Māori Spaces in Foreign Places Hinemihi O Te Ao Tawhito a Thesis
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Māori Spaces in Foreign Places Hinemihi o Te Ao Tawhito KERI-ANNE WIKITERA 2015 A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) School of Hospitality and Tourism Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ ii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations.......................................................................................................... vii Attestation of authorship ................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. ix Abstract ................................................................................................................................ x Preface ................................................................................................................................ xii Researcher motivations, intent – my journey ...................................................................... xii Rationale and significance of the study ............................................................................. xvii Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Pepeha – Ko wai au? ............................................................................................................. 1 Research questions ................................................................................................................ 7 Thesis structure ...................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter Two: Tāhuhu Kōrero – Hinemihi ...................................................................... 11 Hinemihi of Tangaroamihi ................................................................................................... 11 Te Wairoa development ....................................................................................................... 17 The eruption – 10 June 1886 ................................................................................................ 32 Lord Onslow ........................................................................................................................ 34 Hinemihi relocates to England ............................................................................................. 35 Chapter Three: Literature Review .................................................................................. 44 Māori history ....................................................................................................................... 46 Kaupapa Māori research – An epistemological study ......................................................... 52 Mātauranga Māori – Māori knowledge systems .................................................................. 56 Taonga and art history ......................................................................................................... 65 ii Māori identity ...................................................................................................................... 71 Whare tūpuna/Tūpuna whare – Frameworks for kaupapa Māori research.......................... 86 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 90 Chapter Four: Methodologies .......................................................................................... 91 Methodological design of the study .................................................................................... 93 Kaupapa Māori – Culturally appropriate ethics................................................................... 94 Qualitative methodologies ................................................................................................... 98 Methods and challenges .................................................................................................... 103 Data collection ................................................................................................................... 104 Researching whānau .......................................................................................................... 105 Whakapapa kōrero ............................................................................................................. 106 Tūhourangi wānanga ......................................................................................................... 108 Travel, Accommodation and Childcare ............................................................................. 110 Te Reo Māori..................................................................................................................... 111 Gendered roles ................................................................................................................... 111 Archival research ............................................................................................................... 115 Chapter Five: Whakapapa Whānau ............................................................................. 118 Māori histories ................................................................................................................... 123 Pou kōrero of Te Arawa .................................................................................................... 123 Tērā Te Auahi Ka Patua I Tarawera (Tērā Te Auahi) ....................................................... 125 Ngāti Hinemihi ki Te Wairoa ............................................................................................ 137 The Taonga of Hinemihi o te Ao Tawhito ........................................................................ 141 The carvings of the house .................................................................................................. 145 Māori re-connection with the whakairo ............................................................................. 163 Travelling Māori intersect with Hinemihi ......................................................................... 165 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 174 Chapter Six: Kaupapa Whānau .................................................................................. 176 iii The kaupapa whānau – whanaungatanga, kotahitanga and bringing together of peoples 178 Ngāti Rānana ..................................................................................................................... 186 Te Kōhanga Reo o Rānana ................................................................................................ 187 The WhareNOW projects .................................................................................................. 199 Te Maru o Hinemihi ki te Ao – In the embrace of Hinemihi within the world ................. 201 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 205 Chapter Seven: The Third Space ................................................................................... 206 Whakapapa paradigm - Negotiating distance .................................................................... 210 Hinemihi and the different interpretants ............................................................................ 213 Repatriation kōrero ............................................................................................................ 222 Place as location or as a philosophical position................................................................. 225 Other travelling Māori whare ............................................................................................ 229 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………237 Chapter Eight: Conclusion ............................................................................................. 238 Research question, goals and outcomes revisited .............................................................. 244 Research contribution ........................................................................................................ 250 Methodological contributions ............................................................................................ 250 Towards an alternative typology of Māori cultural identity .............................................. 256 Poroporoaki (expression of grief)…………………………………………………...………………………… …258 Glossary of Māori terms ................................................................................................. 259 References ........................................................................................................................ 269 APPENDIX I Kia Pupū Ake a Tūhourangi ............................................................... 281 APPENDIX II Ngāti Rānana Letter of Support .......................................................... 282 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Hinemihi o Te Ao Tawhito, 2006 xv Figure 2: The hapū of Hinemihi