DOCSLIB.ORG

EASO COI Report Somalia Actors 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EASO COI Report Somalia Actors 2021 Somalia Actors Country of Origin Information Report July 2021 More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu) PDF ISBN 978-92-9465-186-0 doi: 10.2847/446144 BZ-02-21-871-EN-N © European Asylum Support Office, 2020 Cover photo, Untying the camel © Shafi – Somali Nomad, 2007 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EASO copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. Country of origin information report | Somalia: Actors Acknowledgements This report was jointly written by the COI Sector of EASO, together with contributions from France. EASO would like to acknowledge the Information, Documentation and Research Division (DIDR) COI unit of the French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless People (Office Français de Protection des Réfugiés et Apatrides – OFPRA), as the co-drafter of this report. The following departments and organisations have reviewed the report, together with EASO: x Austria, Federal Office for Immigration and Asylum, Country of Origin Information Department, Africa Desk x Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD) It must be noted that the drafting and review carried out by the mentioned departments, experts or organisations contributes to the overall quality of the report, but does not necessarily imply their formal endorsement of the final report, which is the full responsibility of EASO. 3 Country of origin information report | Somalia: Actors Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 3 Contents .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Disclaimer................................................................................................................................................ 8 Glossary and Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Map Somalia - Approximate Territorial Control (30 April 2021) .......................................................... 14 Clan Maps.............................................................................................................................................. 16 Map by Abikar (1999) ....................................................................................................................... 17 Map by Lewis (1955) ......................................................................................................................... 18 1. Country background.......................................................................................................................... 19 2. Federal Government of Somalia ....................................................................................................... 22 2.1 State Structure and Governance ................................................................................................ 23 2.2 Territorial control and areas of influence ................................................................................... 25 2.3 Access to justice through formal and informal systems ............................................................. 26 2.3.1 Nature and limits of the formal justice system (statutory law) .......................................... 28 2.3.2 Customary justice - Xeer and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) .................................. 30 2.3.3 Shari’ah law ......................................................................................................................... 33 2.3.4 Death penalty, trials, and human rights standards in the judiciary .................................... 35 2.4 Security forces ............................................................................................................................ 37 2.4.1 SNA ...................................................................................................................................... 37 2.4.2 Special Forces ...................................................................................................................... 39 2.4.3 NISA ..................................................................................................................................... 39 2.4.4 Somali Police Force ............................................................................................................. 40 2.4.5 Prison forces, prisons, and detention ................................................................................. 42 2.4.6 Security forces’ human rights conduct................................................................................ 43 3. Clans .................................................................................................................................................. 45 3.1 Spatial organisation and mobility in the Somali arena ............................................................... 46 3.1.1 Major clans .......................................................................................................................... 46 3.1.2 Minor clans, casted communities and non-Somali groups ................................................. 47 3.2 Protection and security .............................................................................................................. 49 3.2.1 Intra clan protection ............................................................................................................ 49 3.2.2 Extra clan protection ........................................................................................................... 49 4 Country of origin information report | Somalia: Actors 3.3 Traditional customary law - Xeer ................................................................................................ 51 3.4 Clan militias’ role, recruitment, and engagement in disputes ................................................... 