DOCSLIB.ORG

Peace in Somaliland: an Indigenous Approach to State-Building

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Peace in Somaliland: an Indigenous Approach to State-Building cademy for Peace and Development Akaademiga Nabadda iyo Horumarka Hargeisa, Somaliland THE SEARCH FOR PEACE Somali Programme Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building PEACE IN SOMALILAND: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building Burao, Borama, and Sanaag Conferences Tuduc Sow Godobi surinkaad martaba sabab qarsoon maaha, Sow Nabadi sahaydaada ood sidato uun maaha Verse Isn’t a feud a hidden danger that lies wherever you walk, Isn’t peace just a provision you carry with you ` by the classical poet Gabay-xaddi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building Researchers: Mohamud Omar Ali, Koss Mohammed, Michael Walls Editor: Michael Walls Photographs: © Bobe Yusuf Duale, Hamish Wilson Somaliland Map: Courtesy of Mark Bradbury, 2008, James Currey This research study was made possible by the generous contributions of the interviewees, Working Group, peer reviewers, and colleagues at the APD, including Mohamed Said Gees (Director), and Abdi Yusuf Bobe (Research Coordinator), in sharing their unique experiences as well as historical documentation and photographs. Rita Glavitza (PhD intern) provided valuable support. The Search for Peace series Research Coordinator: Mark Bradbury Research Consultants: Professor Ken Menkhaus, Davidson College, USA Dr Justin Willis, the British Institute in Eastern Africa Andy Carl, Conciliation Resources Ulf Terlinden Senior Research Advisor: Abdirahman Osman Raghe, Interpeace Series Coordinator & Editor: Dr Pat Johnson, Interpeace Series Sub-editor: Janet Oeverland, Interpeace Design and Layout: Cege Mwangi, Arcadia Associates Ltd. Cover photograph: © APD Audio-visual unit cademy for Peace and Development Akaademiga Nabadda iyo Horumarka Hargeisa, Somaliland http://www.apd-somaliland.org APD Hargeisa, Somaliland Phone: (+252 -2-) 520304 [email protected] APD Burao, Somaliland Phone: (+252-2-) 712 980/ 81/ 82 [email protected] This report was produced by Interpeace and the Academy for Peace and Development and represents exclusively their own views. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the contributing donors and should not be relied upon as a statement of the contributing donors or their services. The contributing donors do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report, nor do they accept responsibility for any use made thereof. The study is a chapter in a forthcoming publication representing the findings of the peace mapping study. 4 The Serch for Peace CONTENTS PREFACE AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 8 1 OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Xeer: Somali Conflict Resolution ...................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Elders and their Traditional Roles .............................................................................................. 13 1.3 Peace Initiatives and Processes: 1981-1997 ............................................................................... 14 1.3.1 PHASE 1 (1981 – December 1990): The SNM Insurgency ........................................................ 16 1.3.2 PHASE 2 (January – June 1991): Peace-Building ..................................................................... 17 1.3.3 PHASE 3 (June 1991–May 1993): Establishing Security and Government ................................ 19 1.3.4 PHASE 4 (June 1993 – February 1997): Institution-Building ...................................................... 23 1.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 26 1.4.1 Learning Lessons ..................................................................................................................... 26 1.4.2 Case Studies ............................................................................................................................ 27 2 BURAO CONFERENCE, CASE STUDY .............................................................................................. 28 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Context ........................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1 Somali National Movement (SNM) ............................................................................................ 28 2.2.2 Talks with Dhulbahante ............................................................................................................. 30 2.2.3 SNM Deal with USC and SPM .................................................................................................. 30 2.3 Origins of Burao Conference ....................................................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Peace-Building between Isaaq and Dhulbahante (February-September 199022) ........................ 31 2.3.2 Oog Meeting (February 1991) ................................................................................................... 32 2.3.3 Peace Initiatives in Awdal and Waqooyi Galbeed (February-March 1991) .................................. 33 2.3.4 Berbera meeting (15th to 27th February 1991) ......................................................................... 