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Whānau, Identity, Cultural Well-Being and Health / E Tipu Kāpo Māori Nei: Whānaungatanga, Māramatanga, Māoritanga, Hauoratanga

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Whānau, Identity, Cultural Well-Being and Health / E Tipu Kāpo Māori Nei: Whānaungatanga, Māramatanga, Māoritanga, Hauoratanga Growing up kāpo Māori: Whānau, identity, cultural well-being and health / E tipu kāpo Māori nei: Whānaungatanga, Māramatanga, Māoritanga, Hauoratanga Dr. Nancy Higgins, Donald Beasley Institute Dr. Hazel Phillips, Victoria University Mrs. Christine Cowan, Ngāti Kāpo O Aotearoa Inc Dr. Benita Wakefield, Donald Beasley Institute & Ms. Kelly Tikao, Donald Beasley Institute 2010 © 2010 Donald Beasley Institute, 44 Dundas St., Dunedin, New Zealand www.donaldbeasley.org.nz Ngāti Kāpo O Aotearoa, Inc, 510 Market St South, Hastings, New Zealand www.kapomaori.com Dedication to Pura Parata Hei tohu maumahara ki te mapihi pounamu, kua whetu rangitia, Kua pau tōu hahana ki te whenua, engari, e tiaho kaha kē mai i te rangi, Kua waiho nei ōu wawata, mā mātou e tutuki, Nō reira, e Te Purapura o te Rangi, moe mai i tōu moenga roa! This is dedicated to our sacred treasured pounamu, who is now amongst the stars, Your glow is extinguished here on earth, but instead you shine brightly in the night sky, You have left us your dreams, which we shall fulfil, Therefore, sleep on Purapura o te rangi within the endless sleep! Acknowledgements The research team would like to acknowledge the Tumuaki of Ngati Kāpo O Aotearoa Inc, who agreed to support and guide this project from its inception. We are grateful as well for the wise advice, direction, feedback and challenges that we have received from Ngāti Kāpo O Aotearoa Inc’s Research Management Committee (Mr. Nigel Ngahiwi (Ngāti Maniapoto) (Chairperson), Mr. Pura Parata (Kai Tahu, Kāti Mamoe, Waitaha, Hawea), and Dr. Khyla Russell (Kai Tahu, Kāti Mamoe, Waitaha, Hawea and Rabuvai)). We would like to acknowledge Mere Courtis for her manaaki, and for her deep knowledge about the kāpo Māori community that she has given to us. Thank you to Fiona Bradford and TK Onekawa, also from Ngāti Kāpo O Aotearoa Inc, who supported the research team in the successful completion of the project. We acknowledge the membership of Ngāti Kāpo O Aotearoa Inc. for the support and encouragement that they have provided to the research team over the past three years. Most importantly, we would like to thank all the participants in this project (the key informants and the case study participants) who have shared their stories and thoughts about growing up kāpo Māori. Without their considered and candid contributions, this project would not have had the depth or richness in documenting the experiences of kāpo Māori in Aotearoa. We also would like to thank the Health Research Council, which has funded and provided support to this project. Front cover artwork by Artists: Waka and Anaru Te Tai WitHin tHe centre circle, framed by tHree koru, is a triangle tHat represents kāpo Māori and tHeir wHānau. THe tHree koru tHat form tHe corners of tHe triangle represent tHe generations of kāpo Māori and tHeir wHānau wHo Have passed away and now watcH over tHe new generations of kāpo Māori and tHeir wHānau, linking eacH generation togetHer. THe tHreads tHat flow from tHe outer circle represent tHe knowledge tHat Has been passed down tHougH tHe generations of kāpo Māori and tHeir wHānau. THe colours used represent tHe Heart (red), sky (blue) and sun (gold). THe tHree circles represent tHe current generations of kāpo Māori and tHeir wHānau, witH tHe patterns witHin eacH circle depicting future cHallenges tHat eacH generation will encounter, acknowledging tHat tHe future and one’s patHway is difficult to determine. As expressed by tHe artists: “THe tHeme of tHe painting reflects tHat tHe future is uncertain but tHe experiences, knowledge and teacHings Handed down tHrougH tHe generations of kāpo Māori and tHeir wHānau give encouragement and confidence and altHougH tHe future cannot be seen clearly tHere is a patH to follow and it can still be great.” Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................. 7 THE RESEARCH LITERATURE.................................................................................................................. 7 TE AO TAWHITO (MĀORI IN THE ANCIENT WORLD)...................................................................... 7 Kupu/Ingoa .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Ngā Rangi/Ten Heavens/Lore/Tapu ............................................................................................... 8 Te Ao Māori (The Māori World) ......................................................................................................11 Tāngata 11 CURRENT LITERATURE RELEVANT TO KĀPO MĀORI...................................................................14 Barriers, deficits, intersections, and diversity ...........................................................................14 Diversity, visibility, inclusion and normality .............................................................................16 Collaboration or Competition ..........................................................................................................19 Indigenous people and indigenous people with disabilities: Service access, success, and self­determination ...............................................................................................................................21 Māori with a disability and whānau...............................................................................................24 Human rights and kāpo Māori .........................................................................................................26 Kāpo Māori and the Research Literature.....................................................................................32 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................36 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................37 THE CONTEXT: ...........................................................................................................................................37 DEMOGRAPHICS OF, AND SERVICES TO, KĀPO MĀORI IN NEW ZEALAND.............................37 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................37 New Zealand 2006 Census.................................................................................................................37 2007: The Social Report: Well­being and quality of life for Māori in New Zealand.......39 Health and Disability Demographics and Issues for Māori....................................................41 Diabetes 41 How many kāpo Māori are there in New Zealand: ....................................................................42 Definitions, meanings and statistics? ............................................................................................42 2006 Household Disability Survey of Seeing Impairment......................................................45 The Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind (RNZFB).....................................................48 Ngāti Kāpo O Aotearoa Inc.................................................................................................................56 Tamaki Ngāti Kāpo and Vision Pacific...........................................................................................59 District Health Board Services.........................................................................................................59 Māori Health Services .........................................................................................................................60 Education Services ...............................................................................................................................61 Statistics New Zealand data about kāpo children .....................................................................62 Blind and Low Vision Education Network NZ (BLENNZ).........................................................63 The Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind’s (RNZFB) Children’s Services ...........68 The Ministry of Education’s Group Special Education.............................................................70 Parents of the Vision Impaired (NZ) ..............................................................................................71 Tertiary Education...............................................................................................................................72 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................73 CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................76 METHOD/OLOGY .......................................................................................................................................76 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................76
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