African History Through Sources: Volume 1: Colonial Contexts and Everyday Experiences, C

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03089-3 - African History Through Sources: Volume 1: Colonial Contexts and Everyday Experiences, c. 1850–1946 Nancy J. Jacobs Index More information

Index

Abyssinia. See Ethiopia Afua Dufi e, 109–11 Africa agriculture and agricultural development, country names (2012) and dates of 108n1 , 109–11 , 280n19 See also cocoa independence list, 11 farming ; peanut farming locations in Chapter 1, 12 black South African peasant class and, locations in Chapter 2, 62 170–71 locations in Chapter 3, 106 crop medicine, 136–39 locations in Chapter 4, 12 , 150 farming restrictions on peasants and, 172 locations in Chapter 5, 198 migrant labor to peanut farms in Senegal locations in Chapter 6, 12 , 246 and, 274–76 locations in Chapter 7, 290 photograph of peanut exports in regions covered in book, 2 . See also by Senegal, 274 country propaganda photo of gasoline-powered Africa (journal), 230 tractors in 1950s French Congo, Africa for the African (Booth), 139–40 309f. 40. Africa for the Africans (article, Garvey), Society for the Study of Export, Import 163–65 and Transport Commerce (French African Americans, 3 , 43 , 44n20 , 139 prospectus), 112–14 Blyden’s speech to, 57–60 soil erosion and conservation policy Marcus Garvey, 163–65 after WWII, 308 African Game Trails (Roosevelt), 158–63 Akan people (Ghana), 17–20 African Morning Post (newspaper, Ghana), akua’ba (Akua’s child), 17–20 285–87 , 285n22 Algeria, 37 , 39 , 119 African Soldier Speaks (Kakembo), 303–6 Angola, 15 African Survey, A Study of the Problems forced labor in, 266–68 Arising in Africa South of the Sahara slavery in, 48–51 (Mair et al.), 214–16 , 307 Animated Atlas of African History African traditions. See family and link to, 5 childhood ; spirit world in health and Asians, in 20th century Africa, 166 , 223 well-being (precolonial Africa) ; tribes Asma’u, Nana (1793–1864), 24–26 and traditions Assimilation of Africans into European Afrikaners, 181–83 , 242–44 , 291n1 imperial society, 115–19 , 178–80 , See also Boers (Dutch for farmer) 183–86

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03089-3 - African History Through Sources: Volume 1: Colonial Contexts and Everyday Experiences, c. 1850–1946 Nancy J. Jacobs Index More information

318 Index

Association, French policy of, 199 , 202–6 WWII ; Second World War ; South automobiles, in Ethiopia, 128–30 African War (1899–1902) Azikiwe, Nnamdi, (“Zik”) (1904–1996), Colonial Development and Welfare Act 270–72 , 271n14 , 286 , 298–300 (1940/45), 307 , 313 criticism of response of during Great Baba of Karo (1890–1951), 27–30 , Depression in Nigeria, 272–74 258–60 Gandhi on Indian rights in South Africa Baba of Karo (Smith), 28 and, 165–68 babies and pregnancy, 17–20 Gold Coast Cocoa Holdup and, 288–89 in postcolonial Africa, 314 imperial citizenship and, 153–58 in precolonial Africa, 17–20 , 314 racial segregation in Southern Rhodesia Bantu languages, 91n20 and, 186–89 Bantu World (newspaper, South size of empire of, 84 Africa), 257 speech by Jones on political reform of Bassa people (Liberia), 240–42 , 240 colonies (1946), 312–314 Belgian Congo, 10 . See also Congo treaty with Buganda kingdom by Free State Frederick Lugard and, 70 copper mining in, 277 , 278 British Indirect Rule, 199 , 207–11 , 264–65 education and classroom in, 143 critique of forced labor in Kenya and, Belgian Indirect Rule 265–66 Hutu and Tutsi people (Rwanda) and, Igbo’s women uprising against in 237–39 Nigeria, 227–29 , 227n15 Belgium. See Belgian Congo ; Leopold II meeting with district offi cer, chiefs and (Belgian King 1835–1909) headmen in Sudan, 211 Belloc, Hilaire (1870–1953), 102 Nweke Okafor on in Nigeria, 212–14 Bemba people (Zambia), 230–32 reform suggestions for in African Survey , Bemba language, 278 214–16 , 307 Berlin Conference of 1884–85 63 , 65 , 68 British South Africa Company, 125 etching from Gartenlaube (German Brown, John (1800–1859), 217 magazine) and, 66 Buganda kingdom, 68–70 , 303–6 Bismarck, Chancellor Otto von, 65 Burkina Faso, 9 , 73–77 , 79 , 131–35 , Blyden, Edward Wilmot (1832–1912), 16 , 176–78 , 274 57–60 , 71 Boelaert, Father Edmond, 116–19 Caluza, Reuben (1895–1969), 172 Boers (Dutch for farmer), 16 , 39–40 , Cameron, Donald (1872–1948), 207–11 39n19 . See also Afrikaners ; South Cameroon, 143 , 202 , 310 African War (1899–1902) Cape Colony, 15 , 16 , 26 , 84 , 89–94 , 168 Great Trek of, 242–44 Cape Colony voting rights, 90 , 151 , Naboth Mokgatle’s account of race and 168–70 , 183–86 slavery and, 40–43 Casely Hayford, Adelaide Smith Boilat, David (1814–1901), 36–39 (1868–1960), 195–97 Bolongo, Francois, 116 Casely Hayford, Archie, 154 Booth, Joseph (1851–1953), 139–40 Casely Hayford, J.E. (1866–1930), 152 , bori (animistic cult of Hausa), 24 153–58 , 307 Bosamba, Gabriel, 118 cattle plague. See rinderpest Brazzaville Conference (1944), 300–2 . Chilembwe, John (1871–1915), 139–40 , See also French Equatorial Africa 191 , 217–21 British East Africa Company, 68 , 207 Cholmondeley, Hugh (Lord Delamere, British imperialism, 84 , 152 1870–1931), 119–21 See also British Indirect Rule ; Christian missions and missionaries, 54 , development and modernity after 145–49