52 3.4.1 Establishment of a clan militia ............................................................................................ 52 3.4.2 Evolution of clan militias in Somalia .................................................................................... 53 3.5 Clans and Al-Shabaab ................................................................................................................. 55 3.5.1 Clans within Al-Shabaab ...................................................................................................... 55 3.5.2 Minor clans and Al-Shabaab ................................................................................................ 56 3.5.3 The role of the elders .......................................................................................................... 56 3.6 Overview of clan militias abuses ................................................................................................ 56 4. Al-Shabaab ........................................................................................................................................ 58 4.1 Presence, territorial control, areas of influence, and outreach ................................................. 58 4.2 Armed forces, the Amniyat, and modus operandi ..................................................................... 59 4.2.1 The Jabahaat ....................................................................................................................... 59 4.2.2 Amniyat ............................................................................................................................... 59 4.2.3 Modus operandi and tactics ................................................................................................ 60 4.3 Governance and services, taxation, and infiltration ................................................................... 61 4.3.1 Governance and services .................................................................................................... 61 4.3.2 Taxation ............................................................................................................................... 63 4.3.3 Infiltration............................................................................................................................ 64 4.4 Access to justice under Al-Shabaab ............................................................................................ 65 4.5 Overview of abuses .................................................................................................................... 66 5. AMISOM and AFRICOM..................................................................................................................... 67 5.1 AMISOM...................................................................................................................................... 67 5.1.1 Strength and regional presence .......................................................................................... 68 5.1.2 Activities and capacity ......................................................................................................... 69 5.1.3 AMISOM’s human rights conduct ......................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Epidemiological Week 45 (Week Ending 12Th November, 2017)
    Early Warning Disease Surveillance and Response Bulletin, Somalia 2017 Epidemiological week 45 (Week ending 12th November, 2017) Highlights Cumulative figures as of week 45 Reports were received from 226 out of 265 reporting 1,363,590 total facilities (85.2%) in week 45, a decrease in the reporting consultations completeness compared to 251 (94.7%) in week 44. 78,596 cumulative cases of Total number of consultations increased from 69091 in week 44 to 71206 in week 45 AWD/cholera in 2017 The highest number of consultations in week 44were for 1,159 cumulative deaths other acute diarrhoeas (2,229 cases), influenza like illness of AWD/Cholera in 2017 (21,00 cases) followed by severe acute respiratory illness 55 districts in 19 regions (834 cases) reported AWD/Cholera AWD cases increased from 77 in week 44 to 170 in week 45 cases No AWD/cholera deaths reported in all districts in the past 7 20794 weeks cumulative cases of The number of measles cases increased from in 323 in week suspected measles cases 44 to 358 in week 45 Disease Week 44 Week 45 Cumulative cases (Wk 1 – 45) Total consultations 69367 71206 1363590 Influenza Like Illness 2287 1801 50517 Other Acute Diarrhoeas 2240 2234 60798 Severe Acute Respiratory Illness 890 911 16581 suspected measles [1] 323 358 20436 Confirmed Malaria 269 289 11581 Acute Watery Diarrhoea [2] 77 170 78596 Bloody diarrhea 73 32 1983 Whooping Cough 56 60 687 Diphtheria 8 11 221 Suspected Meningitis 2 2 225 Acute Jaundice 0 4 166 Neonatal Tetanus 0 2 173 Viral Haemorrhagic Fever 0 0 130 [1] Source of data is CSR, [2] Source of data is Somalia Weekly Epi/POL Updates The number of EWARN sites reporting decrease from 251 in week 44 to 226 in week 45.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The World Bank Special Financing Facility for Local Development (P156257) REPORT NO.: RES36369 Public Disclosure Authorized RESTRUCTURING PAPER ON A PROPOSED PROJECT RESTRUCTURING OF SPECIAL FINANCING FACILITY FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENT APPROVED ON JANUARY 11, 2016 TO Public Disclosure Authorized FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF SOMALIA SOCIAL, URBAN, RURAL AND RESILIENCE GLOBAL PRACTICE AFRICA Public Disclosure Authorized Regional Vice President: Hafez Ghanem Country Director: Bella Bird Senior Global Practice Director: Ede Jorge Ijjasz-Vasquez Practice Manager/Manager: Meskerem Brhane Task Team Leader: Zishan Faiza Karim, Bernard Harborne Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Special Financing Facility for Local Development (P156257) ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS BRCiS Building Resilient Communities in Somalia CERC Contingent Emergency Response Component DA Designated Bank Account EAFS External Agency for Fiduciary Support FGS Federal Government of Somalia FMS Federal Member State ICR Implementation Completion Report IFRs Interim Unaudited Financial Reports MPF Multi Partner Fund PIU Project Implementation Unit SPF State and Peacebuilding Fund USD United States Dollar The World Bank Special Financing Facility for Local Development (P156257) BASIC DATA Product Information Project ID Financing Instrument P156257 Investment Project Financing Original EA Category Current EA Category Partial Assessment (B) Partial Assessment (B) Approval Date Current Closing Date 11-Jan-2016 31-Mar-2019 Organizations Borrower Responsible Agency Ministry of Finance Ministry
