MANA WAHINE MANA WAHINE READER A COLLECTION OF WRITINGS 1999-2019 - VOLUME II - VOLUME OF WRITINGS 1999-2019 A COLLECTION MANA WAHINE READER A COLLECTION OF WRITINGS 1999-2019 VOLUME II Mana Wahine Reader A Collection of Writings 1999-2019 Volume II I First Published 2019 by Te Kotahi Research Institute Hamilton, Aotearoa/ New Zealand ISBN: 978-0-9951290-0-9 Education Research Monograph No 4. © Te Kotahi Research Institute, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Design Te Kotahi Research Institute Cover Illustration by Robyn Kahukiwa Print Waikato Print – Gravitas Media The Mana Wahine Publication was supported by: Disclaimer: The editors and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the material within this reader. Every attempt has been made to ensure that the information in this book is correct and that articles are as provided in their original publications. To check any details please refer to the original publication. II Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1999-2019, Volume II III Mana Wahine Reader A Collection of Writings 1999-2019 Volume II Edited by: Leonie Pihama, Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Naomi Simmonds, Joeliee Seed-Pihama and Kirsten Gabel III Table of contents Poem Ngā Māreikura - Nā Hinewirangi Kohu-Morgan 01 Article 19 Colonisation and the Imposition of Patriarchy: A Ngāti Raukawa Woman’s 04 Perspective - Ani Mikaere Article 20 Constitutional Reform and Mana Wahine - Annette Sykes 19 Article 21 Claiming our Ethical Space: A Mana Wahine Conceptual Framework for 25 Discussing Genetic Modification - Jessica Hutchings Article 22 Matauranga Wahine: Teaching Māori Women’s Knowledge 38 Alongside Feminism - Kuni Jenkins and Leonie Pihama Article 23 Reclaiming the Ancient Feminine in Māori Society: Kei Wareware i a Tātou 50 Te Ūkaipō! - Aroha Yates-Smith Article 24 Mana Wahine Theory: Creating Space for Māori Women’s Theories 60 Leonie Pihama Article 25 Te Ukaipo - Te Taiao: The Mother, the Nurturer - Nature - Aroha Yates-Smith 75 Article 26 Echoed Silences in Absentia: Mana Wahine in Institutional Contexts 83 Hine Waitere and Patricia Johnson Article 27 Mana Wahine: Decolonising Politics - Naomi Simmonds 105 Article 28 Te Awa Atua: The River of Life! Menstruation in Pre-Colonial Times 123 Ngāhuia Murphy Article 29 It’s About Whānau: Oppression, Sexuality, and Mana - Kim McBreen 134 Article 30 In search of Our Nannies’ Gardens: A Mana Wahine Geography of 147 Maternities in Aotearoa - Naomi Simmonds Article 31 Never-Ending Beginnings: The Circularity of Mana Wāhine 155 Naomi Simmonds Article 32 Poipoia Te Tamaiti Ki Te Ūkaipō: Theorising Māori Motherhood 165 Kirsten Gabel Article 33 Kapohia Ngā Taonga ā Kui Mā: Liberty from the Theft of Our 178 Matrilineal Names - Joeliee Seed-Pihama Article 34 Mana Atua, Mana Tangata, Mana Wahine - Leonie Pihama 190 Kuputaka / Glosssary 198 IV Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1999-2019, Volume II Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1999-2019, Volume II V Preface Over the past few years we have had many requests for references related to Mana Wahine and/or Māori women’s writings on Māori feminist approaches. Many of the early writings in this area are difficult to access and as such have become less well known or utilised as a basis for thinking about issues that impact upon Māori women. The growing articulation of the need for intersectionality has prompted more conversations around how we as Māori and Indigenous Peoples engage with the multiple intersecting beliefs, ideologies and practices that both inform, and impact upon, our lives. Mana Wahine is a term that encompasses our own tikanga and which upholds and elucidates the mana that is inherent in our lives as hine, as wahine, in its many forms. It embeds our wellbeing and our ways of being within particular cultural understandings, beliefs and practices that affirm who we are within our whakapapa and whanaungatanga, our roles, our positioning, our responsibilities, our obligations. Mana wahine is not, and should never be considered only about gender relations. It is much more and moves beyond the colonial definitions of gender identity that is construction within dualist notions of biology, femaleness or maleness. Mana wahine is always located within our wider relationships as Māori. And it is within such a framework that we can ensure that we are cognisant of our relationships, responsibilities and obligations to each other as Māori, to our Indigenous relations and to those that live here on our lands. We are honoured to reprint a range of early works here to make them more readily available nationally and internationally. The writings that appear in these two readers are those that we have been able to gain permission to reprint, often because the original publications either are out of print or are not easily accessible. We acknowledge and thank all of the authors and the publishers who brought these writings to us all in their original form, and who have agreed that we share them in these volumes with free access. We have chosen to create