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in Buganda kingdom, 68 exploitative labor in, 107 , 115–19 , conversion of Alfred Diban in Burkina 264 , 266 Faso, 131–35 King Leopold II and, 116 medicine and, 141–43 consumption, 202–6 , 257 , 307 as transformative force, 108 , 230 Cook, Alfred (1870–1951), 141–43 Tswana people and, 136–39 Copperbelt, 278 Xhosa people and, 26 Côte d’Ivoire, 311 , 311f. 42. Christianity, 143 , 230 Cotton is the Mother of Poverty (song, in Ethiopia, 26 Mozambique), 280 in mid-19th century, 14 Coudenhove, Hans (1863–1925), 189–94 Ntsikana’s hymn and, 26–27 Creole society of Senegal, 36–39 , 173 Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), 265 , 271 , curvilinear and angular shapes, 309 , 316 298–99 cities, industrial, 278 David, Philippe, 275 , 280 civilizing mission, 65 , 130 , 143 , 151 , 249 , Davison, Jean, 255 303 , 307 decolonization, rapidity of in 1950s, 312 . British in Southern Rhodesia See also development and modernity and, 186 after WWII ; undoing of empire classroom and education in Belgian demographics. See population history Congo and, 143 development and modernity after WWII, education of Igbo people of Nigeria and, 306 . See also agriculture and 145–49 agricultural development Livingstone and, 54 photograph of soil erosion in medicine and, 141–43 Lethoso, 308 Missionary Heroes of Africa (Stock) and, Diagne, Blaise (1872–1934), 174 , 176 , 249 101–2 defense of French forced labor at ILO satire of (The Modern Traveller by meeting, 268–70 Belloc) and, 102 speech on recruitment of African as transformative force, 108 , 230 originaires in French army (WWI) clitoridectomy. See female circumcision and, 174–76 cocoa farming, 250 wreath on the Tomb of the Unknown in Ghana, 109–11 , 114 Soldier, 179–80 Gold Coast Cocoa Holdup (Ghana) and, Diban, Alfred (Ki-Zerbo, 1875–1980), 288–89 73–77 , 131–35 , 131n18 , 176–78 Codere, Helen (1917–2009), 237–39 , 261 Die Burger (Afrikaans newspaper), 243 Cole-Edwards, Samuel, 272–74 disease burden, 36 , 43 , 58 , 78n7 , 314 Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel during colonial Scramble for Africa, (1875–1912), 155 77–79 , 78n9 , 140–43 Colonial Development and Welfare Act in 19th century Africa, 18 (1940/45), 307 , 313 Doigts Noirs ( Black Fingers , Kuoh colonial economy. See economic systems in Moukouri), 202 colonial Africa Du Bois, W.E.B., 155 , 271 colonial subjecthood, 151–53 , 199 , 221 Dual Mandate in British Tropical colonialism in everyday, 107–8 , 200 . Africa , 208 See also family and childhood ; tribes Dust Bowl in the United States, 308 and traditions Dutch East India Company, 39 post WWI, 247–48 concessionary companies, 68 , 107 , East African Association, 222–27 111 , 280 East African Standard (newspaper), 265 Congo Free State, 10 , 22 , 52 , 65 , 115n3 , Éboué, Félix, 294–96 264 . See also Belgian Congo photo of greeting de Gaulle, 293