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Record of the 47Th Meeting
    Document:- A/CN.4/SR.47 Summary record of the 47th meeting Topic: Formulation of the Nürnberg Principles Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1950 , vol. I Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations 44 47th meeting — 15 June 1950 Code of Offences against the Peace and Security of sion must now decide whether or not it wished to adopt Mankind. the principles that an order given by a superior made 132. Mr. BRIERLY did not think that that was the the subordinate responsible; that was the first question problem. In no country did the law recognize superior it would have to decide. orders as a defence when a crime had been committed. 139. The CHAIRMAN again requested the Commis- sion to consider the matter and to form an opinion so 133. Mr. el-KHOURY expained that under the law that it could adopt a definite position with regard to the of his country, which was based on Islamic law, an decisions it was about to take. order given by a superior did not in itself free from responsibility the person to whom the order was given. The meeting rose at 1 p.m. The order of a chief who had power to enforce the execution of his order might remove that responsibility. He observed that the text of Principle IV, which was based on the text of article 8 of the Charter of the Niirnberg Tribunal, had been established by the Com- 47th MEETING mission the previous year.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf | 78.05 Kb
    Inter-cluster Rapid Assessment Report IDPs in Afmadow town, Lower Juba region 17-23 July, 2016 Background Afmadow town which is located 157 km from Dhobley and 120km from Kismayo sea port city has been experiencing man- made and natural disasters including drought, water problems, water borne diseases, IDP influx from Middle Juba and other locations as a result of insecurity, floods and the search for humanitarian assistance. Afmadow town was recovered from “Al Shabaab by AMISOM/SNA on June, 2012. At the beginning of June 2016, the Jubba River broke its banks and floods affected an estimated 5,000 households (30,000people) in 45 villages in Bu’ale and Jilib districts mostly along the river including farmlands according to local elders.. As the result an estimated 800 IDPs households ( 4,800 people) mainly of Somali Bantu origin arrived in Afmadow resulting in an increase in number of IDPs by 64 per cent in the town to a total of 7,900 people. Food, WASH, Shelter/NFIs, improved nutrition and health services remain the key priority needs. From 17-23 July, with OCHA in the lead, humanitarian partners including WFP, IOM,WASDA, ARC, Adeso and WRRS and the Food Security and Livelihoods, Health, Education, and WASH cluster focal points, conducted a rapid assessment in Afmadow town to better understand the humanitarian situation of the IDPs and refugee returnees from Kenya and identify their immediate needs. General observations According to the local authority, the population of Afmadow town is estimated at 14,750 households (89,000 people) According to the local administration and IDPs leadership nearly 70-80 per cent of new arrivals of IDPs are women and children.
    [Show full text]
  • MAX Security Report [email protected] +44 203 540 0434
    MAX Security Report [email protected] +44 203 540 0434 Politics Somalia SITUATION UPDATE: Lower House of 14 Parliament passes resolution extending APR President Farmajo’s mandate for two years on 12:03 UTC April 12 Executive Summary: On April 12, the Lower House of Parliament, allied to President Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo, voted to extend the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) mandate following months of failed dialogue with Federal Member States (FMS) and opposition leaders in an effort to resolve protracted electoral disputes. Apart from the complete breakdown of FGS-FMS dialogue, that the Lower House extended Farmajo’s term without consensus from all electoral stakeholders and the resolution of protracted electoral disputes, which leaves Somalia increasingly vulnerable to political and security threats. Despite overwhelming international condemnation of the FGS’s action, given that Farmajo has demonstrated resolve to hold on to power despite the immense risks to Somalia’s stability, the political and security situation in Somalia is poised to remain highly volatile over the coming days. Please be advised: On April 12, the Lower House of Parliament voted to extend the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and President Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo’s mandate by an additional two years, with 149 out of 275 deputies voting in favor of the resolution. In a statement, President Farmajo praised the resolution and claimed that the term extension page 1 / 3 will provide the FGS time to implement a universal suffrage electoral model facilitating the participation of all Somali citizens in the next elections. The Upper House of Parliament released a separate communique claiming that the mandate extension is unconstitutional on the grounds that President Farmajo’s term ended on February 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Justice and Corrections