34 2.4 Burao Conference (27th April to 4th June 1991) .............................................................................. 34 2.4.1 Elders’ Meeting (27th April to 5th May 1991) ............................................................................ 35 2.4.2 SNM Central Committee Meeting (5th May to 4th June 1991) .................................................. 36 2.4.3 Funding .................................................................................................................................... 38 2.4.4 Outputs of the Conference ....................................................................................................... 39 2.5 Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 39 2.5.1 Why Somaliland Independence was Restored .......................................................................... 39 2.6 Lessons Learnt ........................................................................................................................... 41 3 BORAMA CONFERENCE AND LEAD-UP (JUNE 1991 – MAY 1993): ESTABLISHING SECURITY AND GOVERNMENT .................................................................................. 43 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 43 3.2 June 1991 – February 1992 ............................................................................................................. 43 3.3 Intra-SNM Conflicts ......................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Burao Conflict (February 1992) ................................................................................................. 44 3.3.2 Berbera Conflict (March-October 1992) .................................................................................... 45 3.4 Kulaanka (Nabadeed), Hargeisa, Berbera and Burao (October 1992) ............................................... 46 Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building 5 3.5 Sheekh Conference (Tawfiiq) (23rd October to 8th November 1992) ................................................ 47 3.6 Borama Conference (January to May 1993) ..................................................................................... 49 3.6.1 Fundraising and Conference Preparation .................................................................................. 49 3.6.2 Delays and Grievances ............................................................................................................. 50 3.6.3 Conference Organisation .......................................................................................................... 51 3.6.4 Peace Charter: Clan Reconciliation........................................................................................... 52 3.6.5 National Charter: A System of Government .............................................................................. 53 3.6.6 Election of President and Vice-President .................................................................................. 54 3.6.7 Aftermath ................................................................................................................................. 55 3.7 Lessons Learnt ................................................................................................................................ 55 4 BEFORE SANAAG PEACE PROCESS AND THE LEAD UP TO ERIGAVO CONFERENCE; JUNE 91-NOV 1993 .............................................................................................................................. 61 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
    Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Awdal Region - Completed Activities Jan-Dec 2012 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Lawya ! ! ! Caddo 43°0'E 43°30'E 44°0'E ! ! ! ! El Qori Sacadiin ! ! ! Bariisle ( Island) ! ! !
    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! WASH CLUSTER - Awdal Region - Completed Activities Jan-Dec 2012 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Lawya ! ! ! Caddo 43°0'E 43°30'E 44°0'E ! ! ! ! El Qori Sacadiin ! ! ! Bariisle ( Island) ! ! ! ! ! Muliyo ! ! ! ! ! Zeylac ! ! ! ! ! ! Toqos!hi ! Zeylac ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Waraabood ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A!WDAL ! ! ! ! Doon Jaglaleh ! ! ! ! ! Caasha ! ! ! ! ! ! Caddo ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Xirsi ! Bow! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Odawaa ! ! ! ! ZEYLAC !Dari ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! N N ! ' ' ! ! ! ! ! 0 0 ! ! ! ° ° ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 1 Cali Ceel ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 Harag Jiid 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Weeci Gaal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Haren ! ! ! Dudub ! ! ! Laan Cawaale ! Heensa Asa ! Laan Shinbirood ! ! ! ! ! ! Qumbo ! !Guutooyinka ! Camuud ! ! ! Wareen ! ! ! C!ulus ! ! ! ! Fulla ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !Iskudarka ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! Cammuud Culus !! ! ! ! ! Bulo ! Sh.Ciise ! ! ! ! ! Karuure ! ! !Xareed ! Heemaal ! ! ! ! Xidhxid Galbeed ! ! !Cadde ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Garaaca ! ! ! X!oore ! ! ! Lughaye ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Bullo Qoxle Lughaye ! ! !Xajiinle ! ! !Hadhwanaag ! Beeyo ! ! ! Beeyo ! ! ! Maame! !Liiban Macaan ! HEAL LUGHAYE ! ! Nuur ! ! Carmaale ! ! G!ahayr !! ! ! Odawaa ! ! ! ! ! Ido-Cadeys !Geerisa Heemaal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Dheere Hadeytacawl Biyo ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cas!e !! ! ! Hadayta ! ! ! Haydeeta ! ! Baxarsaas Heemaal ! !Xussein ! ! ! Weyn ! Baxara Kalawle ! ! Sheikh Awaare Biyo-Cas