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economic systems in colonial Africa, 3 , European imperialism, 247n1 . 107 , 109–11 . See also agriculture and See also undoing of empire agricultural development African mocking of colonizers, 122 , criticism of British response during Great 193 , 194 Depression in Nigeria, 272–74 Berlin Conference (1884–85) and, 65 dependence of on global capitalist critiques of fascist aggression and, connections, 249 , 275 249–50 , 281–86 economic exploitation in rubber mineral revolution as force production in Congo, 115–19 behind, 55–56 export economy and transportation precedents to, 16 and, 126 precolonial Africa and, 14–17 , 63 forced labor and, 248 Ewe group (Ghana), 22 Gold Coast Cocoa Holdup and, 288–89 Great Depression and, 272 Facing Mount Kenya (Kenyatta), 233–36 Great Depression in West Africa family and childhood (1900s and and, 275 1910s), 143 mineral revolution in precolonial cocoa farming in Ghana and, 109–11 Africa, 55–56 family and childhood (precolonial new policies of French and British after Africa), 15 WWII, 307 , 312 Baba’s childhood (Hausa of plantations and, 121–23 Nigeria), 27–30 prospectus for French investment in birth control and, 19 , 19n7 West Africa and, 112–14 Narwimba’s story, 30–34 taxation and, 123 pregnancy and babies and, 17–20 taxation in Rhodesia and, 123–26 family and childhood transitions to transportation and, 126–30 adulthood (post WWI), 247–48 , 250 , white British settlers in Kenya and, 314 . See also female circumcision ; 119–21 tribes and traditions ; women education, 108 , 143 , 247 , 307 black South African women as cosmetics of Bassa in Liberia, 240–42 consumers, 257 classroom in the Belgian Congo, 143 childhood mischief and education in in Malawi, 250–52 Malawi, 250–52 opposition to western, 145–49 female adolescent sexual behavior of in Sierra Leone, 195–97 Hausa woman, 258–60 of women, 24 marriage and courtship for Tutsi people Egypt, 312 and, 260–64 Esquisses Sénégalaises (Sketches of Senegal , farming. See agriculture and agricultural Boilat), 36–39 development Ethiopia, 312 female circumcision, 253 African outrage about Italian invasion among Kikuyu people of Kenya, 233–36 of, 249–50 Wangeci’s (Kikuyu woman) story of, Christianity in, 26 254–257 Haile Selassie’s speech to League of FIDES (French social and economic Nations on Italian invasion, 281–85 development policy, 1946), 307 , 312 Italian invasion of, 83 , 281–83 First International Congress of Menelik II’s acquisition of an Anthropological and Ethnological automobile, 128–30 Sciences (London, 1935), 230 Tewodros II’s letter to Queen First World War, 152 , 176 , 180 , 200 , Victoria, 46–48 217–21 , 236 ethnic identifi cation. See political and Diagne’s speech on recruitment of social movements ; tribes and African originaires into French army traditions and, 174–76

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French recruitment in West Africa and, protest letter of soccer players to Native 176–78 Sports Federation policy (FEA), Fonds d’investissements pour le 287–88 developpement economique et social Samori Touré’s resistance to French (Investment Fund for Economic and invasion of West Africa and, 79–82 Social Development). See FIDES Senegalese originaires political rights (French social and economic and, 173–74 , 176 development policy, 1946) uprising against forced recruitment forced labor, 115–16 , 217 , 248–49 , of Sanam people in Burkina Faso, 267n10 , 278 176–78 in Angola, 266–68 French West Africa, 6 , 112 , 152 , 173–74 , 268 Azikiwe’s defense of in Liberia, creation of, 81 270–72 in cotton industry, 280 Gabon, 10 , 43 critique of for women and children in Gambia, 84 Kenya, 265–66 Gandhi, Mohandas K. (1869–1948), Diagne’s defense of French at ILO 165–68 meeting, 268–70 Gartenlaube (German magazine), 65 exploitative labor in Congo, 116–19 Garvey, Marcus (1887–1940), 152 , 163–65 International Labor Organization German imperialism, 71 , 236 convention (1930) and, 269–71 criticism of Herero–German alliance by international outcry against Congo Free Henrik Witbooi (Nama chief), 71–73 State and, 115 , 264 , 266 genocide against Herero and Nama in Kenya, 264–65 peoples in Namibia, 98–100 Forcing of Women and Girls to Work on Ghana, 9 , 84 , 285–87, 312 . See also Akan Plantations (article, Leys), 265 people (Ghana) Foucault, Michel, 141 cocoa farming in, 109–11 , 114 Four Communes (Senegalese coast), 36–38 , Gold Coast Cocoa Holdup and, 288–89 81 , 152 , 173 , 174–76 , 268 Gold Coast. See Ghana French Equatorial Africa, 6 Great Depression, 249 creation of in 1910, 81 colonial economics and, 272 Éboué’s support of Free French cause criticism of British response to in during WWII, 294–96 Nigeria, 272–74 French imperialism, 81n13 , 152 . in West Africa, 275 See also Senegal Great Trek, 39 , 39n19 , 242–44 Brazzaville conference (1944), 300–2 colonial governance in colonies, 81 Haile Selassie (Ethiopian emperor, Diagne’s defense of forced labor at ILO 1892–1975), 249 meeting, 268–70 League of Nations address of, 281–85 Diagne’s speech on recruitment of Hausa people (Nigeria) African originaires into French army bori (animistic cult of), 24 and, 174–76 childhood and slavery and, 27–30 FIDES (1946) development policy of, female adolescent sexual behavior and, 307 , 312 258–60 military conquest in West Africa and, health and well-being. See also disease 73–77 , 81 burden ; population history ; spirit policy of Association of, 199 , world in health and well-being 202–6 , 269 (precolonial Africa) propaganda photos of French medical record of Ugandan patient, development after WWII, 309–311 141–43 prospectus for French investment in post WWII, 314 West Africa and, 112–14 ritual healing techniques, 22