    Quarterly Report: 01 January to 31 March 2015 Project: Rule of Law – Justice and Corrections Reporting Period 1 January- 31 March, 2015 Government Counterpart Ministry of Justice, Judiciary, Attorney General’s Office, Corrections, Legal Aid Providers, Universities’ Faculty of Law, and Bar Association. PSG PSG 3 (Justice): Establish independent and accountable justice institutions capable of addressing the justice needs of the people of Somalia by delivering justice for all. PSG priorities 1. Key priority laws in the legal framework are aligned with the Constitution and international standards 2. Justice institutions start to address the key grievances and injustices of Somalis 3. More Somalis have access to fair and affordable justice Focus Locations: In South Central: Mogadishu; In Somaliland: Hargeisa, Burao & Borama; In Puntland: Garowe, Bosaso & Gardo. AWP Budget USD 4,993,463 Available Funds for year USD 2,824,288 Expenditure to date USD 778,738.00 CONTRIBUTING DONORS: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AWP Annual Work Plan CSO Civil Society Organization DFID Department for International Development EU European Union FGS Federal Government of Somalia GROL Governance and Rule of Law Programme HJC High Judicial Council ISF Integrated Strategic Framework JISU Joint Implementation Support Unit JP Joint Programme JSC Judicial Services Commission MIA Mogadishu International Airport MCG Micro-Capital Grant MOJ Ministry of Justice UNMPTF UN Multi Partner Trust Fund NGO Non-Governmental Organization PLAC Puntland Legal Aid Center PLDU Policy and
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 3 Demography, Data Processing and Cartography
    VOLUME 3 DEMOGRAPHY, DATA PROCESSING AND CARTOGRAPHY M. Rahmi, E. Rabant, L. Cambrézy, M. Mohamed Abdi Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UNHCR – IRD October 1999 97/TF/KEN/LS/450(a$ Index MAJOR FINDINGS ...…………………………………………….……….…………….3 I-1 : Demography ...…………………………………………….……….…………….3 I-2 : Exploitation of the aerial mosaics …………………………………………..5 1 - Cartography of the refugee camps. …………………………………...……...5 2 - Estimation of the populations ………………………………………………..…6 I-3 – Conclusion : results of the integration of maps and data in a GIS … 10 II – Demography data processing ………………………………………………....13 Table 1. Number of households and family size …….....………………..….…....13 Graph 1 . Family size ..…………………………………….………………….14 Graph 2. Family size (percentage) …………………….…….……………. 15 Table 2 : Number of refugees by sex and by block …….……………...…... 15 Table 3 : number of households and family size by blocks ………………… 20 Table 4 : population by age and by sex. ……………………………...… 26 Graph 3. Pyramid of ages …………………………………………………29 Table 5 : Relationship by sex …………………………………………………38 Graph 4 : relationship …………………………………………………………39 Table 6 : Number of refugees by sex and nationality ………………….40 Table 7 : Number of refugees by sex and province of origin ………….41 Table 8 : UNHCR codes for districts and nationality ………………….43 Table 9 : Number of refugees by nationality, sex, and district of origin. ………………… 50 Table 10 : Principal districts of origin of somalian refugees (population by block and by sex). ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 Table 11 : Principal
    [Show full text]
  • AVSI in Somalia Origin of the Project
    AICS – AID 11248 Emergency Action for the resilience of families and communities affected by drought in Jubaland June – December 2018 AVSI in Somalia Origin of the project • AVSI has worked in Kenya since 1986 • In Dadaab refugees’ camp since 2009 (BPRM donor) – Education and ToTs – Dialogue with local and national authorities – Facilitation for repatriation to Somalia (Lower Juba) / technical assistance to MoE • Drought affecting Lower Juba, specifically Afmadow, Qooqaani, Dobley and Diif, in 2017 AVSI in Somalia Target area (1) – Jubaland Federal State, Lower Juba AVSI in Somalia Target area (2): Afmadow District AVSI in Somalia Overview on the project General objective: To contribute to families’ resilience, residents, internally displaced and returnees affected by drought in the Lower Juba region in Somalia Specific objective: To increase the resilience of families, young people and communities in the Afmadow District by strengthening capacity and services in the areas of food security, WASH and protection Activities started: 12 June 2018 Duration: 6 months Partner: WRRS (Wamo Relief and Rehabilitation Services) Budget: 476,062 € of which € 450.567 AICS contribution AVSI in Somalia Beneficiaries Sector Direct beneficiaries Indirect beneficiaries Total Agriculture and food 1.900 2.850 4.750 security WASH 13.700 20.550 34.250 Protection 5.200 7.800 13.000 Total 20.800 31.200 52.000 AVSI in Somalia Launch of the project With local authorities and other stakeholders https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=i6zsyGfDDes AVSI in Somalia Sector 1 – Agriculture and food security Trainings on ASAL (Arid and Semi-Arid) techniques and alternative food production for 1,306 small farmers : 85% of the households have embraced the skills acquired and are using to increase their household’s food consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Minority Groups in Somalia
