat use. Border Grizzly Proj. Spec, Rept, No, 1. Univ. of MT, Missoula. Unpubl. 4pp.

Mundy, K.R.D. 1963. Ecology of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribil is) in Glacier National Park, B.C. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton. 103pp.

Pearson, A.M. 1975, The northern interior grizzly bear. CWS Rept. Ser. No. 34:86, Ottawa. 86pp.

P fister, R.D., B.L, Kovalchik, S.F. Arno, and R.C. Presby. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., Inter­ mountain For, and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Pap., Ogden, UT. 174pp.

Roe, A.L., and G.D. Amman. 1970. The mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine forests. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-71, Intermountain For, and Range Exp. Sta., Ogden UT. 23pp.

Scaggs, G.B. 1979, Grizzly bear habitat monitoring survey on the Lolo National Forest. U.S. For. Ser. contract interim Rept. No. 1. Plains District, Plains, MT. 6pp. 77

Schaerer, P.A. 1973. Terrain and vegetation of snow avalanche sites at Rogers Pass, British Columbia. Div. Bldg. Res. Tech. Pap. No. 550.

Shaffer, S.C. 1971. Some ecological relationships of grizzly bears and black bears of the Apgar Mountains in Glacier National Park, Montana. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of MT, Missoula. 134pp.

Smith, B.L, 1976. Ecology of Rocky Mountain Goats in the B itter­ root Mountains, Montana. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of MT, Missoula. 203pp.

Stauffer, J.M. 1976. Ecology and flo ristics of Ohio Slide and other avalanche tracks in Lost Horse Canyon Bitterroot Moun­ tains, Montana. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of MT, Missoula. 146pp.

Steele, R., R.D. P fister, R.A. Ryker, and J.A. Kittams. ( In Press) Forest habitat types of Central Idaho. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. INT. Intermountain For. and Range Exp. Sta., Ogden, UT, 84401.

Sumner, J.S ., and J.J. Craighead. 1973. Grizzly bear habitat survey in the Scapegoat Wilderness, Montana. MT Coop. Wildl. Res. Unit. Univ. of MT, Missoula. 49pp.

U.S. Forest Service. 1975. Criteria for grizzly bear critical habitat identification. A state of the art compendium. Reg. 1 Missoula, MT. 18pp.

Wright, W.H. 1909 (reprint 1977). The grizzly bear- the narra­ tive of a hunter-naturalist. Univ. of NE Press, Lincoln. 274pp. APPENDIX

78 Appendix Table 1. Acreage of Ecological Landtypes and Forest Habitat Types in the Selway-Bitterroot

Study Area.

Percent of Percent Percent ELT or of of Classification Acres ha Habitat Type Zone Total

Subalpine

Vegetated Talus 332 134 7.4 2.9 1.3

Semi-Vegetated Talus 196 79 4.4 1.7 0,8

Ridgetop Glades 500 202 11.1 4.3 1.9

Dry Forb Grasslands 1132 458 25.2 9,7 4,4

Slab-Rock 1084 439 24.1 9.3 4.2

Wet Forb Benches 588 238 13.1 5.1 2.3

Snowslides 316 128 7.0 2.7 1.2

Mosaic of Slab-Rock and Wet Forb Benches 348 141 7.7 3.0 1.4

Total Ecological Landtypes 4496 1820 100.0 38.6 17.4

Larix lyallii-Abies lasiocarpa (860) 1428 578 36.2 12.3 5.5

' s i VO Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii -Vaccinium scoparium (831) 1204 487 30.6 10.3 4.7 Appendix Table 1. (continued)

Percent of Percent Percent ELT or of of Classification Acres ha Habitat Type Zone Total

Subalpine (cont.)

Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii -Menziesia ferruginea (832) 732 296 18.6 6.3 2.8

Pinus albicaulis-Abies lasiocarpa (850) 576 233 14.6 5.0 2.2

Total Forest Habitat Types 3940 1595 100,0 33,9 15.3

Bare Talus and Rock 3200 1296 27.5 12.4

Total Subalpine Zone .,636 4711 100.0 45.2

Temperate

Vegetated Talus 224 91 5.4 1.6 .9

Dry Forb Grasslands 1304 528 31.2 9.2 5.1

Serai Stages (Burns) 72 29 1.7 .5 .3

00 Slab-Rock 844 342 20.2 6.0 3.3 o

Wet Forb Benches 864 350 20.6 6.1 3.4 Appendix Table 1. (continued)

Percent of Percent Percent ELT or of of Classification Acres ha Habitat Type Zone Total

Temperate (cont.)

Snowslides 876 355 20.9 6.2 3.4

Total Ecological Landtypes 4184 1694 100,0 29,6 16,2

Abies lasiocarpa/Luzula hitchcockii -Menziesia ferruginea (832) 2596 1051 29.9 18.4 10.1

Abies lasiocarpa/Menziesia ferruginea (670) 2588 1048 29.9 18.3 10.0

Abies lasiocarpa/Xerophy11 urn tenax -Vaccinium globulare (691) 2432 985 28.1 17.2 9.4

Abies lasiocarpa/Clintonia uniflora -Aralia naudicaulis (622) 656 266 7.6 4.6 2.5

Abies las iocarpa/Clintonia uniflora -Menziesia ferruginea (625) 68 28 0,8 0.5 0.3

Abies lasiocarpa/Calamagrostis canadensis 00 -Calamagrostis canadensis (651) 50 20 0.6 0.4 0.2 H Appendix Table 1. (continued)

Percent of Percent Percent ELT or of of Classification Acres ha Habitat Type Zone Total

Temperate (cont.)

Abies lasiocarpa/Clintonia uniflora -Xerophyllum tenax (624) 32 13 0.4 0.2 0.1

Pseudotsuga menz iesii/Calamagrostis rubescens-Calamagrostis rubescens (323) 16 6 0.2 0.1 0.1

Mosaic of 691 X 670 164 66 1.9 1.2 0.6

Total Forest Habitat Types 8668 3509 100.0 61.3 33.6

Bare Talus and Rock 1280 518 9.1 5.0

Total Temperate Zone 14,132 5721 100.0 54.8

Total Area 25,768 10,432 100.0

00 hj 83 Appendix Table 2. Grizzly bear food plants identified in the Selway-

Bitterroot Study Area.

Scientific Name Common Name

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis repens Oregon grape

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Lonicera involucrata Black twinberry

L. utahensis Red twinberry

Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry

COMPOSITAE

Cirsium scariosum Elk thistle

Taraxacum officinale Dandelion

CYPERACEAE

Carex geyeri Elk sedge

C. hoodii Hood' s sedge

C• illo ta Sedge

C. interior Inland sedge

C* lenticularis Sedge

C. mertensii Merten's sedge

C. nigricans Black alpine sedge

C• nova NeH sedge

C. ro sii Ross sedge

C. rostrata Beaked sedge

C. scirpoidea Single spike sedge 84 Appendix Table 2. (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name

C. scopulorum Holm's sedge

ELAEAGNACEAE

Shepherdla canadensis Buffalo berry

ERICACEAE

Vaccinium caespitosum Dwarf huckleberry

V. globulare Blue huckleberry

V• membranaceum Tall bilberry

V* myrtillus Dwarf bilberry

V. occidentale Western bog blueberry

V. scoparium Grouse wortleberry

GRAMINEAE

Agropyron spicatum Bluebunch wheatgrass

Calamagrostis canadensis Bluejoint

C. rubescens Pinegrass

Danthonia intermedia Oatgrass

Elymus glaucus Ryegrass

Festuca idahoensis Fescue

F. ovina Fescue

Koeleria cristata Koeleria

Melica spectabilis Onion grass

Oryzopsis exigua Ricegrass 85 Appendix Table 2. (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name

Poa spp. Bluegrass

Trisetum spicatum Trisetum

GROSSULARlACEAE

Ribes cereura Squaw current

R. lacustre Prickly gooseberry

R. viscosissimum Sticky current

JUNCACEAE

Juncus drummondi Drummond's rush

J. ensifolius Dagger-1eaf rush

J. mertensianus Merten's rush

J. parryi Parry's rush

LEGUMINOSAE

Hedysarum odcidentale Sweetvetch

Trifolium repens Clover

LILACEAE

Erythronium gr and if1orum Glacier lily

Xerophyllum tenax Beargrass

PINACEAE

Pinus albicaulis Whitebark pine 86 Appendix Table 2, Ccontinued)

Scientific Name Common Name

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum bistortoides American bistort

PORTULACEAE

Claytonia lanceolata Spring beauty

ROSACEAE

Amelanchier alnifolia Serviceberry

Fragaria vesca Strawberry

Fragaria Virginiana Strawberry

Prunus virginiana Chokecherry

Rubus parviflorus Th imbleberry

Sorbus scopulina Mountain ash

Rosa gymnocarpa Wild rose

UMBELLIFERAE

Angelica arguta Angel ica

Heracleum lanatum Cow-parsnip

Lornat ium cusickii Biscuit-root

L* dissectum Biscuit-root

Osmorhiza occidental is Sweet-cicely 87 Appendix Table 3, Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine

Vegetated Talus (61 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Xerophyllum tenax 715 17.2 Carex geyeri 370 8.9 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 350 8.4 Carex spp. 350 8.4 Trace forbs 250 6.0 Vaccinium scoparium 195 4.7 Gramineae 165 4.0 Juncus spp• 165 4.0 Erythronium grandiflorum 135 3.3 Vaccinium globulare 110 2.7 Penstemon ellipticus 90 2.2 Hedysarum occidentale 70 1.8 Lomatium dissectum 65 1.6 Mertensia c ilia ta 60 1.4 Phyllodoce empetriformis 55 1.3 Artemisia ludoviciana 50 1.2 Delphinium occidentale 50 1.2 Luzula hitchcockil 50 1.2 Polemonium occidentale 45 1.1 Senecio triangularis 40 1.0 Anemone occidental is 40 1.0 Cirsium scariosum 40 1.0 Carex nigricans 40 1.0 Trifolium agrarium 40 1.0 Valariana sitchensis 40 1.0 Veratrum Veride 35 0.8 Lonicera utahensis 30 0.7 Osmorhiza occidentalls 30 0.7 Boykinia major 30 0.7 Spiraea densiflora 30 0.7 Hieracium albertinum 25 0.6 Hypericum formosura 25 0.6 Solidago spp. 20 0.5 Potentilla diversifolia 20 0.5 C astilleja spp. 20 0.5 Senecio integerrimus 20 0.5 Juniperus communis: 20 0.5 Penstemon albertinus 15 0.4 Potent illa glandulosa 15 0.4 Thalictrum occidentale 15 0.4 Arnica la tlfo lia 15 0.4 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 15 0.4 Ranunculus populago 15 0.4 88 Appendix Table 3. (continued)

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Aster integrlfolius 10 0.2 Agastache u rticlfo lia 10 0.2 Sambucus cerulea 10 0.2 Poa spp. 10 0.2 Aqulleja flavescens 10 0.2 Viola glabella 10 0.2 Achillea millefolium 10 0.2 Senecio spp. 10 0.2 Ribes lacustre 10 0.2 Arenaria spp. 5 0.1 Antennaria spp. 5 0.1 Penstemon flavescens 5 0.1 Phlox spp. 5 0.1 Eriogonum flavum 5 0.1 Claytonia lanceolata 5 0.1 Pedicularis bracteosa 5 0.1 Hackelia micrantha 5 0.1 Penstemon spp. 5 0.1 Anaphalis margaritacea 5 0.1 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 20 0.5 Pinus albicaulis reproduction 15 0.4

Total 4150 99.9 89 Aï>pendix Table 4. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Sub­

alpine Vegetated Talus (61 plots).