    [Show full text]
  • September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report
    International Republican Institute Suite 700 1225 Eye St., NW Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 408-9450 (202) 408-9462 FAX www.iri.org International Republican Institute Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report Table of Contents Map of Somaliland……………………………………………………………………..….2 Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………….....3 I. Background Information.............................................................................................…..5 II. Legal and Administrative Framework………………………………..………..……….8 III. Pre-Election Period……………. …...……………………………..…………...........12 IV. Election Day…………...…………………………………………………………….18 V. Post-Election Period and Results.…………………………………………………….27 VI. Findings and Recommendations……………………………………………………..33 VII. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..38 Appendix A: Voting Results in 2005 Presidential Elections…………………………….39 Appendix B: Voting Results in 2003 Presidential Elections…………………………….41 Appendix C: Voting Results in 2002 Local Government Elections……………………..43 Appendix D: Voting Trends……………………………………………………………..44 IRI – Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report 1 Map of Somaliland IRI – Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report 2 Executive Summary Background The International Republican Institute (IRI) has conducted programs in Somaliland since 2002 with the support of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. Department of State, and the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). IRI’s Somaliland
    [Show full text]
  • Justice and Corrections
    Quarterly Report: 01 January to 31 March 2015 Project: Rule of Law – Justice and Corrections Reporting Period 1 January- 31 March, 2015 Government Counterpart Ministry of Justice, Judiciary, Attorney General’s Office, Corrections, Legal Aid Providers, Universities’ Faculty of Law, and Bar Association. PSG PSG 3 (Justice): Establish independent and accountable justice institutions capable of addressing the justice needs of the people of Somalia by delivering justice for all. PSG priorities 1. Key priority laws in the legal framework are aligned with the Constitution and international standards 2. Justice institutions start to address the key grievances and injustices of Somalis 3. More Somalis have access to fair and affordable justice Focus Locations: In South Central: Mogadishu; In Somaliland: Hargeisa, Burao & Borama; In Puntland: Garowe, Bosaso & Gardo. AWP Budget USD 4,993,463 Available Funds for year USD 2,824,288 Expenditure to date USD 778,738.00 CONTRIBUTING DONORS: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AWP Annual Work Plan CSO Civil Society Organization DFID Department for International Development EU European Union FGS Federal Government of Somalia GROL Governance and Rule of Law Programme HJC High Judicial Council ISF Integrated Strategic Framework JISU Joint Implementation Support Unit JP Joint Programme JSC Judicial Services Commission MIA Mogadishu International Airport MCG Micro-Capital Grant MOJ Ministry of Justice UNMPTF UN Multi Partner Trust Fund NGO Non-Governmental Organization PLAC Puntland Legal Aid Center PLDU Policy and
    [Show full text]
  • Briefing Paper
    NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso UNHCR Brussels E-mail : [email protected] August 2002 Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.unhcr.org These working papers provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers do not represent the official views of UNHCR. They are also available online under ‘publications’ at <www.unhcr.org>. ISSN 1020-7473 Introduction The classical definition of refugee contained in the 1951 Refugee Convention was ill- suited to the majority of African refugees, who started fleeing in large numbers in the 1960s and 1970s. These refugees were by and large not the victims of state persecution, but of civil wars and the collapse of law and order. Hence the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention expanded the definition of “refugee” to include these reasons for flight. Furthermore, the refugee-dissidents of the 1950s fled mainly as individuals or in small family groups and underwent individual refugee status determination: in-depth interviews to determine their eligibility to refugee status according to the criteria set out in the Convention. The mass refugee movements that took place in Africa made this approach impractical. As a result, refugee status was granted on a prima facie basis, that is with only a very summary interview or often simply with registration - in its most basic form just the name of the head of family and the family size.1 In the Somali context the implementation of this approach has proved problematic.
