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Iwi / Hapū Rights and Interests in Fresh Water: Recognition Work-Stream: Research Report

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Iwi / Hapū Rights and Interests in Fresh Water: Recognition Work-Stream: Research Report IWI / HAPŪ RIGHTS AND INTERESTS IN FRESH WATER: RECOGNITION WORK-STREAM: RESEARCH REPORT CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 4 Possible outcomes and mechanisms for effective rights recognition ............................................... 5 Alternative forms of iwi relationship to freshwater bodies ............................................................. 6 Iwi, hapū and whānau as kaitiaki and decision-makers for particular waterbodies in their rohe and/or areas of responsibility ...................................................................................................... 6 Iwi/hapū access to fresh water for marae, papakainga and mahinga kai ...................................... 7 Additional outcomes / directions .................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION, PURPOSE AND SCOPE ..................................................................................... 10 PART ONE: IWI / HAPŪ / WHĀNAU RELATIONSHIPS WITH FRESHWATER AND PARTICULAR FRESHWATER BODIES ................................................................................................................. 12 Tikanga Taiao: The Māori View of the Environment ...................................................................... 13 Tikanga Wai: The Māori View of Freshwater................................................................................. 14 Identity and Freshwater ............................................................................................................ 15 Freshwater as Taonga .............................................................................................................. 17 Authority and Control of Freshwater: Kaitiakitanga, Mana and Rangatiratanga .......................... 19 Rangatiratanga: Māori Proprietary Rights and Interests in Freshwater ......................................... 21 Tikanga-a-iwi: examples of iwi specific relationships with freshwater ............................................ 22 Whanganui whānau, hapū, iwi .................................................................................................. 22 Waikato Tainui .......................................................................................................................... 23 Ngāti Kahungunu ...................................................................................................................... 26 Ngāti Porou .............................................................................................................................. 27 Ngāi Tahu ................................................................................................................................. 28 Ngāti Tūwharetoa ..................................................................................................................... 28 Te Arawa .................................................................................................................................. 29 Ngā Puhi .................................................................................................................................. 29 Tikanga-a-hapū specific examples ............................................................................................... 29 Ngāti Pikiao (Te Arawa) ............................................................................................................ 29 Te Ika Whenua ......................................................................................................................... 30 Tikanga-a-whānau specific examples ........................................................................................... 30 Poroti Springs ........................................................................................................................... 30 Conclusions: Māori Relationship with Freshwater ........................................................................ 31 PART TWO: IWI, HAPŪ AND WHĀNAU AS KAITIAKI AND DECISION-MAKERS FOR PARTICULAR WATERBODIES IN THEIR ROHE AND/OR AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY..................................... 33 PART THREE: IWI / HAPŪ ACCESS TO FRESHWATER FOR MARAE, PAPAKAINGA AND MAHINGA KAI ................................................................................................................................. 40 The issues ................................................................................................................................... 40 Possible solutions ........................................................................................................................ 40 PART FOUR: ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF IWI RELATIONSHIP TO FRESHWATER BODIES ......... 42 Whanganui Iwi – Whanganui River: Te Awa Tupua ...................................................................... 42 Ruruku Whakatupua - Te Mana o Te Awa Tupua me Te Mana o Te Iwi o Whanganui ............... 45 Effect of legal recognition .......................................................................................................... 47 HKI-100859-1-273-V1 2 Conclusion on Ruruku Whakatupua .......................................................................................... 49 Ngāti Tūwharetoa – Lake Taupō and associated tributaries .......................................................... 50 Other specific water-body examples ............................................................................................. 51 Lake Waikaremoana ................................................................................................................. 51 Lake Rotoaira ........................................................................................................................... 51 Te Arawa Lakes........................................................................................................................ 52 Lake Omāpere .......................................................................................................................... 53 PART FIVE: PLANNING DOCUMENTATION – RIGHTS REFLECTION .......................................... 54 Regional Council – Analysis of planning documentation and mechanisms .................................... 54 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 56 PART SIX: INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES AND OUTCOMES .................................................... 58 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 58 International instruments .............................................................................................................. 58 Australia....................................................................................................................................... 58 New South Wales ..................................................................................................................... 59 Canada ........................................................................................................................................ 61 United States ............................................................................................................................... 62 Bolivia .......................................................................................................................................... 65 Finland and Sweden .................................................................................................................... 65 CONCLUSION: POSSIBLE OUTCOMES AND MECHANISMS ...................................................... 66 Alternative forms of iwi relationship to freshwater bodies ........................................................... 66 Iwi, hapū and whānau as kaitiaki and decision-makers for particular waterbodies in their rohe and/or areas of responsibility .................................................................................................... 67 Iwi/hapū access to fresh water for marae, papakainga and mahinga kai .................................... 67 Additional outcomes / directions ................................................................................................ 67 APPENDIX – SUMMARY OF PLANNING INSTRUMENTS AND OTHER MECHANISMS ................ 71 HKI-100859-1-273-V1 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Research Report (Report) has been completed in the context of the current engagement between the Crown and the Freshwater Iwi Leaders Group (Freshwater ILG) on addressing iwi / hapū rights and interests in freshwater.1 There are four work-streams in the context of this engagement: recognition, water quality, governance / management / decision-making and economic development.2 This Report has been completed for the recognition work-stream however will likely have relevance to the other work-streams and has particular overlap with the governance / management / decision-making work-stream. The purpose of this Report is two-fold: (1) to provide an analysis of the relevant freshwater rights and interests literature as against the recognition work-stream priorities and (2) to set out possible outcomes and mechanisms for rights recognition on the basis of the research completed. Part One of this Report details the relationships of iwi / hapū / whānau with freshwater and particular freshwater bodies. The Māori relationship with the environment
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