POLTTTCAL AND TNFORMATTVE REVTEW ITtRANA Nr. 2 (21t, 1975 / MARCH-APRIL Cn the co;ter the bus!. ol the heroine _ LIRI CERO. uork ol the sculplcr l Mumraz Dhrami.

"WOMAN DELECATE, portrail by Lhe painler Zel Shoshi deuoted to Lhe young highland woman who brings to the women's congress the say of her comrades emancipaLed once and tor all Irom backward customs. $ rere$m

TOIIIEl{IS:

WRIIERS A]ID ARIISIS ARE AIDS OF IHE PTRIY FOR IHE CO}IMUIIIST EDUCAIIOII OF OUR MEII A]ID WOMETI 2 rrvrn HoxHA

Greul su(resses, brilliont prospetls 16 asovr rEurzr Poweilul porty leuer of the in its reuolutionory struggle 2l RrrA ltARKo Ihe leuding role of the Porty grows with the deuelopmenl ond tonsolidolion ol sotiolism 26 .nnucl r plnrsE,

From the life oI the tounlry 34 A neressory rondltion lor the delenre ol the fleedom ond independence oI the peoples 40 ,,zERt ! Popuurr,

lDorumenlsl lhe unity ol the peopte oround the CpA in the llotionol liberotien [ront ll ilDRE(t plAsARt

Press reuiew 53 ETIUER HOITHA WRIIERS A]ID ARIISIS ARE AIDS OT IIIE PARIY TO EDUCATION OT OUR I{IETI AN The Porty musl creole in people olnd in so thot world oullook, those cusfo tttl, those le thot revolutionsry philosophy which will no oJ petty bourgeois qnd bourgeois world o

I THINK THAT WHEN WE EEPORT HERE, AT THE SECRETABIAT OF THE CENTRAf, COMMITTEE, AS IN EVEBY PANTY FORUM, ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO RAISING PROET,EMS WHICH HAVE BEEN THOBOUGHLY STUDIED. IT IS BETTEB THAT THESE REPORTS GIVE US A CLEAR AND FUI.I. PICTUBE OF THE WONK BEING DONE IN CONNECTION WITH THE ANA- LYSIS, THE GNASPING, AND THE FUBTHER CEEATIVE DEVELOPMENT OT A DIBECTION GIVEN BY THE POLITICAL BU- REAU, OB THE CENTBAf, COMMITTEE OE TIIE PARTY THAN TO CONEINE OURSELVES TO A SCHEMATIC LISTING OF A FEW DATA. I ASKED TIIrE COMRADES OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE, AS WELL AS THE COMBADES OF THE APPARATUS OF THE CENTBAL COMMITTEE ENGAGED IN PROBLEMS OF LITERATURE AND ARTS, I{OW THEY ACTIVATE THE WRITEBS, POETS AND ABTISTS, BECAUSE THEY SHOULD NOT BURDEN THEM WITH OFFICE BOUTINE, GETTING THEM INVOLVED IN ONE WAY OB ANOTHEB IN THE MACHINERY OF BUBEAUCRACY. I ASKED THIS OUESTION BECAUSE I THINK THAT THE WRITEBS AND ARTISTS I.EAGUE sHoULD NoT BE TUBNED INTO A BUREAUCRATIC ORGAN; ON THE CONTRARY IT MUST BE A CENTBE WHEBE THEBE IS A LIVELY TTIRESHING OUT OF PHILOSOPHICAL, ARTISTIC, ESTHETIC AND OTHER THOUGHTS. WE SHOULD NOT AT-LOW THE WBITERS AND ARTISTS LEAGUE TO BE TURNED INTO AN ONGAN FOB CHECKING THE VABIOUS WRITINGS OF A[,L THE WBITEBS AND POETS OF THE COUNTBY, BUT PRIMARILY, IT SHOULD WOBK IN MANY WAYS AND FORMS TO INSPIRE THEM TO WRITE BETTER AND BETTER. It is for this reasoo that I advised our distinguished revo' Over these thirty years of a free existence in a country lutionary poet Drit€ro Agolli, who is also the chairman of where socialism is being built, as it is in our country, we have the Writers and Artists Leagse, to give up the routine and achieved many sucoesses in the field of the economy and cul- bureaucratic work of the League and I asked him to tell us ture, There is no doubt whatever that these successes would at this meeting about the situation of the development of our not have been achieved without the existenoe of the Party of poetry. And he spoke to us with full conrpetence about this Labour, without its correct Marxist-Leninist line, without the problem. establishment of the people's power, without the dictatorship Speech deliuerod at the meating oI the S'ecrataiat oI the CC oI of the proletariat and without the continuous waging of the the Par'ty on December 20,1974, concerning the lullilment to olase s'trr.lggle. All thes,e factors have resulted in great trans- date the tasks lor f.itetatwe and ails ailsing fuom the 4th ol formations being carried out, in the socio-economic field, and, PTenum ol the CC of the Party. R IHE COMMUIII$ .D WOMEN ciety precisely elings, those fosfes, lhose ethics, t permit either the revivol or ihe spreod utlooks

linked with them, in the all-round education of rthe working now, there are peopie who think metaphysically and believe people. The economic and cultural life of our people has in certain uforc€s, which they raise as factors that allegedly chauged, has progressed. Our people produce, it work, create, set development in motiou, such as "the bureaucracy, the ad- learn, and cousume. ministration, selfishness, the feeling of private property, am- In all this development the Party has continually made all- bition, position, etc. "For them heaven has been transformed round analyses of key moments, which have helped the com- and taken (root) precisely in those world outlooks and sign- munists people and all the working to see the good aspects posts in life which consolidated 'the idealist inspiration and as well as the weak ones during the process of this development. the life of the capitalist, merchant or money-lending bour- Sorne people have flot appreciated these analyses made by geoisie, Naturally, under our regime ,the sphere of action of the Party, as they should. They have not se€n in theru the such people rhas been narrrowed and is becoming narrower, but essence of the policy and philosophy of the Party to point out their harmful mentalities are not without effect in life. In that the results of a particular period have their good aspects life and in various forms, these views act. Often they appear but that they also have weak aspects associated with them; as entirely hamless, normal, lie hidden behind a mentali- there are positive and negative factors and these factors are ty which allegedly conforms with the laws, the customs and objective and subjective. In ,the opinion of these people even with the new opatriotism, of the epoch of the party. This social life develops outside their will, because; they allege, is that petty bourgeois mentality, these are those bourgeois and events will take their .predestined, course willy.nilly. Such pett5t bourgeois remnants which the Marxist-Leninist party people differ in appearance from those who philosophize in fights and will continue to fight until the dawn of classless an idealist and mystical way, but they do not differ at all society. in their world outlook. At one time, people said and believed It must not be thought that the people have shaken off that this or that thing "had been written,,, *it was bound to these remnants, we should not think that after a few mora- happen like this,, uthere is a supernatural power, the deeisions lising articles these dangerous vices and world outlooks disap- of which cannot be opposedo. They called this force uGod, Hea- pear without 6 trace, we should not think that, with the impro- ven, Christ, Mohamedo and all kinds of saintly names. Even vement of the flivilg standards of the people, our men and EIIUER HOXIIA WRIIERS AHD ARIISIS ARE AIDS OT THE PIRIY TOR IHE COMMUIIISI EDUCATION OF OUR MET AIID WOIIEH womerr become immure to these .diseases,. On the ,contrary, others, who have betrayed the ideas of Marxism-Leninism. All we may have a reminder of them, and this time shouting these, dressed up in various pseudo-revolutionary ideologies, -long live the Party, which created abundance for us. But are forces and means of the counterrevolution used by ca' together with the abundance and wellbeing, the Pa,rty musl pitalism and imperialism for their own aims. create in people and in soclety precisely that world outlook, In view of these things, aware of their danger a't ary tho,se cusloms, those feelings, those tastes, those ethics, that re- moment, our Party teaches and educates the people, launches volutionary philoso,phy which will not permit either the revival them into struggle for the building and consolidation of the or the spread of petty bourgeois and bourgeois world outlooks. socialist society and the victories achieved, and preparing the Of course, this is not arr easy task and ,this is just what ground for those aew objectives which should be achieved. the bourgeoisie, capitalisrn, is relying on whetr it hopes for Every citizen of our cou[try must, ,therefore, reflect deeply on the "failure of socialist society', "the defeat of communism,. what the Party means when it says that uwe must fight with It is precisely that philosophy, those world outlooks and those all our strength against the external and internal pressure of economic relations orr which the development and consolida- the bourgeois and revisionist ideology'. This double, and at tion of its state power are based, that capitalism is counting the same tirne singlg euemy is not imaginary, but real. The ou. Its whole struclure aod superstrucbu,re have, of course, struggle should be waged daily, it should be active and take oppressed maar in a double way: b,o[h spiritually and physically. place in all the m,anifestations of life in ,the philosophy of all During the entire cotrrse of history the kingdom of capital, these manifestations. The struggle must be waged with all the of religion, of the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie has clashed means, through education at schools, infactories, in fields, at with the progressive forces, with progress, and has lost many work and at home, with the family and t€te b tOte witl.r mother, lim s in these wars. Now it has reached the stage of its decay. with the wife, with the sister, with the children, with the Capitalism, i.mperialism, frave lost their economic, political and neighbours, in all their manifestations, pointing out and enco- ieleological positions one after another. The revolution, the uraging the good thiugs and condemning the bad things, If peoples, are eroding its foundations. Marxisnx-Leninism is lead- we act in this way, we have triumphed step by step over the ing the peoples towards the new life, socialism and commu- enemy. We must not allow his evil seed to germinate, and, nism, but we musrt not thiak that in face of the defeats it as soon as it puts up a sprout we must nip it off at once, is suffering, world capitalisrl has laid down its arms. In iis Our writers and artists have an exceptionally great role in objectives, it relies precisely on its barbarous atlacks and on this direction, Our people and the PartSr need them. Through predatory imperialist wars against the liberation of the peoples their creativity and talents they should give more help in from its yoke, but it also counts on that world outlook and on eliminating those remnants I spoke of earlier, from the dark those remnants which burden the consciousness of men and corners of human consciousness and should throw into re,lief have kept them as its slaves for centuries. the majesty of the socialist world and the virtues of its new In this directiou the propaganda of irr,perialism for the men and women. Under the leadership of the Party, our workers degeneration of men atrd wonen and of society as a whole, in literature and arts should do that profound ideological, po- to revive every form and every aspect of the former vices, litical, moral, and ethical work which is needed to combat the feelings, senrtiments, appetiteis, selfishness, robbery, gangste- influences and poisons of the old world and of the present rism of those people and of those societies that supported its -day capitalist and revisionist world, to point out the lofty power, has flever known such a broad extension and develop- communist virtues and implant them in th,e character of our men ment as it has at the present time. All this is a reflection of and women. They should struggle to always play the role of the savage face of capi,tal, a reflectior of its degeneration, But the auxiliary of the Party in moulding the new man. I must with this rray of life it i,s striving, oevertheless to prolong its say with regret that many communists and leaders of Party existence and domination, by influencing the peoples with its committees and state institutions do not properly understand propaganda in order to demoralize them, to divert them from the importance of literature and art. In their reports they the road of the revolu,tioo. repeat Lenin's golden words about the role of literature and Capitalism and imperialism are afraid of the revolution, art in educating the masses, but when it is a question of prac' of the proletariat, a,lrd not of the lpmpen elements or of those tice, they underva,lue or forget them. democrats and socialists who fight thenr with kidgloves nor In the direction of the development of literature and art, of the modern revisiooists, like those of the Soviet Union and the Party has helped in making a great qualitative leap for' ward, Life in our country, is so great, so broad, so diverse, reality, with the men of work, with the soil, the products and so beautiful and so open that if you immerse yourself in it flowers of this land, with the high chimneys of the combines, you cannot fail to be inspired to write whatever you like, and with the troubles and joys of the men and women in novels, poems, plays, music, comedies, etc. their family honres, A poet who does not know reality, no Comrade writers, poets, musicians, artists, a,ctors and matter how developed his imagination may be, is quite unable directors of drama, opera and ballet theatres, cinematography, to produce a powerful poem, But if he properly integrates etc., drawing inspiration from the work and heroic feats of his imagination with the objective reality of the country, with the people, have made very great progress in the development the life of the people, if in his writings he fights expressions of literature and art in our country. This was shown at its full of pompous phrases, he too, can becorne a talented writer, best by the literary-artistic creativity rcalized,on the occasion For example, in my opinion, Xhevahir Spahiu, and some other of the 30th anniversary of the liberation of our homeland. young poets have many ideas, but the way they express them Inspired by the decisions of the 4th plentrn of the CC of the is not always real, vi,tal. It is up to them to make efforts to PLA, our artists and writers came to rthis great jubilee with Iink themselves better with the people, but it is also up to all those beautiful works. These achievements, in the series their comrades and the parrty to encourage these young ta_ of others, bear witness, among lents in this other things, to the possibi- direction, so that 'they do not see the people mainly lities created whe,n the people are in power and are led by through their imagination, but get deep into life, in the flow a revolutionary, Marxist-leninist party, such as our party and continuity of this lite, in aII the turns and zigzags the of f,abour, people make in order to achieye those airns the party sets From among the works of foreign authors of various coun_ them and clearly rnderstand that everything in life is not a tries, which I have read, there are so.me that I have liked, bed of roses. for ins,tance, the works of ctassical poetry and outstanding We must not be discouraged that, alongside the recogni_ French and prose other writers, but there are also writings sed poets and wri,ters, we do not see new talents of a high which have I not liked at all, such as many new novels which calibre as was said here. We must bear in mind that it is not I have happened to pick up and tried to read, but to tell easy to create worth while literary pieces, poems, novels etc. the have truth I thrown them away, because they are worth_ in a short time. you need tirne to write valuable works; besi- less, Let alone .poetrytr the modern which I have read, which des, you must link yourself with men and women, with the is so orvful you can't imagine, Reading such *poetry,, I ask people, you must go deep into the heart of the masses, not mys,elf ; who are the,se peoole who write such sfuff? Mean- just to find the subject for your novel or poem and .then while co'moared to this confused and worthless creativity the immediately Ieave the village or the factory, considering the magnificencer otrr of literature and art of sociatist realism, birth of the idea to be sufficient. No fine ha,rd"hitting work can the value of our exceptionally beautiful folk songs and dances come out in this way, that is why it is required of the writer becomes ever greater. to really get to know people, to know their lives, difficulties Among our poets and prose writers there are authors who and worries, their pleasures and hopes, etc,, as I said earlie,r. furn out literary and artistic creations of value, others who The majority of our young writers have a culfural horizon, produce workers of les,s value; then there are those who write but it is 'their duty to link this culture thoroughly with the materials without any special value. These 1atter, particularly life of the oountry, with the d,irectives of the party. I am the young poets and convinced writers, who is going to help them pro_ that by drawing inspiration from the life of the gress? people We must pay great attention to this question, we must and the correct line of the party, in time the young encourage and hel_o them, and oul affirmed writers and poets, writers, too, will mature and suoceed in winning recognition. as well as those who have had more training than the yotrnq There are two ways of viewing the development of life: ones, have one a special duty in this direction. But the first and is the idealist, mystical, pessimistic and conservative view, continuing aid we must give them is .to open the eyes of and the ,other is the realist view, with a revolutionary spirit, their consciousness to the reality of our country and peopte. fruit of a materia,lisit analysis of events and histo,ry, ful1 of They themselves optimistic must learn to see with their eyes and feel feelings for a change and a further positive develop_ w,ith their hearts the vigorous developme,nt ment history o,f the life of our of and of the develo-oment of society, of a peoole and faithfully reflect classless it in their diverse creativity. We society. This view becomes the property and world must understand the most profound and diverse aspects of outlook of those men and women with pure and revolutionary this development which ,through virtues. are discovered knowledge who, uniting with the progressive classes, strike har.d of the materiat life and the feelings which arise in each period, at the entire abhor.red icleological and politico_rnoral arsenal through the clash ideas of cr.eated by internal and external of the reaclionary forces. In order to educate ancl help ,the antagonism, which are inseparable young in the life of a people writers and artists, it is essential that we teach them, in whatever period and in whatever corner of the continents make understandable to them, the ideology that guides our this people may live and fight for its existence, for a better Party and our working class, Marxism.Leninism. life, in freedom and economic and political independence. We rnu6t teach our young wr,ite,rs and artists how to read If we find DritEro Agolli,s poems good, this is because they the open book of the socialist tife of o rr country, how to express the pure feeling,s of the people, are connected with study and grasp the content of this wonderful book. We must PERSONATLYI!'EELASA. TISFACTION WHEN I AM LISTENING TO MUsIC, WHETHER THAT OF GREAT CLASSICAL AND PROGBES. SIVE COMPOSEBS OF THE WORLD, OR THE MUSICAf, CREATIONS OE OUR OWN COMPOSERS, BUT TO TELL TFIE TRUTH, THE BEAUTI. FUL SONGS AND DANCES OF THE PEOPI,E PLEASE ME MOST, THEY MOVE ME WITH THEIB POWER AND, AT THE SAME TIME, WITH T}IEIR SIMPI]ICITY. I AM I{OT SAYING THIS JUST BECAUSE I AM I\N ALBA. NIAN,