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Trace forbs 37 60.7 Polygonum phytoiaccaefolium 33 54.1 Xerophyllum tenax 32 52.5 Carex geyeri 26 42.6 Juncus spp. 21 34.4 Carex spp. 18 29.5 Vaccinium scoparium 16 26.2 Erythronium grand if1orum 15 24.6 Gramineae 14 23.0 Penstemon ellipticus 12 19.7 Vaccinium globulare 10 16.4 Hedysarum occidentale 8 13.1 Polemonium occidentale 7 11.5 Luzula hitchcockii 7 11.5 Trifolium agrarium 7 11.5 Phyllodoce empetriformis 6 9.8 Spiraea densiflora 6 9.8 Cirsium scariosum 6 9.8 Anemone occidental is 5 8.2 Hieracium albertinum 5 8.2 Veratrum veride 5 8.2 Valariana sitchensis 5 8.2 Lomatium dissectum 4 6.6 Artemisia ludoviciana 4 6.6 Solidago spp. 4 6.6 C astilleja spp. 4 6.6 Lonicera utahensis 3 4.9 Penstemon albert inus 3 4. 9 Boykinia major 3 4.9 Delphinium occidentale 3 4.9 Senecio triangularis 3 4.9 Potentilla glandulosa 3 4.9 Arnica 1a tifo lia 3 4.9 Juniperus communis 2 3.3 Osmorhiza occidental is 2 3.3 Mertensia c ilia ta 2 3.3 Potentilia diversifolia 2 3.3 Thalictrum occidentale 2 3.3 Sambucus cerulea 2 3.3 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 2 3.3 Aquileja flavescens 2 3.3 Senecio integerrimus 2 3.3 90

Appendix Table 4. (continued)

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Hypericum formosum 2 3.3 Viola glabella 2 3.3 Achillea millefolium 2 3.3 Ribes lacustre 2 3.3 Arenaria spp. 1 1.6 Aster integrifolius 1 1.6 Agastache u rticifo lia 1 1.6 Antennaria spp. 1 1.6 Penstemon flavescens 1 1.6 Phlox spp. 1 1.6 Eriogonum flavum 1 1.6 Poa spp. 1 1.6 Ranunculus populago 1 1.6 Claytonia lanceolata 1 1.6 Pedicularis bracteosa 1 1.6 Carex nigricans 1 1.6 Hackelia micrantha 1 1.6 Senecio spp. 1 1.6 Anaphalis margaritacea 1 1.6 Penstemon spp. 1 1.6 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 4 6 «6 Pinus albicaulis reproduction 3 4.9 91 Appendix Table 5. Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine

Semi-Vegetated Talus (20 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetat ion Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Juncus spp. 135 19,3 Xerophyllum tenax 125 17.9 Carex geyeri 50 7.1 Trace forbs 40 5.7 Arnica la tlfo lia 30 4.3 Phyllodoce empetriformis 25 3.6 Luetkea pectinata 25 3.6 Vaccinium scoparium 25 3.6 Festuca idahoensis 20 2.9 Erythronium grandiflorum 20 2.9 Luzula hitchcockii 20 2.9 Hypericum formosum 20 2.9 Boykinia major 20 2.9 Carex nigricans 15 2.1 Ranunuculus eschscholtzii 15 2.1 Antennaria spp. 15 2.1 Polygonum phyto iaccaefolium 15 2.1 Penstemon ellipticus 15 2.1 Mertensia cilia ta 15 2.1 Anemone occ ident alis 10 1.4 Vaccinium globulare 10 1.4 Lomatium triternatum 5 0.7 Arenaria spp. 5 0.7 Arnica cordifolia 5 0.7 Gramineae 5 0.7 Delphinium bicolor 5 0.7 V iola glabella 5 0.7 Ribes lacustre 5 0.7

Total 700 99.9 92

Appendix Table 6. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine

Semi-Vegetated Talus (20 plots).

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Juncus spp. 12 60.0 Xerophyllum tenax 9 45.0 Trace forbs 7 35.0 Carex geyeri 6 30,0 Arnica la tifo lia 5 25.0 Erythronium grandiflorum 4 20.0 Luzula hitchcockii 4 20.0 Luetkea pectinata 3 15.0 Festuca idahoensis 3 15.0 Ranunuculus eschscholtzii 3 15.0 Antennaria spp. 3 15.0 Hyper icum formosum 3 15.0 Penstemon ellipticus 3 15.0 Vaccinium scoparium 2 10.0 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 2 10.0 Anemone occidental is 2 10.0 Phyllodoce empetriformis 1 5.0 Carex nigricans 1 5.0 Lomatium triternatum 1 5.0 Ribes lacustre 1 5.0 Arenaria spp. 1 5.0 Arnica cordifolia 1 5.0 Gramineae 1 5.0 Delphinium bicolor 1 5.0 Mertensia c ilia ta 1 5.0 Boykinia major 1 5.0 Viola glabella 1 5.0 Vaccinium globulare 1 5.0 93

Appendix Table 7, Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine

Ridgetop Glades (35 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetat ion

Xérophyllum tenax 570 28.4 Vaccinium scoparium 145 7.2 Juncus spp. 140 7.0 Carex spp. 140 7.0 Erythronium grandiflorum 110 5.5 Trace forbs 100 5.0 Vaccinium globulare 90 4.5 Phyllodoce empetriformis 75 3.7 Carex geyeri 65 3.2 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 50 2.5 Claytonia lanceolata 35 1.7 Antennaria spp. 35 1.7 Ranunuculus eschscholtzii 30 1.5 Luzula hitchcockii 25 1.2 Hypericum* formosum 25 1.2 Festuca Idahoensis 20 1.0 Penstemon ellipticus 20 1.0 Achillea millefolium 15 0.7 Hieracium albertinum 15 0.7 Chimaphila umbellata 15 0.7 Er iogonum pyrolifolium 15 0.7 Menziesia ferruginea 10 0,5 Lonicera utahensis 10 0.5 Senecio spp. 10 0.5 Woodsla oregana 10 0.5 Juniperus communis 10 0.5 Spiraea densiflora 5 0.2 Phyllodoce glanduliflora 5 0.2 Ribes lacustre 5 0.2 Senecio integerrimus 5 0.2 Sambucus cerulea 5 0.2 Arenaria spp. 5 0.2 Lomatium cusickii 5 0.2 Heuchera cylindrica 5 0.2 Potentilia diversifolia 5 0.2 Penstemon albertinus 5 0.2 Vaccinium caespitosum 5 0.2 Cirsium scariosum 5 0.2 Ledum glandulosum 5 0.2 Luetkea pectinata 5 0.2 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 5 0.2 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 110 5.5 Pinus albicaulis reproduction 30 1.5 Larix lyallii reproduction 5 0.2

Total 2005 98.8 94

Appendix Table 8. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine

Ridgetop Glades (35 plots).

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Xerophyllum tenax 24 68.6 Juncus spp. 17 48.6 Trace forbs 17 48.6 Erythronium grandiflorum 14 40.0 Vaccinium scoparium 11 31.4 Carex spp. 11 31.4 Carex geyeri 10 28.6 Vaccinium globulare 8 22.9 Phyllodoce empetriformis 8 22.9 Polygonum phyto iaccaefolium 7 20.0 Luzula hitchcockii 5 14.3 Claytonia lanceolata 4 11.4 Penstemon ellipticus 4 11.4 Antennaria spp. 4 11.4 Festuca idahoensis 3 8.6 Hieracium albertinum 3 8.6 Chimaphila umbellata 3 8.6 Achillea millefolium 2 5.7 Senecio spp. 2 5.7 Woodsia oregana 2 5.7 Er iogonum pyrolifolium 2 5.7 Juniperus communis 2 5.7 Hypericum formosum 2 5.7 Ranunuculus eschscholtzii 2 5.7 Spiraea densiflora 1 2.9 Phyllodoce glanduliflora 1 2.9 Menziesia ferruginea 1 2,9 Ribes lacustre 1 2.9 Lonicera utahensis 1 2.9 Senecio integerrimus 1 2.9 Sambucus cerulea 1 2.9 Arenaria spp. 1 2.9 Lomatium cusickii 1 2.9 Heuchera cylindrica 1 2.9 Potentilla diversifolia 1 2.9 Penstemon albertinus 1 2.9 Vaccinium caespitosum 1 2.9 Cirsium scariosum 1 2.9 Ledum glandulosum 1 2.9 Luetkea pectinata 1 2.9 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 1 2.9 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 8 22.9 Pinus albucaulis reproduction 4 11.4 Larix lyallii reproduction 1 2.9 95 Appendix Table 9, Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine

