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Controls on Continental Shelf Stratigraphy: Waiapu River, New Zealand

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Controls on Continental Shelf Stratigraphy: Waiapu River, New Zealand W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2008 Controls on continental shelf stratigraphy: Waiapu River, New Zealand Heidi M. Wadman College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Wadman, Heidi M., "Controls on continental shelf stratigraphy: Waiapu River, New Zealand" (2008). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616896. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-c2b8-r329 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Controls on Continental Shelf Stratigraphy: Waiapu River, New Zealand A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School ofMarine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Heidi M. Wadman 2008 APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved by the Committee, August 2008 ~<Lt.~ M~ J ~ e E. McNlnch, Ph.D. Committee Chairman/Advisor , ven 'A. Kue ·· .D. CL-r~ Carl T. Friedrichs, Ph.D. B on, h.D. University o Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Wadman: Controls on Continental Shelf Stratigraphy TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1: Stratigraphic spatial variation on the inner shelf of a high-yield river, Waiapu River, New Zealand: Implications for fine-sediment dispersal and preservation Abstract ............................................................................................ 15 Introduction ........................................................................................ 16 Background ....................................................................................... 18 Methods ............................................................................................24 Results ............................................................................................. 26 Discussion ......................................................................................... 31 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 42 Acknowledgements .............................................................................. 43 References .........................................................................................44 List of Figures .................................................................................... 61 Figures ............................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 2: Black carbon chronostratigraphic evidence of deforestation preserved on the inner shelf of the Waiapu River, New Zealand Abstract ............................................................................................ 81 Introduction ....................................................................................... 83 Background ....................................................................................... 87 Methods ........................................................................................... 94 Results ............................................................................................. 101 Discussion ........................................................................................ 106 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 116 Acknowledgements ............................................................................. 117 References ....................................................................................... 118 List ofTables .................................................................................... 134 List ofFigures .................................................................................... 134 Tables ............................................................................................. 138 Figures ............................................................................................. 141 CHAPTER 3: Structural controls on preservation of Holocene shelf stratigraphy: Waiapu River, New Zealand Abstract ........................................................................................... 152 Introduction ....................................................................................... 154 Methods ........................................................................................... 158 Results ............................................................................................. 15 9 Discussion ........................................................................................ 163 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 171 3 Wadman: Controls on Continental Shelf Stratigraphy Acknowledgements .............................................................................. 172 References ........................................................................................ 173 List ofFigures ..................................................................................... 180 Figures ............................................................................................ 181 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................ 192 APPENDIX ....................................................................................... 199 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS After nearly eight years as a student at VIMS, four as a Ph.D. student, attempting to list everyone who has helped me in completing my degree is a daunting task at best. To all of the faculty who have guided me- both in advising and teaching roles- I can only thallk them for constantly challenging me as a scientist, teaching me to look beyond the obvious, and to learn to support my ideas with confidence and sound science. Carl Friedrichs and Steve Kuehl advised me during my master's, and continued to offer advice and challenges during my PhD quest. Jim Bauer and Ben Horton taught me about the rigors of the carbon world, and the dangers inherent in the powerful 14C dating techniques. Liz Canuel donated time, effort, lab space, supplies, and a wealth of kind encouragement as I followed a tenuous lead into the ultimately amazing world ofblack carbon. Linda Shaffner, Courtney Harris, Iris Anderson, Mark Patterson, Mark Brush, Ken Moore and Jerome Maa all challenged me in the academic setting, ultimately helping to make me a bett~r scientist. Finally, to my Ph.D. advisor, Jesse McNinch. Jesse was a constant source of encouragement, well-meaning criticism, and advice, both personally and professionally. He taught me to always be well-prepared to defend any new idea, and to recognize not just "cool" science, but science that would advance the knowledge of the community as a whole. Finally, with his, as well as Steve and Carl's, caring, support, and patience during one of the most trying times of my life, I found I do have the inner strength to take on any challenge I may ever have to face. Jesse, when I most wanted to quit, you simply told me no (and I foolishly believed you had a say), and I am deeply grateful not just for your guidance but for your friendship. In tackling this work, I have made some amazing friends on the other side of the world, in particular Bernard Cranswick, Tui Warmenhoven, Dave Peacock, Nicola Litchfield, Hannah Brackley, Lisa Northcote, Alan Orpin, Lionel Carter and too many others to name. In the day-to-day challenge ofbeing a student, Cindy Hornsby, Cynthia Harris, Fonda Powell, Louise Lawson and Paulette Lewis all managed to keep me paid and up-to-date on the essential, often bewildering paperwork. A special thanks is extended to Sue Presson, who was constantly either fixing my registration, or registering for me, as well as hunting down all of the forms I constantly mislaid. Sue, VIMS won't know what it is losing when you retire until it is too late. I am eternally grateful I was able to finish with you. I have been blessed by having not orily many wonderful acquaintances at VIMS, but also several wonderful friends. Bob Gammisch and Wayne Reisner have been two of the most outstanding and constant friends and colleagues I could have ever hoped to work with. To "the boys": here's hoping a lifetime more of friendship. Beth Waterson­ Lerberg, Linda Meneghini and Dave Perkey were beyond patient and kind in the lab, as well as a great deal of fun out of it. While I have too many VIMS friends to list them all, I do want to extend a special thanks to Kelly Johnson, Lisa Addington, Lila Gerald, Grace Browder, Jennifer Miselis, Jim Gartland, Kate Brodie, Katie Farnsworth, Tara Kniskern, Jim Goins, Phil Sadler and the late, wonderful Curtis Lee. Finally, to my family. I know that I'm the odd one out, the black sheep, but without their constant love and support (tempered with a little bemusement and consternation
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