    The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: + 45 35 36 66 00 Website: www.udlst.dk E-mail: [email protected] Report on minority groups in Somalia Joint British, Danish and Dutch fact-finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya 17 – 24 September 2000 Report on minority groups in Somalia Table of contents 1. Background ..................................................................................................................................5 2. Introduction to sources and methodology....................................................................................6 3. Overall political developments and the security situation in Somalia.......................................10 3.1 Arta peace process in Djibouti...............................................................................................10 3.2 Transitional National Assembly (TNA) and new President ..................................................10 3.2.1 Position of North West Somalia (Somaliland)...............................................................12 3.2.2 Position of North East Somalia (Puntland)....................................................................13 3.2.3 Prospects for a central authority in Somalia ..................................................................13 3.3 Security Situation...................................................................................................................14 3.3.1 General...........................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Transcript
    SOMALIA-2018/04/06 1 THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION FALK AUDITORIUM SEEKING SOLUTIONS FOR SOMALIA Washington, D.C. Friday, April 6, 2018 MICHAEL O’HANLON, Moderator Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy The Brookings Institution VANDA FELBAB-BROWN Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy The Brookings Institution STEPHEN W. SCHWARTZ Former U.S. Ambassador to Somalia LANDRY SIGNÉ David M. Rubenstein Fellow, Africa Growth Initiative The Brookings Institution * * * * * ANDERSON COURT REPORTING 706 Duke Street, Suite 100 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone (703) 519-7180 Fax (703) 519-7190 SOMALIA-2018/04/06 2 P R O C E E D I N G S MR. O’HANLON: Good morning, everyone. And welcome to Brookings. I'm Mike O'Hanlon in the Foreign Policy program. And we are going to talk today about Somalia, in all of its manifestations, but with a particular eye on security conditions, and political transitions, and ongoing challenges faced by that country of 11 million in the Horn of Africa. I've got a distinguished panel here to inform us and discuss matters, and then we'll go to you for the second half of the program for your questions. Next to me is Ambassador Stephen Schwartz, a retired U.S. ambassador and Foreign Service officer, who was the United States ambassador to Somalia through last fall, spanning both recent presidencies in Somalia, as well as both recently presidencies in the United States. He was also a Foreign Service officer and ambassador in a number of other African countries and around the world as well. And I'm really pleased to have him here today to join us.
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Report Somalia July 2008
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT SOMALIA 30 JULY 2008 UK BORDER AGENCY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE 30 JULY 2008 SOMALIA Contents Preface LATEST NEWS EVENTS IN SOMALIA, FROM 4 JULY 2008 TO 30 JULY 2008 REPORTS ON SOMALIA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED SINCE 4 JULY 2008 Paragraphs Background Information GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.04 ECONOMY ................................................................................................. 2.01 Currency change, 2008 ................................................................ 2.06 Drought and famine, 2008 ........................................................... 2.10 Telecommunications.................................................................... 2.14 HISTORY ................................................................................................... 3.01 Collapse of central government and civil war ........................... 3.01 Peace initiatives 2000-2006 ......................................................... 3.14 ‘South West State of Somalia’ (Bay and Bakool) ...................... 3.19 ‘Puntland’ Regional Administration............................................ 3.20 The ‘Republic of Somaliland’ ...................................................... 3.21 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................... 4.01 CONSTITUTION .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Illegality: the 'Range of Factors' Test and Its Likely Impact
    Learn - Develop - Connect legalpd.com Illegality: The 'range of factors' test and its likely impact Recorded: 12 October 2016 MASTERCLASS TRANSCRIPT Overview This 22-minute video examines the defence of illegality – from its 18th century origins to the radical changes made by the Supreme Court in 2016. Topics covered: • An overview of the doctrine of illegality • The origins of the defence of illegality • The extent to which the illegality defence is used today • The 1st limb: Was it illegal or immoral conduct? • The 2nd limb: Is the cause of action founded upon that illegality? • The facts of Patel v Mirza • The 'range of factors' test explained • The likely impact of the new test Cases referenced: • Holman v Johnson (1775) 1 Cowp. 341 • Everet v Williams (1725); see (1893) 9 L.Q.R. 197 • Beaumont v Ferrer [2016] EWCA Civ 768 • Les Laboratoires Servier v Apotex Inc [2014] UKSC 55 • Tinsley v Milligan [1994] 1 A.C. 340 • Patel v Mirza [2016] UKSC 42 Learn - Develop - Connect legalpd.com Presenter profile Carl Troman, 4 New Square Based at 4 New Square, Carl Troman is a commercial litigator with particular expertise and experience in disputes involving insurance, professional liability, classic and super cars (including motorsports), property damage and costs. He is also a formally accredited mediator and acts as an arbitrator. Carl is recommended as a leading junior in the fields of both insurance and professional negligence by Chambers & Partners 2016 – being described as "super-intelligent with great interpersonal skills", and "very user-friendly and good on tactics". Carl is also ranked in the 2016 Legal 500 and has been described as "outstanding" and "an accomplished advocate".
    [Show full text]