Dry Forb-Grasslands (70 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Xerophyllum tenax 1460 30.7 Vaccinium scoparium 410 8.6 Vaccinium globulare 400 8.4 Trace forbs 290 6.1 Carex spp. 265 5.6 Juncus spp• 190 4.0 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 175 3.7 Carex geyeri 165 3.5 Erythronium grand iflorum 135 2.8 Phyllodoce empetriformis 135 2.8 Poa spp. 130 2.7 Spiraea densiflora ,95 2.0 Luzüla hitchcockii 80 1.7 Juniperus communis 55 1.2 Boykinia major 50 1.1 Agropyron spicatum 40 0.8 Penstemon ellipticus 35 0.7 Gramineae 30 0.6 Lonicera utahensis 30 0.6 Sorbus scopulina 30 0.6 Hedysarum occidentale 25 0.5 C astilleja spp. 25 0.5 Hieracium albertinum 25 0.5 Amelanchier alnifolia 20 0.4 Solidago spp. 20 0.4 Festuca idahoensis 20 0.4 Anemone occidental is 20 0.4 Ranunculus populago 20 0.4 Pedicularis bracteosa 20 0.4 Penstemon albertinus 20 0.4 Senecio spp. 15 0.3 Lomatium dissectum 15 0.3 Potent ilia diversifolia 15 0.3 Ribes lacustre 15 0.3 Achillea millefolium 15 0.3 Potentilla fruiticosa 15 0.3 Phlox spp. 15 0.3 Penstemon flavescens 15 0.3 Gentiana calycosa 15 0.3 Claytonia lanceolata 10 0.2 Rosa spp. 10 0.2 Antennaria spp. 10 0.2 Woodsia oregana 10 0.2 96 Appendix Table 9, (continued)

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetat ion

Eriogonum flavum 10 0.2 Hypericum formosum 10 0.2 Calamagrostls rubescens 5 0.1 Lomatium triternatum 5 0.1 Epilobium angustif ol ium 5 0.1 Dodecatheon pulchellum 5 0.1 Arenaria spp. 5 0.1 Heuchera cylindrica 5 0.1 Lychnis alba 5 0.1 Arnica la tlfo lia 5 0.1 Artemisia ludoviciana 5 0.1 Valariana sitchensis 5 0.1 Veratrum veride 5 0.1 Sambucus cerulea 5 0.1 Crepis atrabarba 5 0.1 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 70 1.5 Pinus albicaulis reproduction 5 0.1 Larix lyallii reproduction 5 0.1

Total 4755 98.4 97 Appendix Table 10. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine

Dry Forb-Grasslands (70 plots).

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Xerophyllum tenax 54 77.1 Trace forbs 48 68.6 Vaccinium scoparium 32 45.7 Vaccinium globulare 26 37.1 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 22 31.4 Juncus spp. 22 31.4 Carex geyeri 21 30.0 Carex spp. 20 28.6 Erythronium grandiflorum 15 21.4 Spiraea densiflora 12 17.1 Phyllodoce empetriformis 9 12.9 Luzula hitchcockii 8 11.4 Penstemon ellipticus 7 10.0 Juniperus communis 7 10.0 Hieracium albertinum 5 7.1 Poa spp. 5 7.1 Gramineae 4 5.7 Lonicera utahensis 4 5.7 Hedysarum occidentale 4 5.7 C astilleja spp. 4 5.7 Amelanchier alnifolia 3 4.3 Potentilla diversifolia 3 4.3 Sorbus scopulina 3 4.3 Festuca idahoensis 3 4.3 Ribes lacustre 3 4.3 Achillea millefolium 3 4.3 Claytonia lanceolata 2 2.9 Solidago spp. 2 2.9 Senecio spp. 2 2.9 Lomatium dissectum 2 2.9 Rosa spp. 2 2.9 Antennaria spp. 2 2.9 Woodsia oregana 2 2.9 Eriogonum flavum 2 2.9 Boykinia mojor 2 2.9 Penstemon flavescens 2 2.9 Penstemon albertinus 2 2.9 Anemone occidental is 2 2.9 Ranunculus populago 2 2.9 Pedicularis bracteosa 2 2.9 Gentiana calycosa 2 2.9 98 Appendix Table 10. (continued)

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Lomatium triternatum 1.4 Agropyron spicatum 1.4 Epilobium angustifol ium 1.4 Potentilla fruiticosa 1.4 Dodecatheon pulchellum 1.4 Arenaria spp. 1.4 Heuchera cylindrica 1.4 Lychnis alba 1.4 Phlox spp. 1.4 Arnica la tifo lia 1.4 Artemisia ludoviciana 1.4 Valariana sitchensis 1.4 Veratrum veride 1.4 Sambucus cerulea 1.4 Crepis atrabarba 1.4 Calamagrostls rubescens 1.4 Hypericum formosum 1.4 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 11.4 Pinus albicaulis reproduction 1.4 Larix lyallii reproduction 1.4 99

Appendix Table 11. Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpin*

Slab-Rock (55 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vepetat ion Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Xerophyllum tenax 520 19.0 Juncus spp. 425 15.5 Vaccinium scoparium 250 9.1 Polygonum phyto iaccaefolium 210 7.7 Phyllodoce empetriformes 175 .'»6 .4 Trace forbs 175 6.4 Carex spp. 150 5.5 Erythronium grandiflorum 115 4.2 Penstemon ellipticus 110 4.0 Vaccinium globulare 70 2.6 Carex geyeri 70 2.6 Spiraea densiflora 65 2.4 Antennaria spp. 45 1.6 Luzula hitchcockii 40 1.5 Penstemon spp. 30 1.1 Gramineae 25 0.9 Phlox spp. 25 0.9 Antennaria racemosa 25 0.9 Er iogonum pyrolifolium 20 0.7 Arenaria spp. 20 0.7 Hypericum formosum 20 0.7 Amelanchier alnifolia 15 0.5 Festuca idahoensis 15 0.5 Veratrum veride 15 0.5 Solidago spp. 10 0.4 Penstemon flavescens 10 0.4 Carex nigricans 10 0.4 Penstemon albertinus 5 0.2 Arnica cordifolia 5 0.2 Sorbus scopulina 5 0.2 Spiraea betnlifolia 5 0.2 Achillea millefolium 5 0.2 Lonicera utahensis 5 0.2 Ranunculus spp. 5 0.2 Eriogonum umbellatum 5 0.2 Ribes lacustre 5 0.2 Senecio triangularis 5 0.2 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 25 0.9

100.0 Total 2735 100 Appendix Table 12, Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine

Slab-Rock (55 plots).

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Juncus spp. 44 80.0 Xerophyllum tenax 32 58.2 Trace forbs 32 56.4 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 25 45.5 Vaccinium scoparium 23 41.8 Phyllodoce empetriformis 22 40.0 Carex spp. 22 40.0 Erythronium grandiflorum 17 30.9 Penstemon ellipticus 16 29.1 Spiraea densiflora 13 23.6 Vaccinium globulare 9 16.4 Carex geyeri 9 16.4 Antennaria spp. 8 14.5 Luzula hitchcockii 7 12.7 Gramineae 4 7.3 Arenaria spp. 4 7.3 Hypericum formosum 4 7.3 Eriogonum pyrolifolium 3 5.5 Penstemon spp. 3 5.5 Festuca idahoensis 3 5.5 Solidago spp. 2 3.6 Phlox spp. 2 3.6 Antennaria racemosa 2 3.6 Carex nigricans 2 3.6 Penstemon albertinus 1 1.8 Arnica cordifolia 1 1.8 Amelanchier alnifolia 1 1.8 Sorbus scopulina 1 1.8 Penstemon flavescens 1 1.8 Spiraea betulifolia 1 1.8 Achillea millefolium 1 1.8 Lonicera utahensis 1 1.8 Ranunculus spp. 1 1.8 Eriogonum umbellatum 1 1.8 Ribes lacustre 1 1.8 Senecio triangularis 1 1.8 Veratrum veride 1 1.8 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 5 9.1 101 Appendix Table 13. Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine

Wet Forb Benches (48 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Carex scopulorum 720 19.6 Carex rostrata 550 14.9 Erythronium grandiflorum 300 8.2 Gentiana calycosa 205 5.6 Phyllodoce empetriformis 195 5.3 Trace forbs 140 3.8 Boykinia major 130 3.5 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 105 2.9 Juncus spp. 100 2.7 Ranunculus spp. 90 2.4 Luzula hitbhcockii 90 2.4 Xerophyllum tenax 90 2.4 Antennaria spp. 90 2.4 Vaccinium scoparium 80 2.2 Spiraea densiflora 75 2.0 Menziesia ferruginea 70 1.9 Ranunculus populago 50 1.4 Vaccinium globulare 50 1.4 Claytonia lanceolata 45 1.2 Veratrum veride 40 1.1 Hypericum formosum 35 1.0 Senecio triangularis 30 0.8 Kalmia microphylla 30 0.8 Ledum glandulosum 25 0.7 Salix spp. 25 0.7 Rhododendron albiflorum 20 0.5 Alnus sinuata 20 0.5 Gramineae 15 0.4 Antennaria racemosa 15 0.4 Pteridium aquilinum 10 0.3 Pedicularis groenlandica 10 0.3 Luetkea pectinata 10 0.3 Saxifraga ferruginea 10 0.3 Calamagrostls canadensis 10 0.3 Carex nigricans 10 0.3 Lupinus,sp. 10 0.3 Solidago spp. 10 0.3 Valariana sitchensis 5 0.1 Sorbus scopulina 5 0.1 Carex geyeri 5 0.1 Juncus mertensianus 5 0.1 Penstemon albertinus 5 0.1 102 Appendix Table 13, (continued)

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Eriogonum pyrollfolium 5 0.1 Angelica arguta 5 0.1 Festuca idahoensis 5 0.1 Polygonum bistortoides 5 0.1 Thalictrum occidentale 5 0.1 Potentilla fruiticosa 5 0.1 Osmorhiza occidental is 5 0.1 Anemone occidentalis 5 0.1 Caltha -|:eptosepala 5 0.1 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 20 0.5 Pinus albicaulis reproduction 5 0.1

Total 3680 99.5 103 Appendix Table 14. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine

Wet Forb Benches (48 plots).