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Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich mineral revolution in South Africa (1770–1831), 34–35 , 101 , 184 and, 55–56 Herald (newspaper in Liberia), 44 photo of electricity generators in the Herero people (Namibia), 71–73 Douala, Cameroon, 310f. 41. German genocide against, 98–100 infrastructural development, 311 Hobhouse, Emily (1860–1926), 98 , 115 initiation cermonies, 253–254 Hutu people (Rwanda), 237–39 , 261 International African Association, 65 International Labor Organization (ILO) I Will Try (Kayira), 250 convention (1930), 269–71 ideology. See civilizing mission ; imperial Investment Fund for Economic and Social ideology Development. See FIDES (French Igbo people (Nigeria), 84–87 , 145–49 , 200 social and economic development British Indirect Rule and, 212–14 policy, 1946) Ogu Umumwaanyi (Women’s War) of irua (female initiation ceremony of 1929, 227–29 , 227n15 Kikuyu). See female circumcision imperial citizenship, 151–58 Islam, 24 , 230 . See also Sokoto Caliphate of African originaires of Four (Nigeria) Communes (Senegal), 176 Amadu Mbacke and, 206–7 British, 154 in Buganda (Uganda), 68 in Creole society of French in mid-19th century, 14 Senegal, 36–38 in Nigeria, 272 in South Africa, 168 political rights of Muslims in French imperial ideology, 65 , 307 . Senegal and, 37 See also civilizing mission Prayer for Rain (poem, Nana Asma’u) A. Casely Hayford on race and pride and, 24–26 and, 195–97 in West Africa, 206 Coudenhove on race and character and, Italian imperialism, 83 189–94 defeat of in Ethiopia by Menelik II, 83 Hegel and, 34–35 , 101 , 184 Haile Selassie’s speech on invasion of of racial superiority, 17 Ethiopia, 281–85 White Man’s Burden (poem, Kipling) invasion of Ethiopia, 281–83 and, 101 imperial violence, 64 , 102 , 116–20 , Jacobs, Fred, 285n21 186–87 , 200 , 277 , 314 . See also forced Jansen, Jan, 79 , 79n11 labor ; military conquest Janzen, John, 20 British repression in Ogu Umumwaanyi Johannesburg, 66 , 88 , 170 , 182 , 244 , 281 (Igbo Women’s War, 1929) in Nigeria, Jones, Creech Arthur (1891–1964), 312–314 227–29 Joubert, Elsa, 242–44 German genocide against Herero and Nama peoples in Namibia, 98–100 Kakembo, Robert, 303–6 imperialism. See European imperialism Kanté, Bala (1931–2010), 79–82 In Search of Truth (Mnyanda), 186–89 Karnga, Abba, 240–42 indigénat (legal code in the French Kayira, Legson, 250–52 , 250n2 Empire), 173 , 179 , 268 Kenya, 68 , 200 . See also Kikuyu people Indirect Rule. See also British Indirect (Kenya) Rule ; Belgian Indirect Rule Asians in, 223 in Liberia of native Liberians over ban on female circumcision in, 253 Americo-Liberians, 239 forced labor in, 264–66 Industrial Revolution, 278 , 310 Harry Thuku and EAA in, 222–27 See also development and modernity photograph of Kipsigi people of, 254 after WWII propaganda photo of babies in gold in South Africa and, 66 (1945), 315