    [Show full text]
  • SOMALIA - WASH, Health and Shelter Interventions - Sool and Sanaag Regions As of 1 October 2009 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
    SOMALIA - WASH, Health and Shelter Interventions - Sool and Sanaag Regions as of 1 October 2009 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ! Bossaso Ceelaayo P Higlo ! Humanitarian interventions Laasa Johor Laas- k Higlo qoray! U/xeed k surad ! " ! k ! "! Higlaale "! Qorax k ! kk Waqdariya " k jiif k ! k Xarshaw ! ! Health " ! k" ! ! Xidid"! f k Xabaasha- k" Gulf of Aden ! k! waale " k ! ! Meermeer ! WASH f"! ! " Badhan k ! Celaayo "kk! ! " "k !" ! k k "k ! ! k"! k"k ! ! BOSSASO ! 64,100 e Shelter ! Madar ! LAASQORAY ! ! moge! ! ! ! !! ! " ! Completed or Ongoing ! ! ! ! k!! ! ! ! Saba ! Hadaaftimo ! !! ! ! " ! k! Macmac wanagsan ! Daray ! ! ! ! " " ! k Moon ! Midigale ! " Sabawanag ! k ! k !! Daamo ! " k " " " " ! k ! ! k k k Ooman k k " k " ! Planned ! Dhifeeco ! k ! ! k ! Badhand "f k k ! ! k Ceerigaabo! ! P!! " "k " ! k k ! !! ! Qadhadho32,000 Cawsane ! k ! Dhige ! k "f ! ! Uduncule" k Rad k ! ! k " Total population in need k ! ! k xx ! Carmale ! ! (including IDPs) ! ! ! " ! ! ! k" Fargob ! k k ! SANAAG ! k" ! ! CEERIGAABO Haylaan ! ! ! ! ! Biyo ! ! " Dawaco ! ! ! " k " !! k! k ! ! ! ! guduud " Qaloocato " ! k "k ! "kArdaa! k ! ! k !! ! Dhabar Ceelmagacle 22,000 Dhaban ! Buraan ! k " k ! dalool " ! Danweyn k k" Ceel-buh ! ! ! Goof ! k " P ! ! kk Shimbiraale "! " " k" Regional capital ! ! !! ! k k ! ! CEEL ! k k kk ! " " ! " " f Dareemolamood k ! ! ! k f ! k! ! k ! ! " " ! ! ! ! k "" Bali ! k ! Bira AFWEYN ! kk Gooraan ! Settlement ! God Table busle ! !! Tuur Qoof ! ! ! Gallubade " ! Kalad Waraabaha " !! Waaciye Docolka
    [Show full text]
  • CLAIMING the EASTERN BORDERLANDS After the 1997
    CHAPTER SEVEN CLAIMING THE EASTERN BORDERLANDS After the 1997 Hargeysa Conference, the Somaliland state apparatus consolidated. It deepened, as the state realm displaced governance arrangements overseen by clan elders. And it broadened, as central government control extended geographically from the capital into urban centres such as Borama in the west and Bur’o in the east. In the areas east of Bur’o government was far less present or efffective, especially where non-Isaaq clans traditionally lived. Erigavo, the capital of Sanaag Region, which was shared by the Habar Yunis, the Habar Ja’lo, the Warsengeli and the Dhulbahante, was fijinally brought under formal government control in 1997, after Egal sent a delegation of nine govern- ment ministers originating from the area to sort out local government with the elders and political actors on the ground. After fijive months of negotiations, the president was able to appoint a Mayor for Erigavo and a Governor for Sanaag.1 But east of Erigavo, in the area inhabited by the Warsengeli, any claim to governance from Hargeysa was just nominal.2 The same was true for most of Sool Region inhabited by the Dhulbahante. Eastern Sanaag and Sool had not been Egal’s priority. The president did not strictly need these regions to be under his military control in order to preserve and consolidate his position politically or in terms of resources. The port of Berbera was vital for the economic survival of the Somaliland government. Erigavo and Las Anod were not. However, because the Somaliland government claimed the borders of the former British protec- torate as the borders of Somaliland, Sanaag and Sool had to be seen as under government control.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia's Role in the Horn of Africa