Percent Vegetat ion Occurrence Occurrer

Carex rostrata 28 58 .3 Erythronium grandiflorum 26 54.2 Gentiana calycosa 20 41.7 Trace forbs 20 41.7 Phyllodoce empetriformis 17 35.4 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 15 31.3 Carex scopulorum 14 29.2 Luzula hitchcockii 13 27.1 Xerophyllum tenax 12 25.0 Ranunculus spp. 10 20.8 Ranunculus populago 10 20.8 Antennaria spp. 9 18.8 Vaccinium scoparium 8 16.7 Juncus spp. 8 16.7 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 7 14.6 Claytonia lanceolata 7 14.6 Boykinia major 6 12.5 Spiraea densiflora 5 10.4 Hypericum formosum 5 10.4 Menziesia ferruginea 5 10.4 Senecio triangularis 5 10.4 Veratrum veride 4 8.3 Vaccinium globulare 4 8.3 Ledum glandulosum 3 6.3 Salix spp. 3 6.3 Rhododendron albiflorum 3 6.3 Kalmia microphylla 3 6.3 Gramineae 2 4.2 Luetkea pectinata 2 4.2 Alnus sinuata 2 4.2 Calamagrostls canadensis 2 4.2 Antennaria racemosa 2 4.2 Lupinus spp. 2 4.2 Solidago spp. 2 4.2 Pteridium aquilinum 1 2.1 Valariana sitchensis 1 2.1 Sorbus scopulina 1 2.1 Pedicularis groenlandica 1 2.1 Saxifraga ferruginea 1 2.1 Carex geyeri 1 2.1 Juncus mertensianus 1 2.1 Penstemon albertinus 1 2.1 Eriogonum pyrol1folium 1 2.1 104 Appendix Table 14. (continued)

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Angelica arguta 2.1 Festuca idahoensis 2.1 Polygonum bistortoides 2.1 Thalictrum occidentale 2.1 Potentilla fruiticosa 2.1 Osmorhiza occidentalis 2.1 Carex nigricans 2.1 Anemone occidentalis 2.1 Caltha leptosepala 2.1 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 3 6.3 Pinus albicaulis reproduction 1 2.1 105 Appendix Table 15. Percent cover of plant species in the Subalpine

Snowslides (17 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetat ion

Alnus sinuata 510 28.0 Xerophyllum tenax 290 15.9 Montia cordifolia 110 6.0 Viola glabella 100 5.5 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 70 3.8 Carex spp. 70 3.8 Calamagrostls canadensis 65 3.6 Boykinia major 60 3.3 Vaccinium scoparium 60 3.3 Trace forbs 60 3.3 Veratrum verade 45 2.5 Carex geyeri 40 2.2 Senecio triangularis 40 2.2 Pteridium aquilinum 30 1.6 Menziesia ferruginea 30 1.6 Spiraea densiflora 25 1.4 Athyrium filix-femina 25 1.4 Thalictrum occidentale 20 1.1 Achillea millefolium 20 1.1 Rubus parviflorus 20 1.1 Gramineae 15 0.8 Juncus spp. 15 0.8 Penstemon ellipticus 15 0.8 Heracleum lanatum 10 0.5 Mertensia ciliata 10 0,5 Phyllodoce empetriformis 10 0.5 Cirsium scariosum 10 0.5 Vaccinium globulare 10 0.5 Luzula hitchcockii 5 0.3 Angelica arguta 5 0.3 Valariana sitchensis 5 0.3 Salix sp. 5 0.3 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 5 0.3 Senecio spp. 5 0.3 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 5 0.3

Total 1820 99.7 106 Appendix Table 16, Percent occurrence of plant species in the Subalpine

Snowslides (17 plots).

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Trace forbs 11 64.7 Xerophyllum tenax 7 41.2 Senecio triangularis 7 41.2 Alnus sinuata 6 35.3 Montia cordifolia 6 35.3 Viola glabella 6 35.3 Calamagrostls canadensis 6 35.3 Vaccinium scoparium 5 29.4 Veratrum veride 5 29.4 Boykinia major 4 23.5 Menziesia ferruginea 4 23.5 Thalictrum occidentale 4 23.5 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 3 17.6 Carex spp. 3 17.6 Athyrium filix-fem ina 3 17.6 Rubus parviflorus 3 17.6 Spiraea densiflora 2 11.8 Juncus spp• 2 11.8 Penstemon ellipticus 2 11.8 Phyllodoce empetriformis 2 11.8 Cirsium scariosum 2 11.8 Vaccinium globulare 2 11.8 Carex geyeri 1 5.9 Pteridium aquilinum 1 5.9 Achillea millefolium 1 5.9 Gramineae 1 5.9 Heracleum lanatum 1 5.9 Mertensia cilia ta 1 5.9 Luzula hitchcockii 1 5.9 Angelica arguta 1 5.9 Valariana sitchensis 1 5.9 S al ix spp • 1 5.9 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 1 5.9 Senecio spp. 1 5.9 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 1 5.9 107 Appendix Table 17. Summary of percent vegetative cover in seven Ecolo­

gical Landtypes of the Subalpine Zone (306 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetat ion

Xerophyllum tenax 3770 19.0 Juncus spp. 1170 5.9 Vaccinium scoparium 1165 5.9 Trace forbs 1055 5.3 Carex spp. 975 4.9 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 945 4.8 Erythronium grandiflorum 815 4.1 Carex geyeri 765 3.8 Vaccinium globulare 740 3.7 Carex scopulorum 720 3.6 Phyllodoce empetriformis 670 3.4 Carex rostrata 550 2.8 Alnus sinuata 530 2.7 Luzula hitchcockii 310 1.6 Spiraea densiflora 295 1.5 Boykinia major 290 1.5 Penstemon ellipticus 285 1.4 Gramineae 255 1.3 Antennaria spp. 220 1.1 Gentiana calycosa 200 1.0 Veratrum veride 140 0.7 Poa spp. 140 0.7 Hypericum formosum 135 0.7 Senecio triangularis 115 0.6 Viola glabella 115 0.6 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 115 0.6 Montia cordifolia 110 0.5 Menziesia ferruginea 110 0.5 Hedysarum occidentale 95 0.5 Claytonia lanceolata 95 0.5 Ranunculus spp. 95 0.5 Juniperus communis 85 0.4 Mertensia ciliata 85 0.4 Ranunculus populago 85 0.4 Festuca idahoensis 85 0.4 Lomatium dissectum 80 0.4 Lonicera utahensis 75 0.4 Anemone occidentalis 75 0.4 Carex nigricans 75 0.4 Calamagrostls canadensis 75 0.4 Hieracium albertinum 65 0.3 Achillea millefolium 65 0.3 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 60 0.3 108 Appendix Table 17. (continued)

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Solidago spp. 60 0.3 Artemisia ludoviciana 55 0.3 Valariana sitchensis 55 0.3 Cirsium scariosum 55 0.3 Senecio spp. 55 0.3 Delphinium occidentale 50 0.2 Penstemon albertinus 50 0.2 Arnica la tifo lia 50 0.2 Polemonium occidentale 45 0.2 Castilleja spp. 45 0.2 Phlox spp. 45 0.2 Potentilla diversifolia 40 0.2 Thalictrum occidentale 40 0.2 Sorbus scopulina 40 0.2 Trifolium agrarium 40 0.2 Pteridium aquilinum 40 0.2 Luetkea pectinata 40 0.2 Eriogonum pyrolifolium 40 0.2 Antennaria racemosa 40 0.2 Agropyron spicatum 40 0.2 Arenaria spp. 40 0.2 Osmorhiza occidentalis 35 0.2 Amelanchier alnifolia 35 0.2 Penstemon spp. 35 0.2 Salix spp. 30 0.2 Ledum glandulosum 30 0.2 Kalmia microphylla 30 0.2 Penstemon flavescens 30 0.2 Pedicularis bracteosa 25 0.1 Senecio integerrimus 25 0.1 Athyrium filix-femina 25 0.1 Sambucus cerulea 20 0.1 Rubus parviflorus 20 0.1 Woodsia oregana 20 0.1 Rhododendron albiflorum 20 0.1 Potentilla fruiticosa 20 0.1 Potentilla glandulosa 15 0.1 Eriogonum flavum 15 0.1 Chimaphila umbellata 15 0.1 Aster integrifolius 10 0.1 Agastache u rticifo lia 10 0.1 Aquileja flavescens 10 0.1 Heracleum lanatum 10 0.1 Angelica arguta 10 0.1 109 Appendix Table 17, Ccontinued)

Total Percent Percent Vegetat ion______Vegetative Cover Vegetat ion

Lomatium triternatum 10 0.1 Arnica cordifolia 10 0.1 Heuchera cylindica 10 0.1 Pedicularis groenlandica 10 0.1 Saxifraga ferruginea 10 0.1 Lupinus spp. 10 0.1 Rosa spp. 10 0.1 Other species* 75 0.4 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 250 1.2 Pinus albicaulis reproduction 55 0.3 Larix lyallii reproduction 10 0.1

Total 19845 100.6 110 Appendix Table 18. Summary of percent occurrence of plant species in seven

Ecological Landtypes of the Subalpine Zone (306 plots).

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrei

Xerophyllum tenax 170 55,6 Trace forbs 170 55.6 Juncus spp. 114 37.3 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 99 32.4 Vaccinium scoparium 97 31.7 Erythronium grandiflorum 91 29.7 Carex spp. 74 24.2 Carex geyeri 74 24 .2 Phyllodoce empetrIformis 65 21.2 Vaccinium globulare 60 19.6 Luzula hitchcockii 45 14.7 Penstemon ellipticus 44 14 .4 Spiraea densiflora 39 12.7 Carex rostrata 28 9.2 Ant G nnar ia spp. 27 8.8 Gramineae 26 8.5 Gentiana calycosa 22 7.2 Hypericum formosum 17 5.6 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 17 5.6 Senecio triangularis 16 5.2 Veratrum veride 16 5.2 Carex scopulorum 14 4 .6 Claytonia lanceolata 14 4.6 Boykinia major 13 4.2 Hieracium albertinum 13 4.2 Ranunculus populago 13 4.2 Hedysarum occidentale 12 3 .9 Juniperus communis 11 3.6 Festuca idahoensis 11 3.6 Ranunculus spp. 11 3.6 Solidago spp. 10 3.3 Anemone occidentalis 10 3 .3 Menziesia ferruginea 10 3.3 Lonicera utahensis 9 2.9 Cirsium scariosum 9 2.9 Arnica la tifo lia 9 2.9 Achillea millefolium 9 2.9 Viola glabella 9 2.9 Calamagostis canadensis 8 2.6 Arenaria spp. 8 2.6 Penstemon albertinus 8 2.6 C astilleja spp. 8 2.6 111 Appendix Table 18. (continued)

