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Enver Hoca Dönemi Arnavutluk

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Enver Hoca Dönemi Arnavutluk T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI ENVER HOCA DÖNEMİ ARNAVUTLUK (1945-1985) DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ergünöz AKÇORA Ali ÖZKAN ELAZIĞ-2012 T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI ENVER HOCA DÖNEMİ ARNAVUTLUK (1945-1985) DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ergünöz AKÇORA Ali ÖZKAN Jürimiz ………….. tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavı sonunda bu doktora tezinin oy birliği/oy çokluğu ile başarılı saymıştır. Jüri Üyeleri: 1. Prof. Dr. 2. Prof. Dr. 3. Doç. Dr. 4. Doç. Dr. 5. Yrd. Doç. Dr. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulunun ………… tarih ve …………… sayılı kararıyla bu tezin kabulü onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Erdal AÇIKSES Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürü II ÖZET Doktora Tezi Enver Hoca Dönemi Arnavutluk (1945-1985) Ali ÖZKAN Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Elazığ-2012, Sayfa: XX+509 Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Arnavutluk’un lideri olan Enver Hoca yalnız Balkanlar’da değil tüm Dünyada farklı yönleriyle gündeme gelmiştir. Ancak, iktidara geldikten sonra ölünceye kadar diktatörlük konumunu koruduğu görülmüştür. İlmi alanda ilgi çeken bir yaşantısı olduğu düşünülmesine rağmen, Enver Hoca’nın 40 yıllık diktatörlüğünün ve Arnavutluk İşçi Partisi’nin faaliyetlerinin istenilen seviyede incelenme imkânı bulunamamıştır. Böylece bu çalışmanın yapılması ihtiyacı doğmuştur. Enver Hoca; Sovyet lideri Josef Stalin’den daha fazla Stalinci olmuştur. Stalin’i bir ilah ve Marksist-Leninist İdeolojisini de bir yaşam tarzı olarak görmüştür. O’nun Arnavutluk’u bir “kapalı kutu” haline nasıl getirdiği maalesef hala ortaya çıkarılmamıştır. Ayrıca Enver Hoca Dönemi’nin Arnavutların Balkanlardaki rolü ile Arnavutluk’un yalnız komünist ülkeleriyle değil aynı zamanda Batı ülkeleri ve Türkiye ile olan ilişkileri de hâlâ karanlık kalmıştır. Bir yandan bazı Arnavut halkı O’nu hâlâ Arnavutların ulusal lideri İskenderbey’den sonra büyük bir kişi olarak görmekte iken, diğer bir kısım Arnavut halkı ise O’nu bir vatan haini ve Arnavutluk’un modernleşme yolunda en büyük engeli olduğuna inanmıştır. Bundan dolayı, Enver Hoca döneminin yeniden incelenmesi büyük bir önem arz etmiştir. Bu sebeple çalışmamızda; ilk iki bölümde Enver Hoca’nın İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda ülkesine nasıl bağımsızlığı kazandırdığı, kısa zamanda iktidara gelişi ve III Arnavutluk İşçi Partisinin oluşturulması konuları göz önüne alınmıştır. Daha sonra Enver Hoca’nın iktidarda kalmak için muhaliflere karşı uyguladığı etkisizleştirme siyaseti ile diktatörlük yönleri de göz önüne serilmiştir. İlave olarak, Komünist ülkeleri ile Batılı ülkeler ve ayrıca Türkiye ile olan ilişkileri farklı yönleri ile detaylı olarak ele alınmıştır. Son olarak; Enver Hoca döneminin siyasi, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik yönleri, gelecekte Arnavutluk ile iyi ilişki kurmak isteyenlere yeni bir pencere açmak amacıyla detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Enver Hoca, Arnavutluk İşçi Partisi, Diktatör, Stalin, Mao, Tito. IV ABSTRACT Doctorate Thesis Albania Under Enver Hoxha (1945-1985) Ali ÖZKAN The University of Fırat The Institute of Social Science The Department of History Elazığ-2012, Page: XX+509 Enver Hoxha; the leader of Albania within Cold War Era; came into question in different aspects not only in Balkans but also all over the World. However, he was such a dictator that he kept his position from his first getting in power till his death. Although it was thought that he had an interesting life at science area, It was unable to investigate this leader’s mystery life during his 40 year dictatorship and his Albanian Worker Party’s activities at a desired level. Thus, it needs to begin this study. Enver Hoxha was more Stalinist than Sovyet leader Josef Stalin. He saw Stalin as God and Marksist-Leninist Ideology as his life style. It has not been discovered how he made Albania as a “closed box” yet. Additionally, the role of Albanian in Balkan Region under Enver Hoxha Era and it’s relationship with not only communist states but also western states and Turkey still stayed in dark. On one hand, some Albanian people have still seen him as a great leader after the Albanian national hero Iskender Bey, on the other hand some Albanian people believed that he was a traitor and the real obsctacle on the way of Albanian modernization. For that reason, it seems very important to research Enver Hoxha Period. In this study, it was sprawled in front