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EIIUER HOXHA

WRITERS A]ID ARIISIS ARE AIDS OT THE Pf,RW TOR IHE COMMUTIIST EDUCATION OI OUR MEH AIID WOTEII

The fine works of the outstanding writers, poets and ar- make them love every "letter' of this book of life, make them please are permeated by valuable ideas see and feel the powerful pulse of the strength, feelings and tists us because they drop from the skies, but stem ardent desires of our people. We must work to make thern and thoughts, which do not knowledge the real s,tate of things, of our reality, of see and touch the colossal achievements of our people in all from of political and social life of our people" fields, see how our flew man of socialist society, led by a the devel,opment of the and accurately reflect the Marxist-Leninist party, has transformed the plains, the moun- These ideas and thoughts correctly joys and depth of the thinking tains, has harnessed the flow of rivers, and built entire cities desires, nad sorrows, the life see these of the people, they are connected with our prospects, there- out of nothing. We must make 'these young people all inspire us and invigorate beauties, all this rich colour of our people and nature, and fore they not only please trs, but they from this wonderful book, which is the life of the people, they our work. Hence the successful works of the outstanding of au,thors should become the main sotlrce of assistance to the shoutrd make deductions and put all 'these great treasures our socialist life in their books, novels, and poems, in their yo,ung creators rather than any schematic organization of 9i- and songs and play.s, in the painbings and scu'lp'tures they create' ving help on their part. \Mhen the works of the writers nnusical compositions express the If our artists and writers proceed in 'these directions and artists, their paintings and people and are moulded with these te'achings, if they immerse them'selves profotrnd thinking and great-heartedness of the c:,mplete1y in the revolutionary current of life with all their thtow into relief real characters from life, this makes those strength of characler and the depth of their pure and aldent who are reflecbed in these creations think: With the work question feelings, they will certainly give the people and their homeland we carry out do we deserve this honour? And this wonderful works which will be a reflection of the mighty which they ask themselves, inspires them and multiplies their work being done in our country lor the construction of so- strength to work even more. cialism and formulation of the new man. As to their usefuiness The works of our writers, be they young ones, contain and magnificence, their wolks wiil be llke the giant hydro- inspiration, ideas, tastes, art. All these things may not be power stations, factories and comibines, the bear.ltiful wheat always profound, they rnay not be perfect' It is known that the fields and the hil1s covered with fruit trees: they will be like tree does no! yield its fruits as soon as it appears above the the beauties of our cities, schools, and creches, where the soil, It is like this with the young writers and artists too, happy children of our sociallst country laugh and sing, where but in time they, too, will grow up, will mature in their our working class, cooperativist peasantry and people's lnte11i- thoughts and will know how to create works which are more gentsia, with .their minds and ski1ls, are crea[ing and building beautiful, of greate,r and more lasting value. a new, happy, and prosperous 1ife. In their creativity the young writers rntrst draw inspiration, I think that another special sort of help which should be primarily, from the lioe of the Parby and the colossal activity given to the young, Iess experienced, and as yet unformed of ,the men of labour, but, as I said, they 'must also Iearn from writers, apart fr,om the friendly advice of the outstanding their older and more experienced writer, poet, and artist and men of letters, indeed poets, writers, paintens and rnusicians, or the cornments, 'they comrades, Among the young artists witl make about the creative work of the young people, will also amcag the older orne,s, through systematic educative work, be the beautiful and rich creativity of our great talents, the we mu,st patiently fight and eliminate conceit, ambition, and splendid wrihings and compositions they bring to light, which arrogance, which remain with us as stains from the society wiII inspire the younger o,nes and tho,se with less training with antagonistic classes. Such a thing is indispensable for a from the ,ideological and artis'tic viewpoint. The works of massive development and blooming of the beautiful fragrant, poetry, prose, music, painting, etc, grovided by our wellknown multi-coloured flowers of a ,socialist garden such as ours' writers and artists, should become major subjects for study But, I think, we cannot expect that all talents shotrld reach io incgrire all those engaged in literat'ure and art in regard that level of developrnent at the same time. Therefore we to their ethics, cootent, the treatment of problerns, etc. This must not rnake thoughtless comparisons between individuals creativity is, and will lemain, a great school and aid provided engaged in creativity, saying that the productions of this one for the yotrng iby fihe recognised artists, frorn whose works or that stand high, while those of the others are nothing! No, not only those who have just begun to write, but also the we must not act in this way. The iliterature, art, music, even readers, all hose who are not engaged in writing, learn and the economy, sciences and the enlire culture of the countries gain education, because they inspire us too. and peoples of the world have not developed all at one time, they have passed, step by step, from the lo,wes,t srtages to the In their colossal work our great classical teachers, Marx, highest ones. Diffe,rences, of course, have always existed, not Engels, f,enin and Staliar; have d€alt with the problems of only when high levels of science, literature and culture have lite,rabure and arrts, too. The revisionists and Trotskyists are been attained, but even when such things have not existed, striving to minimize this ,rnajor contribution of the great Time and Iife themselves wil make the differentiation. teachers. They do this with a view to openiag a broad field In world Iiterafure of the different erpochs and centuries, for their filth of all genres which they are pouring otrt menti,on in all is made of men who, in their time; have been among directions. the most renowned, but io the later centuries their value I adyise 'the cornrade writers and artists, particularly the has fallen right away and they have been forgotten, Iiterary In a a,nd a,rt critics, that along with the study of the book about the F,rench Academy there is mention Marxist-Leninist of those theory, they should read with especially outstanding French and world authorities great who were never care those more than a few instances, in which our great admitted to the Academy, sr.lch as Moli6re, Bousseau, Diderot, teachers make cri,ticisms of writers and artists, They are pro- Balzac, etc. It says that many of thenr, when they presented tound analyses aad a model of how we shotrld judge their cantidatures a lite- for membership of the Acade,my, were tur_ rary-artisitic work. ned down. But who turned them d,own and who was chosem I do not want to go iato detail in their of what a critic sho,uld stead? The authors of the book show tha,t those be as said who I above, but I woutrd like to make a criticism of were elected instead of these authorities were men whose our litetary critics and I hope they exouse creativity had no great will me for this. value, therefore, with the passage of Sometimes critic{sm is neither time, many sirnple nor i,rnderstandable, thus of hem have been forgotten and some it cannot always of thern be grasped by ,those who read it and who have disappeared without a trace. In this book ome of these want to learn, Manrr of these criticisms are verbose; authors, himself an aoademiciau, what presents the grandeur and shou,ld be pointed ou is drowned in a flood of anarlysi,s and immortality of Mol,i6re who was never admitted frequently to the Aca- abst,use and ,specific,, phrases and termi,nology demy. rn the finar accourt, are of what did Mori0re want with use'd to give the impression of *c611r.1.rceD the luxurious armchair and of having of the French Academy when even today thoroughly studied the millions work. But in acting in this way, they of men and wo -."#: forget the reader, on whom this kind of criticisnn has no great a rm ch a ir in whi ch n" o,T;"ri."r;T "'' rT'[:'*'l ;:::, effect. If I may give some advioe, I mentioned this is rthat our critics, the imstance of the French Academy to illustrate sh'ould a andon any inclinations, if these appear amorng some the idea that is what does the 'tirne sorting out ,of many people of them, to imitate the botrrgeois rnodernist and works. Those which oritics of the are of the greate,st value, the master- present times who make their pieces, Iast obscu,re, confused, and disorient- through ceaturies as immorrtal mon,uments ing criticisms, which under the mask of allegedly adapting their never fade out. Others, of a cer.tain mediocre value, are talked criticisms to the works of the times. about for a ,time, whereas those which are worthless, are enti- In the field of the litera,ry and artistic rely rejected and nobody criticism of the even rnen,tions them. Thus, you bourgeoisie in various ,too, epochs, we shall see various stages rnay make whatever efforts like and 5r,ou to impose a valueless forms of it, Wi,thout a,spiring to the hights of work, but it will be,shor,t_I,ived. the criti_ rhe opposite is just as true; cisms of Voltaire, which were as slashing do whatever and profound as you like, organize cabals, invent they were simple and baseless criti_ under.standable, but lust taking ,the cri- cisms in a spirit of ambition ticisms and d.enigra,tion abotr,t a fine of the early decades of our century, work, we shall notice but never,theless it w,ill nrot disappear, that they were not so ndouble-distilled" its worth is not so tanglea and twisted, reduced, but resists even to the action, and, finally, it imposes itself degree to which the present bourgeois and throtrgh its great revisionist vatues. art, literature and criticism have degenerated, I think that a work, of whatever genre, Our literary-artistic has its good aspects, criticism rnust draw inspiration frorn but it has also its weak aspects. This and pursue is pr,ecisely why cri,ti- the principled road of, the great classical teachers cism js necessary, but not the denigrating criticism, impelled and our Party. Our criticisms shoulC be realist, by ambition Iike the and other trnheatthy feelings, but the just, works they anaryze; they ,tive, objec- shotrld be simple, understandable, constructive criticism. ooncise, .to and able be grasped by ,the public. Criticism must I make no claim at all, through these be ed,ucative, therefore ,tho,ghts few elementary he who makes it rnust not consider I arn expressing, ,to place ,myself himself in the rol,e of a to be speaking from the .top of Mt. Olymptrs,, bul literary critic and pose as such, No, he I am not in that category, should consider the author of a work as a comradq talking but I think that a work, of whatever genre it may be, must to his comrade always advising him for his good. have its ,essence in the correct political, ideological, moral road We should also show a little tact, comrades, and in the help present the situa,tion, its general and to be given typical aspects re€: to those who crea,te. We should bear in mind listically. First of all the wor.k must, peoples psychology, irupire, educate, and their feelings, The observation made here enthuse the reader. The force and intemsity concerning with which it subjeotive oriticisms is oorrecrt. sometimes the cri- will do this, depends on the profi.rndity of its ideological ticisrns passed on literary or musical works are exaggerated content, and on the forms, style, figtrres, colours, etc, used and strbjective. We must require frorn our wri,ters, poets, and by the author. artists, that the cootent, the essence of the work should be E]IUER HOXHI TI'RIIERS AHD ARIISIS ANE ilDS O] IHE PARTY TOR IHE COH}IUIIISI EDUCAIION OT OUR HEf, ATD WOIEII on a coffeot party road and be dnspired by a sound revolu- ciety. Of course, fo,r us the ,theatre is a political and ide'olo' tiomary spirit ifl the service of socialisrm, This is the main gical weapon for the education of people theirefore it must be thi.ng which our authors mtrst bear in mind in their creativity" uflderstandabtre and, 'i,n order to be such, it n:,ust €xpress As rto how the one or the other will construot the the,me he their rfeelings and desires. has chosen, the characters, this is the business of rthe writer, It is necessary that our dramaturgy should be raised to the poet, or the rntrsician. He, better than anyone else, finds the highest p,ossible level o,f per{ection, avoid b,anality, and tor himself the artistic figiu,res which rplease him, knows w,hich not only respond to the present level of cullture o,f the masses fiommt must be underlined to further strengthen the ideolo- frequenting this theatre, but it should be, at the same time, gical and political axis of his work, and so on. On questions the inspirer of a further advance in ithe tastes and revolution- Iike these, each must decide for himself, It nvould not be ary impulse f,or a more cutrtured life. advisable at all, for exarnple, to say [o a writer or someone Naturally, we are opposed to the literature of tire modernist else: nlf you wirll remove this idea or line and add that othe,r dlamatic art which strives ,to entangle and enslave people ome, if you will shorten it a lit le here and extend it there, in the consumer societby, to de'prive them of their pure feelings reimove th,iis artistic figure and put im ano'ther*, etc. In such a and of a revolutionary h,uman morali y in thoughts and case the writer would have the right to retort: "Then why actiofla. dont you write your own ve,rse the way you want it and stop Of course our revolutionary thea,trne does not and can not rnessing nre about? *We must not ever do things by interfering have lthe individual features of one artist, but the be,st feafures with uncalled for criticisms of literarry-artistic works, for such of o,ur masses, of ourr socialist society. This does not rneafl strbjective interference is not assistanoe, but ,masrsacre. Criti- at all, as the bourgeois'ie and its .the,ories' about theatre cisnns ,should not be made in this way. If we allow others claim, that our revolutionary theatre lowers, nrndervalues, or to nrake one commeil,t after another, endlessly, about the entirely eliminates, the pe,rsonality and creative talent of the publicatiom of a poem, a rpilay, etc., the work will end up a artist. On the contrary, our revolutionarry theatre o,pens to disaster and b,e turned into a "Bussian salad,, We should be the attists a very wide field of feelings and thoughts which particutarly careful to pursue a correct poliry of aid and criti greatly enrich 'the spirit of the rtheatre and their possibili- cism to the young writers, in the sense that we shou,ld neither ties for creatioa. fuddle rthem be nor intim,idate by telling them baldly "your The inner w.orld o.f our artists does not know those limi- poern is worthlessu, .Your wrifing is very poor,. etc. We tations which a,re impo,sed on the artisrt in bourgeois society. should also ear in rnind the other aspect, praise that is not,to Stach at'tists i'n bourgeois sooiety have only the illusion of them grotrndlessly, for in this way they maY rtake off,. The ,freedorn of creation,, while in faot their adtivity is aondi- aim is to help thetn advance, so that they, like a1I the others, tioned and, of cotrrse, orientated by the bourgeois rreality, by a may serve the people with devotiofl. Iife full of abnormal, amoral, extravagant phenornena, It is pre- In a few words, when a work is correot in line, and does cisely these confusiug phenomena and ex ravagance hat give not lack artistic values, but in which there may be something the bonrrgeois writers arnd artists the irnpression of "freedom to amiss with regard to this or tha,t aspect, there should not be createn. The dark ha,lls of their cinemas and theatres are too much hesitatio'n to publish, exhibit, execute, or stage it. domina'ted by the aim of creating ainguish in the hearts of But tr would like to reaffirm that it would not be right and the spectators, so that this angtrish will stay wi,th them the prop€r, ,orrl ,the other harad, for the men of letters and arts whole day and the whole week and become their second l,ife. to adopt a conitemptuou,s attitude towards the fair criticisms This content, this aim, this fo,rm, aard ,these esthetics, are and zuggestions, of an essentially ideological and artistic rejected amd combatted by otrr revo,lutionary esthetics, inspired charac+er, rnade by the critics or the readers. by the pure feelings of otrr people and serving the masses Our theatre, whether that ,o.f drama or o'f opera or ballet, of the people. has gained experience and has cre,ated a traditio'n, btrt we In this sense we should give a great impulse to ,our po- must nev€r ceas€ our efforts to find other, newer, ways and pular art through the means with a revolutionary ,spirit to enrich and ferther development of 'the amateur art rnove- men't, too; and by should improve tthis ,experience and tradition. Our ltheatre must re- this we not think only of our folk fleot our revolutionary reality, the demands of otrr working soflgts and dances. We rnust extend and enrich these two genres class amd coo,perativist peasantry to conso idate the new so- which the people love. Now we have people who are maste,rs of the pen. I am and others a little tress great, cotrld they not play in fill:rs? not sayilg that they should no,t write uovels and poems, for Couldn't we use thern in fi,Ims in whioh they wor.rrld sing to these are a healthy and indispensable nourishment for the this beautiful life blooming before o,trr eyes, to ,this life which education ,of ,the of our men and wor:een socialist society, but we are building with our own hands? Of coiurse we cotrld. notice .that I there is a marked inclination among the literary In no ruay mu$t our variety theatrres in districts confine people follow those to who have blazed thq trail in oreativitSr themselves to a few songs, a few sketches which they put on with novels and poernrs, and a trend to uoderestimation or lack in the cirties where they have been set up. My opiaion is that o,f interest plays, ,scenarios in writing fitn librettos aard and tlre professional variety shows and heatres of ,the di,stricts sketches ,theatre. for variety I have heard people saying: mtrst be furned into powerful centres and means for organisa- .oro "Wha,t can we do, cannot write wi:thout the desire", *there tion and propaganda, to encourage a great development, both are no inolinatioos, no alents for these genrer. lVhat ground- in bread,th and quality, in the settiag up of theatrical and va- les,s and harmful ideas ! These people are making a greait riet5r groups in work oentrss, schools, anC particularly, in the mistake, becatrse they are raeglecting or, what is worse, un- agricr.r,ltural ooopera'tives. genre, derrating these which are also of incalculable importance We are filled with great enthusiasm when we see on th€ for the education of our people, Little by little even those stages of the Opera and Ballet Thea,tr.e of the Capital, ,in the who have had iarclinations for zuch genre and who have cenoerts and variety shows of he districts, lrundreds up,on claimed distinctiou in this field of literary and ar,tistic creati- hundreds of young girls and boys playing in such a perfect vi y have begnrn 'to neglect it. We see our theatres filled to manner and singing with strch, harmonious, rnelodiotrs, and capacity, so a,re ourr ciaemas every night. But what can the fine voices, hat we forget that they are lathe operators, $pectators see? The repertoires ,the are out of date, not in workers of the -Migjeni, ar.tistic produ,cts ,enterrprise or the s,ense trseless, .Stalin" that they are but they have no oew subjects. textile cornbine, wool workers from KukEs, girl stu- We make few filnrs, very few. We should not expect to have dents from Sh-kodra, or school girls from Gramshi. theatrical pie,ces perfect in f,orm. Such a requirement would What a great development our art has achieved! These ta_ certainly lead us, to closing down ,the theatre and wo rld make leated young people are capable of stage performances full us see day and night, as we do, the dranratization of the of feeling and pathos, of playing iroportant roles in films, of novel uThe Godfly,. Why should we not put on mo,re of o,u,r learning all sor'ts of song and dances. I am speaking of all own works but always persist ,The w,ith Godfly,, 'tiil our those who have no artistic schooling. We have opened schools eyes are strickiag out from watchirg it on television? The and we shall extend them, but we should not forget, and "God,fly,, with a subjeot from the history of the carbonari,l) should not underestimate the gre,at art which in like a pte- ha,sn't so ulu,ch valtre ciotrs jewel that it should be put on so often. in the bosoln of the people, and which is deve_ Our cinemas are screerning bad foreign, capitalist and re- Ioping from day to day towards nerw heights. We must otganize visio:rist films, tl,ow do our people endure the showing of this still better. revisionisrt Cze,chosl,ovak, Bumanian or Hungarian films, fot I am aware of the instru,ctions given, according to which example ,How I became a policemar, profess,ional and similar vile r,u,bbish? our variety shows and theatres of the cities m.trs Not only is the selection give perforrnances of foreign films done badly, which in the villages too. B,L!t from what I have does great harm to the ed,ucation of otrr men and wornen heard, ,these institubions are not yet propedy inaplementing and youth, but haclsneyed party, excuses are rnade. "Wha,t shall we this di,rective of the because even today, hey give few do, we have no fihns,, they say. My opinion is that the films perforrnances in vil,lagers, and the greater part of them in vi- produced by our filmr studio are very good, ,they are mar- llages near the cities. It is the duty of ou.r professiona,l thea- veltrous in comparison wi,th those dished trp to nrs from abroad, tres and variety shows to extend their aotivity even to the with bandits an:d cowboys. most refiiote areas, covering our ,entire countryside with their We have wonderful artists, whom, without he,sitation, I artistic perf orua,nce,s. consider to be of world calibre. And he,re I have in mind not Today n all the agricultural cooperatives everywhere in only ,actors prosi, pjetir ve eran like Sand6r Gjoka, Naim Fra- our coufltry, there are g,roups of outstanding popular singers paodi sh€ri, Ti,nka Kurti, Ndrek Luca, Raidhi, Sk€nder Sollaku, and dancers, there are talented instrurnentalists who please ebc., btrt also younger ones like Bikard Lalja, Dernir Hyskja and educate the broad rnasses of the cooperativists with their and several others, boys and girls, whose narnes I have not performances and new ones are emerging every day. There is yet learned. lVith these wonderful actors and the talented no dotrbt that alongside them, there are also talents who pre- directors have, we we can produce not two or thr,ee films a fe,r dramatic art, people able in this fie;ld, fioe humo,rists, year, but many fltore, pr.ovided we pr€pa.re the scenarios for with whom variety groups could be created in every agri- them and their working and living conditions. We have these cultural cooperative to give theatrical and variety performan- treasures, .them but we do not ka,ow to use properly. ces there. Thererforg when the professional itheatres and va- We have wonder.ful singerrs, whom we say belo,ng to the riety shows of the cities, go to the villages, they should opera. May be so, btrt these and the variety show singers, discover these talents in the rarks of the masses, u,rge them as as well singers from the ranks ,of the people, greatly please and eucourage them, and organize ama,teur ,theatre troupes the public with the concerts they give, Well, these great artists with theor, help 'to orgau-ize and get them going, appoint ETIVER HOXHA

WRITERS AHD ARTISIS ARE AIDS OF T}NE PARTY FOR IHE COHMUNIST EDUCAIION OT OUR HEH AIID WOHEII

artistic leaders fronr among their own coolpany, who will tional wealth we have iaherited from the past. Since th€ look after these amateur groups and he,lp thern uar,til they early years of liberation, when our people were still poot are a le to stand ou their own feet. Thus, in our socialist and ,living in gneat priyatiou, it forcefully set about this ,ooun ryside amateur dramatic arl will flourish, too, new worik, i:nsisting on the production of folk instruments, and people and new taleuts wi,ll arisg who will enrich the stages that the folk songs and dances shorlld not be neglected. Dc and the repertoir,e of our professional theatres. you remenber, comrades, when iastnlctions were given on Ttre teacheus rrho work iu agri,oultural coope,ratives, the6e matters? And today the folk songs and instruments cornmunists and non-parfir people, art-loving boys and girls, have ,becorne a very healthy spiriiual food for orr working must heip in extending the artistic aotivity in the cotr,ntryside. rnas,ses and our youth. All around them a,re people with rare d,ramatic talents, ca- If the writer or poet desires to write, or the musician to pable people, with a keen, educative, and anrusing humour. corlrrpose a mrr.lsical piece witJr a gteal inspiration, about the The houses of culture in the ,cooperatives, should become teal past strfferings of the Albaniao people and their joys, Iet him cutrtural centres in tbe fulI meaniug rthe rthe at ter:r, See great turn to 'the songs and mel,odies of the people, in which he wil,l ta,lent wirth which our people pe,rform folk dances and songs! find a powerful source of inspiration. Becall, for instance, the These coope,rative farms are able to 6rlay theatrical parts, song rI remained, cornradeso which eveg Drit€ro Agolli they know life well, and if we organize them pr,operly, they has inoluded in his poem "Mother Albania". This is a song wi,ll find great satisfaotion for themselves, and they rwill please of value not only for the words choseu with rare artis.tic others and make rthem happy too. mastery, for its gneat spiritual power, but also because its But we aust go still ftrrther. In every period, talented conteot is a pro,fouad syothesis and reflection of the past artists have ernerged in the ranks of the people, who, ev€o suffering of the.dlbanian people. You never tire of hearing this though illiterate, have created. works of a great artistic value, song imterpreted with such rare rrastery by the folk si,r:gers of even sonrc masterpieces. But now wheg all the youug mren and the Skrapari districl Demir Zyko, Medi Kushi, and others. young wom€n have seven and eigh't year scho,oli,ng, cao this Our people have always been optimi,stic, In sorrows and not occu,r? Of course it can. Therefore we must work, look joys they have never lost their faith in th,e future, and this for them, €ncourage them, strpport them wherever they are, optiorisrn, this majesty has been perpetuated in the ,rich heri on the jobs, in production, in the villages, and then we shall tage of oral literature, in their songs, in their dances, in their have lots of coope,rativists, lathe operators, ,textile wo,rkers costurrers and in their other wonderful traditions. This is and women workers like hose o'f "Migieni, who will create something unajestic which is perfectly realized in art only artistic objects so beautiful that they wil,l enthuse and inspire by the genius of the people. rthe professional artists too. We should ;break throtrgh the Sornetinrers I see in elevision concerts by the groups of frozen walls of acadelnicisor, of rigid for,ms, we should thraw folk sing,ers o'f variotrs districts. Among them there are nrany the ice which keeps so rnatry new talents locked away be- really lofty and beautiJul pi,eces, with regard to content and cause, allegedly, you need school for this and school for that. melody. In rnany instances I have noticed that they have rna- The Party is not opposed to school, but evea when we did naged to achieve a logical and attractive integration bet- not have special schoo,ls of poetry, music, painting, etc., our wee[ the form of the folk melody and the inew content of people creabed and continue to create, to produce wonderful the songs. Thus, for fustaoce, I am very fond of the songs tatreats from their raaks. which the folk singer Fatime Sokoli siags with so nruch Personally I feel a satisfaction when I am listeniug to feeling and love about the hero of Dragobi, Eajram Cnmri, mnrsig whether that of ,the great classical and prognessive and about the heroic feats of the warrior people of those cornposers of the world, o,r the musical creations of o rr o {rn regions. Another television programme I liked very much composers. But, to 'tell the truth, ;the beautiful songs and was some songs by folk simgers from the own of Kavaja dances of 'the pe'ople please me ,rnost, they lnove me with about the girtrs witt golden hands who w€ave carpets, about their power and, at 'the same time, with their simplicity. the workers of the glass works who decorate vases with de- I am not saying thiis j,ust beca rse I am an Albania,n. No, but sigus of snel beautiful roses that when you healthe because our folh songs and dances are really beautiful, very song, it seems their fragrance is wafting rotrnd you. I heard beautiful indeed. The Party has performed a gneat deed in another programme of ,songs with singers from Elbasan, a raising to a high pedestal and perpetuating all this excep- city with musical traditions, where 60 y€ars ago the Normal Schoofl was established, one of the irnportant educationat The broad and varigated life of our country needs the instifutions, which, besides a whole army of patriotic tea. multitude of people working in art, in mr.rsic. We should dis- chers, also turmed out mtrsicians and compos,ers. Bul to tell cover them, su,tlpor{ them, put them on the s,tage, and some the ,truth, without wanting to underrate among them, the .e[abo. them who distinguish themselves there will be ,senf tated, melodies of the folk songs festival special of this district to schools afld thefl return in large numbe,rs to the seemed to me poor and friged in cornparison with ,the co- bosorn of our artitroying people. Io,ur, freshness, alrd beauty, of the songs Our full of inspiration Party wants every wo,rk which comes to tigh,t be as of the folk art. Thi,s doe,s rnean not that o rr comlposers nearly perfect as possiblo in aII aspeots, and it strives for should give up the ,elaboration, songs this but perfectioa of folk or dances, is not easy. It takes time, it regtrires expe- cul,tivated music, as it is cailled, but these ,elaboration,, rience, and it requires, affitty, too, things which are mot innate in ,cultivations, should always be based, not j,ust man, here and the- but are devetoped and worked up during the pro,cess re on a ohord or rnotif, in th,e national heri,tage, but they of the continuous education of his inna,te lea,rniags. Our lleo- should have the soil of this land, ,blended ple have mauy into them, they reanrings which should be utitrised and deve- should be inspired by the creativity, lope'd, the work and aspi for the good of o rr socialist society. In this direction, rations of this people, and be dedica,ted to thern, please them as in every thing, party the &ust ptay the decisive rotre, and arouse their spi,rit. If you depart fr,om this background, not onrly from the material aspect, bu,t especially f,roor the you neither serye your own peoplg nor give other peoples, aspect of ideas, by inspiriog pe,ople with its id,eorlogy, with any reason to value you, because you are not bringing any- Marxism-Leninisnr. poets, Our w,riters, musioians, etc., all our thing new to the cornmon trea,sury of the world,s progressive artists, shotrld learn Marxism_Leninisrn, not only frorn the culture and art, books, but al,so f,ro,n life, there wherre it is concr,ete,Iy Another evening applied I heard on te,levision the interpretation by the people. Books have great inrportance of some folk for the infor_ motifs on violencello and piano. Not only was mation and eduoation of ma,n, therefore ,our people rnust have I greatly please.d, but I said: IIow beautifully .cultivated books and rread otrr the,m zealously. eut to iaspire peopte, music can be developed form to on the basis of folk motifs ! their wonld outlook and their education, this cannot On this correot foad valuable works have been be confined to books alone. created And in the cas,e of people lack_ Iike those composed ing in ideo,rogiea,r and poriticar d many development, who have extra_ others. songs ldke ragan't inclinatioos, th ountrY" in oppositioa to the orientations composed pjet€r Party, of, the by People's it is ev@ more Artist, Mentor xhema v.n books or treasu- any ",, ffiT1Tt.1i,1,;ll'fr:ffi*"14,fi; ry of our new art. It is a hymn ;to our socialist poisono,us oontent, for thi:s home,Iand, to h., u ,r.gu"ti* ,*r.r.u on their formation. We must provide our reade,rs with- that rliterat rre which has a levotutionary character. Ho,wever, we shotrld bear in mind that therre are writens of other countries who demand that the working ctass rise r" but they do not conceiye the revotutiom "*oirtior, in the way A,rl"ri.t, do; con- seguently, they are trnabte to handle the-guestion rthe This yolution, of re- is the case wirth many other beautiful songs in prose or poetry, ,our too, sr.lch like writerrs, poets and as those by Avni Mtrla and o,therrs, which ,the public artists. Thereforg we should love always t" .ur.ful to con- tinually mould our young artists "ury ,and writers with the ideas of Marxism-f,eainism, so tha,t, trnder the lead.ership of the Party, they wil mafure, create for the people and ,think like the people. It we act iu this way, what iir. uoa heatthy as Zeliha Sina., fruit Ema e,azimi, Atida Hisku, Shyqyr.i Alushi, we sha,ll have! you,ng the sing€r, Violeta Zefi arrd. many others. In our post-liberation litelature many Albanian writer.s and On no account olust poets have dis,tioguished we negl.ect our fo,lk songs; on the themselves. fn the ,long contrary, run a good we should strive to have our co,mposers many of themr have wou recogui,tion, base them_ therefore, I think that selves finnly on these the worka very songs. It is not right that in the of value which tbey t"u" p"oOr.ua uJordan please and whi,ch Misja, middle sohool of art the pupils should us so much, shotr,ld begin become subjects for sttrdy, no,t in to learn foreigur ctassical rnusic first a pick and choose and Albanian fotk m,usic way, but systernaticarly. I remember later, The remark in the French how nrade on this g,uestion by cornrade Ramiz school that t went through, quite we were given a is righrt. r{owever much effort may be made thorough a,rrd systematic foundetion to teach tro*iuagu of the works the pupilrs fo,reign mu,sic they will not reach the of ithe French wr,iters and poets. heights of Bu,t our po-at, ,ura w iters, Litz tot example, who also became a renowned who are cl,osely ,linked composer with the people, *ho ur" inspired by precisely because he knew how and learn frorn to revive the H rngar,ian folk them and on this healthy soirl create popular rhapsodies. The sarne can be said of Chopin, Bizet, worlls of, ideological etc., who and artisti,c vralue have wonderful ta_ won renowa with folk mwic as their basis. lent too. Therefore, with their works it is essential that they EIIUER HOXHA WRIIERS IIID IRIISTS ARE AIDS OT IIIE PIRTY TOR IHE COMMU]I$T EDUCAIIOII OF OUR }IET AIID WO}IE]I shoutrd not be simply skimmed jus,t t'o say we've read them, that of art and culture. We are building in all directions with read ,once amd then put back in the shelf, but they should the maximum of 'our possibili'ties, and oiur friends ca,n s€e be read ca'refrltrly and attentively, for the mighty reality of ,this in the works produced and draw inspiration frorm the Iife, the hero,isln of our people who are buitrding socialisrn, herroism of our people. is reflected ia them. There are many foreigners who, even thotlgh they ate The beanrtiful works of our writers are weloorned not only bourgeo,is, speak well of our country. In 'the past Albanian was by rus, they are wetrcoured by f,oreigners, too. Here I am not a ,blank spacetr to foreigners, alrout which they knew noth- speaking only of Ismail liadare's cloryels o,r Drit€ro Agolli's ing. Now, whem ,they see the development of otrr archaelogy poems and those of some others of our literary men, which and the scientific level of our research work 'in this fi'e,ld, they have bee,n translated into foreign laugruages, but of the are amazed and ask3 How is it possible that all these treasu- works, of many other w.riters and poets too. If we can mana- res have lain hidden in this oountry?! I,t is a good thing that ge to train our own really ab.le translators in fore.ign lan- you have discovered them for yourselves,, - they tell us, - guages (because foreigners have always ignored our beauti- ,,because had you asked others ,to help you they would have ftrl language, this is why yotr do not firad people in other grabbed them". couotries who have mastered the Albanian language tho- In the outside world there are pe,ople with great artistic roughly), we shall have great success in poprtrlarising Alba- culture who have the Byzantine c.r:lture and art, fo,r instance, niam ili erary-artistic works a road, Therefore, let's get down at their finger ti,ps. The appraisal which these critics make to the job of train,ing our dwfl cadres who wil,l really mtast,e,r of the mural paintings ,of Onufri and the works of other A1- other languages so that ttrey are capable of translating the banian authors is exceptionally high, In these artistic crea- wor,ks o,f our writers into them, tions they do not see the plasticity of Byzantine art. In these paintings, in the colours €\ren in the rocks o,f our soil which We have been informed that the exhibition "Albanian art in oenturiers' which we op,ened in Pari,s, has arous,erl great are reflected in them they obse,rve a special living quality, interest arnong the French progressive public. We have been "Even the ,saints, - rthey ,say, - have human faces and are told that thotrsands trpon thousands of people, including cri- presented like the m,ou,ntain eagtres', tios, tliterary rnen, philosophers, diplomats, etc., have gone That is all I had tor say arbout sorne of the questions which eagerly to visit our exlribition which they have appraised as were raised at this meeting. We wish all the workers of the one of the best put on in,the French capital, The visitors have front of literature and arts still greater successes is carrying been astounded at the development of otrr art, in the same out the tasks laid down by the 4th Pl,enurn of the Central way a1s foreign audiences were astonished at the second Cormmittee o,f the Party, as well as in the other tasks which National Folklor.e Sestivarl im Gjirokastra when rthey saw it the Party, the people and rthe socialist construction, have placed on film, or a few years ago at o,!.r,r folk music and dances before our literature a,nd arts, at the Dijon festival, where our wo,nderfuil folk art was pre- I am sorrry that I have fi,ot yet been able to see the exhi- sented. Imagine when ,the foreigners are a,ble to, get really bition of figrurative arts which was opened on the occasion of the 30th good translatioas at ,the wo,rks of our poets and writers, - they anflivef,sary of the liberation, because, as yo r will discover and get to know ,rnany aspects of the miterial know, cornrades I have been very busy; nevertheless, I shall and spiritual life o,f ou,r pe,opte who are building the new find the opportunity and I shall certainly go to see it. I have life of a truly socia,list society. been to.ld ;that works very g.ood from the ideogolical viewpoint Thus, it this direotion we must work very hard indeed. It and wefi executed fronr the artistic viewpoint, have been exh! is not sufficient to pu.blicise abroad the grandeur of the rtlba- bited there. The new talents will certainly grow. This is very impo'rtan,t nian people in the field of national traditio,ns alone, but we for the future. The very fact of the ,opening of this must also make world opinion acquainted with the great exhibition iillustrates our grea,t su,ccesses ,in this field. May struggle and work of the Party, of this Marxist-Leninist Par- your work go well! ty, which is btrilding socialism in its own country quite una- fraid of the allr,ound struggle waged against it by the botrr- geoisie afld the modern revisionists. We must make the botrr- 1) Carbonari: uas a general term giuen 'to ,the anti-papal, anti-leudaT reuoTubionaries ol 79th century ltaly. The tetnt re- geois-tevision,ist see great force Marxism-Le,ni- world the of Ilects tih,e inaportwfi. ro;tre played by the coal+nimers in tl.tis nisfir ifl Albania, not only in the economic field, but al,so in b ourg,eois revolutionaty mouement. Marclt 7 is celebrated in Nbania euery yeat as ,tke Teacher's Day". 911 tltis occasion children oI all ag'es expte.ss theit teetrings of the most sincere loue attd. grutitucle to their teachers. GREAT SUCCESSES, BRITI,IATT PROSPECTS