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Valariana stichensis 8 2.6 Alnus sinuata 8 2.6 Ribes lacustre 7 2.3 Polemonium occidentale 7 2.3 Thalictrum occidentale 7 2.3 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 7 2.3 Trifolium agrarium 7 2.3 Lomatium dissectum 6 2.0 Potentilla diversifolia 6 2.0 Poa spp. 6 2.0 Senecio spp. 6 2.0 Montia cordifolia 6 2.0 Luetkea pectinata 6 2.0 Eriogonum pyrolifolium 6 2.0 Artemisia ludoviciana 5 1.6 Sorbus scopulina 5 1.6 Carex nigricans 5 1.6 Mertensia c ilia ta 4 1.3 Amelanchier alnifolia 4 1.3 Phlox spp. 4 1.3 Sambucus cerulea 4 1.3 Penstemon spp. 4 1.3 Salix spp. 4 1.3 Antennaria racemosa 4 1.3 Woodsia oregana 4 1.3 Ledum glandulosum 4 1.3 Penstemon flavescens 4 1.3 Osmorhiza occidentalis 3 1.0 Delphinium occidentale 3 1.0 Potentilla glandulosa 3 1.0 Rubus parviflorus 3 1.0 Er iogonum f1avum 3 1.0 Pedicularis bracteosa 3 1.0 Senecio integerrimus 3 1.0 Chimaphila umbellata 3 1.0 Rhododendron albiflorum 3 1.0 Kalmia microphylla 3 1.0 Athyrium filix-femina 3 1.0 Aquileja flavescens 2 0.7 Angelica arguta 2 0.7 Pteridium aquilinum 2 0.7 Lomatium triternatum 2 0.7 Arnica cordifolia 2 0.7 Heuchera cylindrica 2 0.7 Potentilla fruiticosa 2 0.7 112 Appendix Table 18. (continued)

Percent Vegetat ion Occurrence Occurrence

Lupinus spp. 0.7 Rosa spp. 0.7 Aster integrifolius 0.3 Agastache u rtic ifo lia 0.3 Hackelia micrantha 0.3 Anaphalis margaritacea 0.3 Heracleum lanatum 0.3 Delphinium bicolor 0.3 Spiraea betulifolia 0.3 Eriogonum umbellatum 0.3 Phyllodoce glanduliflora 0.3 Lomatium cusickii 0.3 Pedicularis groenlandica 0.3 Saxifraga ferruginea 0.3 Juncus mertensianus 0.3 Polygonum bistortoides 0.3 Caltha leptosepala 0.3 Calamagrostis rubescens 0.3 Agropyron spicatum 0.3 Epilobium angustifolium 0.3 Dodecatheon pulchellum 0.3 Lychinis alba 0.3 Crepis atrabarba 0.3 Vaccinium caespitosum 0.3 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 29 9.5 Pinus albicaulis reproduction 9 2.9 Larix lyallii reproduction 2 0.7 113 Appendix Table 19. Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate

Vegetated Talus (14 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Vaccinium globalare 110 10,7 Xerophyllum tenax 95 9.3 Trace forbs 75 7.3 Thalictrum occidentale 70 6.8 Valariana sitchensis 70 6.8 Veratrum veride 45 4.4 Menziesia ferruginea 45 4.4 Erythronium grandiflorum 45 4.4 Boykinia major 40 3.9 Viola glabella 40 3.9 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 35 3.4 Spiraea densiflora 30 2.9 Gramineae 30 2.9 Luzula hitchcockii 25 2.4 Osmorhiza occidental is 25 2.4 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 20 2.0 Carex geyeri 20 2.0 Carex spp. 15 1.5 Alnus sinuata 15 1.5 Cirsium scariosum 15 1.5 Hedysarum occidentale 15 1.5 Aquilejia flavescens 15 1.5 Senecio triangularis 10 1.0 Anemone occidentalis 10 1.0 Solidago multiradiata 10 1.0 Mertensia ciliata 10 1.0 Sorbus scopulina 10 1.0 Ribes lacustre 10 1.0 Lonicera utahensis 10 1.0 Senecio integerrimus 5 0.5 Hydrophyllum capitatum 5 0.5 Agastache u rticifo lia 5 0.5 Pedicularis bracteosa 5 0.5 Lomatium dissectium 5 0.5 Mitella pentandra 5 0.5 Montia cordifolia 5 0.5 Pteridium aquilinum 5 0.5 Arnica la tifo lia 5 0.5 Polemonium occidentale 5 0.5 Juncus spp. 5 0.5 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 5 0.5

Total 1025 100.4 114 Appendix Table 20, Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temper­

ate Vegetated Talus (14 plots).

Percent Vegetat ion Occurrence Occurrence

Trace forbs 10 71.4 Valariana sitchensis 9 64.3 Vaccinium globulare 7 50.0 Thalictrum occidentale 7 50.0 Gramineae 6 42,9 Xerophyllum tenax 5 35.7 Veratrum veride 5 35.7 Erythronium grandiflorum 5 35.7 Osmorhiza occidental is 5 35.7 Polygonum phyto iaccaefolium 4 28,6 Carex geyeri 4 28.6 Menziesia ferruginea 3 21.4 Boykinia major 3 21.4 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 3 21.4 Cirsium scariosum 3 21.4 Hedysarum occidentale 3 21.4 Aquilegia flavescens 3 21.4 Carex spp. 2 14.3 Alnus sinuata 2 14.3 Viola glabella 2 14.3 Senecio triangularis 2 14.3 Solidago multiradiata 2 14.3 Mertencia c ilia ta 2 14.3 Spiraea densiflora Luzula hitchcockii Anemone occidental is Senecio integerrimus Hydrophyllum capitatum Agastache u rticifo lia Pedicularis bracteosa Sorbus scopulina Ribes lacustre Lomatium dissectum Mitella pentandra Montia cordifolia Pteridium aquilinum Lonicera utahensis Arnica la tifo lia Polemonium occidentale Juncus spp. Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 115 Appendix Table 21. Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate

Dry Forb Grasslands (48 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetat ion Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Xerophyllum tenax 965 25.7 Vaccinium globulare 465 12.4 Carex geyeri 285 7.6 Trace forbs 225 5.9 Amelanchier alnifolia 170 4.5 Vaccinium scoparium 140 3.7 Spiraea densiflora 130 3.5 Erythronium grandiflorum 115 3.1 Calamagrostis rubescens 110 2.9 Gramineae 95 2.5 Carex spp. 90 2.4 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 85 2.3 Poa spp. 80 2.1 Juncus spp. 50 1.3 lîeratrum veride 45 1.2 Pteridium aquilinum 45 1.2 Potentilia diversifolia 40 1.1 Achillea millefolium 40 1.1 Rubus parviflorus 40 1.1 Senecio spp. 30 0.8 Sorbus scopulina 25 0.7 C astllleja spp. 25 0.7 Hedysarum occidentale 25 0.7 Rosa spp. 25 0.7 Valariana sitchensis 20 0.5 Antennaria microphylla 20 0.5 Solidago m ultiradiata 20 0.5 Agastache u rtic ifo lia 20 0.5 Acer glabrum 20 0.5 Claytonia lanced at a 20 0.5 Penstemon elllpticus 15 0.4 Epilobium angustifolium 15 0.4 Salix sp. 15 0.4 Antennaria spp. 15 0.4 Phlox diffusa 15 0.4 Spiraea betulifolia 15 0.4 Mertensia c ilia ta 15 0,4 Agropyron spicatum 10 0.3 Lonicera utahensis 10 0.3 Festuca idahoensis 10 0.3 Ribes lacustre 10 0.3 Er iogonum f1avum 10 0.3 116 Appendix Table 21. (continued)

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Angelica arguta 10 0.3 Calamagrostis canadensis 10 0.3 Senecio triangularis 10 0.3 Thalictrum occidentale 10 0.3 Penstemon spp. 10 0.3 Osmorhiza occidentalis 5 0.1 Sedum lanceolatum 5 0.1 Phacelia heterophylla 5 0.1 Calochortus elegans 5 0.1 Penstemon albertinus 5 0.1 Juniperus communis 5 0.1 Berberis repens 5 0.1 Sarobucus cerulea 5 0.1 Lomatium triternatum 5 0.1 Hieracium albertinum 5 0.1 Fragaria Virginia 5 0.1 Trifolium agararium 5 0.1 Viola glabella 5 0.1 Polemonium occidentale 5 0.1 Symphoricarpos albus 5 0.1 Heuchera cylindrica 5 0.1 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction go 0.3

Total 3760 100.0 117 Appendix Table 22. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate

Dry Forb Grasslands (48 plots). •

Percent Vegetat ion______Occurrence______Occurrence

Xerophyllum tenax 37 77.1 Trace forbs 33 68.8 Carex geyeri 29 60.4 Vaccinium globulare 24 50.0 Gramineae 15 31.3 Amelanchier alnifolia 14 29.2 Spiraea densiflora 13 27.1 Vaccinium scoparium 12 25.0 Carex spp* 11 22.9 Erythronium grandiflorum 10 20.8 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 8 16.7 Calamagrostis rubescens 8 16.7 Achillea millefolium 7 14.6 Senecio spp. 6 12.5 Potentilia diversifolia 5 10.4 Rosa spp. 5 10.4 Sorbus scopulina 4 8.3 Hedysarum occidentale 4 8.3 Rubus parviflorus 4 8.3 Valariana sitchensis 4 8.3 Solidago multiradiata 4 8.3 Juncus spp* 4 8.3 Acer glabrum 4 8.3 C astilleja spp. 3 6.3 Epilobium angustifolium 3 6.3 Antennaria microphylla 3 6.3 Antennaria spp* 3 6.3 Poa spp. 3 6.3 Spiraea betulifolia 3 6.3 Veratrum veride 3 6.3 Mertensia c ilia ta 3 6.3 Claytonia lanceolata 3 6.3 Pteridium aquilinum 3 6.3 Penstemon ellipticus 2 4.2 Lonicera utahensis 2 4.2 Festuca idahoensis 2 4.2 Ribes lacustre 2 4,2 Eriogonum flavum 2 4.2 Angelica arguta 2 4.2 Calamagrostis canadensis 2 4.2 Senecio triangularis 2 4.2 118 Appendix Table 22. Ccontinued)

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Thalictrum occidentale 2 4.2 Salix spp. 2 4.2 Penstemon spp. 2 4.2 Osmorhiza occidental is 1 2.1 Sedum lanceolatum 1 2.1 Agropyron spicatum 1 2.1 Phacelia heterophylla 1 2.1 Calochortus elegans 1 2.1 Penstemon albertinus 1 2.1 Juniperus communis 1 2.1 Berberis repens 1 2.1 Sambucus cerulea 1 2.1 Lomatium triternatum 1 2.1 Hieracium albertinum 1 2.1 Fragaria virginiana 1 2.1 Trifolium agrarium 1 2.1 Phlox diffusa 1 2.1 Agastache u rticifo lia 1 2.1 Polemonium occidentale 1 2.1 Viola glabella 1 2.1 Symphoricarpos albus 1 2.1 Heuchera cylindrica 1 2.1 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 2 4.2 119 Appendix Table 23, Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate

Serai Stages (Burns), (8 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetat ion Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Xerophyllum tenax 320 57.7 Vaccinium scoparium 85 15.3 Carex geyeri 70 12,6 Vaccinium globulare 40 7.2 Spiraea densiflora 15 2.7 Erythronium grandiflorum 5 0.9 Amelanchier alnifolia 5 0.9 Luzula hitchcockii 5 0.9 Trace forbs 5 0.9 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 5 0.9

Total 555 100.0 120 Appendix Table 24. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate

Serai Stages (Burns), (8 plots).