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restrictions on peasants in, 172 Leopold II (Belgian King, 1835–1909), 65 , safari of Theodore Roosevelt in, 158–63 115–16 , 115n3 , 264 . See also Congo white settlers in, 119–21 , 223 Free State Kenyatta, Jomo (c. 1890–1978), 233–36 , Lesotho, 308 253 , 255 Lesotho people (South Africa), 78–79 Ki Zerbo, Joseph (1922–2006), 73–77 Leys, Norman Maclean, 265–66 Kikuyu people (Kenya), 120 , 222–27 Liberia, 16 , 44n20 , 312 female circumcision and, 233–36 , Azikiwe’s defense of forced labor in, 254–257 270–72 Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) of, Bassa people of, 240–42 232 , 233 James Sims account of, 44–46 Kimberley diamond mines (South Africa), settlement of by African-Americans, 43 55–56 , 67 Libya, 312 King, Kenneth, 222 Livingstone, David (1813–1873), 53–55 , King Mwanga (Buganda), 68–70 101 , 307 Kipling, Rudyard (1865–1936), 101 , Lonsdale, John, 200 101n22 , 158 Lugard, Frederick (1858–1945), Kipsigi people (Kenya), 254 68–70 , 207 Kongo people, 22 Krikler, Jeremy, 182 Mair, Lucy (1901–1986), 214–16 Kuku, Aaron (1860–1929), 22–24 malaria, 19 , 36 , 58 , 315 Kuoh Moukouri, Jacques (1909–2002), Malawi, 139–40 , 200 202–6 education and childhood in, 250–52 uprising in over recruitment, 217–21 labor. See also forced labor Mali, 274 International Labor Organization (ILO) Malinke, 79 and, 268–70 Mandika, 44 labor migration and spread of marriage, 206 . See also family and tuberculosis, 315 childhood ; women labor segregation and Rand Revolt Christian wedding in Cameroon (South Africa) and, 180–83 , 276 and, 143 labor strike by copper miners, 278–79 courtship and marriage in Rwanda, migrant labor, 274 260–64 migrant labor from Liberia, 270 Creole society in Senegal and, 36–39 migrant labor to Johannesburg, 66 masculinity and status in empire, 152 , 158 , migrant labor to peanut farms in 165 , 174 , 176 Senegal, 274–76 Casely Hayford’s speech on imperial songs of migrant laborers at peanut citizenship for West Africans and, farms, 279–80 153–58 songs of migrant laborers in gold mines, duty to uplift and, 163 244 , 281 Gandhi and, 165–68 temporary black migrant laborers in Kenyan safari of Theodore Roosevelt South Africa, 277 and, 158–63 wage labor, 249 , 278 Marcus Garvey and, 163–65 Land Act Song (South Africa), 172–73 Mbacke, Amadu Bamba (1852–1927), Land Apportionment Act of 1930 206–7 , 221–22 (Southern Rhodesia), 186 Mbembe, Achille, 122 League of Nations, 249 , 269 Medicine, bio-, 141–43 African country members of, 271 Menelik II (Ethiopian emperor, Haile Selassie’s (Ethiopian emperor) 1844–1913), 83 address to after Italian invasion, automobiles and, 128–30 281–85 painting of, 83