by ABDYL KELLEZI

Our people's econotnyr olgonised ond run by our soeiolisl Stote, under the leodcrship ol the Porly,on the bosis ol the objective Iows of sociolism ond toking into considerotion the concrete notionol ond internotionol conditions ond circumstonces, not onlY does not know the phenomeno ol the economic ond linonciol crisis ond the other evils of the copitolist ond revisionist world, but on the contlory, is developing in o plonned ond hormonious woy of o ropid rote

From the repor,t o! ABDYL KELLEZI, uice-Chaitman ol the Council of Ministerc antl Chafuman of the State Platming Commission, deliueted an behall of the Couerntment, at the 2nd Session ol the 8th Legislatur'e oI the People's Assembly. THE YEAR 1974 MARKED A BURTHER RISE IN THE ORGANISATION, MANA. GEMENT, AND PLANNED DEVET.OPMENT OF OUR PEOPLE'S ECONOMY. THE STNUGGLE FOR THE trMPI,EMENTATION OF THE DECISIONS OF THE 4TH PI.ENUM OF THE CENTBAL COMMITTEE OF THE PABTY AGAINST ALTEN MANTFESTATIONS AND LIBEBAI. STANDS, THE GREAT EFFORTS TO CABBY OUT THE TASKS I.AID DOWN BY THE PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY AND DEFINED BY THE COUNCIf, OF MINIS. TEBS, TO APPLY A STBICT BE,GIME OF SAVINGs EVEBYWIIEts,E, THE GENEBAL MOBILISATION OF THE BROAD WORKING MASSES FOR GBEATEB ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE NAT,IONAL ECONOMY AND OTHEB FIBLDS, CONSTITUTE THE MAIN CHA- RAETEBISTICS OE Af,L THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TO FULFII. THE TASKS OF TIIE PLAN FOR 1974. CONSEOUENTLY, THE TASKS ENVISAGED IN MOST OF THE BBANC,HES OF MATERIAL PBODUCTION AND IN THE SOCIAf, AND CUf,TURAf, SEC. TORS IIAVE BEEN FULFII,LED SUCCESSEUI,LY OVEB-ALL MARKING A EURTHER AND IMPOBTANT RISE AS COMPARED WITH THE YEAR 1973. In 1974, as againist L973, toLal produc- and particularly, of spare parts. At the tio,n in iod'r.rstly inqreased by 7,3 per cent. same time, there was a further develop- As a wholXe, the plan fo,r toLal industrial ment of the movemenit to set up new lines production was fulfilled 10L,3 per oent, and sections relying on our own forces, The major part of the irldustrial lrranches and master new products, to increase ex- fulrfiitrsd or evelr 'qverfulfiltred the targets port goods and reduce imports. Creat ef- of the plan. forts have been made to improve the qua- Increased attention and struggle to ful- lity of products and extend their range. fill the plan targets in every index, as Industry as a whole fulfiltred its tasks 'to- well as the efforts to strengthen con- wards the other economic sectors better tractual discipline, made possible the fu1- and parrticularly in regard to the develop- filment of the targets according to the ment and strengthening of the material assortment better than in any othel year. and technical base of agriculture. The During 7974, in comparison with 1973, the geology workers too in Eeneral fulfilled, following increases in production were and in some indices overfulfilled, the achieved: crude oil 7 per cent, petrol 7,5 tasks set for the increase of industrial re- per cenL, diezel 7 per ,cent, chromium ore serves of useful minerals. Besides the 17 pet cenl, blister copper 6 per cent, increase of reserves around the deposits iron-nickel 5 per cent, electric power 6 being worked, new promising areas have per cent, machines and equipments over been discovered. B per cent, spare parts over 19 per cent, To implement thc Palty directives and cement 7 per cent, footwear 5 per cen , the important tasks laid down by the peo- sugar 14 per @nt, edible fats 34 per cent, ple's Ass,embly, the work in agr.iculture cheese 29 per cent, etc. was done with better. mobilisation and The good results achieved in the de- tnulti,plied forces to overcome the diffi- velopment of industly and in the increase culties created by the bad weather condi- of industrial production are the fruit of tions in the spring, with heavy rain that the selfless work and great rnobilisation caused flooding and damage, and the long of our heroic working class for the ful- summer drought. Thanks to this work filment of the targets of the plan for fresh progress was marked in the increase 7974. The bulk of the increase of indus- of agricultural and live-stock products. trial production realised dttring 7974 was Total agricultural production of. 7g74 is secured through the better uti,lisation of abo.ut 11 per cent larger than that of the productive capacities and the more 7973. 'Ihe agricultural workers made grea- t, ::ational use of the material and techni- ter efforts to increase production of bread cal base, as for instance in the oil pro- grain as the main task of agriculture. i3 cessing and copper industries, in the pro- Wheat production marked an important duction of hydro-electric power, in the increase, overfulfilling the plan by 17 per paper and other industries. The year 7974 cent, or 20 per oent more lhan in 7973. saw greater efforts and a better organisa- Better work and with greater care than tion of the work and struggle of the en- in the past years, was done for the de- g.ineering industry workers to increase velopment of livestock f.arming and for the produotion of maohines, equipment, the increase of live-stock products. 18.21211,1975 ALBANIA TODAY

The Council of Ministers has suppor- gave the people worthy works, of lofty Army. In accordance with the decisions of ted and enco'uraged the aumerous initia- proletarian partisanship, with profound the 5th and 6th Plenums of the Central tives taken by the agricultural workers to ideological and revolutionary content and Committee of the PartY and comrade extend the furigated area, to level and high artistic level. The unprecedented ex- Enver Hoxha's lprogrammatic speeches' drain the land, to increase the accumula- tensive partioipation of the broad work- the Marxist-Leninist line of our Party on tion of organic manure etc. ing masses in various fields ,of the cul- defence matters, as an important part of Satisfactory results have been achieved, ture, artistic, and sports movement, was its general 1ine, is being ever b€tter mas- also in other branches of our people's a characteristic of the great r€volutiona- tered and implemented by the entire sol- economy. The plan for goods transport in ry leap forward that has been made in dier-people. The bourgeois-revisionist ton'Km. has been fulfilled 100 per cent. the field of cuiture. Tens of thousands of theories and their purveyors have suffered The motor-transport workers have wor- amateurs made their first appearances one defeat after another, and this is what ked carefully for the extension and more on the stages and sports fields of the is in store for them in the future too' efficient use o,f trai ers, fulfilling the plan cities and vi11ages. The many different The question of defence has become the targets. festivals, the fl1ms produced by the "New duty ,above all 'duties' The total volume of construction-assem- Albania, film stud,io, the literary works 7974 was a Year of a mightY allround bly work in 7974, as cornpared with the of all genres, the beautiful television pro- mobilisa,tion of the working masses and year 7973, increased by 8 per cent, while grammes, the magnificent national spar- the stabe and economic organs, led by that carried oru,t by the co,nstruotion enter- takiad and the many fine sporting con- the Party, to overcome the great drifficul- prises increased by 9,4 per cent. In the tests-a1l demonstrated the great trans- ties stemming from the savage imperia- revolutionary drive which characterises forming force of the ideology of the list-revisionist encirclemenl and from the our whole life, the construction workers Party, irow high ,it stands and how much international circumstances of the aggra- have intensified their work, particularly pot,erful it is to overwhelm the views vation and deepening of the economic on the big projects which are being built of the bourgeois and revisionist ideology and financial crisis of the capitalist-revi- with the fraternal internationalist aid of when it is mastered by the bload work- sionist wor1d. In this framework and in the People's Republic of China, fulfilling ing masses, the cadres and specialists of implementation of the tasks approved by the targets of the plan in the construction art, culture, etc. In the heat of ttre great the People's Assembly, the Council of Mi of the metallurgical combine, the Fierza class struggle being carried out and dee- nisters adopted a series of importanb mea- hydropower station, the deep oil process- pened in all fields of life in our coun- sures for the further allround strengthen- ing plant, and many other important pro- try, under the leadership of the Parly ing of the savings programme. These jects. and comrade Enver Hoxha, the conscious- measures are playing a great role in the The better fulfilment of the targets in ness of the new socialist man is being mobilisation and utilisation o'f internal the plan of industry with regard to quan- ternpered with the world outlook of the resources and reserves. Thanks to them tity and assortment, and the incr.ease in Malxist-Leninist ploletarrian ideology. and to the political understanding of the the delivery of agricultural and live- The talgets of the plan have been rea- problern, the labour force was used more stock products, in comparison with the ched in a satisfactory manner also in rationally, better work was done for the previous year, have improved the supplies the municipal, health, and other sec- lrore economical use of raw materials, of various good,s on the rnayket. Goods tors. there was an intensification of the turnover in 7974, as compared with the In incomc of the 7974 State budget was struggle to reduce failures, damage, and year 7973, lncreased by 5 per cent. The achieved 100 per cent, and the expenditu- waste, and, in general, greater efforts needs of the population for industrial te-88,2 per cent. Thc non-fulfilment of were made to protect, develop, and in- goods, have been better fu1filled in quan- the expenditure of the state budget is a crease socialist property. tity, variety, and quality, while exports result of the numerous measures which Although in general the tasks of the increased by 77 per cent as compared were carried out in various branches of state plan and btldget tot 7974 are com- with 7973. the economy to further stlengthen the pleted in a satisfactory manner, we can- The targets of the plan have been ful- savings programme, and to fulfitrl the not lail to mentio'n that in some branches, there have been filled inr a 'satisfactory manner also in the tasks of the plan of production, coastruc- sectors and enterprises, sector of education and culture, Carr.ying tion, and selvices with the least possible shortcomings and weaknesses due to in- o rt the instructions of the 4th Plenum consumption of material and monetafy sufficient work and liberal or buteaucra- of the Central Committee o'f the PLA and funds, as well as of the failure to com- tic attitudes, towards ca,rrying out their the teachings of comrade Enver Hoxha, in plete investments in some individual pro- tasks. the framework of the 30th anniversary jects. The existence of these shortcomings of ,the liberation of the homeland and the Very important results were achieved shows that the savage imperialis,t-revisio- triurnph of the people's revolution, the in increasing the defence capacity of the nist encirclement an'd the need for a mo- fighters on the- major f'ront of culture hometrand and strengthening our People's re intensive struggle against liberal ma- AI.BANIA TODAY 2 (211, 1975 . 19

nifestations and attitudes, as well as pet cett, the food processing industry- of the People's Bepublic of China. such against bureaucratic routine in organising about 5 per cent. as the metallurgica! combine at Elbasan, and running people's the econorny has not The fulfilment of the ta,sks in in- the Eierza hydropower station, etc., work always been property undersrtood by eve- dus'try for the yeeir 1975 must be ac- will begin or continue orn maay o,ther rybody. The Council of Ministers has ta- companied with rno::e effoft for the projects. We plan to complete and put into ken, and in the future wi,ll continue to be,st possible utilisation of productive ca- operation important projects, i.rl.cluding take measures, aimed at raising the effi- pacities, the extension of the cement factory in ciency of the managerial work of the Sta- It 7975, and especially from the be- Elbasan Lo ircrease its produotive capaci- te and economic organs to a higher 1evel ginning ol 7976, many ind,ustrial pro- ty four-fold, the wall- oard factory in to strengthen the discipline of the plan jects with complex equipment and tech- Elbasan, 9 lines for ,produotion of rnaize and f,inancial and contractual discipline nology will come ,into operation. In or- oil and corn flour, the polygraphic corn- improve ,organisation to the of assistan- der to ensure the best possible use of bine in Tiana, the brick production lines ce clock-rap and and parLicularly to fur- Lhese projects all the necessary measures in Fier and Tepetrene, the flour f.adory ther 'strengthen the deirand for rendering are being taken, particularly for the in Lushnja, bhe Gjangi waier reservoir in account and individual and oollective res- cadres who will be employed in them. Korga, that of Maqellara in Dibra and of ponsibility in carrying out tasks, Better Tofal agricultural produotion in 1975, Izvor in Tepelena, the Fier-Ba11sh railway organ,isation of the sLruggle against these in oomparison with that of. the year tg74, will be completed, and more than 7.200 shortcomings and weaknesses will ensure is expected to increase by 15,9 per cent. f1ats, the Durrds water pipeline from Fu- better conditions for fulfilment of the It is planned 'to open up about 15000 shd-Kuqa, and many other socio-cultural sbate p.lan and budget for the y,ear hectares of virgin l,and, including about projeots will be b'rrilt. L975. 9000 hectares for field crops. As compared The L975 draft-p1an envisages bigger Then Abdyl Kell,ezi spoke of th,e draf,t with L974, the produotion of bread grain [asks also f or ,the oLher s,ectors of the State plan and the draft State budget for will increase abourt I per cen,t, potatoes- econorny and culture. Betail goods tur- the year 7975. about 60 per cenf rice-a,bout 39 per cent, nover, as cornpa.red with that of. 7974, The targels envisaged f.or lgTS take cotton-about 25 per cent, sugar-beet- is expecbed to increase by 3,2 per into aonsideration the quotas set in the about 30 per cent, sunflower-about 41 cen[. five-year plan, the new possibilities ,per crea- per cedt, meat-about 72 cent, eggs- In the field of education there will be ted fo,r economic development, good the about 17 per cent, milk-abou,t fl4 per a further rise of the leve1 of measures experience gained by the working class cent, etc. and requirements for the furthef, alhotrnd and the broad workinE masses for the fu1- For the fulfilm,ent o,f these tasks in agri- revolutionisation of all categories of filmenf of the plan tor 1g74, ,the creative culture, the Council of Ministers has sohools. This year 100 per cent of the thinking of the working people expressed envisaged important measur,es for the pupils graduating from the middle schools during the'whole process of working out further reinforcement of its material and will do their probation period in produc- the draft-,plan, as well as the conditions technical base. tion. About 14.000 young men and women created as a result of the deepening of On the basis of the increase of agri- are expected to graduate from fulI time fhe economic and financial crisis of the cultural and livestock p,roducts percep- higher schools and professional and ge- capitalist-revisionist world. The fulfilment lible increases have been envisaged also neral middle schools. Most of them will of these tasks will be aahieved, thanks in wholesale purchrases of thern. go to work in ,the various economic and to a more cornplete utilisation of the The volume of goods transport in TSZS ctrltural s,eclors, 'in town and co,r.rntryside, productive capacities and ithe of material is envisaged to be 4 iper cent larger as fulfiUing the needs of the rnain projects and technical base, a m,ore frugal use of compaled with the 7974 figte. This will whioh will be put into operation. The va- raw materials, other materials and mone- ensure the fulfilment of the needs of our rious sectors o,f peopl,e's culture will also tary values, and thanks to the exploita- people's econofiry for goods transport. be further developed, tion of all the new possibilities and re- The 1,975 draft pTan envisages growing On the basis of the draft-plan for ithe sources which lead to increased produc_ tasks also for the construction workers. development of the econo,my and cutrture tion and the development of other sectors The volume,of construction-assembly work, f.or 7975, the Council of Ministers has also of the economy and culture. in co,mparison with that of 7974, is en- prepared the draft state budget. Accord- Cross industrial outpub planned is to visaged to incr,ease 7,6 per cent. The ing to this draft, income will rbe 7 biilion, increase by 4,4 per cent as oompared with construction-assembly work carried out 300 rnillion leks. Expenclittre will be 7 that of the year 1974. The chromium by the enterprises of the Mi,nis,try billion, 100 million leks, with a credit ba- industry is planned ,to i.ncrease by about of Construction will increase 4,2 pu lance of 200 rnillion leks. In the state 10 per cent, eleotric power-about per 6 cent. Dlring 1975, parallel with the budget expenditure the main place is cent, the' chernical indus.try.about g per intensification of the work on tfie big occupied by expenditure for financing cen!, the engineering industry-about 5 projects going up with the fraternal aid the people's ,economy, which amoun,ts 20.2(21t,1975 ATBANIA TODAY

general to 4 billion, 482 milTion leks, or 63, 1 system, further deepens its crisis. Britain, Italy, Fnance, the USA, Japan, per cent of the total budget expenditure, It has engulfed ali the capitalist counrtries, and the o'ther capitalist countries, by the particularly expenditures for education and culture without exception the indus- political, ideological, and organisational, trialised ,capitalist countries. This crisis w,i11 be 818 million leks or 77,6 per centi consolid,ation of the Marxist-Leninist once rnore proves the falseness of all the public healt}r - 342 million leks or 4,8 groups and palties, and the ever greater per cent; defence-653 million leks or 9,2 bourgeois and revisionist theories about opposition of the peoples of the world upeople's uthe so- per cent, and for the upkeep of the ad- capitalisrn', consumer to the hegemony of the two superpowers, peaceful ,inte- ministrartive appara,tus-106 rnillion leks or ciety', "lhe transiti,on" or imperialism and social-imperialism. gration, inLo socialism, etc, 1,5 per cent. of capitatrism The economic and social situation in shows he capitallst and The 1,975 draft-budget ensures the unin- It once more that our counrtry is entirely different. Our peo- based on the savage terrupted financing of the developm€nt levisionist system is ple's economy, organised and run by our the broad of the country's economy and culture. and merciless exploitation of socialist state, under the leadership of As always, in achieving the 1975 tal- working rnasses. The characteristic featu- the Party on the basis of the objective gets, too, we shall have the powerful, res of the economy of the capitalist and laws of socialism and taking into con- fraternal aid and support of our close revisionist coun,tries today are stagnation, sidera,tion the concrete national and inter- friends, the great Chinese people, the decline of production and the marked nati,onal conditio,ns and circumstances, uot great Covernment of the People's Bepublic of slackening of rates of pr,oduction the only does not know ithe phenomena of China, and the Cornmunist Parfy of China increase of the army of unemployed, sky- economic and financial crisis and the particul,arly with comrade Mao Tse-tung at the head. rocketting prices, of food- other evils of the capitalist and revisio- Fr.om the highest state rostrum of the stuffs, the great devaluation of the ma n nrist world, but on the contrary, develops People's Republic of Albania we, the de- capitalist currencies and the enormous in- in a planned, harmonious way and at puties, and rtorgether with us, the entire crease of inflation, the continuous deePen- rapid rates. Our production in industry, Albanian people cordially thank the peo- ing of ,ohronic deficits in foreign trade in agricutrture, and other sectors, is steadily ple, the Party, and the Government of ,the budgets, and the balance od payments, etc' increasing; in our country there is no People's Republic of China, for the con- These phenomena an'd contradictiors, unemployment; retail prices have been tinuous and unlimited backinE and sup- which stem frorn the very class oature systematdcally reduced and not a single port, for the great, geflerous and inter- of the cap.italist and revisionist system, thing has gone up in price, more and nationalist aid they give us, in all the are insurmountable. They are permanent more supplies of mass consurner goods fields of the socialist construction and the f eilow-travellers of ,this rotten system. are available on the markets. Our peo- defence o,f our homeland. In their vain efforts to get ou! of the crisis ple's econorny does not know inflation; After having pointed out the main di- that rhas gripped them, the drnperialrist and the purchasing power of the lek has rections on which the attention of the revisionist bourgeoisie, the monoPolies grown continually stronger. On this ba- state and economic organs must be cen- and business circles, the bourgeois a,nd re- sis, the standar.d of tliving of the broad tred for the fulfilmen,t of the tasks of visionist governmenLs and political parties working masses of .the town and coun- 7975, Lbdyl KEllezi continued: are increasingly shifting the cons,equences tryside has been steadily rlising. kt 7974, The fulfilment of the itasks ,for 1975 of the economic and fina,ncial crisis on as compared with 7970, per capita real and fh€ closing of the fifth five-year plan to the shoulders oI the broad working income increased about 12 per cent. This for the development o,f the economy and masses, raising the 1evel of explo,itation is what has happened in our country, culture with great successes, witrl rna- and markedly iowering their living stan- and it is what will happen in the future, ke our €conomy rnore powerful and mo- dards and subsistance level. too. re independent, always forging ahead As pointed out iby our Party of Labour, oa the iba,sis of tthe principle of self-re- the deepening of the economic and filan- liance. cial crisis irr the capitalist and revisionist This positive development of our cour- countries has led to a further intensifica- try is being achieved at a time when the tion of the class slruggle in these coun- economy of the capitalist and the revi- tries, to the rise o,f the ideological and sionist world is bogged down in a pro- political consciousness of tlre working found economic and financial crisis which class and the otler working masses, who is shaking this rotten system to its foun- day by 'day are rising in open struggle dations. not only in defence of tiheir vital inte- The present economic and fi,nancial rests, but also against the bourgeois crisis, which expresses the sharpening system as a whole. The best evidence ot of all the antagonistic contradictions of this is the extension and deepening of the the present-day capitalist and revisionist strike rnovement of tthe working class of I POWERFUT I.EYER OF THE PARTY 11{ rTs REVOTUTIOilARY STRUGGTE

by RlfA MARI(O

The Trode Unions of Albonio, under the leodership of the Porty, ond thonks to the conlinuous core ol the Centrol Committee ond Comrode Enver Hoxho, hove olwoys stood in the lront ronks of the struggle lor the strenglhening of the dictotorship of the proletoriot, for the lurther steeling ol the ollionce of the working closs ond the worklng peosonlry, for the extension ol sociolist democrocy. They hove worked tirelessly so thot the working closs wil! rilwoys remoin the leading lorce ol our society