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Xerophyllum tenax 8 100,0 Carex geyeri 8 100,0 Vaccinium scoparium 7 87.5 Vaccinium globulare 6 75.0 Ery thron ium gr and iflorum 1 12.5 Spiraea densiflora 1 12.5 Amelanchier alnifolia 1 12.5 Luzula hitchcockii 1 12.5 Trace forbs 1 12.5 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 1 12.5 121 Appendix Table 25, Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate

Slab-Rock (19 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Xerophyllum tenax 245 28.2 Juncus spp. 95 10.9 Vaccinium scoparium 85 9.8 Carex spp. 80 9.2 Trace forbs 65 7.5 Phyllodoce empetriformis 65 7.5 Polygomum phytolaccaefolium 50 5.7 Spiraea densiflora 45 5.2 Gramineae 25 2.9 Erythronium grandiflorum 20 2.3 Penstemon ellipticus 15 1.7 Vaccinium globulare 15 1.7 Carex geyeri 10 1.1 Heuchera cylindrica 10 1.1 Calamagrostis rubescens 5 0.6 Eriogonum pyrolifolium 5 0.6 Arenaria spp. 5 0.6 Solidago spp. 5 0.6 Gentlana calycosa 5 0.6 Mitella pentandra 5 0.6 Pinus contorta reproduction 10 1.1 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 5 0.6

Total 870 DOO.l 122 Appendix Table 26, Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate

Slab-Rock (19 plots).

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Xerophyllum tenax 13 68.4 Trace forbs 12 63.2 Juncus spp• 9 47.4 Phyllodoce empetriformis 9 47.4 Vaccinium scoparium 8 42.1 Carex spp. 8 42.1 Spiraea densiflora 6 31.6 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 5 26.3 Gramineae 5 26.3 Erythronium grandiflorum 3 15.8 Penstemon ellipticus 3 15.8 Vaccinium globulare 2 10.5 Carex geyeri 2 10.5 Heuchera cylindrica 2 10,5 Calamagrostis rubescens 1 5.3 Eriogonum pyrolifolium 1 5.3 Arenaria spp. 1 5.3 Solidago spp. 1 5.3 Gent iana calycosa 1 5.3 Mitella pentandra 1 5.3 Pinus contorta reproduction 2 10.5 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 1 5.3 123 Appendix Table 27, Percent cover of plant species in the Temperat

Wet Forb Benches (96 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetat ion

C arex scopulorum 1350 17.9 Carex spp. 1255 15.9 Calamagrostis canadensis 675 8.5 Senecio triangularis 610 7.7 Vaccinium occidentale 465 5.9 S al Ix sp • 435 5.5 Carex rostrata 420 5.3 Trace forbs 350 4.4 Gentiana calycosa 250 3.2 Kalmia microp&ylla 205 2.6 Gramineae 175 2.2 Hpraferum vori^a- 155 2.0 Spiraea densiflora 115 1.5 Ledum glandulosum 110 1.4 Carex interior 100 1.3 Boykinia major 90 1.1 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 85 1.1 Xerophyllum tenax 80 1.0 Ranunculus spp. 80 1.0 Luzula hitchcockii 75 0.9 Pedicularis groenlandica 70 0.9 Carex mertensii 70 0.9 Viola glabella 60 0.7 Mertensia ciliata 55 0.7 Ranunculus populago 55 0.7 Osmorhiza occidental is 45 0.6 Alnus sinuata 45 0.6 Pteridium aquilinum 40 0.5 Erythronium grandiflorum 35 0.4 Pedicularis bracteosa 35 0.4 Vaccinium globulare 25 0.3 Vaccinium scoparium 25 0.3 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 25 0.3 Calamagrostis rubescens 20 0.2 Osmorhiza chilensis 20 0.2 Senecio spp. 20 0.2 Lonicera utahensis 20 0.2 Montia cordifolia 15 0.2 Menziesia ferruginea 15 0.2 Penstemon spp. 10 0.1 Phyllodoce empetriformis 10 0.1 Tofieldia glutinosa 10 0.1 124 Appendix Table 27. Ccontinued)

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Mitella pentandra 10 0.1 Achillea millefolium 10 0.1 Thalictrum occidentale 5 0.1 Sal id ago spp. 5 0.1 Claytonia lanceolata 5 0.1 Delphinium occidentale 5 0.1 Carex lenticularis 5 0.1 Poa spp. 5 0.1 Polygonum bistortoides 5 0.1 Luzula parviflora 5 0.1 Hedysarum occidentale 5 0.1 Juncus spp. 5 oa Antennaria spp. 5 0.1 Potentilia diversifblia 5 0.1 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 20 0.2

Total 7905 100.0 125 Appendix Table 28. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate

Wet Forb Benches (96 plots).

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Carex spp. 51 53.1 Trace forbs 49 51.0 Carex scopulorum 38 39.6 Calamagrostis canadensis 33 34.4 Senecio triangularis 28 29.2 Gentiana calycosa 28 29.2 Vaccinium occidentale 25 26.0 Ledum glandulosum 17 17.7 Carex rostrata 16 16.7 Veratrum veride 14 14.6 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 14 14.6 Gramineae 13 13.5 Salix spp. 13 13.5 Pedicularis groenlandica 12 12.5 Viola glabella 11 11.5 Boykinia major 11 11.5 Ranunculus spp. 11 11.5 Kalmia microphylla 10 10.4 Ranunculus populago 9 9.4 Pedicularis bracteosa 7 7.3 Spiraea densiflora 7 7.3 Mertensia ciliata 7 7.3 Osmorhiza occidental is 6 6.3 Luzula hitchcockii 5 5.2 Erythronium grandiflorum 5 5.2 Xerophyllum tenax 4 4.2 Vaccinium globulare 4 4.2 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 4 4.2 Lonicera utahensis 4 4.2 Montia cordifolia 3 3.1 Calamagrostis rubescens 3 3.1 Osmorhiza chilensis 2 2.1 Vaccinium scoparium 2 2.1 Phyllodoce empetriformis 2 2.1 Tofieldia glutinosa 2 2.1 Menziesia ferruginea 2 2.1 Carex mertensii 2 2.1 Alnus sinuata 2 2.1 Carex interior 2 2.1 Thalictrum occidentale 1 1.0 Claytonia lanceolata 1 1.0 Delphinium occidentale 1 1.0 126 Appendix Table 28. (continued)

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Penstemon spp* 1.0 Senecio spp. 1.0 Carex lenticularis 1.0 Poa spp. 1.0 Polygonum bistortoides 1.0 Luzula parviflora 1.0 Hedysarum occidentale 1.0 Pteridium aquilinum 1.0 Mitella pentandra 1.0 Juncus spp• 1.0 Achillea millefolium 1.0 Antennaria spp. 1.0 Potent illa diversifolia 1.0 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 4.2 127 Appendix Table 29, Percent cover of plant species in the Temperate

Snowslides (46 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetat ion Vegetative Cover Vegetation

Alnus sinuata 985 21.1 Xerophyllum tenax 595 12.8 Calamagrostis canadensis 385 8.3 Senecio triangularis 230 4.9 Trace forbs 225 4.8 Viola glabella 205 4.4 Veratrum veride 205 4.4 Montia cordifolia 185 4.0 Pteridium aquilinum 170 3.6 Carex spp. 130 2.8 Gramineae 115 2.5 Menziesia ferruginea 105 2.3 Ledum glandulosum 95 2.0 Vaccinium globulare 85 1.8 Acer glabrum 85 1.8 Spiraea densiflora 85 1.8 Carex geyeri 80 1.7 Melica spectabilis 60 1.3 Amelanchier alnifolia 50 1.1 Rubus parviflorus 40 0.9 Vaccinium scoparium 40 0.9 Lonicera utahensis 40 0.9 Mertensia ciliata 40 0.9 Boykinia major 35 0.8 Thalictrum occidentale 30 0.6 Sorbus scopulina 25 0.5 Rosa spp. 25 0.5 Osmorhiza chilensis 25 0.5 Agastache urticifolia 20 0.4 Athyrium filix-femina 20 0.4 Symphoricarpos albus 15 0.3 Angelica arguta 15 0.3 Calamagrostis rubescens 15 0.3 Luzula hitchcockii 15 0.3 Sambucus cerulea 10 0.2 Ribes lacustre 10 0.2 Antennaria spp* 10 0.2 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 10 0.2 Polemonium occidentale 10 0.2 Solidago multiradiata 10 0.2 Gentiana calycosa 10 0.2 128 Appendix Table 29, Ccontinued)

Total Percent Percent Vegetation______Vegetative Cover______Vegetation

Gal ium tr ifl orum 10 0.2 Heracleum lanatum 10 0.2 Smilacina stellata 5 0.1 Epilobium angustifolium 5 0.1 Oplopanax horridum 5 0.1 Potentilla glandulosa 5 0.1 Aster integrifolius 5 0.1 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 5 0.1 Delphinium occidentale 5 0.1 Trillium ovatum 5 0.1 Osmorhiza occidental is 5 0.1 Rhododendron albiflorum 5 0.1 Mitella stauropetala 5 0.1 Clintonia uniflora 5 0.1 Streptopus amplexifolius 5 0.1 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 30 0.6 Pseudotsuga menziesii reproduction 5 0.1

Total 4665 99.7 129 Appendix Table 30. Percent occurrence of plant species in the Temperate

Snowslides (A6 plots).