    Russia Foreign Policy Papers “E O” R’ R H A SAMUEL RAMANI FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE • RUSSIA FOREIGN POLICY PAPERS 1 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Author: Samuel Ramani The views expressed in this report are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, a non-partisan organization that seeks to publish well-argued, policy- oriented articles on American foreign policy and national security priorities. Eurasia Program Leadership Director: Chris Miller Deputy Director: Maia Otarashvili Editing: Thomas J. Shattuck Design: Natalia Kopytnik © 2020 by the Foreign Policy Research Institute July 2020 OUR MISSION The Foreign Policy Research Institute is dedicated to producing the highest quality scholarship and nonpartisan policy analysis focused on crucial foreign policy and national security challenges facing the United States. We educate those who make and influence policy, as well as the public at large, through the lens of history, geography, and culture. Offering Ideas In an increasingly polarized world, we pride ourselves on our tradition of nonpartisan scholarship. We count among our ranks over 100 affiliated scholars located throughout the nation and the world who appear regularly in national and international media, testify on Capitol Hill, and are consulted by U.S. government agencies. Educating the American Public FPRI was founded on the premise that an informed and educated citizenry is paramount for the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Somaliland Assistance Bulletin
    Somaliland Assistance Bulletin 1 – 30 November 2005 HUMANITARIAN SITUATION Security & Access The overall security situation in Somaliland remained stable. A verdict was issued on the trail case of the 10 arrested suspects of the killings of four humanitarian workers occurring in 2003 and 2004. The case originally started in March 2005. According to the regional court in Hargeisa, 8 men were found guilty of "terrorism" and were sentenced to death. Following the killing of the 4 expatriate humanitarian workers, the UN in collaboration with the national authorities established a Special Protection Unit (SPU) initially to provide protection for humanitarian workers of UN & international NGOs, subsequently extended to the rest of the community. Since then no further incidents were reported. A deadly mine accident occurred in Burao on 16 November 2005 where a vehicle diverted from the main road towards a roadside short cut. Three out of a total of seven passengers were reported dead, including one UN staff member. Somaliland Mine Action Center (SMAC), supported by UNDP, coordinates mine action activities, since late 1999, an approximate area of around 115 million square meters has been cleared. Food Security/Livelihoods Aerial Photograph of Burao settlements, source UN Habitat. Deyr rain started on time, whereby most areas received Ministry of Health & Labour (MOH&L), the Somali Red normal to above normal rains except for parts of Crescent Society, Save the Children Fund, Candlelight southern Awdal region. Rainfall distribution and intensity and Havoyoco. Sources of income among Burao were good and allowed for further replenishment of water settlements were labeled more irregular and unreliable.