THE TBADE UNIONS OT ALBANIA WETTE EOUNDE'D IMMEDIATELY AFIER general line and programme of the Party THE LIBERATION OF THE COUNTBY AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S and its directives. POWER, ON THE INITIATIVE, UNDER TrtE DIRECTION, AND ACCORDING TO THE The creation of the Trade Union orga- TEACHINGS, BELOVED LEADER, COMBADE OF THE PARTY AND OUR nisation was another great victory of our ENVER HOXrIA, THE FOUNDING OF THE TRADE UNIONS WAS AN URGENT AND working class o,n the road to the realisa- HISTORIC NECESSITY DICTATED BY THE ESSENTIAL NEED TO CARRY OUT THE PBOGRAMME OF THE PARTY, TO FULFILI. THE TASKS ABISING FBOM THE TBAN- tion of its aspirations. Therefore, on this SITION OF OUR OOUNTRY TO THE BOAD OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM, important anniversary trhe finest feelings TO HELP THE PARTY IN TRAINING, EDUCATING AND TEMPEBING THE WORKING of boundless gratitude and ardent love PEOPLE, AND PARTICULAELY THE WORKING CLASS, AS THE LEADING CLASS OF of the workers and aii the other working THE NEW SOCIETY BEING BUILT, WHICH, IN REVOLUTIONARY ALLIANCE WITH people, of the rnembers, activists and ca- THE LABOURING PEASANTRY, HAD TO FULFIL ITS HTSTORIC MISSION FOB THE dres, of the Trade Unions, are extetlded BUILDING OF SOCIALISM, TO BBEAK THE POWER AND RESISTANCE OF THE to our glorious Party and to our belovcd EXPLOITING CLASSES AND THE UNDERMINING ACTIVITY OF OUR INTERNAI. AN.D teacher, comrade Enver Hoxha. EXTERNAL ENEMIES. leader and democra[ic ideas, These circumstances also defined the Unions, as broad organisations of the mas- Under the influence of ideas whicl: form, the r,ole and the tasks of ,the Trade ees, of the working class and other work- and later, of the communist ing people, of a political, class and revo- were spread by the communist groups, Erom the speech deliuered at the solemn was the first to go meeting dedicated to the 30th anniuet- lutionary character, as a powerful lever of the working class sary ol the lounding ot the ATU, bY the Party and a school of comrnunism. o,n strike and stage demonstrartions in de- RITA MARKO, member oI the Political Their or.ganisation and activity was based fence of its lights. The fascis,t occupation Bureou of the CC of the PLA and Pte- princi,ples, on the raised the struggle of the Albanian wor- sldent oI the ATu CenEaT Council. on the Marxist-Leninist 22.21211,1975 ALBANIA TODAY

kers to a stil1 higher level. But the found- in all directio,ns. Our working class has ing of the Co,mmunist Parfy of Albania always been on the forefront of this with comrade Enver Hoxha a,t the head, as struggle, the political staff o,f the working class as The balance o.f victories we drew up a a parfy of the new type, of the revolu- few months ago, on the occasion of the tion, created the decisive, pernanent con- 30th anniversary of the Iiberation of the dition, for the leadership of the working homeland and the triumph of the people's class in the National Liberation War, in revolution, is truIy majestic: profound re- the struggle for its complete liberation and volutiornary transformations have been the v:oLo,ry over the enemies. carried out in all the fields of the coun- With the founding of the Cornmunist try's 1ife. In the difficult oondltions of Party of Albania the workers' movement the terrible backwar,dness inherited fronr ensured its unity on a national scale. The the pasrt, of the resistance of rthe over- working class was the first to set the thrown classes, the savage imperialist-re- example in this struggle. The workers, led visio,nist encirclement and blockade, our and inspired by the Party, were in the gloriorus Party has had to solve the great front ranks of the demonstrations and pro,blems of the reconstruction of the coun- emerged as their organisers and leaders. try, the construotion of socialism and the When the Partv issued the clarion-cal1 defence of the homeland. With great sa- for armed upr.ising, the workels were the crifices, and overcoming counttress diffi- Eirst, who under the leadership of the culties and obstacles, one victory after communists, distirrguished themselves in anothe,r was achieved: sccial ownership botrd actiorrs of the guerrilla uni,ts, beca. was established over the mean,s of pro- me the core of partisan detachments anC duction; socialist relations included all the hattalions, and, having withstood the dif- sectors of activity; our n,ew socialist in- ficult tests of the war, were admitted to dtr,stry was set up, agriculture was collec- the Party ranks and bccame capable com- tivised, unernploymen,t and poverLy were manders and commissars who, with their elirninated, a profound revolution was matnrity and abilitv, won the confidence carried out in the field of education and nnd love of the par",tisans and the people. culture, the wellbeing of oui w,orking The National Liberation War., Ied bv masses was perceptibly raised, and the the Party, bccame a g;reat schoo! for the dictatorship of the proletaria,t and the revo utionalv education of the working defenoe capacity of our l-romeland becarne class, and Drepared if to perform its mis- invincible. Thus, rnany aspirations of the sion in the new his,torieal stage of the working class were realised, and today it building of socialism, the consrolidation enjoys all the rights which the workers in o,f the new state power, and the defencc capitalist countries have been struggling of the socialist homeland from the exter- for and dreaming of for centuries. nal and internal enemies. The Trade Unions became a powelful Now, af ter thirtv vears, our s,ocialist support for the Party in the struggle for Albania is an advanced and deveto,ped the realisation of 'these historic victories countrv. This has been achieved thanks which changed the whole appearance of to ou,r glcrious Partv, to its leadership and our bel,oved homeland. They have grown its correct Marxist-Leninist line. thanks to and extended, and include in their ranks the titanic work o,f our 'working ctass over 20 times more members than they and of our entire people. Our enemies- counted in the early porst-liberation years, the in-rperialists, the revisionists, and their A profound change has taken place not int€rnal agents-did their utmost to stor) only in their numerical strength, but also our revoltt'tion and undermine our vic- in ,their qualitative cornpo,sition. Imple- tories, to keep Alban,ia as their priva,te menrting the ,teachings of the Party, the estate but all their plans and conspira- workers and the other laibouring peo,ple, cies failed. Our people, 1ed bv the Partv, liquidated 'the backwardnoss, mastered the with the pick in one hand and the rifle equipment, technol,ogy, and the art of the in the o,ther, achieved hisloric victories organisation and running of production ALBANIA TODAY 2 lztL t97s . 2t

and the other sectors of life. While pre- to temper our working people wiih the viously Ensuring the understanding and irrlple- the country could barely count g0 revolutionary features of our working mentation o,f the teaching panty occupation's, today our worrking people, of the class, to make them determined fighters tempered rthe par,ty, and corntade Enver Hoxha that the defen- by work in more for ,the the innplementation of line of the ce of the ho.meland is the than 2.000 occupations and specialities. d,uty above all Party and the defence of the gains of the du,ties, has been About 50 per cent of, our and remainLs, an impor- w,orkers have revolution and our socia,list homeland. tan,t direction of the ideologicil po- B year and secondary educa,tion, while ancl The main objeotive of the educational among our litic::l w.or:k of our Trade Unions. workers the number of spe_ work of our Trade Unions has been and A great deal of work has been cialists with ;bertiary 1evel schooling has and rcmains the continuous tem,perring of the continues to be done, inct'eased 50 fotrd and those of secondary for the educ:rtion politiclil consciousness of the working of our wolking peop,le level have increased 23 times over. in the socialist people so that they thor,oughly under.- atbitude But, above all, in fierce towar.ds work and pr,operty. But struggle aEainst stand the role of the working class as the the greait tasks of socialist oons,truotion the class enemies, ,the bourgeois and r.evi_ leading class of our socidt5r, which, un- demand sionist ideology, against that we should not be conrtenrt ttre peLty_bour- der the leadership pary, of the sets th,e with the results aclrieved, but sho.uld geois psychoJogy and the remnants and exer- tone for the entire life of the country. cise our min,ds seriously blernishes frorn the past in the oonscious_ and fight even The study and the ever better assimila- better against alien atti,tudes ness of men and women, ,the party tempe_ bwards tion of the line of the Party, of its direc. work and ptopetty, red our new working class with a lofty for discipline and 'the bives and decisions, is an indispensable full use of revoluti,onary spirit, with sound working time, for the quality class and condition for the working people socialist of our of pr,oduclion, the setting of work quota,s, consciousness, witth an ardent -on country to march triumphantly forward and so on. feeling o,f heroism and s,elf sacrifice, with bhe road of the r.evolution and socialism. political maturity, with the A special role in the struggle to pilotect fine virtues For this reason, our Trade Unions have the gain,s of the r,evolution and our so- of co,mmunist moralif5r and with exem_ devoted great attention to the ideologicrl cialist constrrrction, plary devotion to the c:use of rthe party, to bar the way to the political ,education of the working people p'enetra,tion socialism, and the revolution, The party of bourgeciis-revisionist ideo- through organised forms of politic-rl edu- 1ogy, an,d moulds our workers anid io march with sure steps orr the the other work_ crtion. Sum,ming up the positive experien- road rto socialism and co.mmunism, ing masses with the revolutionary con- is ce of this work, we are facad with the played copts of the co,nstr.uction by the direct workin,g class con- of socialism task of making better efforts to make trol, which is led and lnspiiod ,by the with their own forces, of waging the cla,ss bhis system as effective as possible ancl Party. The dir.ect struggle, with the feeling of socialist workers, control has be, atti- frir'ther improving the other forrns tude towards of edu- ccme a powerful weapon in the hands of work and social property, c:r,tiohal wo.rk for the conrtinuous ideolo- the worki,ng clas,s with revolutionary concepts and attitudes for the defence of the gical elevatio,n of the working people in life in the by aorrect Marxist-Leninist line of the party family and in society. making frill use of all the possibilities arnd for its f.urll application. The best testimony ,to these splendid It is becom- cleated by the Party for. this purpose. ing qualities of ,our workin,g ever bertter understood as a profound class are the The ideologic:1 class great projects struggle against ideologic-rJ movement and as a powerful of the construction of so_ the influences of the alien boulgeois-re- weapon in the hands cialism, the r.apid increase of social pro_ bf the c1a,s,s and of visionist ideology, to deepen process d,uction the ibs Marxist-Leninist party to preserve in- and labour prolductivity, the de_ of the furrther revolurtionisati,ori of the tact the dictatorship velopment of educrtion, cul,ture of the proletariat, to and art, entire life of tlre coun,Lry, to strengthen constan,tly strenEttren the vanguard poli_ the all-round strengthening of our socia_ the dicti:to-ship of the prbletariat, to de- liist socio-econornric order, -fend ticr.l role of rthe workiing class, as rtfie the strengthen- the giins o,f the revolution and the leading c1dss, controlling ing of the international porsition and 16" entire life independence and freedom of our socialis,t of authority of socialist Albania. the country The worker,s, contro, , un- homeland, assumes specjal importance der party, The essence of the entire work the'leadership of the ii exer- of oul today. Bearing in mind the teachings Trade Unions of cised everywher.e and over everybody is the ideoilogical and po- the Parity concerning the ciass struggle, witho'ut any limitation. liticrl educ-ttion of our worldng people. It inctrudes all the whicl ccntinues during the entire per.iod spheres of lour Lenin called them uschools of communist social activity. Comrade of transition from crpitalism to commll- Enver Hoxha education*. Our par.ty has emphasised tdaches us rFrorn every view- that nism and constitutes one of ihe principal point the main role of the Trade the working class constitutes the Unions, as one mo'tive force,s of our socidty, our Trade foundation of our socialist of its levers, is the education of the work- constrtrction, Unions are working to wage i,t unceasing- ing class ancl the other its decisive factor, The working class must working people. Iy against ,a11 all enemies, against alien, direct, exercise its contr.ol In struggle to put tirese directives of and influence, 1ibera,l, conservative, bureaucratic, and the Part5r inbo practice both in the general context of the state and under its l,ea_ teihnocratic manifestati,ons, and again,st as well as dership, tlre Trade Unions have directly on all the links of the worked anything which hinders our advance. state economy and administration,. And 24.2(2'tl, 1975 ALBANIA TODAY as a matter oI fact, atrl ,the alien mani- in the consciousness of every working eif the fraternal people and workers of festaLions- bureaucracy, liberalism, con- rllan the faob tha't, in the ooridirions of o,ur the People s RePu,blic of China, with servatism, technocratisrn and any other socialist courntry, after the estarbtrishmeut whom we are united bY common aims inf luence of the bo,urgeois'revisioni st ideo- of ,the p,e,ople's power and the accornplish- and ,idea,1s. The deep revolu'tionary frien'd- 1'ogy have come trnderthe fire of its con- ment of the radicail economic and social ship, forged by the palti'es and the great tro1. The Party is struggling to have the transformations, Nhe working people have leaders o,f our two coruntries, comrade workers' control develop unceasingrly, so become rnastets of the country, that they Enver Hoxha and com'rade Mao Tse-tung, the that the w,orking c1,a,ss, under the leader- a,re wo::king for the,rnselves, fo:: rlheir so- and which is a br'i.llian[ exarnple of ship of lhe Partty will be always on iLs ciety, and for their happy future. And, in application of the princip'1es of proleta- toes, ster.nly crirticlsing shortcomings and fact, on this basis there ha,s been an out- rian internationalism, will develop and be- weaknesses, dema,nding tha,t the line of bursL of the inexhaustible energies, revo- come even stronger in rthe fu'ture' the Party, its directives and 'the laws of ltrrtioorary initia,lives, and crea[ivity o,f the The gro,w'th, extension, and 'intensi'fi- ttre State be resolutel,y carried out eve- broad working masses, a powerful socia- cation o,f the ctrass strugg'le of the pro- rywhere. Iist emulation ,drive has developed and letariaI against the monopoly bo'r'rrgeoisie, The Trade Unions help the Par.ty in or- spread everywhere for the fulfilment and against US inr,periaiism arnd Soviet social ganisring the workers' control. They devo- overfr-rlfilment of the plans of ,the deve- imperialism, the inten,sificalion of the re- te greart attenrtion to Lhe apptricartion of the loprnent of the eeonomy, culbure, and the volutionary and national liberation strug- grave 1.inre everrywhere and a[wa5r's, to develop a,lrl-round progress of our country. g1es, as well as the deepening of the sooialisL democracy, to draw the working The working class grew and tempered economic, political, and social crisis, and rnasses as extensively as possible in)to the itself in this great ,struggLe; from its which has gri,pped ,al,l the capi'ta1is't sLruggle folthe soltttion of tJre prob erns ranks emerged hundreds of innovators revisionist counhies recentiy, testify to ,s,treng,th rraisoC! 'by the funLher revolutionisation of a,nd rpeople ouitstanding in work and l,ife, the great millitant of the working rthe entire life of the country and the thousands upon lhor.lsands of talen,ted ca- olass and to the growth of i'ts class cons- ronstruction of sooialisrn. As l,evers of the dres devoted to the cause o'f thc Party. ciousness. These things fu,lly prove 'the Farty, they pay attention not only to tak- In the present intel'national condiLio,ns, thesis of the 6th Oongrtess of our Party [ng the word of the Parrty to the masses, when the capitalist and the revision'ist of Labour that the revolution a,nd the ibut also to bringing the voice o,f the mas- world has plunged inrto a ,profound gene- triurnrph of socialism is the trend of de- ses, the problems ari,sing from the life ral and seriou crisis, it is rthe duty of all ve,lopment in lhe wortrd todaY. peo- and ,struggle of the wor',lsing peodle, back the working people to make maxfununr A11 the victories achieve'd by our ito the Party. For this punpose, it is of efforts in order t'o achieve the greatest ple and o,ur wolking class are due to the great princi,pled and practical im,portance possibie succerss€s in ail'i the seolors' colrelct Marxist-Leninis,t leadershiip of our Enver Hoxha tha,t the life of the Tra'de Unions shoutrd The lrade Unions of Atrbania, firmlY glori,o.us Party with comrade be further enlivened, lhab the working based on the Marxist.Leninlst ideology at rthe head. The slrength o'f our Trade the people always have their sa,y, thait they of our ,Party, on lhe principles of pro- Unions lies in the leadership of oourageously devel,op revolutionary eriti- letarian inLtelna,lionalism and workers so- ParLy. cis,m ,and self-criLicisrn, that they do not iidarity, have provided and wil'1 always reconcile themselves to the shortoornings. provide, a,otive suppor,E to the revorlruliona- but hit out at every bur'eaucratie distor- ry fighbers for national 'and s'ocia1 libera- tion, any alien manifeslation and stand tion, for the democratie rights of the free- in opposi,tion to the interests of the revo- working people aLnd for lrade union Iution anrd sooialism. The Trade Unions doms, against capitailist oppression and will fight incessantly rto deepen socialist exploitati,on, a,gainst imperiatrism and so- democracy, to prevent anyone from be- cial irnper'ialism, o1d and new colonia- coming overco(ne by cornplacency and trism, revisionism, and all opportunist and seeking privileges, ref,ormis,t t,rends, for ,the rtriumph of tlie Under the leadership of the Pa,rty, the revolution and so'cialisrn. Trade Unions of Albania have given ma- The determi,ned struggle of our Party jor attenrtion Lo the broad and al1, oun,d and the entire Albanian rpeoptre against educa,lion and mobilisation o,f the masses imperialism and revisionisrn has gaine'd of the workers and ,orther working people for oul country ,and the working olass in the struggle for the development of tthe o,f Albania, numerous friends and allies in economy and lhe realisation of the State all parts of the world. We enjoy the su,p- plans. Enlightened by the teachings of port o all the revolutiornary and progresi- the Parrty, they have worked to irnplant sive forcos i,n the worid, and, above all, I our health instittttiotts make use of the most modetn appatatus to d.iagttose and. fteat d.iseases. New health cad.r.es are trained. by the Titana tJniuetsity in the use ol such ap,paratus Editoriol ofiicle of the teview rrlRRllGA E PARIISEu

All the greot historic victories reoped by our people in the struggle lor notionol ond sociol liberotion, for the estoblishment, consolidotion of the dictotorship ol the proletoriot, lor the reolisotion of t'he deep-going revolutionory tronsformotions in oll lields, the construction of sociolism, the defence ol the Homelond ond ol the victories ochieved, ore inseporobly linked with our Porty of [obour, with its wise, correct, ond forsighted leodership. Therefore, the leoding role ol the Porty in the entire life of our country, everywhere, ovel everyone ond in everything, is indisputoble

,RRUGA E PAf,:TISE" - Organ oT The AC tKe PLA THE PARTY GROWS

1{ F 0clAI"lsM

TrIE I.EADERSHIP OF THE WORKING CLASS IN THE SOCIALIST BEVOLUTION fate of bhe revolution and socia,lis.rn is AND IN THE CONSTBUCTION OF SOCIALIST SOCIETY BY ITS REVOLUTIONARY linked with the preerervation of the Mar- MARXIST.LENINIST POI,ITICA;f, PARTY CONSTITUTES A GENERAL LAW WHICH THE xist-Le,ninirst purity oI the palty, with its GREAT TEACHEBS MARXISM-LENINISM OF HAVE VERIFIED WITH SCIENTIFIC AR- continuorus strengthening and tempering, GUMENT, PROCEEDING FROM THIS LAW THEY ALSO BUILT UP A COMPf,ETE with ensuring and rperfe,cting its leading DOCTBINE ABOUT THE REVOLUTIONARY PARTY OF THE WORKING CLASS AND rorle in tfie liffe of the countl'y. It ITS LEADING ROLE, DEFINED THE PRINCIPLES AND NORMS OF THE BUILDING 'entire is b,ecause our paity has consistently fo- AND DEVEtrOPMENT OE THE I,IFE AND ACTIVITY OF THE PABTY, AND, PASSING FROM THE FIETTD Or THEORY TO PBACTICE, THEY ORGANTZED AND f,ED THrS llowed this roard that the didLaiorship of PARTY. I.IFE TIAS FULIY CONFIBMED THE COBRECTNESS, ACCUBACY AND FOBCE the proldtariat i,n our oountry is strong OF TIII6 LIIW AND THIS DOCTRINE. and inVincible, that lrirumph'ant socialism Thre Parrty of Labour of Albania, always the corn,stru,ction o,f socialism and oomrnu- rs constantly advan,cing. In this sensg i,t true ruo Marxisrn-,Leninisrn, ha,s fully up- nis,m, cannot be achieved witho,ult a revo- is by no me€lns fot'hlitous that our ,inter- held this general [a,w and, at every step lutionary parrty of tthe working class, a nal and external enemies, in their aimrs to of its aotivity, has carried o,ut to the party loya1 to Ma.rxisrn-Leninisrn, an orga- oveltht'ow the power of oru:r working elass tretter the MarxistjleninisL doclrine on the nised party able to lead and guirde the anrd orur pe,o,p[re, to bring aibotr,t the 'dege' party and irts treading ro1e, in ir,reconci- working rnasses in strugg,le and at work. flemtion anrd d,estrudtion of the dictator- Iable struggle agains,t any err,oneous view This is a, general 165,y Lo,f 'the revolultion ship o,f the proletariat and our entire so- a'nd practice in this field. It has risen with and socialist constructio,n. The slightest cialist order, to restore capital,ism ,in Al- deterrmination and Lsmashed aJry enemy weakening o,f the leading role of the par- bania, have a'lways dLireoted the,ir main and deviation from these principles, has ty and any deparLure from the Marxist- blow ,againsrt our party first of all, i,n exposed and refrabed the dangerous views, Leninist princirples, creates for the work- order to weake,n, liberallze arid degenera- aims, and pr.aclices, of the old and rno- ing class, the great danger that itt will te it, to undermi,ne, weaken and liquidate dern revi,sionislbs, on this question, in rem,ain been the airn as 'disorg,anised and unarrned facing its leadin,g ro1e. This has every other field. ivlearwhile, through the olass ,e,nemies, creates tlre so,uroe of a'n,d desire o,f all the deviato,rs, traitors, surnming up the greart experienoe iit has ideological and organisational degenera- and ,internal enemies of our party and aElassed, it has f'r.rr.ttrer refined aild enri- tl,on, the danger o,f lo,sing ithe. viotori,es peopfle. Thi,s has also beetn the airn and ched the Marxist-Leninist doctrinre about achieved and of tthe liquida'tion of 'the d,e,sire of o'ur external imperiarlist and re- the party and its rleading role. parrty, of ,i,ts transfo,rmation tfrom a revol,u- visionisrt enernies. Their hosbille aims and At,the 5th Congress of the PLA, comlade tionary party into a revisionist, ,refor- arctivitie,s have always hard this as orne of Enver Hoxha poinited out ttrratt .The histo- mis't, bourgeo(s partytr. (Enver Hoxha, their oo,rnrnon charaicteristics. And if 'their rirca,l exp,erienoe of our party has con- ,Report to the 5th Cong.ress of the PLA,, plans have failed, this is due to the firmed the Leninist view that the victory seco,nd edi,t,, p. 80). strength and farsiEhted leadersh,ip o'f the of the pr,oletariat over ,the bourgeoisie The funrdamenrtal concJusion is tthat the party, to &he defence and resolu.te appli- 28.21211,1975 ALBANIA TODAY

