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Piratería Marítima En El Estrecho De Malaca, Somalia Y Nigeria

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Piratería Marítima En El Estrecho De Malaca, Somalia Y Nigeria UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales (Estudios Internacionales) TESIS DOCTORAL Piratería marítima en el Estrecho de Malaca, Somalia y Nigeria. Causas, consecuencias y respuestas. Un fenómeno en perspectiva comparada MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Marta Fernández Sebastián Directora Concepción Anguita Olmedo Madrid, 2017 © Marta Fernández Sebastián, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales (Estudios Internacionales) TESIS DOCTORAL Piratería Marítima en el Estrecho de Malaca, Somalia y Nigeria. Causas, consecuencias y respuestas. Un fenómeno en perspectiva comparada. MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Marta Fernández Sebastián Directora Concepción Anguita Olmedo Madrid, 2017 Piratería Marítima en el Estrecho de Malaca, Somalia y Nigeria: Causas, consecuencias y respuestas. Un fenómeno en perspectiva comparada. Tesis doctoral de Marta Fernández Sebastián bajo la dirección de la Doctora Concepción Anguita Olmedo. Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales (Estudios Internacionales) Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología Universidad Complutense de Madrid A mis padres y mi hermano, mis tres pilares, gracias por todo. AGRADECIMIENTOS Este trabajo de investigación no hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo tanto personal como académico de una serie de personas e instituciones que han confiado en mí desde el primer momento. Es por esa confianza por la que no puedo más que agradecer a todos y cada uno de ellos la paciencia, ánimos y confianza depositados en mí durante los años que ha durado la elaboración de esta tesis doctoral. En el plano académico, a mi Directora Concepción Anguita Olmedo, porque gracias a ella y sus clases de crimen organizado se despertó en mí la curiosidad y el interés por el fenómeno de la piratería marítima. También por su dirección y ayuda en todas las etapas de la tesis y por confiar en mí desde el primer momento. A la Universidad Complutense de Madrid por brindarme la oportunidad de presentar este trabajo. Al Servicio Europeo de Exteriores en Bruselas por la oportunidad de trabajar con ellos y permitirme el acceso a información y documentos muy valiosos para el desarrollo de esta investigación. A la Escuela de Políticas y Derechos de la Universidad de Cardiff por acogerme como investigadora y poner a mi disposición todos los medios disponibles para que este trabajo saliera adelante. Al Doctor Christian Bueger, por ser mi mentor durante mi estancia en Cardiff y confiar en mi trabajo para exponer mis teorías en diferentes seminarios dentro y fuera de Reino Unido. Su pasión contagiosa por el fenómeno de la piratería ha sido todo un ejemplo a seguir. En el plano personal, tengo que subrayar que esta tesis no hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo incondicional de las personas a las que más quiero en el mundo: mis padres. Sin su ayuda tanto personal como económica no hubiera sido posible la realización de esta tesis. Gracias por tanta paciencia, cariño, apoyo y comprensión, esta tesis es también la recompensa por todos los esfuerzos que habéis hecho para ayudarme a cumplir uno más de mis sueños. Gracias por estar siempre ahí y enseñarme que el trabajo duro siempre trae sus resultados y que todo esfuerzo tienen su recompensa. A mi hermano Juan por estar siempre a mi lado apoyándome, ayudándome y cuidándome. A mi amiga Fátima, por estar conmigo siempre en las buenas, en las malas y en las peores, si tuviera una hermana sin duda sería como tú. A tía Ana por escucharme siempre y aconsejarme aun sabiendo que terminaré haciendo lo primero que se me ocurra. A Elena, Irene, Jesús, Patricia, Lucía, Nacho, Marta, Cristina y todos mis amigos de España, Cardiff y Bruselas, gracias por los ratos compartidos y por escuchar mis “historias de piratas”. Por último, pero no por eso menos importante quiero agradecer también este trabajo a aquellas personas que ya no están pero a las que he tenido siempre muy presentes: a mis abuelos y abuelas que habrían estado muy orgullosos de mí ya no solo por haber concluido mi tesis doctoral sino por haber estudiado y viajado por diferentes partes del mundo aprendiendo cosas nuevas en cada uno de esos lugares. A Liam Sturgess, por ser mi familia durante mi estancia en Cardiff y enseñarme muchas lecciones pese a su juventud: “you should follow your heart and should do whatever you feel is right for you, not what others expect of you”, y así ha sido, sus ánimos y su eterna sonrisa siempre estarán conmigo y también han formado parte importante de este trabajo. A todos vosotros de corazón, muchísimas gracias. ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN: CONSIDERACIONES METODOLÓGICAS I. Relevancia y motivación del tema investigado e identificación del objeto de investigación………………………………………………………………..17 II. Metodología………………………………………………………………...23 A. Niveles de análisis……………………………………………………….23 B. Delimitación temporal…………………………………………………...24 C. Hipótesis de trabajo y objetivos………………………………………….25 D. Métodos y técnicas de investigación…………………………………….32 E. Dificultades encontradas durante el desarrollo de la investigación………34 F. Fuentes Documentales…………………………………………………...36 G. Estructura de la Tesis Doctoral………………………………………….37 PRIMERA PARTE: DELIMITACIONES CONCEPTUALES CAPÍTULO 1. EL FENÓMENO DE LA PIRATERÍA: UNA APROXIMACIÓN CONCEPTUAL. ..…………………………………………………………………….43 1.1. Piratería versus robo a mano armada………………………………………44 1.2. La piratería en el Estrecho de Malaca, en el Cuerno de África y en el Golfo de Guinea……………………………………………………………………………….51 1.3. Concepto de Estado fallido-Mar fallido……………………………………58 1 SEGUNDA PARTE: ANÁLISIS REGIONAL DE LA PIRATERÍA MARÍTIMA: EL ESTRECHO DE MALACA, EL CUERNO DE ÁFRICA Y EL GOLFO DE GUINEA. CAPÍTULO 2. PIRATERÍA EN EL ESTRECHO DE MALACA. ……………….71 2.1. Indonesia: situación geográfica y política. …………………………………73 2.1.1. La primera experiencia democrática de 1950 a 1957……………75 2.1.2. Democracia Guiada (1957-1965)………………………………………...79 2.1.3. El Nuevo Orden y el Gobierno de Suharto (1965-1998)………...84 A) Primeros Años del Gobierno de Suharto…………………….84 B) El “Nuevo Orden” (1976-1989)……………………………...88 C) Crisis y colapso del “Nuevo Orden”. Fin de la era de Suharto (1989-1998)……………………………………………………..91 2.1.4. Nueva era en la política de Indonesia (1998-actualidad)………….96 2.2. Causas de la piratería en el Estrecho de Malaca…………………………..102 2.3. Grupos de Piratas que operan en el Estrecho de Malaca…………………..110 2.3.1. Los piratas del Sur del Estrecho de Malaca. El archipiélago de Riau……………………………………………………………………………113 2.3.2. Los piratas del Norte del Estrecho de Malaca. La región de Aceh…………………………………………………………………………...116 2.4. Tipos de ataques…………………………………………………………..119 2.5. Acciones Antipiratería en el Estrecho de Malaca………………………....123 2.5.1. Acciones unilaterales en el Estrecho de Malaca…………………125 2.5.2. Cooperación regional en la lucha contra la piratería en el Estrecho de Malaca……………………………………………………………...129 A) Operación Malsindo (Malacca Strait Patrol-MSSP)………..131 B) Operación Eyes in the Sky (EiS´s)………………………….132 2 C) Malacca Strait Patrols (MSP)……………………………….133 D) Asociación de Naciones del Sudeste Asiático (ASEAN)…...133 E) Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP)……………..137 2.5.3. Cooperación internacional en la lucha contra la piratería en el Estrecho de Malaca. Estados Unidos y Japón………………………….141 CAPÍTULO 3. SOMALIA: SITUACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Y POLÍTICA……….145 3.1 Desarrollo político de Somalia hasta la caída del presidente Siad Barre (1960- 1991)…………………………………………………………………………..149 3.1.2. Surgimiento de Somalilandia y Puntlandia……………………...152 3.1.3. Otras regiones Independientes de Somalia: el caso de Galmudug.154 3.2. Desarrollo político de Somalia tras la caída del presidente Siad Barre (1991- 2011)…………………………………………………………………………..155 3.3. La piratería en el cuerno de África………………………………………...161 3.3.1. Causas de la piratería en el Cuerno de África……………………164 3.4. Los grupos de piratas somalíes……………………………………………168 3.5. Modus operandi: Secuestro, negociación y pago del rescate………………174 3.6. Intervención Internacional contra la piratería en el Cuerno de África…….182 3.6.1. La aplicación de las leyes internacionales en la lucha contra la piratería en el Cuerno de África………………………………………..183 3.6.2. Resoluciones del Consejo General de Naciones Unidas sobre piratería en Somalia……………………………………………………190 3.7. Zona de actuación de las Fuerzas Internacionales en su lucha contra la piratería en el Cuerno de África………………………………………………..199 3.8. Acciones antipiratería en el Cuerno de África lideradas por la OTAN……202 3.9. Acciones antipiratería en el Cuerno de África desempeñadas por la Unión Europea………………………………………………………………………..203 3.9.1. EUNAVFOR-Operación Atalanta………………………………203 A) Objetivos de la Operación Atalanta………………………...205 B) Contribución española a la Operación………………………208 3 3.9.2. EU Training Mission Somalia…………………………………...210 3.9.3. Proyecto MARSIC, Proyecto CRIMARIO y Programa MASE…213 3.9.4. EUCAP Nestor………………………………………………….215 3.10. Otras Fuerzas Internacionales que operan en la zona…………………….217 3.11. Coordinación de Fuerzas Internacionales en la zona…………………….220 3.12. Grupo de Contacto sobre la piratería frente a las costas de Somalia…….223 3.13. Medidas regionales en la lucha contra la piratería……………………….228 3.14. Propuestas Lang para la erradicación
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