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Messenger (newspaper in New York My African Neighbors (Coudenhove), City), 163 189–94 Metcalfe, Charles, railroad development map of, 126–28 Nama people (Namibia), 71–73 Mfengu people (Xhosa subgroup), 186–89 German genocide against, 98–100 Mhudi (Plaatje), 89 Namibia. See also Herero people Mihana (Tutsi chief, pseudonym), 237–39 (Namibia) ; Nama people (Namibia) military conquest, 115 . See also imperial genocide by Germans in, 98–100 violence ; South African War Native Life in South Africa (Plaatje), 172 (1899–1902) Native Sports Federation (French British imperialism and, 84 Equatorial Africa), 287–88 of British in Nigeria, 84–87 Natives Land Act (1913, South Africa), exception of Ethiopia and, 83 171–72 , 181 Menelik II’s (Ethiopian emperor) defeat Zulu protest song on, 172–73 of Italy, 83 Ndobe, Flora, 257 Samori’s resistance to French in West Nigeria, 9 , 84 . See also Hausa people Africa and, 79–82 (Nigeria) ; Igbo people (Nigeria) ; of Sanam people in Burkina Faso, 73–77 , Sokoto Caliphate (Nigeria) 176–78 British military conquest in, 84–87 use of African vs. European troops Casely Hayford’s speech on imperial and, 64 citizenship for, 153–58 in West Africa by French, 81 criticism of British response to Great mineral revolution, 55–56 Depression in, 272–74 mining industry memorandum on Atlantic Charter on copper mining, 277 , 278–79 delegates from, 298–300 diamond mining, 55–56 photograph of children laughing in gold mining, 66 , 244 , 281 1922, 252f. 30. gold mining songs, 244 , 281 Nigerian Protectorate Ram (newspaper), mineral revolution in South 272–74 Africa, 55–56 Nigerian Weekly Despatch Rand Revolt (South Africa) and, 180–83 (newspaper), 273 strikes and protests by miners, 180–83 , Nkana mine (Northern Rhodesia), 278–79 278–79 nkisi (ritual healing techniques), 22 Missionary Heroes of Africa (Stock), 101–2 North Africa, 2 Missionary Travels and Researches in Northern Rhodesia South Africa (Livingstone, 1857), 53 copper mining and, 278 Mnyanda, Bradford J., 186–89 protest statement by Nkana mine mocking, of European colonizers, 122 , workers in, 278–79 193 , 194 taxation in, 123–26 Modern Traveller (Belloc), 102 witchcraft in, 230–32 modernization. See development and Ntsikana, hymn of, 26–27 , 26n12 , modernity after WWII 27n13 Mokgatle, Naboth (1911–1985), 40–43 Nyasaland. See Malawi Monteiro, Joachim John, 48–51 moral economy, 233n20 Ogu Umumwaanyi (Women’s War) of moral ethnicity, 201 1929, 227–29 , 227n15 Morocco, 312 Okafor, Nweke, 84–87 , 145–49 , 212–14 mortality rates, 19 , 140 , 315 Okafor-Omali, Dilim, 84–87 Mourides, 206 Okpopo, Emena, 227–29 , 240 Mozambique, 15 , 121–23 , 244 oral histories, 3 , 79 , 80 , 84 Mubirigi (pseudonym, Tutsi man), 260–64 Orange Free State, 40 , 88 , 89 , 168 Muslims. See Islam Ottoman empire, 16 , 46–48

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Oxford University, Smuts’s Rhodes growth between 1920s and late Memorial Lecture at (1929), 183–86 1940s, 314 mortality rates in early 20th century, 140 Pan-Africanism, 16 , 140 , 152 , 176 in 19th century, 18 Blyden and, 57–60 white settler populations and, 119 Casely Hayford and, 153–58 Portuguese imperialism, 36 , 48–51 Garvey and, 163–65 in Angola, 48 increasing after Italian invasion of forced labor in Angola and, 266–68 Ethiopia, 281–86 Portugese presence in precolonial lack of existence on African ground, 71 Africa, 15 Pan-Africanist Conference (London, power of words and thoughts, 20 , 22 , 230 1900), 155 Prayer for Rain (poem, Nana Song of Hiawatha poem (Coleridge- Asma’u), 24–26 Taylor) infl uence on, 155 pregnancy. See babies and pregnancy ; vs. imperial citizenship, 154 family and childhood Panda mine (Belgian Congo), 277 , 278 primary sources, 1–5 Peanut Compared to a Lover, By Farming propaganda, 211n10 Women (song), 280 to promote imperial achievement, peanut farming, 274–76 , 279–80 309–311 peasants in support of WWII, 297 black South African, 170–71 Purifi ed National Party (South Africa), 242 defi ned, 112 farming restrictions on, 172 race and character, 153 , 189–94 peasant economies, 107 , 114 , 280 race and legal rights, 151–53 . Plaatje, Solomon (1876–1932), 89–94 , See also political and social 90 , 136 , 172 movements ; segregation political and social movements, 200 . Gandhi on Indian rights in South Africa See also race and legal rights and, 165–68 of Afrikaner nationalism in South Africa, of African originaires of Four 242–44 Communes (Senegal), 173–74 Harry Thuku and EAA in Kenya and, labor segregation and Rand Revolt 222–27 (South Africa) and, 180–83 , 276 Igbo’s women uprising against British Land Act song and, 172–73 Indirect Rule in Nigeria, 227–29 , in Liberia, 43 227n15 Natives Land Act (1913) in South Africa in 1950s, 312 and, 171–72 in Senegal, 221–22 racial segregation in Southern Rhodesia, strikes and protests by copper miners, 186–89 278–79 recruitment of African originaires in uprising over recruitment in Malawi, French army (WWI) and, 174–76 217–21 reserved land for black South African witch-fi nding (Bamuchapi) in Northern peasants and, 171 Rhodesia and, 230–32 segregation of rights in South Africa Political Blueprint for Nigeria constitution (1909) and, 168–70 , (Azikiwe), 298 181 , 184 political rights and representation. See race Smuts speech on tradition and and legal rights segregation at Oxford University political tribalism, 201 (1929) and, 183–86 polygamy, 143 WW II veteran’s view of rights, 303–6 population history, 36 , 140n22 race and pride, 195–97 Asians in 20th century Africa, 166 racial exclusion. See race and legal rights ; falling infant mortality rates and, 315 segregation