cation on irts part of the Marxist-Leninist arnd concrretely and wage a real arrd corn- re 1i,fe of the oo,un'try, does nrolt come abou,t principles and its correot 1ine, tto the mo- cIet,e s,tluggle ,argajrst if. L'ikewi,se, i't is sp'cnttan,eotusly, nor is it gtnsula4 or irn- nolithic u,nity cf lts ranks ro,und its Cen- the p,al)ty thait, being lar.med rvilth Mar- po s ed throu,g'h clecrees anrd adm'i'n is,tlative tr-a1 Commitiee with comrade Enver Hoxha xitsm-,Lelinirsm, is in p,os,ifioin to grasp measiures. It is a prooess of intensive work a,t head, the bo,its clcse,ties wiih the the interconnections of the complex phe- arnd sitmggle of 'the party itsc,lf, whirch masses, iils firm reliance o,n them, and nomena which emerge in the process of has fo do pri,rntatr"iJy witth the consta,nlt their steel,like unity. This is another trh,e ,rapird devel,op,meLn,t of s,ccialist socie- s,Lrengltheningand revolubionisaltiro,n of irts great lesson we draw from our expericn- ly, to dis,tingnrish lhe force,s Whi,ch dlive own ratnks, ,o,f the life an,d activity of its ce. lhis d,evelopmenrt ahead a,nd those that organrisait'i,crns, organs, and members, of Upholding the Marxist-Lenin:ist princr- hindel it, to predict the course of events the enrti'r'e melhod andr sttyle of ithelr work ple that, with the development and ccn- and respon,d in time with a co,rl'ect solu- o,f l,eadelship. There,fore the party has solidation of socialism, the leading 1'ole orf tion lo arl the problems raised by rllg instructed that n,e musl devote a[1 our the party noit only does not grot, weaker, prabtice of s,ooiallslt oon,struction. Finally, attention, efforts and abilities, all our bu,t on the corntrarry be,comes incr'easingly while socialism is the decd of the masses minds and hearls to work on this pro- stroinger and perfeated, the 6th Cc{ngress themselves, it is the party which makes blem. In this direction, the::c are sonle of the PLA underlirned that this d:,ns,ti- them do,nrsci,ours of the need to lakg rpal't main questions on which w,e nust con- butes a pelmanent arnd vital d;uLty and that actively i,n i,ts ocnstruot'ion, to drive it linually concentlate mosL of our atten- a profound understanding and espcciall.y, folward as ,r'a,pidly a.s pos,sible. Co,mrade tion. bh,e s.tr.., irnrpl'ementati.on of this plin- Enver Hoxha ha,s ,saiid ithart ,Soci,alilsm is ciprle in practice are o'f special importan- buifut ;by rthe masse,s, the Pa/ly mrakes ce. ,This was reaffirmed aliso by the 4th, them con,sciorls, (Speech, pt lthe pler,um 5th and 6Lih Plenums of the Cenrtra,l Co,m- of the Mati district Party Commitfe, Feb- mittee o,f the PLA. tuary 26,7972). The necessity fo,r,the co,nis(tant sltr,eng- But ttrhe contin.u'orus streng[hening and It is known that Lhe palty realises its th,ening and perfeoting of the learCing role perfeCiilng of ithe leadi'ng rrole ,of ,the party leading role in all fields; political, ideo- o,f tle party ,duriLng 'the entirre 'period o,f in, lthe eintire llife of tthe doiunitry does logica1, oi'ganisational, economig educa- the tlarnsitio,n from capitalism to comnu- not constirtute a pro,cess tha,t takes place tional, military, etc., in every sector and nism, is dircfated by ia seliers of facto,rs, sp,onhaneous y. In turning th,is nelcessiity even in e\,rery ce11 of the activity and life such as the co,nstruotion of so,cialism in ,into1 reality, .the ,rnadn rotre irs playerd by o,f the country, primarlly, and in the most the con,ditions of the wagihg of a fierce the subjeClive faotor. Noibody hanrded our all-embracing walr, through its ideology and extremely complicated class s,truggle ,party ilts letading role in ithe revo,lu,lion and its correct line, through the directives o,n a na,tional and international scale over Bnd lthe sociallist oonisltructilc,n. Ilt won,, pre- it issues from time to time. But the Party the entile period of tran,sition from c,rpi' Ferves, anld play's rthis ro[e, wilth lts 1oyal- ensures both the working out of its line talism to commun,ism, the ever increlasing fy \to Mlarxism-Leninism and w,ith the un- and directives, as well as their elucidation, exfe,nsi,on and oornpttrexiity of bhe tasks of waveringly coffect line i,t hars worke,d o,urt concretisation and the effective leadership Lhils constl,ucticin, the constarnt growth of arrd app1i,ed, w'ith ,iits exitrernely high for the application in practtce, through the leading role of the working class and r1,eve1 of ,o'rganisation wi'rh lthe siofiidarity its leading organs and grass-root organi- Lhe ever rnore aicLive p,artidip'ation of the of dls rankls and 'bhe unilty i6,f thouEht and sations, through its members wherever mas,ses i,n ,this constructio,n. And ,1ife has aotion, it has ernsule'd ,in i,rleooncilaible they work. sh,own thalt it ,is pxecisely the party, ainrd uncompromising sttruggte againstt a,ny Certainly the fundamental and decisive which, 'teadhes, dirercts, arnd lea,dls the Cleviattor ctr ,devia'tion fro,m 'iits correci link which ensures in practice the leading workin,g ,class bnd the other Workin'g mas- course, with the ctro,s,e 'ties it has crea,ted role of the party in every ce11 of our 1ife, s,es in tthe class s,truggle, so that they with the masrses based on rnubual trusrt, is the Party branch. Through tire branch ahvays rem,ain vigilant, know how to dis- wi'th the mobillsi,n g, ed[cating o'rganisingr all the instructions and directives of the tinguish b,ertw,een frienrdLs and enerniers and and leading capabilities of its organs, or- Party are elu,cidated and concretised with avoid fa,llirng eilther iinto opp,or,hun)ism or gan,i,sattions larnd m,e,m6,e,rs, through the decisions and pra,ctical measures and the into sectarianism, so that they know how van$uaril an,d rleading role tof the co'm- work is organised for their application, to sniff rout the aigls o,f the dnemies, to munists. the party ensures its direct ties with the expose rtheir rnanoeuvres, to avoid fal1- It has been so thus far, and ,so it will masses and carries out their mobilisation ing into their traps and always hit rthem be in the furture, too. Therefore, the Par- to attain the objectives set, anC exercises right o,n the mark, so that they arssess ty has ernphabitcally pointed out lhat the its- check up on how every communist or the imperialist-revisionist encirclement and fur,fhe,r srtrenglthening a/nld peded:ing of cadre, irrespective of where he works or its ,aillroun,d pres$ure oin us,, rea;listioally its leading role in every sector, in the enti- what offioe he holds, implements the po- ALBANIA TODAY 2 1211, 1975 . 29

licy and decisions of the party in his act! the PLA stressed, the work to strengthen major and inexhaustible sources for this vity. The party has always s,tr.essed that and perfect the leading role of the Par- are the decisions and directives of their tholoughly grasping and applying in prac- ty branches remains a verv important supelior organs, their own decisions, as tice the Marxist-{,eninist principle of putt- and viLal task fol the present and the fu- well as those questions dictated by the ing the party above the shate administrati ture. actual situation and needs of the sector ve and technical organs and o,rganisations, What is required first of all is that eve- in which they are wolking. And their and of putting politics above profession, rybody in every field of life should tho- main duty is precisely: to engage in the specia,lity, and techtiology, the fur,ther roughly understand and sbrictly adhere to study, the grasping, elucidation and appli- strengtheling of the leading role of the the principle that the Party stands above cation of the Par.ty decisions ard direc- party branches wherever they have been everything, that the party ogranisations tives, adapting them fo the concrete con- built anC extend their activity, in all the lead the entire work and life wherever ditions and the fi,e1d in which they act, sectol's of work, ploduction, service, they extend their activity, that ihe Party to ergage in important questions of the teaching aud study, in civilian life and d.ecisions and clir'ectives are binding on theolv and pracLice dictated by life, ela- in tl-re army, is one of the fundamental everybody. This fireans, among o,fher bola,ting and so,lving them in a creative duties. things, that ,every aotion carried out by manner. Such work extends the range of It is a fact that with the great ideolo- state leaders, whether of the economy, vision of the party branches, €nables them gical, political and organisational work culture, or the army, must without fail to clcar'ly define their objectives, widens the Party has carried out, the leading role be based on the Party decisions, it must their horizons, and opens perspectives o1! the par.tv branches has constantly in- rvithout fail confolm to its line, directives and fields of aotion, both to them and to creased. In this direction, a,11 the work do- and norrns, that nobody can emerge abo- their levers. The opposibe occurs in case ne for the gra,sping and im,plem,enbation ve the Party organ and organisation, the Palty branch tails behind taking up of the decisions of the 4th Plenum of that everybody is obliged to accept tasks second or third ratc problems, matters the Central Committee of the Party has flom the Party organisation and is ans- ru4rich others should deal with, or simplv been very useful. The concepts and prac- werable to it, rendering ful1 account ctlr:re nt questions of the day, minor tices of the encmies to the Partv, Fadil on how these tasks have been pelfor- affairs, which are often repeated over and Paqranri and Todi Lubonja, who, to achie- med. ovef aga1r1. ve their liquid.atory aims, wanted to re- The question is that the whole method The 6th Plenum of the Central Commit- vise the great principle about the leading and style of work of the Party branches tee of thc PLA pointed out that uWe must role of the Part)r, were criticised and ex- must be further improved on the basis strictly put in practice everywhere the posed, They tried to weaken this role of of such a profound and principled grasp- principle, continually stressed by the Par- the Party branches and of the leading ing of this problem, while combating any tv, thaL no important matter whatever, organs cf the Party in the sectors of ar.t manifestation of bureaucracy, official- facing any sector at all, can be acted on and culture, displac,e tried to them and dom, routine, formalism, technocratism, rvithout being previously examined and cultivaie the idea that, ailegedly, the decid,ed 1ibera1,ism, etc., in their activity. Vierving en Lry the Party olganisations and affails of these sectors, and not only of orgarls ,Meanwhile, ques- the life and activity of the Party olgani- concelned. the these, ale the concern of specialists, that what Party branches sations fron this angle, we see that they tion as to the will the Party organisations ar,e unable to deal concletely, must be thought abouL, are faced with certain problems on which lead, etc. Measure were taken, also to judged and decided jointly by all their we must dwel1 more seriously. stlengthen and perfect the leading role of mernbers, and nol just bv theil s,ecre- First, the ability of the Party branches the party or:ganisations. taries. This helps every party branch to to give leadership is increased by their But it must be admitted that d,espite the avoid gctting itself tied up in less im- engaging themselves in the maifl pro- improvements that have been made there portant, second-rate prcblems, and to ta- blems which ensure rthe implementation are still gaps in the understanding and, ke up the most important ones, those con- of the 1ine, directives, and decisions of particularly, in the implementation, of the cerning the implemen,tatir:n of the line of the Par,ty in all fields, in those issues Ieading role of the Party branches. There the Party, not only in the ecomomic field, which constitute the fundamental content ale par.ty organisations in various sectors, but also in the political, ideologrical, mili- particulally in the administration, but also of their work in the economic erlterprise tary, administlative, and orgallisational ir economic enterprises and agricultural or agricultural cooperative, the institution fields. ccoperatives, in various institutions and or military unit over which their aotivity Second, the increase of the leading role lhe ai'my, which do not play this role as extends. of the party branches is directly linked they should. Therefore, viewing the pro- But where will the Party branches find wiith the realisation of thcir funclion, pri- blems rvith a critical eye, as the 5th and these problems which ensure the appl{ca- malily as a polilical and ideological lea- 6th Plenums or" the Central Comn-rittee of tion of the Party line in all fields? The dership, with the establishment always, 30.21211,1975 ATBANIA TODAY

of a correct relation between politics and with people, with bureaucratic methods occupation. of orders, domineering, and arrogance, It The various Party documents point out weakens revolutionary vigilance and clearly that in our socialist society, whe- leads to viola,tion,s and distortions of the re the class struggle is being waged ever Party line, places specialists above the more fiercely, no problem whatevet' can Party, beyond its leadership and control, remain outside polities. Every problem, and weakens, neutralises, displaces, and every task, has its own technical plofes- eliminates, the leadership of the Party sional aspect, but it has ,also its political organisations. It should be borne well in aspect, which are in unity with each'other. mind that t,his has been one of the main In this unity, the politica'l aspect is the ways which all the enemies of the Party principal one because, the proletarian po- have follo,q"ed in their aims to weaken licy ensures that evelything will be car- and displace its leading role, as a first r.ied out in the interest of socialism, tha't in'rportant s,tep towards weakening and every task will be solved in conformity eliminating the Party itself. with the line, with the directivcs, and There is no problern with which the instruc,tions, of the Party, while the pro- Party organisations are not concerned and fessional -technical aspect is the means nothing should escape their eye. But the to implement political direction. There- oorrect solutioin o'f any problem, on the fore we stress that every problem, irres- basis of the line and directives of the pective of its character, can be solved Party, greatly depends on the thorough correctly when politics is in command, pol,itical and ideological understanding of when we acl in the way comrade it, on the ideological convictions created Enver Hoxha teaches us, that is, in deaF about it. The elucidation of directives, ing with and solving alry ccononric or gain,ing a colrect understanding of them, administrative, juridical or rnilitaly, eul- and thorough-going analysis of issues on tur.al ol organisational problem, rve must the basis of ideo'logica1 debate, create the give priority to its ideological and poli- possibility of seeing them in depth, of tica,l aspect. recognising the po,sitive and negative Such a view, treatment and solution of phenomena, of for:tning sound ideological ploblcms enables the Party organisations, conviotions about the questions put for- every corllllunist, to ensure wise and skil- ward, of increasing collective and indivi- ful leadership in the applicabion of the dual responsibility, thc initiative and inde- Parly line, to strengthen and perfect their pendcrrL action of the corntnttnists, of de- leading role. On the o,ther hand, i,f in fining measures and adopting decisions the examination, treatment, and solution which lead to advances in tl:,inking and of problems their pol.itical and ideologi- work, which impel the cornmunists aud cal aspeot is forgotten nr underestimated, the nasscs to under:take bold revolutiona- if thc profcssional and technical aspect ry actions. This results in ope,ning wide is regarded as the trrain objective, as horizons of work, knorvledge, and aeti- something which must have pliority over vity to the Party branch and ,the comlnu- everything, even over politics, we inevi- nists, enabling them to think out evel'y- tably go over to the positions of profcs- thing for them,selves on 'the basis of the li- sionalism and technocratism, r'ith all, ne, directives, and decisions of the Party their negative consequences. Such a prac- Every day the class struggle in our tice leads to underestimation of viewing country brings to light the most varied things from a political, class angle, with negative phenomena, showing that there proletarian partisanship, it replaces poli- are alien concepts and manifestations iD tical and ideo,trogica,l leadership with tech- the minds and consciousness of various nocratic leadership. Marxist-Leninist poli- inrdividuals. BLlt it is not sufficienrt just tical and ideological education and ihe to reveal this reality. It is also necessary method of conviction, which is the prin- to understand it and deal with it ideolo- cipal method in the work of the Party gicalily, to create profound convictions in ALBANIA IODAY 2 l2tl, 1975 . 3t

o,ne's self and amongst the masses about its work, sows the seed of indifference, then will everything be ,in order, inolud- the danger of alien concepts and mani- weakens the organlsation and the force ing the authority and perso,nality of the fes,tations and to,engage in irreconcilable of the party organisabion for action and leading cadres. struggle agains,t them. Otherwise, those achievement. And this becomes sti1l imore successes which the Party seeks wi'1l not dangerous and wi,th extremely grave con- **i be achieved. sequences if the wrong impression is But what are the ways to create pro- creafed that the decisio,ns adopted and The ideol,ogical struggle for the prin- fo'und Marxis,t-Leninist ideological con- the tasks assigned by the Party branch cipled grasping, the consistent defence, victio,ns and to handle problems politically rnight be carried out, but the.m again, and the revo,lu,tiona,ry and strict imple- and ideologically? The Party has conti- might not to be calried out, if these de- menltaltion of ,the Leninist principles and nualiy shown us rthese ways. We re-ernpha- cisions are not made problems of various norms of the Par.ty, is vital for the con- sise tha,t one of the mos't importan,t ways managels and seclors, and there is no de- tinusus strengfhening and perfecting of is tha,t of careful, systematic, and conti- mand.ing of account on the way in which its leading role. Comrade Enver Hoxha nuous s udy, closely connecbed with prac- they are carried out by everybody, ,even teaches us that ,ithe morre profoundly we tice, of the ideology of the Party, of its by the State treaders. understand the correct line of the Party, teachings and tho,se of comrade Organisation increases the fighting ca- the more thoroughly we grasp the princip- Enver Hoxha, which olarify our thinking, pacitv of the party and of every link of 1es and norms of its life, the more cor- purify our conscisusness, and irnpel us rto it a hund,red fo1d. But it is i,mportant to rectly and ;thoroughly we irnplement them underitake revolutionary action6. correctly understand that organisation with revolutio,nary cou,rage, the slronger Third, the increase of the leading role does not have to do merely with so,me and more unwaving our Party will be, and o,f the Party branches also calls for the practical forms of work, as , is frequen,tly socialism will forge ahead sujccessfully, continuous strengthening a,nd perfectiing thought. It constitutes a scientific work (Enver Hoxha, repo,rts and speeches 1967- o,f their work of organisation, action, and which includes a host of political, ideolo- 1,968, p. 41). chcck-up, considering them es very inrpor- gica,l, eoonomic, technical, moral, and so- Our P,arty has always devoted special tan,t functions which make their leader- cial facLors, and which is realised through abtention and care to the work for know- ,and ship effective, which enrsure the im- a ccmplex of measure of an educational, ledge of the preservation, and revoltrtio,na- plementation of Ehe 1inc, directives, and technical, military, and other character. ry application, of the,principles and norms decisions of the Party. The Far,ty branches also play their on whi,ch it has been built and ,carries Of course there has progress been also Icading ro e, according to the principle on its life and aotivi,ty. It has always ta- in these aspects of slrongthening the lead- of othe party is in commarndo, through the ken measures to keep its ranks strong, ing role of party the organisa,tions" Howe- realisation of their controlling function to rnake ,the life and adtivity of its orga- ver it must be s:uid that there are stil1 over the whole life and aotivity o,f the nisations, organs and members, ever more party branches whose work of organisa- economic enterprise, agricultural coopera- vigorous, active and dynamic, cormbating tion, action, and check-r.r,p are not up to tive, institution, or ,military unit, over an5r manifesttatio'n of either of bureaucra- the mark. Life provides * many examples the activity of the management, of ,the tic rust 'or of liberal looseness in all the showing that in some of them there havc chairmanship, the cormmand or the head- work for the of its line been symptoms 'implementation of liberalism, laxity and quarters, and their appaxatus. This is a in gener.a,l; and of the principles and lack of discipline in the organisation and permanent and indispubable function of norms of its life and activity in parlicu- eheck-up r[he on irnplementation of the the Party brarnch, without ithe exercise of lar. Bult this quettion remains constanlbly decisions of the higher organs and of which everywhere, over everybody, abouf on the agenda because ,sings of violation their own decisions. Generally, the com- everything, and without any gaps the of them and formal.ism i,n their application, munists play the vanguatd role at rvork, leadinE role of the Party canno,t be urnder- as well as of failure to rise in their de- life, society in in and everywhere, but stood and ensured. To realize and streng- fence, have not been lacking. there are cases in which work is not or- thcn this control it is necessary, above Experience has shoiwn that the princip- ganised in such a way thaL every commu- atrl, to uproot any erro,neus concept abou[ 1es and norms which regulate the inter- r.rist feel himself will in his rightful po- the "cult of managers', the fear ,and con- nail life and activity of the,party organisa- sition to propagate and organise the ini- cern that with the dema,nding of account, tions and org,ans are ,defended and im- plementation of the line, of the direc- with the Party check up on them, rtheir plemented through waging the class tives and decisions party. of the Failur.e author.ity will a11egedly be weakened. We sltruggle inside and outsi:de the party, in on the part lhe of Par.ty branch to entlust must be concerned, first ,of al,! about the stl'ugg'le aEainstt hostile elemen'ts who many communists with concre,te party role and a rthori'ty of the Party, of the act direotly or indireotly, against any tasks, crcates in them the spirit of under- Party rbranch, that it sho,uld always an,d wrong ,concept or interprdbation ,of these estimation of the party organisation and effedtively be in the leadership, for o,nly principles and nonms, as well as agains 32.21211,1975

any rdisttoftio,n of thern, agaiost ithe alien ties, i,nsis ing above a,11, on the applica- bourgeois and peLty bourgeois remnants, tion to the Jelter everywhere, always, and against conceit, careerism, conformism, !y everybordy, of the Leninis't principles servility and qppot'tunism, against the in- and norm's governing the life and activity fluence of the extet'nial pressure of the of the Party, not alliowing Lbhe slightes,t bourgeois and revisiornist ideology. All violation of them by anyone. the oo,mmunisLts are 'required to wage an Particular importance is assumed espe- unceasin,g ,struggle against such concepts cia11y by those norms which have to do and rnanifestations of course agains! any w,ith rthe understandi,ng and application of elemert who is possibly a camouftraged democracy and disciplirne, of rights and enemy, but also in themselves and in durties, in such a t,ay rthat the commu- theirr comrades. nist widl be ,o1ear and oonsci,ous about We must d,o more ,work but panlicularly theil dnrties and c,arry thern ,ou't to the better work to gain knowledge, the theo- lelter, and ,likewise will be ciear and retioal and philosophical understanding, oo,nscious about their ri,ghts and be of tthe principles and nor.ms of the Party, staunich fighters f or the-ir def ence, not irtensifying and perfecting our entire allowing anlnone to tram,pie o,n them. work for their theoretioal and practi.cal The discipline of the Party is a norm elucidation stripping it of empty phraseo- of great imporbance. Its implementation Iogy, and lack of ooncrete ana ysis of the invigorrates the militant aotivity of every siituation rand furlher intensifying the branch and leading ,organ. Without a srtruggle against any rliberral ,ooncept of steel-like and oons,cious , di,scipline the the principles and norms of the Party, Party cannot exist, there can be no sound against the simplification and meohanioal par'ty li,fe and activity. Our Party has understaniding of them as rigid and life- continually fought tto temper the sen'se less ru1es. But this is rnot and should not of discipline irn its members. Results have be a simple prosess ,of teaching, as some been achieved in thi,s respe,ct also ithrough think. Of ,course the study of the princi- the discussion of the docu,ment,s of the ples antd norms of the Parby in the forms Plen,ums of the Central Oommittee of the of Marxis,t-Leninis't eduoation with lectu- PLA. Bu,t this d,oes not mean that tthere res, party, courses and schools, has its are no cases of breaches o'f Party disci- own importance; the same is true of indi- p1ine. Therefore, the streng'thening of vidual rdtudy and the discussion of these conscious but steel-like discipline, equally pr.oblems in the press. These things must obligatory ,on everybody, on the cadre be done, without fai1, and better than to anrl rak-and-fi1e party member, irrespec- date, for.ceftrlly combating bdth the mani- tive of the merits and post each may fesrtations of formalism anid those of have, constitutes a permanent duty which bookish ;teaching. But the party principles mus't remain the focus ,of attention of the and norms are learned especially in life, party organisations, ,of every communist in the heat of the revolurtionary action and leadin'g ,cadre. This is realised in of the communists and the masses for the struggle against any erroneous concept i'mplementation of the direotives and deci- and practice which weakens discipline, sions pnd on the anvil of the party orga- especlally in struggle against any rnani- nisation a1l of which oonstitutes ia great fes'hation of liberdli,sm, as we1i1 as against school where the comrnunists not only the sflightest manif es,ta'tion of domineer- grasp and trnaster the theoretica and phi- ing, arrogance, or arbitrarity. losophiroal cofltenrt of the principles and Comrade Enver Hoxha has continually norms o'f the par"ty, but als,o arm them- pointed out rthat liberalism in the appl! selves with the organisaJtional abilities to cation o,f the discipline, of the Party, oarry them o,r.rrt. This is why we musl from the srnallest to rthe rnost major been it devote more ,attenttion to further envi,go- questions, in the application ,of the norms The communists haue always in the ol the countty and the establishment ol ,the rating the life and activity of the party of the par'ty, of its line, must be regarded ranks oI the struggle lor the detence ol the organisatirons and rthe activation of every as the offspring of bourgeois ideology tor complete consttuctian oI socialism in All her work'to A fuagment itom communist, charging him with party du- and the bearer of every kind of evil. then, 2 l2tl, 1975 . 33

V.I. Lenin pointed out thart whoever life of the Party, who do no,t understand lveakens the iron discipline o,f the pa/ty the curing and transforming essence of and the state in the slightest, helps the it. That is u'hy there are weaknesses in class enemy against the proletariat. The- the development of self-criticism from lefole, revolutionary class c-lu,cation is ab'ove, shortcomings in oriticism from the main weapon 'to strengithen lhe party below and parallel criticism, and, occasio- discipline, an education which we mus,t nally, a vindicative stand towards the accomplish better', inproving not orily the person who has criticised. This raises the political and ideolo,gical work, but also task that th,e party organisations must Lhe organisational work, and not only work continually, ideologically and orga- through some rigid f orms, bLr,t on ithe nisationa,lly, to perfect the weapon of anvil of the party organisation and in self-criticism and criticism, in the party thc fire of thc class srtruggle, of revolu- and ou'tside it; that every communist, tionary prractice for the carrying out of cadle and worker should use it properly the tasks. and with coul'age, everyday ,and on every The development and strengthening of occasion, towards hi,mself and towards sclf-cri,ticism an,d criticism, as an impor- others, from belorv-up, and from above- a1lt norm of the pary life, is ,the main down, as well as parallel, nraking a deep- means in Lhe hands of the par.ty, of every going analysis of causes and consequen- memb,er, fol the discovery and correction ces, clear'1y pointing out responsibilities, of shortcomings and rnistakes, for the and ,taking a party stand towards ,anyone strengthening of the unity of thought and who makes mistakes. action of the party ranks, for the unin- The development of self-criticism, de- ( terrupted development of the interna de- mands special attention, particutrarly on mocracy and the ,leading activitty of the the part of the cadres. The deepening of party organisations. self-criticism, particurlarly from above, As such, criiticism and self-criticism in and the development of criticism, parti- our Party have been developed and con- cutrarly from below, will help to further tinue to develop in a Marxis't-Leninist strengthen the party,'to disclose, criticise, way. A new impulse wras given to their and correol the shotlcomings and weak- developement by the discussion in the nesses, lo recognise and resolve the con- Party organisations of the docu,rnents of tradictions of development, to carry the the 4th Plenum of the Centra,l Committee wolk rapidly forward. - of the PLA and oomrade Enver Hoxha's speeches. The communists criticised open- +*+ 1y and with courage, better than at any other time. They made self-criticism of The increase and perfection of the lea- I their shortcomings and mis,takes, and for- ding role of the party in the entire life cefully criticised alien manifestations and of the country is realised through the phenomena. This helped to shake up some uninterrupted strengthening and revolu- party o,rganisations and organs and put tionisation of its organisations and 1ea- them in a more revolu,tionary position. ding bodies, through the fur.ther temper- This is happening at present too, with ing of the communists as revolu,tiona- the discussion of the documents of the lies in the fire of the class struggle, in ilr 6th Plenum of the Central Ccmmittee of slruggle and in u'ork for the defence ano I the Party. implementation, in close connection with li 'lir However i,t must be said that not eve- the masses and jointly with tlem, of the rybody has completely correct concepts correct Marxist-LeninisI line of the Party. about this tested ,weapon of our Party, We have followed this road,s,o far, we sha1l criticis,m and self-criticism. There are follow this road in the future ,too, for ont ranks ol the struggle liberalion lot the communists who have narrow concepts of the uninterlupted growth and perfection teople's power; they arc ahuays in the fuont uictories achieued uith toil and sueat and the application of this important party of the leading role of the party every- tania. The painter Lumturi Dhrami dedicates norm, who do no,t conceive it as a grea't where, over everybody and about every- the placatd ,TI{E COMMUNISTS,. motive force for the development of the thing, in the entire life of the country. - MARCH 8 IlI A1BA]IIA