    [Show full text]
  • SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland En Puntland
    COMMISSARIAAT-GENERAAL VOOR DE VLUCHTELINGEN EN DE STAATLOZEN COI Focus SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland en Puntland 30 juni 2020 (update) Cedoca Oorspronkelijke taal: Nederlands DISCLAIMER: Dit COI-product is geschreven door de documentatie- en researchdienst This COI-product has been written by Cedoca, the Documentation and Cedoca van het CGVS en geeft informatie voor de behandeling van Research Department of the CGRS, and it provides information for the individuele verzoeken om internationale bescherming. Het document bevat processing of individual applications for international protection. The geen beleidsrichtlijnen of opinies en oordeelt niet over de waarde van het document does not contain policy guidelines or opinions and does not pass verzoek om internationale bescherming. Het volgt de richtlijnen van de judgment on the merits of the application for international protection. It follows Europese Unie voor de behandeling van informatie over herkomstlanden van the Common EU Guidelines for processing country of origin information (April april 2008 en is opgesteld conform de van kracht zijnde wettelijke bepalingen. 2008) and is written in accordance with the statutory legal provisions. De auteur heeft de tekst gebaseerd op een zo ruim mogelijk aanbod aan The author has based the text on a wide range of public information selected zorgvuldig geselecteerde publieke informatie en heeft de bronnen aan elkaar with care and with a permanent concern for crosschecking sources. Even getoetst. Het document probeert alle relevante aspecten van het onderwerp though the document tries to cover all the relevant aspects of the subject, the te behandelen, maar is niet noodzakelijk exhaustief. Als bepaalde text is not necessarily exhaustive.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Somali State
    Rethinking the Somali State MPP Professional Paper In Partial Fulfillment of the Master of Public Policy Degree Requirements The Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs The University of Minnesota Aman H.D. Obsiye May 2017 Signature below of Paper Supervisor certifies successful completion of oral presentation and completion of final written version: _________________________________ ____________________ ___________________ Dr. Mary Curtin, Diplomat in Residence Date, oral presentation Date, paper completion Paper Supervisor ________________________________________ ___________________ Steven Andreasen, Lecturer Date Second Committee Member Signature of Second Committee Member, certifying successful completion of professional paper Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 5 The Somali Clan System .......................................................................................................... 6 The Colonial Era ..................................................................................................................... 9 British Somaliland Protectorate ................................................................................................. 9 Somalia Italiana and the United Nations Trusteeship .............................................................. 14 Colonial
    [Show full text]
  • Sanaag Region - Laasqoray District
    Sanaag Region - Laasqoray District 48°0'E 48°30'E 49°0'E Dur-Duri(S13-001) ! Bossaso !% Ceelaayo(U20-001) p ! G U L F O F A D E N Las Mihin(V06-001) ! Laas Moholin(V12-001) ! Laasqoray(W05-001) Laasqoray(!!! p Mash-Caleed(W07-001) ! Qorax Jiif(X15-001) Ulxeed(X11-001) ! ! Farcaanood(Y17-001) Xidid(Y14-001) ! ! Laas Xuluys(Z16-001) ! ! N Xuliya(Z16-002) N ' Mush-Xaleed(Z07-001) !Bad!han(Z07-002) ' 0 ! 0 ° Xabaasha-Waale(Z08-001) ° 1 Duriduri(A17-001) 1 ! ! 1 Sac-Qooqis(A08-002) 1 Geed La Rifay(A08-001) ! Marraje(C22-001) LAASQORAY ! BOSSASO Af Urur(D21-001) ! Raad(G13-001) Laako(G13-002) !! Xubeera(H12-001) ! Mindigle(H10-001) Midigale(H15-001) ! ! Daamo(H17-001) ! Coodenley(J23-001) ! Cawsane(L18-001) ! N N ' ' 0 0 3 3 ° ° 0 0 1 1 Dhabar Dalool(R16-001) Haylaan(R18-001) ! ! CEERIGAABO Hiil Sibeeye(U15-001) Buraan(U17-001) ! Buraan(U16-001) ! ! Qayaad Samo(W23-001) ! Alxamdullileh(X23-001) ! Habar ! Kaladhac(Y20-004) Shiro(Y20-002)! ! ! Bali Cawsane(Y20-001) Busle(Y20-003) Waaciye(Z23-001) N ! N ' ' 0 0 ° Kalad QARDHO ° 0 0 1 Hacda(A22-001) 1 ! Dhahar(G19-001) ! Xeradaa/Muudal(H23-001) ! Ceel La Qoday(H14-001) ! Deb Buni(J24-001) ! 48°0'E 48°30'E TALEEX 49°0'E p (!! Map Reference: 120222_OCHASom_Sanaag_Lasqoray 0 10 20 30 kms LEGEND Creation Date: 22/02/2012 % Streams Projection/Datum: Geographic/WGS 84 ! Regional capital Web Resources: http://www.unocha.org/somalia Map data source(s): International boundary E-mail: [email protected] All Admin.
    [Show full text]