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Rand Revolt (South Africa), 180–83 , 242 Éboué’s (FEA) support of Free French Reitz, Denys (1882–1944), 94–96 cause in, 294–96 religion. See Christianity ; Christian French and British propaganda missions and missionaries ; Islam ; and, 298–302 power of words and thoughts undoing of empires and, 312 Réunion, 81 , 81n13 war veterans view of British empire and Rhodes, Cecil (1853–1902), 56 , 88 , rights, 303–6 127n12 segregation, 90 , 242 . See also race and Cape-to-Cairo railway and, 127 legal rights taxation in Northern Rhodesia and, in Boer society (racial exclusion), 123–26 40–43 , 88 Richards, Audrey (1899–1984), 230–32 Senegal, 199 , 200 rinderpest, 77–79 , 78n9 African originaires political rights and, Roosevelt, Franklin 1882–1945, 298 173–74 , 176 Roosevelt, Theodore (1858–1919), 152 , Creole society of, 36–39 158–63 , 308 Four Communes creation and, 81 Ross, Edward Alsworth (1866–1951), letter for release of Amadu Bamba, 266–68 221–22 rubber production migrant labor to peanut farms in, exploitative labor in Congo, 116–19 274–76 , 279–80 forced labor in Liberia and, 270 political representation and, 151 Rwanda, 237–39 privileged status of Four Communes in, courtship and marriage in, 260–64 36–38 , 81 , 173 recruitment of African originaires in safaris, 158–63 French army (WWI) and, 174–76 Sanam people (Burkina Faso), 73–77 , tirailleurs revolt over back pay during 176–78 WWII, 301 satyagraha (nonviolent protest), 166 settler economies, 280 Scramble for Africa, 2 , 63–65 . settler populations. See Afrikaners ; Boers See also Belgian Congo ; British (Dutch for farmer) ; white settler imperialism ; French imperialism ; populations German imperialism ; Italian Sierra Leone, 16 , 43 , 84 , 195–97 imperialism ; military conquest ; South signares of Senegal, 36–39 , 36n17 African War (1899–1902) ; treaties Sims, James, 44–46 Berlin Conference (1884–85) and, 63 , slavery, 15 , 54 , 74 65 , 68 in Angola, 48–51 civilizing mission (Missionary Heroes of in Burkina Faso, 74 , 76–77 , 131–35 Africa by Stock) and, 101–2 in East Africa, 30 civilizing mission (satire of in The Mokgatle’s account of in Boer Modern Traveller by Belloc) and, 102 society, 40–43 colonial names and rulers list (late 19th Narwimba’s story of in East century), 11 Africa, 30–34 disease burden and, 58 , 77–79 , 78n7 , slave trader Tippu Tip in 78n9 , 140–43 Tanzania, 51–53 gold in South Africa and, 66 in Sokoto Caliphate, 28 Second World War, 291–93 Smith, Mary F., 27 See also development and modernity Smuts, Jan (1870–1950), 94–96 , after WWII 183–86 , 199 African French conference and hopes of soccer, 287 colonial reform with France, 300–2 Society for the Study of Export, Import Atlantic Charter and hopes of colonial and Transport Commerce in Upper reform with Britain, 298–300 Dahomey and Central Africa, 112–14