The women of Albania and the entire cipartion, is one of the monumental deeds Albanian people celebrated March 8, the of the Party and of the wonnen of our day of internartional solidarity of the country themcdlves. It i6 a great qua i. fighting women of the whole world, in tative leap forward, testif5ring to the an atmosphere of joy and revolutionary correct liore pursued by the Pa.rt5r of the en,thusiasm. In plants, faotories, combi- solution of the problem of women, to the nes, cons,trucbion sites, agrioultural coope- transforming power of the ideas of Mar- ratives and enterprises, wherever the wo- xism-Leninism. men are militating, there were rorganized Our experience has corr:firmed the Mar- meetings, thema,tic parties fes,bive eve- xist-Leninist thesis that the eoraocipation nings, and other ,activities, dedicated of the wsman is an integrarl part of the to the magnificen,t victories achieved by socialist revolution. Outside it there is, thc Albanian women in all fields of life and there can be, no real liberation of party rR0m under the leadership of the with the women, there, is and there can be no oomrade Enver Hoxha at the head, about emancipation and progress for them. A their great role in the work of rthe enrtire free woanan can live only in a free so- people IHE 1ITE for the complete construction of ciety, liberated once and for all from ca- socialism. pita,list oppression and exploitation, frorr OT IHE A sol.emn meeting was ,held in the peo- every kind of national, racial, or reli- p1e's Theatre under the auspices of the gious bondagep Genera,l Council of the AWU and th,e The Part5r patiently and p€rsisten,tly COUlIIRY Tirarnra distrniot AWU Generafl Cd.unci,l, prepared the conditions ,for carrying out The rnedting wa,s arUbended by women tha,t great revolutionary traasfor,rnation and girl workets, cooperativists and in- the Albanian woman has undergone. The te11ecbuals, veterans of the National Li- Party aroused the women, togeth€r r,yith beralti,on War, mro,thets attd relabives of the elntire people, to fight for a free home- martyrs, d,istingu,ished aebivists of the land and the people's state power, which olganisation, and Party and State lea- cons,titute the foundations of the emanci- ders. pation of the woman and our whole so- Amidst the enthusiasrn of those present, ciety. It prepa.red the woman to cqme political the member of thc Bureau and out irr the great world of work as an secrotLairy o,f the CC of thre pLA, comrade active and eiqual member of the mighty Ramiz Alia, read tbhe greeting of rthe Cen- army of socialist workefs. The Party led ,of pLA trail Commi,ttee the extended to the women itr the great battles of the the women ,of dlbania on the oecasion elass struggle against backward oustoms, ,in of Malch B. It said part: feudal and patri,ar.chal remnants, in the efforts to overcome religious beliefs and ,Today the women of our country are smash the shackles of ancient canon laws, outstanding everywhere in the glorious in the s ruggle against degenerate alien work people our are carrying out for the liberal influences. The Party has always ccrnsfructioln socialism, of the defgnce of sehr the emamcipatiou of the woman as the freedom and indepeqdence of the emancipation of the entire society and ho,me,land, and the alhound progress of hars linked the strruggle for its realisation th€ ooufltry. The Albanian womau is with the struggle of the entire people for ema,ncipatod, rdi,th a new revolutionary the constructior of socialist society and wor,ld outlook, educate.d and cultured, a the etCucation of the new rnan. skilful worker, a loyal defender of the The bourgeoisie and the revisionists Iine of the Party and a valiant soldier of clamour about the progress arnd emaarci- o'ur People's Republic. pation of women, But this is jurst their The li,berrati,on of the woman, her eman- usual social demagogy, aimed at EulrpDes- sing the struggle of the wonren and the list society. Gqeat task,s lie ahead of us. Iity to lead the Party, the State, the relvolutionary and progressive forces for We should be aware that not everything socialist econo,my, the economy and the ema,ncipati,ou of wornen, at distracting in regard to the emancipation of women life of tte fa,mily, on a par with the their attention from the great pressing and society as a whole has been comple- ElaRD. political and social problems of the ca- tely and finally solved, Among both man Thte greeting was punclllated by ap- pitalist a'nd revisionist world today. They and women, there are still wrong con- plause and acclamabion for Uhe Pa'rty and are striving to turn the great desire of celpts and remnants of the past. We still i,t.s Cent'larl Comrnlirbtee, wi,th comrade the wornen for {mancipation into deviotrs frequently run across bureancratic and Enver Hoxha a.lt the head. channels and use it in the interest of conservative attitudes and violations of Then the secretary of the AWU Genc- their expansionist and hegemonistic po- the rights which our Party and have State ral Counci,l an'd chairwoman of bhe Ti- licy. guaranteed \yomen. Such things harm not rarna district AWU Coun,cil, Eftimi Li,to, It is clear to the progressive womefl ,socialist only the wornen but our entire deliveled the main address. and peoples of the world that nqither the society. We must wage a continuous Similar solernn meeting,s were organi- high-sounding propaganda, nor the de- strugglir against thern, we rnust pati,ently zed aiso in GjirokasLra, Peshkopi, Shko- ceptive theories, pe,titions and "philan- work for the political, ideological and r-t€r, Kolg6, Burrel, I(uk€s, Librazhd, Rr6= thropic, appeals at monarchs and bour- moral education of our men and women, shen, 'etc. geois revisionist presidents can and of our boys and girls. We should always An exhibition with works by wonren ensure the real emancipation of wo- bear in miind oomrade Enver Hoxha's paiinters, sculpbors, atrd archLirteots, was men, instruction that *The Party must nev€r opened in one of the ha1ls of the Under the leadership of the Party, our cease its glorious struggle for the defence Palace of Culture in Tirana on the country is advancing with firm steps to- of the rights of the woman, make occasion of the International Wowen's wards the complete construction of socia- her capable with the courage an'd abi- Day, March B.

,COMRADES lN ARMS,. This is the title oI the drawing by the uoman painter Lumitttti Dhrami. display,ed at t'he exhibition oI worl

The new Fier-Bal1sh railway line, ano- work, otrr youth powerfully support and ther deed o,f the heroic youth ,of Alba- drive forward the proce,ss of the revo- nia, was officially opened on March 9. lutio,nisation of our life, which is led by The railway, which is 25 km. l,ong, links the Party in all fields, in politics, ideo- the oirty of Fier with the new i,ndustlial Iogy, the economy, the army, education, area of Bal1sh and wi1,l be one ,of the culturer, and everywhere. llike our entire most irnrportlant arlterie's o,f ou:: economy. working class and people, our youth feel 220.000 yo,ung men arnd wonnen fro,m all thernselves masters of the country, mas- pafts of ,the country-mrorkers, coioperati- ters of their own fate, Happy and rejoicing vis,ts, schooi pupils and students ir,corrpo- they see and trivet the present, full of opti- rated in 370 briigades, wot'ked on irbs mi,sm and confidence they look to their construclion, happy future which they are building Fo:: a whole year 'the you,ng btlilders with their keen minds, with their skilful worked with vigour and enthusi,asm over- hands, and their steerl-like will, under the FROftI coming the rnost diverse d,ifficulties and reliable leadership of our belovecl Par- o' stao1es. They shifted 800.000 lcub;ic me- ty. IHE 1IFE tres of spo',il, laid 2L260 cubic m,etres of How different is the life of our people concrete, arld 47256 cub,ic me,tres of gra- and youth from that of the working peo- vel, and built 136 culverrls, rcbaining ple and youth in the capitalist and revi- 0r ilrE walls, etc. The cons,truction wo::k of the sionist countries! In those countries, their new railway line was completed ahead system of oppression and exploitation, COUNTRY of schedule. militarism, fascisLisation, of deep e,cono- The mee,ting hetld for the ,opening of mic, spiritual, politica'l and social crises, the new raillway was arttended by more weighs on the shoulders and the consci- than 15.000 people, The par,bioipants in ousness of youth. In order to turn the the me,ebing and the young buildels of atte,ntion of youth frorn the chronic rnass the new railway were c)ngratulated, on unemployment, to divert them from the behalf cf the Cenriral Ccmn-ri|tee of the revolutionary struggle of the working Party, the Co,unoil of Min,isr[ers, and class against their oppressive sys,tem, the comrade Enver Hoxha personally, by the bourgeoisie and the ,revisionists, with all membe,r of the Politiical Biureau and se- sorts of theories and means, drive the cretary of the CC o,f the Party, comradc youth of their countries towards corrup- Hysni K,apo. tion, crime, gangsterism, anarchism and fascism. This is the aim of a,ll that exten- .The Palty", said comrade Hysni Kapo sive and unrestrained propaganda, never among other things, .has devoted and seen in the past, which the bourgeoisie co;rtinues to devote a great attention to and the revisionists are carrying on thei youth actions, for they radiate a lofty through the powerful mean's of brain- revolutionary spirit to every corner of washing thely possess, from the press, Albania, wherever the youth work and live. pornographic advertisements, to films, Our youth, led by the Party, educated with radio, fashion, television, literature, deca' its line and light-giving ideology, with the denrt art, and so on. teachings of comrade Enver Hoxha, play But, despite the diffioulties and the a rolet of fir,st importance in all the treachery of the mordern revisionists, the fields of our revol,ution. There is no sec- revolutionary youth of these countries, tor of life in which our youth take an find in Marxism-Leninism, in the class active part, which does not show their struggle of the proletariat, in the Marxist- spirit of initiative, their triurnphant vi- Leninist parties, and in the inspiring gour, their strong hand, their heal,thy exam,plel of our Party and our country, minds. With their initiatives and therir as well as in the great Communist Party The member oI the Poli,ticaT Bureau and Sectetary ol the Centtal Co,mmittee o,I the Party comrade Hysni Kapo, among the par- ticipatis in the meetinq and the youth aho uolunteel,ed to wor,k on'the cc,nsttuction of the new Fier-Baltsh railuay

of China, the only correct road to the re- revolutionary vigour, they must support within the metallurgical oombine. Let volution, to the victory over the bour- every directive of the Party with atl their these two actions, also become a ne,w geoisie and to building the new life. might and do their utmost to put it in expression of the socialist patriotism, re- Thei future of our people and country practice. Therefore, the youth, more than volutionary spirit and unyielding deter- is brilliant. Our people, under the leader- anyone else, should pour 'out arll their mination of our wonde ful youth, and ship of the Party, will build this future knowledge and strength to make our ho- their unshakeable loyalty to the line of with their own hands, toil and sweat. The meland more prosperous and more power- the Party and the te'achings of comrade Party is now preparing the new five-year ful, The Party has complete and unwa- Envei Hoxha,. plan for 1976-80 and is making forercasts vering faith in our heroic, loyal, intelli- A message of greetin,s was sent from for the economic and cultural develop- gent, and goldenhanded youth. Everything the meeting to the be{oved leade,r o,f our ment of the country for a still longer the Party has enstrusted to them they Party and people, comrade Enver Hoxha, perioC. It is doing all this for the prosp€- have carried out honourably and well, expressing among other things, the revo- rity and happiness of our people, for the With Lhis profound and unwavering con- lutionary readiness of our youth to go to happy future of our heroic youth, fidehce the Party and its Cenbral Com- new national youth actions-for the con- Thei Party calls on youth, wherever mittee again entrust our heroic youth srtruclion o.f the P6rrenjas-Gur i Kuq (Po- they work and learn, to put themselves at with a great task-the construction of the gradec) ra,ilway and the internal 'r'ailway the hea.C of the struggle fo,r the realisa- 28-km long PErrenjas-Gur i Kuq railway, neLwork of the metallurgical combine at tion of the plan. As always, with their and the 27,S-km long railway network Elbasan. - ]IAIIOIIAI CO]ITERENCE OF AGRICU1TURA1 SCIEIICES

A natiornal oonference of agricultural tion of seeds in the service of the inten- scien,ces was held in T ranra tander the s'ifica,tion o,f agricuJlbur.e", by bhe dLirector auspices of the scienfirfic instlihr,tio,ns of of the Seeds Department, Sali KubaLi. the Minislry of Agriouilture an'd the Hig- "Land re,clarnation and irrigation-otte of her Ins,titute of Agriculture. the main factor's of ,the d,evelopment of The conference wa,s abtended by van- orur agriculture., by 'the longs,hanrd,ing guald represeDbatives of science and pro- soien'tific,collLa,borrartor, Murat Ktrosi; the duotion as well ars invited gtrests from co-reports "Planning of soientific work -an other les'earch and scien,tific,inSli,tutions importa,nt link in the developrnent of of the cou,n'try. science to the benefit of agricultural pro- Dur.i.,ng the three days of the ,conf,erence duotion*, by Sbavri Mttezi: ,Pro lems of 14 reports and B0 oomnr:unioati,orlrs were oollaboration and coordirna'tion of soien- delivereci and many discussi,ons ensued. tlfic wolk in agricutrture,, by Andrea The oonference made a broad generalisa- Sh'r.rndti, ebc. FRO}I tion of the work of hundreds of ,expe- ,{,ttendirng the conferentce were Party rirnenters and Lhousands of agricutrtural and State 1ead,ers. THE I.ITE workers, who, for yeals iur succession, The del,egation of ,the Ministry of Agri- have strlven tbo solve a number of ques- culture and Forests of bhe People's Rc- tions conneobed witt'h the dhcrease of agri purblic of China, headed by the vice Mi- OT THE curl,tural prodructs. The foll,o,wi,ng reports nister of ,{gricu,lture and Forests, Lian were ctrelivered at the plena,r'y ses,sions: Chan Wu wars also present. ,the COUIIIRY "Agrioulbural sciences in the PR of A1- The atlternarte member of Political bania, their contribuliton ,to the intensi- Buirearu ,of the Central Comm[tttee of the fication and modernisaltio,n of agriculuu- Party and Mi,nister of Agriculture, PiLrro le,, by pro,fessor Medtor P6rmeti; ,Farm Dodbiba, brought to the oonference the land and the probLlerns of, increasing lts greetings of the Central Cornmittee of rthe ferti,lity", by the longsltanding scien'tific Party, the Co urcil orf Ministers, and oofltraiborator, Aqi,f Dabulla; "Scientific re- co,mrade Enver Hoxha's persona,lly. search in the field of breed irnprrovement A mes'sage of gredtings wa,s sont from and feeding of live-stocko, by lecturer Teki the conference to the Centrarl Comrnibtee Tartari; "Developmenit of seleoLion work of the Parrt5r arn,d the Counlciil of Minis- and s,ci,e,nrbific organisatio,n of the prod,uc- terc.

MEEIIIIG OT IHE P1EIIUM OF I1IE TIEERI]IG COMMIIIEE OF IHE A1BAIIIAN WRIIERS' AIID ARIISTS' EAGUE

The steer.ing CornrnitLee of ,the AXbanian Tii'ana, ourtstanding rhapsodists and s,in- Wrilers' and Artists' Leagle has helcl its gers, leaders of oultural and artistic insti- prlenary meeting. Besides ,the mernbers of tutions, and representatives of the the Cornmittee, it was al,so attended by pre,ss. the heads of the branches of ,this League The rnember of the PdliLtical Bureau and from the dis,tricbs of the courntry, leaders sccretary of the Cenrtral Committee of the of the groups of writers a,nd aritists of Party Ra,miz A1ia, the Minister of Edu- cation and Oulture Thoma Deliana, and posers, critics, singers and rhapsodists influence, so that theSr lvill worthily res- other cornrades also took part. took part in discussj,on in a vivid opti- pond to the revolutionary ,reaJi,ty of our The plesidenLt of the Albanian Wrilters' mistic and revo,lutionaly a[mosphere. times, as well as to the spiritual require- and Altists Leagu,e, Drit6r'o Agolli, de- Borth in the rep'or,t and in the discus- meflts of our people. Attention was cen' livered the report: ,For a new q'r.lalitative sions, they spoke about the allround tered parlicutrar.ly ou four main problems: leap of our literatule and artts in the li,ght creative work done by the writer:s and the ,increase of ccnscio,usness of the great of comrade Enver Hoxha's speech ,deli- artists to carry out the Ere,ab tasks laid miss,ion of the writers and artists in our veled recently at the Secreta'rtat of the dowr-r by the 4th Plenum of the Central society, knowing life through the ideolo- Cenitral Co,rnm,ittee of the Party,. Comnritttee of the Party, and o,pinions gical tendency of the clea,ter towards rea- The frrl,lowin'g repo,rt was also delivered: were threshed ou! and concrete tasks set 1ity, ha,rmonious proceeding of a1l kirnds ,The main dilections o,f the ide,ological, to pu[ inrto practice the ideas p,ut forward and genles o,f liiteratur.e and arrts and ersthetiLc a,rncl crealive work of rthe writers in comrade Enver Hoxha's latest speerch imploverlent of the work of the Writens' and artisLs',, by the League's secletary to ma,ke o,ur literature and arbs increa- rnd ArIisLs' Leagtlre, so that it will better -general, Xhem'al Dini. s'ingly more milirnant, p'ure and clear, free and better turn into a sourrce of inspira- Then writers, pairLters, sculptors, com- from arny allien, liberal and conservative tforn to the creators.

Durr€s, which was known by the names of Epidamnus a,ld Dyrrachium, both in UTIDERGROUJID,MUSEUM the Heltrenistic and Roman period, never 1o6t i,ts cha.racter as a port, a powerful OT DURRES empar-ium, on lhe coasts of Eastern Ad,ria- tic. Itt carri,ed out a broad sea and trade activity, with the co,ming and going of stone, tr,r,'o a,mphora,e-urns made of clay, other glass amphorae preserved in our numerous ships. It was a city of s,uch a g1as,s arlphorarur4 and other things museum. a vivacity that the Roman poeit Catullus found inside them. It follo,ws ithat here The inventory fonrnd in the urns is depic,ted it as *the Adriatic tavern", While there has b,een used the funeral rite of simrprle and almost the same: oi1 lamps, inspired Plauiturs placed the plot of his incineration. While there was discovered iron stligils (whi,ch w,ere usually placed comedy ,Menehms, in Durrachium. nearby also a grave w[,th tiles in the in the tombs of young athletes), iron ,sources shape roof accordli,ng The hi,storical an'd literary weld of to the rite of rings, :bone stylettos and 6 pieces of coin,s. show the rnajesty o,f ancient Durr6s, but buryi,ng the corpse. belong ,Thes,e io the i,mperial epoch. One more ithe The urn's of caflca,reous stone have a than anything eflse i]t is fact of thetn bears the effigy of Vespassianus that these sources meet their sup,port and square a,nd cu,bic shape. Their covers are in profiltre. Aroiund lt there i,s rthe full le, maLterial documenta,tio,n in the rrich ar- in the form of a roof or plain" The height, gend, dating the coin i4 the year of 77 cha,eological objects. togerther with the cover, ranges between of our era, when Vespessianus was con,sul Of work and study imterest is the area O,25 an'd 0,37 mEtres. for ithe eighth time. The backs,ide of the north of the oitty, or more exactly n,orth The two amphorae have a spheric body coin shows the goddes,s of viciory, Victo- of the mosaic of the woman and end with a plain ring-rlike bottom. "Beautiful ria, standin,g ,in a boa,t, holding an olive o,f Durr'€so. In the ,Maliq t\{uqou sltreet They have two small se,ml-c.ilcular hand- branch in her hand, symbolizing glory. of this area there have been discovered Les vertically ,placed on the ne,ck of the The ,other coins are darted up to the some mosaics of buildings, which toge- utensil, while the upper pafi of irt is cy- III-IV centuries of our era. ther with the construotions discovered, lin'dric. Their ,existing heigh,t ris 0,30 m. The numero,us archaeo,logical findings tell aboutt the luxurious quarter of the O,n,e o,f these amphorae-urn,s was found in this area of the ci,ty once more tell ancient city. And th,e findiings conitirnue. with cover, wirth a sanall clay prlate. about iim Further north of this street, in the vi- The glass arrphora-urn has been found broad extensio,n a,ncient times, cinity of the city's stadium, where new fragmented in the vicinity of the other. the result of an intens,ive economic life dwelling com,poundrs are going up, the urns. I,t has a skyblue-green co,lo,ur. The and of the density of the population. We ar,e here in a rich archaeological zone oonstruction workers discovered a uum- handles in the form o,f the letter "M-, ber of archaeologica,l oibjects. which fall vertically bn the sides of the wirh lay'els o,f nrosaics, villars, lead rtubes The found objeots defirne here a necro- u'tnesil, are massive. The arnphora has a of the ancient water pipelin,e and, in the pollits area. The typotrogy of the fl.rnereal broad neckwith profiled edges frrom out- outshirts, parts of broad wa"!ls. Today olbjects convinces us that we are faced side and is covered with a lid in the in thirs zone sociarltilst life is growinE and with a ,necropolis of the Roman epoch. shape of a discus, in the middle of which developing wirth new dwelling houses, The obiects founcl during this excava- rises a cylindliia wire endinE with a srnall the bread facboty, the ,Punetori, sports tion work oo,nsist of 6 urns, of salcareous sphere. This a nphora is sirnrilar to the palace, etc. BECENTLY, THE SOVIET BEVISIONIST LEADEBS HAVE BEEN RAISING A IIUE A I{ECESSARY AN,D CBY TO PROVE THAT ALLEGEDLY DUE TO THE -PEACE-I,OVING POLICY" OF THE SOVIET UNION, THE WOBLD IS NOW ENJOYING A TBANOUIL PERIOD OF PEACE AND SECURITY. IF THE PEO- c01{DlTt01{ PLES WERE UNAWARE OF THE AIMS OF THE NEW CZAP^S, THEY COUI,D BE TA- KEN IN BY THE BEVISIONIST FAIRY, TALES, COULD BE HOODWINKED BY THE PACIFIST DEMAGOGY. BUT IN THE FOR THE DEFEI{CE STRUGGLE WHICH THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD ARE WAGING AGAINST THE AGGRESSIVE AND REACTIONABY FORCES, THE SOVIET UNION IS ON THE THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE BARRICADE, AS OF FREEDOM AN ADVERSARY OF THE PEOPLES. Theil agglesr5iell 3rgains,[ Czechoslova- kia and ,the provccations along the Chi- ne,se border, Lheir interfelence in the A]ID latest Indian-Pakistani wal and mcddling ln the Middle East conf 1:ct, has rvhe Lled the impei'ialist appetite of ther Scryiet 1ca- ders.'They ale derranding ',Lhe,ir share, IilDEPEilDEl{CE iu lhe division of t1-re u,or1d. OF Thc main directions orf Soviet territo- ria1, political, econcm-c and rnilitary ex- pansion ale quite obvious. Thcy are the THE PEOPI.ES arrows drawn on the maps of the o1d General Staff of the Czarist empi,-e aiming at the Balkans and the Mediterra- nean, the Baltjc and North Europe, Vienna and Berlin, the Indian Ocean and the Editoriol lrom I pOplllllfp sea of Japan. "ZERI The porlicy of the Soviet Union i,s ag- gre'ssive, expansionis't'and hegemonistic in alrl iLts direcLions and ccmponents. It is such botth .towards ,its ,,friends, and towardrs its enemies, againrst the big and Resolute, step by step opposilion s,mall peoples, cf Europe or Asia. In competiltion with the USA fol world he- to the sociol imperiolist gemony, for crptive markets and terri- policy in generol ond to every 0ggressiye oct, tories, this policy is responsibtre fol the present crises and tension,s, intelnalional os well os the exposure of ond opposition dilspu,tes and conf 1icbs. US imperiolism, Everybody is re,alising what is 1-rappe- to is on historicol ning with ,the pseudosocialist ccun,tries recessity for the delence of the sociolist of Eastern Europe, which ale ti,ed to the Soviet Union thi'ough the Warsaw Tleaty, victories ond the freedom ond independence the Council of Mutual Eccnomic Aid ol the peoples, (COMECON) and the sccalled sccialist in- o condition tegratio,n. At o,ne time it was said about to hinder ond oyert the greot dongers those countries that they had a "lirnited sovereignty,, that they were semi-inde- with which the two pendent. This now belongs to the past. superpowerr ore threotening To'day one can speak odly abomt a *trost oll monkind sovereigntv,, freedorn violated and all- of the So- roumd subjugation. In Earstern Europe, at Treaty and are completely und,er the con- sionist parties into appendages policy, into instrumen'ls with p1'esent there is an intensive development trot of the Sovict General Staff. They are viet foreign Kremlin di,plomacy can ma- of l'he proce,s,s of suppressing the separate dependent on Moscow even for a car- which the have par- political, dconomi,c and n-rilitary identi- tlidge, and Grechko and Yakubovsky do noeuvre. They lvant to 'SoViet just ar"e al,so tie's o,f its countries and merging them not consider or treat them other than 11g5*, as there 'American', into the Soviet State The late'st juridical as ordinary Soviet alm;cs. 'Blitish", and othel Parties exerting particularly great agreement between the Soviet Union and Ever more obvious is the Process of They are pressure so that these parties do not BuLlgania, which ensures obviou,s privile- tll-re io,ss of indepen'dence on the part of any hasty step which might ges for 'the Soviet citizens in Bu,lgaria, the satellite ccuntlies 'in th,e field of the undertake diplomatic bargainings and is a dlear exa,rnple of this tendency. economy. The majority of them do not make theit' the western bourgeois Thc revisionist countries no longer have have a nationa,l energy basis and depend cornb{nationrs with governments the leas,t bdl more difficul't' independent national foreign and inter'- on s,r.rpplies cf Soviet codl and oi1. They circles of the West are na1 policies. The lea,dertships of the par- are at the Soviet Union's mercy also for' The ruling pleased lhe stand adopted by Mos- ties and states are apporin,ted and removed many basic raw rnaterials, the extractioll with the revisionist parties, with by the Soviet Direcfions of Cadres, just of which has been aban'dorned since the cow towards pr*essule exerts on tthe'rn which is as the economlc, cu1tura1, and o,ther pro- Sovie,t frieuds have them in 'abundance'' the it Limportanlt f actor in their ideological gramrnes are wor:ked out and elaborated But the worst thing is tharl the econo- an potrirticat degeneration, a co'nvincing in the chancel,leries of the KremJin. nric 'development of these countries is and gualantee that Lhey will remain loyal In the deals with the Anericrn, West don,e in one-sided way and not inconfor- the bourgeois parties. Germa,n, British, and other ,chieftains, mity with theil' ,national oondlitions and partners of capitali,st world is facing Btezhnev commdts the interes[is orf ,those needs. Under Soviet pressure, lhe econo- liow the whole energy, finanaial and counrtries, too, giving underta ling as to mies of the CCMECON member coun- gravc ecouomic, irl's sllructures and s'uper- their future attitudes and a,cbivities. Wal' trie,s have been buil't as part o'f the €co- othel clises of The boulgeoisie and the mo- saw, Berlin, Pr.ague oi' Bud,apest have ne- nomy of th,e Soviet Union and according sltructures. so striving in evei'y way to ver been asked whether theY want to to its nee,ds. They have been tie'd up nopolies ale heavy consequences of these enrbrace the German revanchists or not tightly by the Sovlel financlal system anid unload the the ba,cks of the working whcther or not they want to be involved credits that they have not been allowed cr.ise,s on to inrtensify the exploitation irn the Soviet adventures in the Middle any possibility of normal, independent people and to countries. East, or to join the Kremlin's anti-China developmen,t with prospects for the fu- of the developing these con,dlLion's the worklng campaigu. The Po[i'sh, Bu garian, Hunga- tiure. The Soviet Union keeps an absolu- Under ai:e faced with the task of opposing rian, Czech an,d orther leaders are simply tely firm hold on the fundamental means masscs offensiive of the mon'opol'ies told about ib after nrattel''s ale ,setb1ed, as and levels which play a deoisive role in the flenzied in d:efence of their stan- if they were secretaries of provinces and working out and implemen,ting the eco- and of figirting stancling vigiLant against reg,ions summoned to the centre just to nornic plans of the COMECON 'countries, clalds of living, fascism and of draggi'ng rsceive inrstruotions so they can imple- such as raw tnatelialrs, heavy equipmen't, thc clangers of peoples into millitary adventures ment a 1i,ne decided from above. ban'ks and credits, technotrogical and the 'the ma1'- rthe bout'geoisie. Bub what sot't of A distinotive featule orf an independent scien,tlific knowledge, the'commod'ity of the western revisionist par- country is the existence o.f an indepen- ket, etc. It is COSPLAN which defines struggle by ties ris being called for by Moscow, which denrt national defence and almy. Do the Lhe main lin,es of [he econo'mic plans of parode itself as the *centre o'f world rbvi/sionist, countries of Europe have such these countlies, ernd defines the quotas s,ti11 IL is calling on them to a thing? Not ontry do they not have an and types of p::oduction, the size of in- communismu? gathe,r urgenbly, a's soon ars possib'1e, to independent national army, but they ve,stmentts, consumption funds, etc. security' which, as is them,selves are under military obcupation. The sccrlled socialist internationa,lism discuss,European l