these volumes as online resources so they can be downloaded and shared widely. He mihi mutunga kore tēnei ki a koutou wahine mā. As editors of these volumes we have retained the original text with only a few minor corrections where required. We have also listed at the beginning of each volume the source of the original article for your information. The cover images have been gifted by Robyn Kahukiwa and represent two commanding atua wahine, Mahuika and Hineteiwaiwa, and who bring the power of their respective domains to this publication. At the commencement of each volume is an original poem that has been gifted for this collection. Volume One includes the poem ‘Don’t Mess with the Māori Woman’ by Linda Tuhiwai Smith and Volume Two opens with ‘Ngā Māreikura’ by Hinewirangi Kohu-Morgan. These poems are to provide a creative entry into the publications. At the end of Volume Two, we have included four new articles by Leonie Pihama, Naomi Simmonds, Kirsten Gabel and Joeliee Seed-Pihama to bring the volumes to an end with some contemporary discussion of Mana Wahine. The purpose of this publication is to share. To share the words and thoughts of wahine Māori. To share reflections, analysis, practices from a place that is ours. So to you, the reader, enjoy. Leonie Pihama, Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Naomi Simmonds, Joeliee Seed-Pihama, Kirsten Gabel. Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1999-2019, Volume II V Source Acknowledgments The editors and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the material in this reader. 19 Ani Mikaere, “Colonisation and the Imposition of Patriarchy”, originally printed in, Te Ūkaipō, Volume 1, 34-50, 1999. Reprinted with permission from the author. 20 Annette Sykes, “Constitutional Reform and Mana Wahine” originally printed in Te Pua, Special Issue: Indigenous Women and Representation, 2000, 63-70. Reprinted with permission from the author. 21 Jessica Hutchings, “Claiming our Ethical Space - A Mana Wahine Conceptual Framework for Discussing Genetic Modification”, originally printed in, He Pukenga Kōrero, Raumati (Summer), Volume 8, Number 1, 2004, 17-26. Reprinted with permission from the author. 22 Kuni Jenkins and Leonie Pihama, “Mātauranga Māori: Teaching Māori women’s knowledge alongside feminism”, originally printed in, Feminism and Psychology, 2001, 293-304. Reprinted with permission from the author. 23 Aroha Yates-Smith, “Reclaiming the Ancient Feminine in Māori Society”, Kei wareware i a tātou te Ūkaipō! originally printed in, He Puna Kōrero – Journal of Māori and Pacific Development, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2003, 10-19. Reprinted with permission from the author. 24 Leonie Pihama, “Mana wahine theory: Creating space for Māori women’s theories”, originally printed in, Cultural Studies: From Theory to Action, 2005, 360-374. Reprinted with permission from the author. 25 Aroha Yates-Smith, “Te Ūkaipō - te Taiao: the mother, the nurturer – nature”, originally printed in, Women’s Studies Journal, Volume 20, Number 2, 2006, 13-22. Reprinted with permission from the author. 26 Patricia Johnston and Hine Waitere, “Echoed Silences: in absentia: Mana Wahine in institutional contexts”, originally printed in, Women’s Studies Journal, Volume 23, Number 2, 2009, 14-31. Reprinted with permission from the author. 27 Naomi Simmonds, “Mana wahine: Decolonising politics” originally printed in, Women’s Studies Journal, Volume 25, Number 2, 2011, 11-25. Reprinted with permission from the author. 28 Ngāhuia Murphy, “Te awa atua: The river of life! Menstruation in pre-colonial times”, originally printed in, Kei Tua o te Pae Hui Proceedings: Changing worlds, changing tikanga, 2012, 36-43. Reprinted with permission from the author. 29 Kim McBreen, “It’s about whānau—Oppression, sexuality and mana”, originally printed in, Kei Tua o te Pae Hui Proceedings: Changing worlds, changing tikanga, 2012, 55-64. Reprinted with permission from the author. VI Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1999-2019, Volume II Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1999-2019, Volume II VII 30 Naomi Simmonds, “In search of our nannies’ gardens: A mana wahine geography of maternities in Aotearoa”, originally printed in, Kei Tua o te Pae Hui Proceedings: Changing worlds, changing tikanga, 2012, 66-69. Reprinted with permission from the author. Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1999-2019, Volume II VII Ngā Māreikura Nā Hinewirangi Kohu-Morgan 1 Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1999-2019, Volume II nn You are the dawn of a new world Ngā Māra kai Sit well in your connectedness Haumie-tiketike me Rongo-mā-Tāne Te Ao Māori needs you Teach the children to māra kai Talk of the seasons they will travel Ngā Māreikura Talk of what will grow in each season Sit well in your historical culture Know the seasons kei roto i a koe Learning all that we need to learn For you are in your early winters Our Reo Rangatira Ānei ngā māra mō te pātaka Know it intimately Know and decolonise Ngā Māreikura So we can protect it from being bastardised.