Index 327

soil erosion, 170 , 308 Plaatje’s diary entries on in (Mafi keng Sokoto Caliphate (Nigeria), 24 , 27 , 208 Cape Colony), 89–94 slavery in, 28 Southern Rhodesia Song of Hiawatha (Longfellow), 155 , 157 Land Apportionment Act of 1930 and, songs and hymns 186 about peanut farming in Sengal, 279–80 racial segregation in, 186–89 on cattle death from rinderpest (Sotho restrictions on peasants in, 172 people), 78–79 , 78n9 as settler colony, 119 , 125 Cotton is the Mother of Poverty (song, spirit world in health and well-being Mozambique), 280 (precolonial Africa), 14 , 22–24 of ethnic identifi cation by Mozambican akua’ba and, 17–20 mine workers, 244 diviners in, 22 Land Act song (Zulu in South Africa), Stock, Geraldine, 101–2 172–73 Sudan, 211 , 312 by migrant laborers in gold mines, 281 supernatural. See Christianity ; Islam ; Ntsikana’s hymn, 26n12 , 27 , 27n13 spirit world in health and well-being protest song of plantation workers in (precolonial Africa) ; witchcraft Mozambique, 121–23 Sotho people, 78–79 , 78n9 Tanzania, 51–53 , 217 South Africa, 152 , 223 taxation, 123 black reserve land for black peasantry in Northern Rhodesia, 123–26 class and, 170–71 protest statement by Nkana mine cosmetics ads in Bantu World , 257 workers against in Northern gold mining in, 66 Rhodesia, 278–79 Kimberley diamond mines in, 55–56 Tewodros II (Ethiopian emperor, labor segregation in, 180–83 , 276 1818–1868), 46–48 migrant laborers in gold mines Thuku, Harry (1885–1970), 222–27 and, 281 Tippu Tip (1837–1905), 51–53 mineral revolution in, 278 Tirailleurs Sénégalais, 74 , 174 , 176 , 301 Natives Land Act (1913), 171–72 Tjamuaha, Maharero (Herero chief, c. Rand Revolt and, 180–83 1820–1890), 71–73 segregated rights in South Africa Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France), constitution of 1909 and, 168–70 , 179–80 181 , 184 Touré, Samori (c. 1830–1900), 79–82 Smuts speech on tradition and Tracey, Hugh (1903–1977), 244 segregation at Oxford University traditions. See family and childhood ; (1929) and, 183–86 spirit world in health and well-being white settlers in, 119 (precolonial Africa) ; tribes and South African Native National Congress traditions (SANNC), 172 transportation, 108 , 311 South African Republic (Transvaal), 40 , automobiles in Ethiopia, 128–30 88 , 168 export economy and, 126 Gandhi on Indian rights in, 165–68 railroad development map of Charles gold found in, 66 Metcalfe, 126–28 South African War (1899–1902), 88–89 Traore, Galadio, 274–76 Boer commandos in, 88 treaties, 74 , 84 letter of Emily Hobhouse to John at Berlin Conference (1884–85), 65 Brodrick (British Secretary of State deception in translation of, 83 for War) on white mortality in British Menelik II’s (Ethiopian emperor) camps, 97–98 agreement with Italy, 83 memoir of Denys Reitz (Boer of protection for Buganda with commando) in, 94–96 British, 68–70

328 Index

tribes and traditions, 200 , 201 , 232–44 , White Man’s Burden (poem, Kipling), 101 , 248 , 250 . See also family and 101n22 , 158 childhood ; female circumcision White man’s grave, reputation of West curvilinear shapes and, 309 Africa as, 36 Smuts speech on tradition and white man’s war, 64 , 88 segregation at Oxford University white settler populations, 16 , 39 , (1929) and, 183–86 64 , 84 , 119 , 186 , 191 , 308 transitions to adulthood and, 248 See also Afrikaners ; Boers (Dutch for witch-fi nding (Bamuchapi) among farmer) Bemba people of Northern Rhodesia economics of, 107 and, 230–32 farming restrictions on peasants Tswana people, 91 , 136 and, 172 on science and medicine in Words of the in Kenya, 119–21 , 223 Batswana , 136–39 Kenyan reserves and, 159 Tswana language, 91n20 Witbooi, Henrik (Nama chief, Tunisia, 312 c. 1830–1905), 71–73 Tusubira, Julia, 141–43 witchcraft, 20 , 136 , 200 , 230–32 Tutsi people (Rwanda) women, 121 , 134 , 153 , 170n8 account of Belgian Indirect Rule by Tutsi See also family and childhood ; female chief, 237–39 circumcision courtship and marriage and, 260–64 Bassa women, 240 black South African women as cosmetics Uganda, 68 , 315 consumers, 257 Buganda kingdom treaty and, 68–70 female adolescent sexual behavior of medical record of Ugandan patient, Hausa woman, 258–60 141–43 forced labor and, 265–66 undoing of empire, 2 , 248 , 250 , 273 , 279 , Igbo women against British Indirect 282 , 286 Rule, 227–29 , 227n15 as internal weakness and process of Mokgatle’s account of in Boer ruination, 247 society, 40–43 Second World War and, 312 motherhood dependent status of, 19 United Negro Improvement Association, Narwimba’s story (slavewoman), 30–34 163 , 165 political representation and, 151 , 165 Upper Volta, 9 , 81 . See also Burkina Faso in precolonial Africa, 17–20 primary sources from, 3 violence. See imperial violence ; military in Rand Revolt, 182 conquest signares of Senegal and, 36–39 , 36n17 voting rights, 90 , 151 , 172 , 174 , 276 social movements of Igbo women, 200 Cape Colony voting rights, 168–70 , Words of Batswana , 136–39 183–86 Xhosa people (South Africa), wage labor, 249 , 278 26–27 , 281 Wallace-Johnson, I.T.A. (1894–1965), 285–87 Zambia, 230–32 . See also Northern warrant chiefs, 212–14 Rhodesia Zik, see Azikiwe, Nnamdi Wassoulou empire (Samori’s empire), 79 Zimbabwe, 186 . See also Southern wealth-in-people, vs. in things, 19 , 19n6 , Rhodesia 20 , 57 Zulu people (South Africa), 173