pean reoisionist partie,s a,gain,st all those oppon'ents o,f Israel and its agglessive who just as brutal ancl bar,barous as the pre- do not approve the expansionist and and annexationi,st po[icy. Burt the Soviet vrous one. hegemonisrtic policy of the S,oviet Union press writes not a single l,i,ne about those in Europe, particular.ly The character.istic feature of the impe- and against China thousands of Soviet jews who treave for rialist policy ,o,f the Sotviet lead,ers lies and Albania, which have exposed and Israel every day. Can it be said that faot ,their resolutetry con'demned the barbarous in the thalt they ttry to conceal op_ this great human continEent, which al- pression and rexploita,tion expansionist efforts and counrterrevolutio- od the East ready amoun,ts ,Lo hundreds o,f thousands, nary aclivlty with rpeacefu,l s,entences and Europea,n countries by the Soviet Union does not strenEthen the potential of the ttanq;Jlizing slogans. They and its plans and threats towards the even ca{l lsraeli Stabe? The weapons are pouring policy {programme Balkanrs and other coun,tries their a of peace*, But of our cln- irr fro,m Americr, but to fire them re- ti nen,ts. their claims and the reality are far a'pafi. quires men and th,ese men are po,uring Their of peace. pro- The Kremlin couldnlt crre less that, "programme is a in from ,the Soviet Unrion. gramme by going to the me,eting which df war. nt is the programme of is being A new phenomenon is occuring in the prepared East speeding up the aunaments race and in- in Berlin, the r,evisionist world which is exerting increasing weight creasing military expenditure, political parties are taking the grave responsi,bili,ty of on the present development of interna- penetr.alion of a,cting against ,the intere,sLs and economic expansion in of their tional life. We a,re referring to the strug- own corunrtries and other countr.ies. It ris a programme to other people,s, that gle being wa,ged the by developing na- strengLhen the policy of dictate and they ,rnay becom,e even more dri,scredited arbi- tions to ensure their ccmplete and effec- an'd comprornilsed. traril5r r161ya1ds other couflbdes. It is not For the Kremlin it is tive sovereignrty oventheir natural re_ prograimme enough that its orbjecttives a of detente, as they claim, a,re achieved_ soi.rrces anel the establi,shrnent of a just nothing else martters. but of rafsing tension. It has now become international economic order. In wor.ds, the cnstom in Moscow lto descrirbe any- the Soviert revisionist pose In thirs field, too, rthe Soviet revisionists body who is against their programnte as being on the s,ide of rthe peoples are on the other side of the barricade, and their fightinE imperiali,sm and colonalism, "detenbe, as an renemy of for on the siide of the impertalis,ts and national freedo,m peacer and an "enemy o,f detente,. But and independence, for. againsit the peoptres. It is not ,to their lik- these threats in,timidate noibody. The peo- equality and fulll rights in international ing when the developing countr,ies rank ples relations. who are against the "soviet peace But in fact, they are scatrs, the Soviet Union among the neoc,:lonia- firemen quelling programmetr have always been a,nd still the revol,utionary strug- lists, when ,they denounce attempls its are for real peace and dettente among gles. Tog,ether with US innperialism, they to plunder ,the riches of other countries, the staites. And ienemies, are fighting there are no to ensure spheres o,f infil,uen- when they expose the character of c:, among them in the war rthe Soviet revi- the invasion of new mar"kets, the its imperialist aid. But this is an indis_ sionists claim, but they are the enemies s'Lrbjugati,on and expl,oita,tion of nations. pn:Jtable fact and cannot be concealed with to iLmperialism and social impelialri,s,m, Its s,tand towards the l,iberation struEgle domaEogy. enemies of the aggressive and exp,ansio- of the Arab people By following is revea,ling ever more the same policy of pr.ices nist Soviet policy. cl,early that the Sovi,et and of monopolising markets Union considers as the big By detente the Soviet revisionisrt imply and deals monopoly c:mpanies, joining wibh the nartional liberation mo_ by the big the weakening of ,the struggle ,specu,la,tors of the vements from the angle of gold or gambling the its own rarrow with peoples against ,irnperialism and so,cial imperiiali'st interests pilices of wh,eat, sugar. and other and within the fra- commo_ imperialism; the ceasing of the efforts mework dities on the market, rttre Sovi,et of the rivalry with the USA for Union of the nations and counttries to repel the political and ec,:nomic b,ecomes part of the camp of those reac- influence and stra- interferen,ce and press,ure of the two su- tegitc positions. tionary and conser.vative forces The Soviet revision,i,sts which pelpowers and to attack and expose theil manoeuvre are trying to stop the process and intrigue so that nothing of the counterrevolutionary pdlicy and p1ots. sti'uggle of tle peoples in,defence will be solved in the Middle East, so ,bhat of The peoples will never give them this their riches from imperialis,t exploi,ta,tion. everythi,ng will remain in suspense and pleasule. They will never fall into the It beco'mes part of that bhey can hang on rthere for ever. counterrevolu- traps of the imperialisrt and ,revisionist Jusl tionary capritalist grouping as Eisenhower on,cl did, they which wan,ts propaganda and will never aillow ,them- cons,i,der to attack the thart reEion struggle o,f the developing selves to as a nvacuum, that should be ,their be taken in by their empty pro- coun,tries for politic,rl and econo- filled with tleir. military, mises. The condi,tion f,or new succes,ses political and mic ema,nci,pa,tion, economic pr.esence, to sabo,tage their in the struggle of peoples efforts the for national to e,stablish equality ,in ,trade freedom To hear ithe Sovi,dL propaganda, you and independencg demo,cracy exchanges. In a word, irt is fi,ghting, would think rthat to- and sccial proEress, i,s not Soviet_Ameri_ the Soviel lead,ers are gether rdirth the US and other iLmperia- crn hartnony and arden,t anti-Zionists, Lhe most d,etermined corllaboration, the re_ liishs, to esrbarbtrish a kind of colonialism laxation of tension beLLween the Soviet AI.BANIA TODAY 2 1211, t97S o t3

Union and the USA, as the bwo suPer- of diverting the Commurnist Party and peace, against Lthe freedom and indepen- powers claim, but the consistent and de- the People's Republic of China frsm the dence of the peo,ples, Ihe tendency of this termined strug,gle against them. correct revolutionary road of obscuring policy is to evolve towards sti11 greater It is not long ago thart the Kremlin in the leas,t the greaL positive role they aggres siveness, bowands the intens,ifi ca tion chieitains anno,un,ced so,me big projeebs are playing in the international arena. cf interfelen,ce in ithe internal affairs of of about convening a worl'd con'ferenoe China, emerged from the great plole- other states, towards the stepping up o,f the anti-imperialist forces in Moscow' tarian cultural revolution remains an armaments ra,ce and preparations for war. With great clamour they insisted on its irnpregnable fortress of revolution and The sitnration of crisis which has grirp- urgency and listed all the things that socialism. Its example inspires arnd en- ped the imperialist and revisionist world were worrying the peoples aibout the courages the fiEhters for freedom and today, the sava,ge rivalry with US impe- aggrerssive poi1iry of US irnperialism' Now social progress thro'ughout the world. rialism, are impdlling the Soviet social that they have become partners with the The meeting of the National People's imperialists towards a more militaristic Yankees in thei'r efforts for world hege- Congress was another great viclory of the policy, which might launch ou.t into m! rrony and domination, they have comple- Comrmunist Party of China, of its revolu- litary adventures anywherq in Europe or tely abandoned these projects. They tionary line and comrade Mao Tse-tung's in Asia, on the Atlantic seaboard or that have replaced the mask of ranti thought, a brilliant victory for socialism of the Pacific Ocean, either in the South imperialism, with that of * peace and in Chinra. It testified to the unity of the or the North. ,security,, relaxation of tension', "disar- Party, the people and the army, to the In his October 3 speech, comrade mament*, etc. all-round progres,s of China, the brilliant Enver Hoxha said: ,Watch out! Us im- But no matter how they label themsel- prospects that have been opened to the pelialism and Russian imperialism are ves, rvhether as "socialists,' or nrevolutio- industrious and revolutionary Chinese leading the world into another world narieso,,an,tiimperialisLs" or,peace-lo- people. rvar, more terrible than the two pre- vers", they cannot conceal their political It is these great victories that enrage vious wars ! These two superpowers are peoples. deoline and cannot deceive the the Soviet revisionist that make thenr responsible for the present gr.eat crises, The Soviet campaign about lowering lose their equilibrium and logic, fall into they are vying with one another for world tension is a speculative campaign to 1u11 absurdities and expose themselves. The hegemony, they are fighting to capture tl-re revolutionary vigilance of the peo- grcat Chinese reality shines like the light rlarkets, that is, to invade and enslave ples in face of the dangers and threats of the sun and nothing can darken it, the peoples. Ib is precisely the two super- of the two superpowers. It is an effort This is apparent in the successful con- powers that are arming anti-popular cli- psychological for the ideological and struotion of socialism, which is being ques and govcrnilents to use them as brain washing of the masses to persuade realized correctly according to thc doctri- wa,tchdogs ar:d their peoples as cannon them to swallow the aggressive social- ne of Malx and Lenin and Mao Tse-tung's fodder for the inevifable shambles they are imperialist policy and to weaken the re- teachings, It is apparent in the r.esolute preparing if they are given a free hand,. sistance towards it. and revolutionary attitudes adopted by The peoples canno! sit idly by with The hypocrisy, cynicism and perfidy ol China towards the phenomena and events folded arms and fail to act against the this campaign are seen also in the fact in the world. No anti-China campaign, criminal activity of the Soviet social im- while on the one hand the Moscow chief- great or small, or wherever it may come perialists as the revisionist in Moscow tains are talking about peaceful coexis- fro,rn, can weaken the pl,ace and role of would ,like them to do. Likewise, they tence, about u,nderstanding and relaxa- China in the inter,na,tional arena. The cannott fail to resolutel,y condemn and re- tion of tension among states, on the other peoples fightirng for freedom, indepen- ject the mu,ltitude of hostile propaganda hand, they are intensifying their anti- dence and wellbeing, are always aware campaigns of the Kremlin, its false and China attacks, instigating acts of diver- of the powerful support and solidarity decepLive slogans, its dema,gogy aboul sion and their ultra-r'eacbionary propa- of great China. The Soviet revisionists rpeace",,securiL5r*,,relaxa,tion of tension,, ganda to present the situation in China and their allies will never be able to etc. Resolute, step by step opposition to in gloomy colours and to attack the Chi- break the love, resrpect and high o,pinion the so,oial imperiarlist policy in general nese in,ternal and foreign policies. Their of the peoples for great People's China, and ,to evely aggressive act, as wel,l as antiChina zeal has increased recently, its glorious Communist Party; and Chair- the exposure of and gppo,sition to US im- in particutrar after the successful conclu- man Mao Tse-tung. perialism, is an hisrto,rical necessity for sion of the proceedings of the National Analysis of the foreign porlicy of ihe So- the defence o,f the sooialist victories and People's Congress of the PR of China. viet Unio,n and its daily aotivity in the in- the freedom anC inderpenden,oe of the peo- But,the revisionist insults, slanders, and ternationa. arena leads to the inevitarble ples, a condition to hinder and avert the ca,lurnnies are quite unable to move the conclusion that it is foltrowing an impe- great dangers with which the two super- Chinese colossus, they are never capable rialist pOlicy directed against the general powers are threatening atrl mankind. - DOCU HETIS

IIDREQ' PT ASAR'

THE UI{ITY OF THE PEO I1{ THE ilATIO}IAt IIBE

THE PBOBLEM OF THE UNION OF THE MASSES OF THE PEOPLE IN THE LIBEBATION WAR AND IN THE BEVOI.UTION IS A MAJOR KEY PROBLEM WHICH CONSTITUTES A DECISIVE FACTOR FOR THE FATE OF THE \MAR AND THE REVOLUTION THERE CAN BE NO CORRECT SOLUTION OF THIS PBOBLEM OUTSIDE THE CON. CBETE CONDITIONS OF THE PERIOD IN WHICH THE LIBEBATION WAR OB THE REVOLUTION IS BEING CARBIED OUT, OUTSIDE THE AIMS OF THE CLASS FOBCES CONCEBNED IN THE OVERTHROW OF THE OPPRESSIYE POLITICAL AND ECONO. MIC.SOCIAL OBDEB AND THE SOLUTION OI'THE DECISIVE, ANTAGONISTIC SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS IMPEDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY, A PEOPLE OR A NATION. THEREFORE, IN THE DIFFERENT HISTORICAL PERIODS, THE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF UNITING THE MASSES OF THE PEOPLE WI[,L BE DIFFERENT. ON THIS KEY OUESTION, WHAT IS COMMON TO EVERY PEBIOD IS THAT WITHOUT UNITY THEBE IS NO VICTORY. This bas been reaffirmed by the his- o,f this century, under the grealt lerarders tory of libera,tion wars in Albania. Whe- of the National Renaissance, and they neve,r the Albanian people have Lsucc€e- would not have won their independence, ded in uniting, they have beren invincible nor succe,eded in creating the Albanian to their enemies, h,owever great, power- national state in 1912. ful, and savage, they may have been. The But such a strong and stable unity of Albaarians united around Scanderbeg ensu- the Albanian people as that which was red themselves immortal 91,ory by smash- attained in the Anti-fascist National Libe- ing the rerpeated onrslaughts of the great ration War under the leadership of the army Ottoman Empire, of the the stron- Comrnunist Party of Albania (CPA) had gest army of the time, that had struck never been know,n befo,re in the many terror into the heart of Europe. Without centuries of Albanian history. unity, the Albanians would have been The unity of the people in their war ranable to rise in the struggle for freedom argainst the Italian and German occupiers in the past century and at the beginning and the local traitors was embodied in NDREQI PLASARI - tnember of the Cen- the National Liberation Front. Ua1 Committee ol the PLA, prolessor, spe- cialist in the history of bhe PLA and ol The u,nion of the Albanian people in the the national liberatian struggle of the A1- National Liberartion Fr,ont could not but banian people. Report deliueted at the National Con- berar the brand o,f the objective and su- lerenoe oI Studies on the Anti-lascist bjective historical-social conditions trnder National-Liberation StrtLggle oI the Alba- nlan people, which it was realised. P!.E AROUilD THE CPA RATIOI{ FRO}IT

The circurnsta'ncers oI the low level of tribal chiefs, and the handful of rich development and progress, for a pros- developrnent of Albania of that tirne, as a bou,tgeoisie, who have always served as pero,us and happy life. The Communist serni-feudal agranian oountry, determined tools of the foreign rulers, and beca- Party ,not only ensured a/ very broad paf' rthat the major place in the Front and me lackeys of the fascist invad,ers, ticipatio'n of the youth in the National the deoisive role in the wa,r, belonged to too. Liberation War, which was unpreceden- the p,easantry, which conrstifuted rfl,ore The pccupation of the co'untry by fas' ted in the past, brut created all the con- than four fifths of the populahion (77 par- cisrt Italy deeply hurt the national senti ditions for the youth a,s a principal fac' cent o,f them pqor peanan'ts), and preser- ments and the interests of the ibroadest tor of this war. It was not by chance that ved im its bosom deep patriotic traditioos social strata oif the coun'try. In the politi- the Na'tional Liberation War of the Al- and great revolutionary energy, created cal line of the CPA and iits struggle to banian peoptre was called "the war of the in the strir.rggle f,or fr,eedoln and lamd in carry io,ut this line, thesd strata found youth,. the course of centuniels. In the Communist the assurauoe of the fulfilment of their A new phenomenon in the union of the Party, peasantry rerso,lute dEsrires the out the found its dernands and for driving people in the National Liberati,on War was defender fighte,r pol tical, occupiens and [he buildilrg of a and for its of 'the the broad and active parrtici:pation of the economic, and social interests. Therefore free, inde,pendent, and democratic Alba- wornen. Unlike the other liberatilotn wars, it embraced thd Party's political line 'en nia. in the lalst war the woman d,id not play massetr arnd recognised it as the sole lea- As a result of this not only the worrk- the ro,le of a mere auxiliary to her hu,s- der in the war. ing ,class and the ,labouring pearsantry, band, but she took part shoulder to The character of ,the Natioanl Libera- which constituted the maim forces, but shoulder with hirn, i,n all fonns of the tion War as an anbi-f,arscist, anti.imperia- also the petty and noiddle botrrgeoisie of struggle, inchlding the armed figh ing. list dernocratic revolution and, im com,for- the city, rthe pa,triotic dmtellec,tuals, as well For the wom€n the war had a two"fold mity with thits, the strategic slogan of as a number of anti-fatscist and democratic liberating revolutionary character: for the the CPA fo,r the union in the Nationa,l Li- elements fr,om the upper strata, all ,united elimination of both foreigm and in'ternal berati,on Front of all the patriotic and in the National Li,beration Front under the domination, and the age-old enslave- anti-fascist forces of the cou,ntry, without leadership of the CPA. of ment of the women themselves. distinction as to religion, regio,u, class or The youth in particular, who coLns,ti- political,conv,iction, corrditioned the broad tuted the rnos,t vigorous force of the mo' The sole and undivided leaderrship by the CPA de,ter,mined he deeply revo,lu- socia,l basis of 'this uni,on. vement, po rred inr,to the Front. In the Albania was a country oppressed a,nd beginming the r,qorking and school youth tionary and militant,character of the union exploited by foreign enslavers for cen- joined in, then the peasant youth. In the of the peopl.e in the Nationa,l f,ibera- ttrties on end. Libe,ration f,rom ,the fo,re- political line of the Party a;nd in the plat- ti,on Front, the realisation o,f the lead- ign yoke, freedom and national indepen- form o,f ithe National Liberation Front, ing role of the working class and of dence, have been a dream and an aspi- the yotrth fou,nd the prospect of ,fulfilme,nit the unbreakable alliance of thirs ,class with ration mrot only of rthe poor, but of the of their burning material and spi,ri'tual the peasantry, which ,constituted the steel- entire Albania r people, with the excep- desires for freedorn and independence, Iike foundation of this union, th,e high tion of the big feudal landowu:ers, the for econom,ig educational, and cultural level of politicarl consciousness, the gua- 46.21211,1975 ALBANIA TODAY