of the eye how Enver Hoxha tried to gain his country’s independence during the Second World War, how he took the power in a very short time and how he created Albanian Worker Party in the first two chapter. V Later, the policy of Enver Hoxha against his oppositon on the continuation of his power and his brutal dictatorship placed in front of the eye. In addition to that, the relationship between Albania and Communist countries, Western Countries and also Turkey were examined in different aspects. Finally, the political, cultural, social, economical parts of Albania under Enver Hoxha period also examined in details for the sake of opening a new window to the one who wants to creat good relationship with Albania in future Key Words: Enver Hoxha, Albanian Worker Party, Dictator, Stalin, Mao, Tito. VI İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. VI ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................... XIII KISALTMALAR ....................................................................................................... XIV KAYNAKLAR VE ARAŞTIRMALAR .................................................................. XVI GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 I. ARNAVUTLUK ADININ ANLAM VE KÖKENİ .................................................. 5 I.1. Arnavutluk Adının Anlamı ..................................................................................... 5 I.2. Arnavutluk Adının Kökeni ..................................................................................... 7 I.3. Arnavutluk Devletinin Bayrağı ve Milli Marşı ...................................................... 8 II. ARNVUTLUK’UN JEOPOLİTİK VE JEOSTRATEJİK KONUMU ................. 9 II.1.1. Arnavutluk’un Yeryüzü Şekilleri ................................................................... 9 II.1.1.1. Arazinin Genel Yapısı ............................................................................. 9 II.1.1.2. Dağlık Bölgeler ..................................................................................... 10 II.1.1.3. Ovalar .................................................................................................... 10 II.1.2. Arnavutluk’un İklim ve Bitki Örtüsü ........................................................... 11 II.1.2.1. İklim ...................................................................................................... 11 II.1.2.2. Bitki Örtüsü ........................................................................................... 12 II.1.3.1. Arnavutluk’un Akarsu –Gölleri ve Kıyıları .......................................... 13 II.1.3.1.1. Akarsular ........................................................................................ 13 II.1.3.1.2. Göller .............................................................................................. 13 II.1.3.3. Kıyılar ................................................................................................... 13 II.2. Arnavutluk’un Jeostratejik Olarak Önemi ......................................................... 14 II.3. Arnavutluk’un Demografik Yapısı ..................................................................... 16 II.4. Arnavutluk’un Dini ve Etnik Yapısı ................................................................... 18 II.4.1. Hıristiyanlık .................................................................................................. 19 II.4.2. İslamiyet ....................................................................................................... 20 II.4.2.1. Arnavutluk’ta Bektaşilik ....................................................................... 21 VII III. TARİH İÇERİSİNDE ARNAVUTLUK .............................................................. 25 III.1. Eski Çağlardan Osmanlı Dönemine Kadar Arnavutluk ..................................... 25 III.2. Osmanlı Döneminde Arnavutluk ....................................................................... 30 III.3. Bağımsızlık Döneminde Arnavutluk ................................................................. 36 III.4. Birinci Dünya Savaşı Döneminde Arnavutluk (1914-1918) ............................. 46 III.5. İki Dünya Savaşı Arası Döneminde Arnavutluk (1919-1938) .......................... 49 III.6. İkinci Dünya Savaşı Dönemi Arnavutluk (1939- 1945) .................................... 61 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. ENVER HOCA’NIN İKTİDARA GELİŞİ VE ARNAVUTLUK KOMÜNİST PARTİSİ ........................................................................................................................ 64 1.1. Enver Hoca’nın İktidara Gelişi (1908-1945) ......................................................
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