Percent Vegetat ion______Occurrence Occurrence

Trace forbs 33 71.7 Xerophyllum tenax 23 50.0 Senecio triangularis 21 45.7 Veratrum veride 19 41.3 Alnus sinuata 18 39.1 Calamagrostis canadensis 18 39.1 Viola glabella 15 32.6 Spiraea densiflora 13 28.3 Gramineae 12 26.1 Montia cordifolia 11 23.9 Carex spp. 10 21.7 Ledum glandulosum 8 17.4 Vaccinium globulare 8 17.4 Carex geyri 8 17.4 Vaccinium scoparium 8 17.4 Pteridium aquilinum 7 15.2 Lonicera utahensis 6 13.0 Menziesia ferruginea 5 10.9 Boykinia major 5 10.9 Rosa spp. 5 10.9 Amelanchier alnifolia 5 10.9 Thalictrum occidentale 5 10.9 Mertensia ciliata 5 10.9 Acer glabrum 4 8.7 Rubus parviflorus 4 8.7 Sorbus scopulina 4 8.7 Melica spectabilis 3 6.5 Osmorhiza chilensis 3 6.5 Symphoricarpos albus 3 6.5 Agastache urticifolia 3 6.5 Angelica arguta 3 6.5 Luzula hitchcockii 3 6.5 Athyrium filix-femina 3 6.5 Sambucus cerulea 2 4.3 Ribes lacustre 2 4.3 Antennaria spp- 2 4.3 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 2 4.3 Polemonium occidentale 2 4.3 Solidago multiradiata 2 4.3 Gentiana calycosa 2 4.3 Galium triflorum 2 4.3 Heracleum lanatum 2 4.3 Calamagrostis rubescens 2 4.3 130 Appendix Table 30. (continued)

Percent Vegetat ion Occurrence Occurrence

Smilacina stellata 1 2.2 Epilobium angustifolturn 1 2.2 Oplopanax horridum 1 2.2 Potent ilia glandulosa 1 2.2 Aster integrifolius 1 2.2 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 1 2.2 Delphinium occidentale 1 2.2 Trillium ovatum 1 2.2 Osmorhiza occidental is 1 2.2 Rhododendron albiflorum 1 2.2 Mitella stauropetala 1 2.2 Clintonia uniflora 1 2.2 Streptopus amplexifolius 1 2.2 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 4 8.7 Pseudotsuga menziesii reproduction 1 2.2 131 Appendix Table 31. Summary of percent vegetative cover in six Ecologi­

cal Landtypes of the Temperate Zone (231 plots).

Total Percent Percent Vegetat i o n ______Vegetative Cover______Vegetation

Xerophyllum tenax 2300 12.2 Carex spp. 1570 8.3 Carex scopulorum 1350 7.2 Calamagrostis canadensis 1070 5.7 Alnus sinuata 1045 5.6 Trace forbs 945 5.0 Senecio triangularis 860 4.6 Vaccinium globulare 740 3.9 Carex geyeri 46 5 2.5 Vaccinium occidentale 465 2.5 A^eratrum veride 450 2.4 Salis spp. 450 2.4 Gramineae 440 2.3 Spiraea densiflora 420 2.2 Carex rostrata 420 2.2 Vaccinium scoparium 375 2.0 Viola glabella 310 1.7 Gentiana calycosa 265 1.4 Pteridium aquilinum 260 1.4 Amelanchier alnifolia 225 1.2 Erythronium grandiflorum 220 1.2 Ledum glandulosum 205 1.1 Polygonum phytoiaccaefolium 205 1.1 Kalmia microphylla 205 1.1 Montia cordifolia 205 1.1 Boykinia major 16 5 0.9 Menziesia ferruginea 165 0.9 Juncus spp. 155 0.8 Calamagrostis rubescens 150 0.8 Luzula hitchcockii 120 0.6 Mertensia ciliata 120 0.6 Thalictrum occidentale 115 0.6 Acer glabrum 105 0.6 Carex interior 100 0.5 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 90 0.5 Valariana sitchensis 90 0.5 Poa spp. 85 0.4 Lonicera utahensis 80 0.4 Osmorhiza occidental is 80 0.4 132 Appendix Table 31. (continued)

Total Percent Percent Vegetation Vegetative Cover Vegetat ion

Bubus parviflorus 80 0.4 Ranunculus spp. 80 0.4 Phyllodoce empetriformis 75 0.4 Pedicularis groenlandica 70 0.4 Carex mertensii 70 0.4 Sorbus scopulina 60 0.3 Melica spectabilis 60 0.3 Ranunculus populago 55 0.3 Rosa spp. 50 0.3 Achillea millefolium 50 0.3 Senecio spp. 50 0.3 Solidago multiradiata 45 0.2 Potent illa diversifolia 45 0.2 Agastache urticifolia 45 0.2 Hedysarum occidentale 45 0.2 Osmorhiza chilensis 45 0.2 Pedicularis bracteosa 40 0.2 Penstemon ellipticus 30 0.2 Antennaria spp. 30 0.2 Ribes lacustre 30 0.2 Angelica arguta 25 0.1 Castilleja spp* 25 0.1 Claytonia lanceolata 25 0.1 Mitella pentandra 20 0.1 Athyrium filix-femina 20 0.1 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 20 0.1 Polemonium occidentale 20 0.1 Symphoricarpos albus 20 0.1 Epilobium angustifolium 20 0.1 Penstemon spp. 20 0.1 Antennaria microphylla 20 0.1 Heuchera cylindrica 15 0.1 Cirsium scariosum 15 0.1 Aquilegia flavescens 15 0.1 Sambucus cerulea 15 0.1 Phlox diffusa 15 0.1 Spiraea betulifolia 15 0.1 Galium triflorum 10 0.1 Heracleum lanatum 10 0.1 Anemone occidental is 10 0.1 Delphinium occidentale 10 0.1 Agropyron spicatum 10 0.1 133 Appendix Table 31, (continued)

Total Percent Percent Vegetat ion______Vegetat ive Cover______Vegetation

Festuca idahoensis 10 0.1 Eriogonum flavum 10 0.1 Tofieldia glutinosa 10 0.1 Other species* 150 0.8 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 75 0.4 Pinus contorta reproduction 10 0.1

Total 18780 100.1

*Other species are plants that occurred at the 5% level in only 1 plot and represented 0.1% for the Temperate Grass-Shrublands These plants appear in the summary occurrence table 134 Appendix Table 32. Summary of percent occurrence of plant species in six

Ecological Landtypes of the Temperate Zone (231 plots)

Percent V e getat ion______Occurrence______Occurrence

Trace forbs 141 61.0 Xerophyllum tenax 90 39.0 Carex spp. 82 35.5 Senecio triangularis 53 22.9 Calamagrostis canadensis 53 22.9 Carex geyeri 51 22 .1 '^accinium globulare 51 22.1 Gramineae 51 22.1 Spiraea densiflora 41 17.7 Veratrum veride 41 17.7 Carex scopulorum 38 16.5 Vaccinium scoparium 37 16,0 Gentiana calycosa 31 13.4 Viola glabella 29 12.6 Vaccinium occidentale 25 10.8 Ledum glandulosum 25 10.8 Erythronium grandiflorum 24 10.4 Polygonum phytolaccaefolium 23 10.0 Alnus sinuata 22 9.5 Amelanchier alnifolia 20 8.7 Boykinia major 19 8.2 Mertensia ciliata 17 7.4 Carex rostrata 16 6,9 Juncus spp. 15 6.5 Montia cordifolia 15 6.5 Thalictrum occidentale 15 6.5 S al ix spp • 15 6.5 Dodecatheon jeffreyi 15 6.5 Calamagrostis rubescens 14 6.1 Lonicera utahensis 13 5.6 Osmorhiza occidental is 13 5.6 Valariana sitchensis 13 5.6 Pedicularis groenlandica 12 5.2 Pteridium aquilinum 12 5.2 Phyllodoce empetriformis 11 4.8 Ranunculus spp. 11 4.8 Luzula hitchcockii 10 4.3 Menziesia ferruginea 10 4.3 Rosa spp. 10 4.3 Kalmia microphylla 10 4.3 Solidago multiradiata 9 3.9 135 Appendix Table 32. (continued)

Percent Vegetation Occurrence Occurrence

Ranunculus populago 9 3.9 Sorbus scopulina 9 3.9 Pedicularis bracteosa 8 3.5 Hedysarum occidentale 8 3.5 Rubus parviflorus 8 3.5 Acer glabrum 8 3.5 Achillea millefolium 8 3.5 Senecio spp. 7 3.0 Potentilla diversifolia 6 2.6 Antennaria spp. 6 2.6 Penstemon ellipticus 5 2.2 Agastache urticifolia 5 2.2 Ribes lacustre 5 2.2 Angelica arguta 5 2.2 Osmorhiza chilensis 5 2.2 Polemonium occidentale 4 1.7 Symphoricarpos albus 4 1.7 Epilobium angustifolium 4 1.7 Claytonia lanceolata 4 1.7 Heuchera cylindrica 3 1.3 Mitella pentandra 3 1.3 Athyrium filix-femina 3 1.3 Ranunculus eschscholtzii 3 1.3 Cirsium scariosum 3 1.3 Aquilegia flavescens 3 1.3 Sambucus cerulea 3 1.3 Melica spectabilis 3 1.3 Castilleja spp. 3 1.3 Penstemon spp. 3 1.3 Spiraea betulifolia 3 1.3 Antennaria microphylla 3 1.3 Galium triflorum 2 0.9 Heracleum lanatum 2 0.9 Delphinium occidentale 2 0.9 Festuca idahoensis 2 0.9 Eriogonum flavum 2 0.9 Poa spp. 2 0.9 Tofieldia glutinosa 2 0.9 Carex mertensii 2 0.9 Carex interior 2 0.9 Er iogonum pyrolifolium 1 0.4 Arenaria spp. 1 0.4 Solidago spp. 1 0.4 136 Appendix Table 32, (continued)

