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Peace in Somaliland: an Indigenous Approach to State-Building

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cademy for Peace and Development Akaademiga Nabadda iyo Horumarka Hargeisa, Somaliland THE SEARCH FOR PEACE Somali Programme Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building PEACE IN SOMALILAND: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building Burao, Borama, and Sanaag Conferences Tuduc Sow Godobi surinkaad martaba sabab qarsoon maaha, Sow Nabadi sahaydaada ood sidato uun maaha Verse Isn’t a feud a hidden danger that lies wherever you walk, Isn’t peace just a provision you carry with you ` by the classical poet Gabay-xaddi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building Researchers: Mohamud Omar Ali, Koss Mohammed, Michael Walls Editor: Michael Walls Photographs: © Bobe Yusuf Duale, Hamish Wilson Somaliland Map: Courtesy of Mark Bradbury, 2008, James Currey This research study was made possible by the generous contributions of the interviewees, Working Group, peer reviewers, and colleagues at the APD, including Mohamed Said Gees (Director), and Abdi Yusuf Bobe (Research Coordinator), in sharing their unique experiences as well as historical documentation and photographs. Rita Glavitza (PhD intern) provided valuable support. The Search for Peace series Research Coordinator: Mark Bradbury Research Consultants: Professor Ken Menkhaus, Davidson College, USA Dr Justin Willis, the British Institute in Eastern Africa Andy Carl, Conciliation Resources Ulf Terlinden Senior Research Advisor: Abdirahman Osman Raghe, Interpeace Series Coordinator & Editor: Dr Pat Johnson, Interpeace Series Sub-editor: Janet Oeverland, Interpeace Design and Layout: Cege Mwangi, Arcadia Associates Ltd. Cover photograph: © APD Audio-visual unit cademy for Peace and Development Akaademiga Nabadda iyo Horumarka Hargeisa, Somaliland http://www.apd-somaliland.org APD Hargeisa, Somaliland Phone: (+252 -2-) 520304 [email protected] APD Burao, Somaliland Phone: (+252-2-) 712 980/ 81/ 82 [email protected] This report was produced by Interpeace and the Academy for Peace and Development and represents exclusively their own views. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the contributing donors and should not be relied upon as a statement of the contributing donors or their services. The contributing donors do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report, nor do they accept responsibility for any use made thereof. The study is a chapter in a forthcoming publication representing the findings of the peace mapping study. 4 The Serch for Peace CONTENTS PREFACE AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 8 1 OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Xeer: Somali Conflict Resolution ...................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Elders and their Traditional Roles .............................................................................................. 13 1.3 Peace Initiatives and Processes: 1981-1997 ............................................................................... 14 1.3.1 PHASE 1 (1981 – December 1990): The SNM Insurgency ........................................................ 16 1.3.2 PHASE 2 (January – June 1991): Peace-Building ..................................................................... 17 1.3.3 PHASE 3 (June 1991–May 1993): Establishing Security and Government ................................ 19 1.3.4 PHASE 4 (June 1993 – February 1997): Institution-Building ...................................................... 23 1.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 26 1.4.1 Learning Lessons ..................................................................................................................... 26 1.4.2 Case Studies ............................................................................................................................ 27 2 BURAO CONFERENCE, CASE STUDY .............................................................................................. 28 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Context ........................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1 Somali National Movement (SNM) ............................................................................................ 28 2.2.2 Talks with Dhulbahante ............................................................................................................. 30 2.2.3 SNM Deal with USC and SPM .................................................................................................. 30 2.3 Origins of Burao Conference ....................................................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Peace-Building between Isaaq and Dhulbahante (February-September 199022) ........................ 31 2.3.2 Oog Meeting (February 1991) ................................................................................................... 32 2.3.3 Peace Initiatives in Awdal and Waqooyi Galbeed (February-March 1991) .................................. 33 2.3.4 Berbera meeting (15th to 27th February 1991) ......................................................................... 34 2.4 Burao Conference (27th April to 4th June 1991) .............................................................................. 34 2.4.1 Elders’ Meeting (27th April to 5th May 1991) ............................................................................ 35 2.4.2 SNM Central Committee Meeting (5th May to 4th June 1991) .................................................. 36 2.4.3 Funding .................................................................................................................................... 38 2.4.4 Outputs of the Conference ....................................................................................................... 39 2.5 Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 39 2.5.1 Why Somaliland Independence was Restored .......................................................................... 39 2.6 Lessons Learnt ........................................................................................................................... 41 3 BORAMA CONFERENCE AND LEAD-UP (JUNE 1991 – MAY 1993): ESTABLISHING SECURITY AND GOVERNMENT .................................................................................. 43 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 43 3.2 June 1991 – February 1992 ............................................................................................................. 43 3.3 Intra-SNM Conflicts ......................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Burao Conflict (February 1992) ................................................................................................. 44 3.3.2 Berbera Conflict (March-October 1992) .................................................................................... 45 3.4 Kulaanka (Nabadeed), Hargeisa, Berbera and Burao (October 1992) ............................................... 46 Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building 5 3.5 Sheekh Conference (Tawfiiq) (23rd October to 8th November 1992) ................................................ 47 3.6 Borama Conference (January to May 1993) ..................................................................................... 49 3.6.1 Fundraising and Conference Preparation .................................................................................. 49 3.6.2 Delays and Grievances ............................................................................................................. 50 3.6.3 Conference Organisation .......................................................................................................... 51 3.6.4 Peace Charter: Clan Reconciliation........................................................................................... 52 3.6.5 National Charter: A System of Government .............................................................................. 53 3.6.6 Election of President and Vice-President .................................................................................. 54 3.6.7 Aftermath ................................................................................................................................. 55 3.7 Lessons Learnt ................................................................................................................................ 55 4 BEFORE SANAAG PEACE PROCESS AND THE LEAD UP TO ERIGAVO CONFERENCE; JUNE 91-NOV 1993 .............................................................................................................................. 61 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................
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