Percent Vegetat ion Occurrence Occurrence

Streptopus amplexifolius 1 0.4 Smilacina stellata 1 0.4 Trillium ovatum 1 0.4 Rhododendron albiflorum 1 0.4 Mitella stauropetala 1 0.4 Clintonia uniflora 1 0.4 Anemone occidental is 1 0.4 Senecio integerrimus 1 0.4 Hydrophyllum capitatum 1 0.4 Lomatium dissectum 1 0.4 Arnica latifolia 1 0.4 Oplopanix horridum 1 0.4 Potentilla glandulosa 1 0.4 Aster integrifolius 1 0.4 Sedum lanceolatum 1 0.4 Agropyron spicatum 1 0.4 Phacelia heterophylla 1 0.4 Calochortus elegans 1 0.4 Penstemon albertinus 1 0.4 Juniperus communis 1 0.4 Berberis repens 1 0.4 Lomatium triternatum 1 0.4 Hieracium albertinum 1 0.4 Fragaria virginiana 1 0.4 Trifolium agrarium 1 0.4 Phlox diffusa 1 0.4 Carex lenticularis 1 0.4 Polygonum bistortoides 1 0.4 Luzula parviflora 1 0.4 Abies lasiocarpa reproduction 13 5.6 Pinus contorta reproduction 2 0.9 Pseudotsuga menziesii reproduction 1 0.4 137 Appendix Table 33. Plant species identified in the Selway-Bitterroot

Wilderness study area.

ACERACEAE

Acer glabrum Torr.

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis repens Lindl.

BETULACEAE

Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb.

BORAGINACEAE

Cryptantha spp.

Hackelia micrantha (Eastw.) J.L, Gentry

Mertensia ciliata (Torr.) G. Don

CAMPANULACEAE

Campanula rotundifolia L.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Linnaea borealis L.

Lonicera involucrata (Rich.) Banks

Sambucus cerulea Raf.

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Arenaria capillaris Poir.

A. congesta Nutt,

A. rossii R. Br.

Lychnis alba Mill.

Silene douglasii Hook. 138 Appendix Table 33. (continued)

CELASTRACEAE

Pachistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.

COMPOSITAE

Achillea millefolium L.

Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf.

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) B. & H.

Antennaria microphylla Rydb.

A. neglecta Greene

A. racemosa Hook.

A. rosea

A. umbrinella Rydb.

Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt.

A. cordifolia Hook.

A. latifolia Bong.

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.

Aster integrifolius Nutt.

Balsamorhiza sagittate (Pursh) Nutt.

Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt.

Cirsium scariosum Nutt.

C. tweedyi (Rydb.) Petr.

Crepis atrabarba Heller

Erigeron acris L.

E, compositus Pursh

E, peregrinus (Pursh) Greene

E. speciosus (Lindl.) DC.

Eriophyllum lanatum (Pursh) Forbes. 139 Appendix Table 33. Ccontinued)

COMPOSITAE (Cent.)

Gaillardia aristata Pursh

Hieracium albertinum Farr

Senecio canus Hook.

S. integerrimus Nutt.

S. triangularis Hook.

Solidago multiradiata Ait.

Solidago spp.

Taraxacum officinale Weber

CORNACEAE

Cornus canadensis L.

C. stolonifera michx.

CRASSULACEAE

Sedum debile Wats.

S. lanceolatum Torr.

CRUCIFERAE

Arabis holboellii Hornem.

A. lyallii Wats.

A. microphylla Nutt.

A. nuttalii Robins.

Draba apiculata Hitchc.

Thlaspl fendleri Gray

CUPRESSACEAE

Juniperus communis L. 140 Appendix Table 33, (continued)

CYPERACEAE

Carex geyeri Boott

C, hoodii Boott

C, illota Bailey

C. interior Bailey

C. lenticularis Micbx.

C, mertensii Prescott

Carex nigricans Retz.

C. nova Bailey

C. rosii Boott

C. rostrata Stokes

C. scirpoidea Michx.

C. scopulorum Holm

Carex spp.

ELAEGNACEAE

Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt,

ERICACEAE

Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) G. Don

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart,

Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller

Ledum glandulosum Nutt.

Menziesia ferruginea Smith.

Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sw.) D, Don

P. glanduliflora (Hook.) Cov,

Pyrola asarifolia Michx.

P. secunda L, 141 Appendix Table 33. (continued)

ERICACEAE (Cent.)

Rhododendron albiflorum Hook.

Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.

V. globulare Rydb.

V, membranaceum Dougl.

V, myrtillus L,

V. occidentale Gray

V. scoparium Leiberg

GENTIANACEAE

Gentiana calycosa Griseb.

GERANIACEAE

Geranium carolinianum L.

GRAMINEAE

Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.

C. rubescens Buckl.

Danthonia intermedia Vasey

Elymus glaucus Buckl.

Festuca idahoensis Elmer

F. ovina L,

Koeleria cristata Pers.

Melica spectabilis Scribn.

Oryzopsis exigua Thurb.

Poa spp.

Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter 142 Appendix Table 33. (continued)

GROSSULARIACEAE

Ribes cereum Dougl.

R. lacustre (Pers.) Poir.

R. viscosissimum Purch

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Hydrophyllum capitatum Dougl.

Phacelia hastata Dougl.

P. heterophylla Pursh

HYPERICACEAE

Hypericum formosum H.B.K.

JUNCACEAE

Juncus drummondii E. Meyer

J. ens if olius Wikst

J. mertensianus Bong.

J. parryi Engelm.

Juncus spp.

Luzula hitchcockii Hamet—Ahti

L. parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv.

LABIATAE

Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze

Prunella vulgaris L,

LEGUMINOSAE

Astragalus sp.

Hedysarum occidentale Greene 143 Appendix Table 33, (continued)

LEGUMINOSAE (Cent.)

H. sulphurescens Rydb.

Lupinus argenteus Pursh

L. polyphyllus Lindl.

Trifolium agrarium L.

T. repens L.

LILIACEAE

Brodiaea douglasii Wats.

Calochortus elegans Pursh

Clintonia uniflora (Schult.) Kunth

Disporum trachycarpum (Wats.) Benth. & Hook.

Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh

Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf.

Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC,

Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers.

Trillium ovatum Pursh

Veratrum viride Ait.

Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.

LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodium annotinum L.

ONAGRACEAE

Epilobium angustifolium L.

ORCHIDACEAE

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes.

Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. 144 Appendix Table 33. (continued)

ORCHIDACEAE (Cent.)

Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook.

PINACEAE

Abies grandis (Dougl.) Forbes

A. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.

Larix lyallii Pari.

Picea engelmannii Parry

Pinus albicaulis Engelm.

P. contorta Dougl.

P. ponderosa Dougl.

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco

POLEMONIACEAE

Cilia aggregata (Pursh) Sprang.

Phlox diffusa Benth.

Phlox sp.

Polemonium occidentale Greene

POLYGONACEAE

Eriogonum flavum Nutt.

E. pyrolifolium Hook.

E. umbellatum Torr.

Polygonum bistortoides Pursh

P. phytolaccaefolium Meisn.

POLYPODIACEAE

Athyrium filix - femina (L.) Roth.

Cryptograma crispa (L.) R. Br. 145 Appendix Table 33, (continued)

POLYPODIACEAE (Cent.)

Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Woodsia oregana D.C. Eat.

W. scopulina D.C, Eat.

PORTULACACEAE

Claytonia lanceolata Pursh

Montia cordifolia (Wats.) Pax & Hoffm,

PRIMULACEAE

Dodecatheon jeffreyi Van Houtte

D. pulchellum (Raf.) Merrill

RANUNCULACEAE

Aconitum columbianum Nutt.

Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.

Anemone occidentalis Wats.

Aquilegia flavescens Wats.

Caltha leptosepala DC.

Delphinium bicolor Nutt,

D. occidentale Wats.

Delphinium spp.

Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlecht.

R. populago Greene

Ranunculus spp,

Thalictrum occidentale Gray

Trollius laxus Salisb, 146 Appendix Table 33, (continued)

ROSACEAE

Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.

Fragaria vesca L,

F. virginiana Duch

Geum triflorum Purshesne

Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze

Potentilla diversifolia Lehm.

P. fruticosa L.

P. glandulosa Lindl.

Prunus virginiana L.

Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.

Rosa spp.

Rubus acaulis Michx.

R. parviflorus Nutt.

Sorbus scopulina Greene

Spiraea betulifolia Pall.

S. densiflora Nutt.

RUBIACEAE

Galium boreale L.

G. triflorum Michx.

SALICACEAE

Populus tremuloides Michx.

Salix spp.

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Boykinia major Gray

Heuchera cylindrica Dougl. 147 Appendix Table 33. (continued)

SAXIFRAGACEAE (Cont.)

Mittella breweri Gray

M. pentandra Hook.

M. stauropetala Piper

Saxifraga arguta D. Don

S. bronchialis L.

S. ferruginea Grab.

S. occidental is Wats.

S, oppositifolia L,

Suksdorfia ranunculifolia (Hook.) Engl

Tiarella trifoliata L.

SCROPHULARXACEAE

Castilleja spp.

Collinsia parviflora Lindl.

Mimulus lewisii Pursh

Orthocarpus tenuifolius (Pursh) Benth.

Pedicularis bracteosa Benth.

P. contorta Benth.

P. groenlandica Retz.

P. parryi Gray

P. racemosa Dougl.

Penstemon albertinus Greene

P. attenuatus Dougl.

P. ellipticus Coult. & Fisch

P. flavescens Pennell

P. rydbergii A. Nels 148 Appendix Table 33. (continued)

SCROPHULARXACEAE (Cont.)

Veronica wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult

S ELAGINELLAC EAE

Selaginella densa Rydb.

UMBELLIFERAE

Angelica arguta Nutt.

Heracleum lanatum Michx.

Lomatium cusickii (Wats.) Coult. & Rose

L. dissectum (Nutt.) Math. & Const.

L. triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose

Osmorhiza chilensis H.& A.

O. occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr.

VALERIANACEAE

Valeriana dioica L.

V. sitchensis L.

VXOLACEAE

Viola adunea Sm.

V, canadensis L.

V. glabella Nutt.

V. orbiculata Geyer