rantee of the victory ,of the people, amd tisation of ther coutrtry wh,ich the oocupa- h'el,p the Pa,rty, a,rad organised and led by fo,r the people alo,ne. tionists pu,rsued, readiness to rise in a the Pa,rt;r, great liberati,o,n war. A,t the Peza Conference the politioal and The Comrnunist party seized on hese orgaudsational basis was laid for the runi- comfilon elements to trmite, orga,nise, and ty of the Albarian people in the s,tr,uggle mobitlise the people in struggl,e aga- ufor a dree, undivided, independ,ent and The union of the Albanian people in inst the fascist occupiers and tlhe trai- democnatic Albania".l the National Libera'tion Front was flot tors. The political p,latform which was appro- achieved u'asily or all at once. It was However, there was one very gr.eat ved at the Con{erence by the represemta- created and strengthened in the life-and- obstacle which had to be overcome. The tives of the anti-fa,scist democratic foroes death struggld against the external and broad rnasses, espec,ially the peasantry, of the courtry, consrtituted the political internal enerniers and it pa,ssed through which comprised the majori,ty of the po- basis of this unity. This platf,or,m was, several phases, and overcome many diffi- pulation, did not know the newly formed in fact, the tninimum prog,ramr of the CPA. culties and dangers threateraing i at eve- party of the working class. The big The Genera,I Councril, set up by the Con- ry step. landowners, the bourgeoisie, the clergy, ferrence, and the mationa,l liberation coun- ,the Prior to fiounding of ibhe Commu- fascism, spread the most rao,nstrous slan- cils, which wgre simultaneously organs of nist Party the Albanian people were not ders against cornmtr,nism and the cofllmu- the National Liberation Fron! aad of the united in srbruggtre against the invaders, nist parties. The CPA had inherited very insurgent a4d revolutiona,ry people's po- due the ,of to lack a genuine revolu,ti,ona- weak links with the masses from the wer, constibuted the organisational basis. leadership ry which woutd ,realise this communist gro,ups from which it had trt was w,ritten into the Besolution of the union on the basis of, a clear projgrarn, a emerged, and therse almost entirely in the Confur.ence of Peza, that, as organs of the h,igh level po,litical ot consciousness, and cities. F,ro,nt, the coumcils unite all the people's sound organisation. No kind of Mtisfactory or stable unity liberartion foroes,.. In order to rally the However, premises the for r.r,nity exis- could be achieved if the masses wefe not wid,e groupings of the peqple the coun- ted. convinced of ith€ aorreotness of the poli- cils will bq councils of the broad masses.2 The broad firasses of the people had in tical line of the CPA, the leading nueleus Comrade Enver Hoxha has described the cornnnon the feeling of :love of, ooiuntry, of this unity, and of its abili,ry to carry national ,liberation councils as -,the first which had struck de€p roots in the hearrts out this line. Th,is conviction was the in- stegr towards the creation of the National and rninds of men through the oenturies, dispenrsable primd factor of he unity of Libera'tioo Front in the form of an orga- ,the and especially in period of the Na- the people. nisation,.S tional Renaissance. This feel,ing was The Party set to work with migh,t and The termr National Liberation greatly strengthened "the following the pno- main to win the confidence of ,the masses Froo,ttr was not used at the Confe,rence clamation of inde,pendence and the orea- in the correct road it showed them for the oE Peza. But this does not prevent us tion of rthe Albanian national state in t9l2 Iibera,tion of the country and the comstruc- frorn asserting that it wars there that the in the struggle for the allround improve- tionr of an independent, dernocratic, peo- Fron,t, as an organisa,tioni was foumded. ment of the appearance of ;the Albanian ple's Albania. By means of irts fier,y words The anain thing is that, while defining nation, for the preservatiron and conso- o,f trtrth, b,ut especially thro rgh the revo- the €,s,sence, the unity ,of 'the people in lidation .independe,ncer of the national and lutionary action and the example of cou- the war against the occupiers, whijch was sovereign'ty of the Albanian starte agains,t rage, correct behaviour and honesty of he a strategric ,task, the Comference also the greed of the irnperialist powers and cornmunists, it succeeded in overcoming crea,ted the organs, the General Coun- the chauvinis'tic nrlers of the neighbour the obrstaoles and difficulbies and attained cil and the inatio'nal liberation coun- countries, as well as against rthe tools of extraordinary suocesses wirthin a relatively ci,ls, in which this unity would be e,m o- the foreign powers within the country, short tirne, establ,ishing the first sound died. With the occupation of Albania by fas- links with the masses, gaining very great Thel creation of the F.ront as an orga- cist Italy the Albanians, love for their authority, and becoming, in this way, the niza,tiom, constituted a tac,tircal ask. country was deeply arggrieved. No kind axis around which all the aroused pa- Usually it is not po,ssible for the forns of demago,gy or terror was able to close triotic, antifascis,t forces of the countty of the war and its o,rganisation, which the grea w,ound inflicted on Albanian would be united. b,elqng to the sphere of tactias, to be patriotis,m by this occupation, In this way the Party laid the fo,unda- ootnpletely define"d at the sarne ime as As a result, what the broad masses of tio.ns for uni'ty in the joint struggle befo,re the f,undarmentall strategic tasks. To find the people had in common were: total the 1st National Liberation Conferenee, the most appropriate fonns of the war nonacceptance o,f the regirne of the fa,s- which was held in P,eza. It was precise,ly and the organization of the mas,ses rre- cist occupation, resistance ,to the policy this suaces,s which made po,ssible the con- quires great experience which is gained and activity of trtalianisation and fascis- vening of this historic arsse,rnbly oalled to in the course of the war, of the revolu- ALBANIA TODAY 2 |,211, 1975 . 47 tion itself. Such experi'enoe cannot be of Peza and its decisions, and began Albania by Hitleri e Germany, when the with acoumulated im,mediatelY. extemsive activity to splirt the unity, to Zogites with Abaz Kupi broke away or' trn fact, the term ,National Liberation divide the masses of the people from the the Front and created anothe'r traitor a reaotion front* was used as ear,ly as the mee'ting Commr.lni,st Party and to destroy the Na- ganisation, "Legaliteti', as Front, as to found the PartY, in November, 7941, ti,otral Liberation Front. against the National Liberation ithe .Balli, and but it was used indir,ectly in the task laid Political confi.tsio'n was noticed arnong well a,s when 'Legaliteti" struggle against down by that Meeting to ,expose the go' various strata of the'people' Through de- went over to open armed Front, together vernment of the traitor Kruja and its magogy and inbi,rnidation, the ballist the Nartional Liberation manoeuvres to split rthe Nati'ooral Liber,a- chieftains managed to win over part of with the German occuPiers. tion Front of the Albanian people.'4 The the populati,on, especia'lly in the oountry' In the Autumn of t943, two bloos of idea of the Nartional [iberation Front side. A number of waverers broke away opposing forces, mortal enetnies, stood before. O'n the one emerged .in this way, too at first Con- from the Nabional Liberatiom Eront an'd face to face as never 'the) people- the working sultative meeting of the Albanian Cornmu' went over to "Balli,. Under these extre- side: the insurgent peasantry, the nist Party, in April 1942, in the task set mely complica ed circum'stances, Cornrade class, the poor and middle the by that consultative rneeting nflot to per- Enver Hoxha ga\te the i'nstruction: *Very pertty bourgeoisie, and the bulk of the pa- mit any deviation or rnisunders,tanding on great care is needed. We are at a turning m,iddle bourgeoisie of the town, the question of a cornmon natiomal Libe- point oif ,our his,tory, a dangerous turning triotic intellectuals, individual elements around the ration Front of the Albanian pe,ople'' 5 po,int, and if we emerge 'successful, then from the upper s,trata-united but if we slip, National Liberation Front, under the lea' The direct task of the "creation of a com- our cause has triunr,phed, 8 Party of Albania' mon National f,i eration Fronit is men- we'll break our 'neoks'o dership of the Communist for- tioned for the firs,t time in the directivers The period frorn Jan rary 'to September The Front was based on the a'rmed forcE the of the Central Committee o ,the Albanian 1943, when the Second National Libera- ces, having as its main strik'ing and as ts exter- Cornmunist Party, rin June 1942.6 But in tion Co,nference was held at ,Labinot, was National Liberation Army war, the thre,e cases, the idea of the National a period of organisationa'l strengrthening nal support the anti-fascist world Patriotic Wair Liberatio,n Front is used in the sense of of the Front with the creation, within its in the first 'place, the Grea't on the other side: uniting the people, and not in ,the s,ense framework, of broad social potrtitical orga- of the Soviet Unio'n. the reactio' of an organ'isation. OnIy after the Con- nisations, the anti-fascist Youth Union and reaction - the landowners, chiefs, the ference of Peza was the National f,ibera- the anti-fascist Wornen's U,ni'on. It was nary bo,urgeoisie, the tribal professional tion Fr'ont fully cre'ated as a concrete also a period ,of its ,Political strengthening bulk of the rich peasants, the politicians, and the intel'leotuals form and expression of rthe unity and through a very fierce political struggle bourgeois and fascis't tendeor' organisatio,n of the rnasses of the people with fascism and especially with the with anti-cornmunist had pinned all cies, a relatively sma,trl section of rnisled in the struggtre for nationa,l liberation "Balli KombEtar,, which middle strata- and the esta,blishment of the people's its hopes on, and comrnitted al'l its forces, people from the lower and orga'nisations aod state power. In Novennber 7942, comrade to destroying the National Liberatiom gathered in a rnotley of liberation coun- grorlps, with no sound links beitween Enver Hoxha wrote in "ZEti i Popullit,, Front and the National based on the .the Albanian people have united as one cils, and preventing the outbreak of the them. Beraction was "state been se't trp, with against the occupier and the National Li- people's general uprising' The Party and apparatus* which had or1 ithe quisling beration Front has been formed and is the Front ernerged vic.torious in this the help of the occtrpiers, mercenary ballist and becorning steeled in struggle.u 7 struggle, despite the betrayal of Yrner gendarnrerie, on 'the of the traito'rous During th s period, frro,m the Confe- Dishnica and Mustafa Gjinishi at Mukje, Zogite bands and those agree- gerntry and especially on the German renoe of Peza W to Novernber and De- where they signed the irafamous did not aomprise cemiber 1942, the union of the people rnent with -Balli,, which, for a rnornent, wehrmacht. In fact, it itself, It was part arou,nd the National f,iberation Front seriously endangered the 'cau,se of unity an independent bloc in and was kept in experie,nced a ,really vigorous extension, and the question of the power o,f the na' of the hitlerite front the aid of the occu- a gtreat quantitative treap. This vigour was tional liberation councitrs. existence rnainly with the otrtcorne of the extraordinary re,spon- The struggle, both armed and political, pi,ers. followed, rthe winter s,e ,the decisions the Conference had against fascism and rthe political struggle The period which was the period of among the mas,ses of the peoplo. against the "Balli,, tem,pere'd the Nationa of the years Lg43-L944, of the people However the situation was grea ly Libera ion Front poli ically, brought abottt the great 'test for the unity f,iberation Front, just cornplicated by the eimerg€nce of the a good sifting out of its ramks, and at the around the National National Liberatiom .Balli Komb€tar", at the end of 1942, as same time d.ifferentia,ted all the s,ocial po' as it was fo'r the coun- a reaction against the National Libera- litical forces in the country. This diffe- Army and rthe national liberation tio,n Fron . As is known, it proclairned rentiation w4s ,accelerated and deepened cils, The Nationa,l Liberation War knew that i,t did not recognise the Conference greatly, especially after the occupation of no greater difficulties and dangers than 48.21211,1975 ATBANIA TODAY

it experienced in that period, dtrring affirmcd thernselves mainly as o,rgans of means and methods, of the extraordinary whlich the outcome of the war was de- the people's democratic sitate power, difficulties and obstacles which had to cided, Precisely at that ti,me, it was proved would have been hindered in carrying be overcome, rthe innumerable sacrifices how powerful and unbreakable was the out the functions of ,the state power if needed to achieve victory over the ene- union people rthe of the around Cornmu- they had continued 'to keep the funcrtions mies. Never before in the history of the nist Party in the National Libera i.on of the Front. On the o'ther hand, the cir- previous li,beration struggles o.f the AI. Front, how high the people's conscious- cu,mstances which had arisen called for banian people, had there been such pro- ness ar,d readiness to face the extraordi- a stronger organisation base for the Front. found political conviotion, so uniform, nary sacrifices required for the sake of For these reasons, upon the recommen- and widespr,ead, as exis,ted in the Anti victory. dation of the Central Commit ee of the fascist Nati,onal Liberation War. Never Of cotrrse, there were vaoillations, and Albanian Commu,nist Party, the second before had the people felt such great con- it could not be ottherwise, among certain mee'ting of the A,nti'Fascist National Li- fidence and ce,rtainty of victory. Never strata and individtrals, especially arnong beration Co,Lrncil, held at Berat, in October before had they been so sure that they the nationalists, There were even some 1,944, d,ecided to relieve the na,tional tribe- wou,Id reap the frruit of this victory them- rthe rvho abandoned Fronrt beaatrse they ration councils of the functions of the selves and that it would not be wre,s,ted cotrld not withstand he pressures, terror, Front, whiLch from novy on, would be a from them by the other.s, the beys, the and deception of the enemies, But therse separarte organisation with its own special gentry, the rnerchants, the fetrdal chiefs, waverings and resigmatio,lls were insig,ni- cou,ncils. as in the pasrt. At the sanre time, ne,ver ficant compared with the all-round 'temr- As can be seen, despite the extraordi- before have the masses of the people pering and tra,ining which rthe trnion of naly difficulties, obstacles and dangers it been so cl.ear abou,t the prospects of the the people around the party gained in had to oyercofile, despite any zig-zags, country's development and progress in the fieroe battles and the grave sufferings waverings resignatio,ns or by individuals the future" The common ideal, 'the sarre of the Winter ot 7943-L944. or s,eparate groupings, the union of the political convictions, the bas,ic questions From the Spring of t944, not orly was Albanian people in the Natiomal Libera- of the pr.ograrnrne of the Fromt, fused there a further strengthening of the Na- tion Front, under the leadership of the into the consciousness of the people, werre ,there tional Liberation Front, but was an Communist Party, has mounted steadily the ste,el fibres which bound toge,ther the greaterextension ever of the Front, which higher and higher, has been constantly social political forces, the patriotic, de- reached its culrnina,tion i'n the October- extended and become stronger and has mocraitic, anti-lascist classes and strata Nove,mber period year, of that when the shown itself to be unbreakable, thus ser- around the revotrutionary leradersh,ip - the traitor organisations and armed forces of ving as a decisive factor in achieving the Communist Party. The corrmon political, the .Balli Komb6tar, and ulegaliteiti, had final victory over the fascist foreign ,ene- an,ti.fascist, and revolutio,nary ideal and been destroyed, Seeing rthe vic orious ad- mies and inter.nal reaction. convicti,ons, neutralised or routed the old vance of the National Liberation war and rea,cbiona,ry, political, moral, religious, coming to understand, some sooner and customary beliefs of the masses who par- others later, the rnistake they had made Nt* ticipa ed in the National Liberation Front. by taking the traitorous road of the This high level of political conscious- -tsalli,, .Legaliteti,, and the reactionary Which were the main fa,c1e1s that made ness and id,eas was attained besa'use, as ugentrytr, the rnajo,rity of ithose who had the union of the pe,ople around the AI- comrade Enver Hoxha says, uthe pro- been mis,led abandoned this road and banian Cornmtr,nist Party in the National gra(nm€ ,of ,the Front which in fact, was joined the Front, Liberation Fron, unbreakable and a d,e- the Party's minim'r.rm progranune, was a The outcome of the National Libe,ratisn cisive weapon fo,r victory? clear, cornprehensible rnilitant and revs- War had now been decided: the final First, the oornrnon ideal, the liberatien Iutionary prog.rammetr 9, because the party victory was expected day by day. The Na- of the homeland from the occupiers, the knew how to implant in the minds ahd tional Liberation Front had reached its winning of nationa,l indeperndence a,nd the hear,ts of the rnasses, the conore'te ideas culmination. The all-round str.engthening d,etnocrati,sation of the country, The a'nd tasks of this programme, whitre, at people's of the de.mocratic state power Communist Party instilled this ideal in- the same time, exposing the profoundly presented ritself problem as the key in to the minds and hearts of the peopte, anti-national and anti-popular character the preservation of the vriatory and the relying on the ,colffnon feeling of pa- of the political platforms, the ideo;logy fu,rther developrnent ,the revolution. of triotism and the co(mmon interests of the and propagaflda, of the fascist Italian and The Anti-Fascist National Liberation Ge- broad masses of the people. It made the German occupiers and the various reac- neral ,and Co'uncil the national liberation people fully consoious, convincing them tionary trends and organisations, tools of councils. which had, until now, also ca- from their own revolul'i.onary experience, the occu,piers. rried out the political functions of the of the absolute o,eoessi,ty for the anned Second, the rnion of ,the people in the National Liberation Front, b;u,t which had strtrggle, and for struggle by all other National tiberation Front was based on ATBANIA TODAY 2 121r, 1975 . 49 the common st'ruggle. Unity had to be their conviction in the correctness of the in Albania indicates that unity which is aichieved, aod was achieved, ,in war and Party's political ,line and platform of the achieved ma,irrly from below, that is, only in war, The talks of Communisl Conference of Peza, on the basis of the which is a voluntary and direct umitiflg Pa,rty and the national li,beration coun- strtrggle against the occupiers and the trai- of the masses of the pe,optre and whicb ,with cils the nationalists of vario'us trends to,rs, without the mediation of other poli- has a single revolutionary leadership, the abourt the question of trni'ty could uot ticafl parties. p?rfy of the working olass, is always solve this questions. They only helped eve- This does not mean that ,there was not sttonger and more stable for the present rybody to understan'd that without taking some degr.ee of rnobilisation and union and for the fufure of the revolution, than part in the war against ,the oooupiers and from above, The Oomrnunist Party placed that unity which is achieved rnainly from their flunkeys there could be no utrity. plimary imporlanoe on rrnobilisation and above, that is, which is created as a As early as the Con'ference of Peza, it unity from below, bu,t it did not neglect coaliti,on of political parties and organisa- was clearly Iaid down tha,t -true uuity work for nrobilisation and trnity from tions and has no rnonolithic treadership. oao be achieved only through ar.med above, too. .Mobilisation from above can Only unity from below ensures the struggle, being convinced that the rigbt be achieved by uniting with all the anti broade,st afld most direot participation of of freedom and the victory can e achieved fascist political trernds., l2 the masses of the peoprle in the revolu- only by fighting the €nemy occupier These anti-f,ascist political trends tionary libera,tion movement, the outburst right now,.10 could be unorganised currents and groups, at the maximurn leivel of the creative for- The Conference stressed thc words but could have been organised i,nto par- ce and energies of the masses, as the right norv, because the pseudolatriots, ties. The Communisit Party did not exclude authors of rerrohltion and the makers of the hidden collaborators of fascism, those cooperation with anti-fascist political par- history. Not only does the single revolu- who later formed the .Balli Komb€tar,, ties and bringing them into the National tionary leadership of the working c,lass spoke out against the war. They said that Liberation Front if such parties had been party not cripple or curLail the broad the war should be waged ooly 'three to created. The Party proceeded from these participation and direct role of the masses four days, at the most one week, prior positions in i,ts efforts to draw the "Balli as the true authors of the revo,lution, but to th,e victory of the Allies over trtaly and KombEtar, and later, ,I;ega,liteti,, into ,the it is an indispensable condition for the Germany! Exposing the "Ba1li, and other National Liberation Front, orr the basis achieveme,nt of such a thing. The expe- opponenLs of the war against the German of armed struggle against the ocoupierrs. rience of our revolution, not only in the occupiers, who tried to deceive the people Buit, as is known, other anti-fascist poli- stage of national liberation war, b,ut ifl pretending by that they were for unity tical parties we,re not formed, while its later stages, refu,tes all the false theo- and parrty that the Communist did not instead of joining in the war against the rie's of the mouthpieces of inr,perialism want such unity, comrade Enver Hoxha occupiers, ,the "Balli, and .Legali,teti, uni- and reaction, whi.ch negate rthe objective instruoted the district committees: ,you ted with the occupiers against the Na- law of leadership by the working class musl make it clear to the peoptre that the tional Liberation Front. Thus, the Party party in revohltion, and regard this lea- carnpaign of reacbion for unity is filthy worked rto unite and d.id unite, ther pa- dership as a hindrance to the direct broad demagogy and that we stand for trrue trioLic nationalists around the National participation of the masses in revolution, unity, that we work for this u'nity, and Liberation Front from above, only as so 'that they can play the role of author there can be no uni:ty outside ,the National individuals or groups. This was achieved of the revolution. Liberation War., 11 through talks, meetings and conference Fourth, the ,u,nio,n of the Albanian peo- Third, ,the the unity in natio.nal libera- such as the Conference of Peza, the Se- ple in the National triberation Front tion Front was a direct and voltrntary c,oud Conference at Labinot, the Congress was an organised, 'union and not at all uraion of the masses of the people, and of PErmet, the regional Na,tional Libera- amorphous, Summing up the revolutio- not a mere coalition of political parti,es tion confer,e,nces, and so on. nary exper"ience of the ties and unity of and organisatio,ns. The only political par- Among the countnies of Europe occu- tlle rnasses of .the people wi,th the Albania'n ty in 'the Front was the Al,banian Com- pied d,uring the Second World War, which Communist Party, comrade Enver Iloxha m'unist Party and ,was it the leader and fought arms in hand against fascism, A1- has pointed out: *To establish ties wi,th architect of this unity. bania is the only one in which the com- the mas,ses rneans to ally yourself with Thns, the unity in the National libera- mon front of the antifascist fo,rces was the or.gani'sed masses, and if these impor- tion War in Albaoria was achieved frorn alunost entirely a direct voluntary union tant organisations are nrinderrated by the below. Ther Communist party aroused and of these forces achieved from below, and Party, then, you are no,t linked with the united the working class, he broad masses where there were no other political par- masses., 1:] of the peasants and patriotic intellec- ties in the Front apart fro,m the Cornmu- Throtrgh the council,s and other mass tuals around the National Liberation nist Party which forgedand led this union. organisations, which were parrticipants im Front, on the basis of their patriotism The experience of the utrion of ,the the Front, as well as thr,ough the par- and revolutionary s,pirit, on rthe basis people of in the National Liberatioo Fro,nt lisan aod volunteer units, the Panty car- 50.21211,1975 ALBANIA TODAY

political ried its line a,mong the ma,sses, "Legaliteti" there werre many elements fo,rmed a.nd ,streugthened their revolutio- who had been deceiyed by the reactio- rrlary, patri,otic, poli,tica.l coasciousness, nary chiefta,ins but who wanted Albania fough,t agai,nst the dis,ruptive sabotage to be free and were ready to fight agai.nst activity of 'the enem,ies, onobilised the the o,ccupier, the Albanian Communist masses achieved in tho war, ilr short, Party and 'the National Liberation Council the unity of the people and ensured its mader great efforts to have ,these orga- undivided leadership in the National Li nisatioos abandon their sabotaging artti- berabion Front. tude of wait and see, to preveut them This experience shows rthat hhe only from enterirag the se.ryice of 'the ocoupie s, uuity of the ma,sses which is solid and and to unite them with the National Li- lastimg ,is that which is o,rganrised on a bera'tiou Front, erven giving them the sounid revolutionary basis and equ,ipped right to preserve ,their own individuality with a common prograilrilne. as organisations in he Front. But the Fifth, the monolithic unity of the lea- ttaitorous leaders who had formed the ding nucleius of this union, ,the Communist "BaI[.i, and .Legaliteti, to fight, aot Party, around its Cenbral Commi,ttee with against ens,laving fascism, but against the comrade Enver Hoxha at the head, wa,s Communist Party and the National Libe- of prirnary impor ance for the invin- ration Fro'nt, torpedoed all efforts to cibility of the union of the people in the achieve unity and established increasingly National Liberation Front, Without such closef ti,es with the ltalian, and espe- a unity, the ties and the steel-like unity cially the Gerrnan, occu,piers, with whom of the masses around the Party could they lined up openly in a common not have been created nor could they front. have been preserved, and the undivided The ar,med struggle against the ,,Balli leadership of the Pa,rty in the Anti-fascist Komb€tar, and .Legaliteti, burst out in National Liberation war coud.d never have the Autumn of 1943 and the Winter of been attained. Neither during the war 1943-1944, as a reaction to their open period nor after the war, has our Party collaboration with the German nazis. ever regarded the question of its mono- This was a life-and-death struggle lithic ideological, poli,tical, and organisa- aga,inst local reaction, rthe tool of the tional tr.,nity as an end in itself, but as occupie,rs, which rqpresented and defen- an indispensable cond,ition fo,r fulfilling ded the interests of the main exploiting its strategic aim and proEram,matic tasks classes, the landowners, the feudal chiefs, and for carrying out the pro etarian lea- the reaotionary bourgeoisie and high dership. Proceeding from this basis, it ranking clergy. ha,s fought the anti-Party and hostile fac- As such, can it be called a civil war? tions, views, and elements in its midst. In Albanian historiography, there are various views on this qtrestion. Bourgeois historiography supports the thesis tha,t **+ the war between the Natio,nal Libera,tion Movement and the "Balli KombEtar" and Of all the means the occupiers and the .Legaliteti" wars a civil war and constitu- traitors used in their efforts to destroy ted the principal war in Albaraia during the unity of the Albanian people around the Second World \Mar. the Albanian Co'mmurist Party, they In the docume,n,ts of the Comm,trnist pinned greatest their hopes at first on 'the Party a,nd the Gene,ral Counoil of that ,Baflli Komb6!ar, and later, on "Legali- time it is never described as a civil war, teti,. indeed, s,uch a view is opposed. Iit was Guided by the,ir unchanging line of called a civil war by the Germa'n occu- uniting people the around the Front, wi- piers, the "Balli, and ,Legaliteti',, and the thout discri,rninatiom as to class and po- British ,together with rthe Americans, in litical belief, and proceeding from the whose documents thirs term is ofteo en- faat that in the .Balli Kombetar, and countered whenever the s,trugg,le betweea ATBANIA TODAY 2 1211, 1975 a 51' the National Liberation Movement and democratic, anti-fascist fo,rce's of the coun' of dornination it applies, at the same tfune imternal reaction fur Albania is refdrred try, The ,'Balli Kom Etar,, ,Legaliteti', sparing no,thing to de end the exploiting to. a'nd other neactionary groupimgs waged capitalist system of each sepairate co{rn' When General Wilson, comrnander of no ,other war and had no enemY other try, On the other hand, the landowners the Al,lied Mediterrane,an Headquarters than the National Lib'eratiorn Fron't, which and the reactionary bourgeoisie of this asked the Gene,ral Comnrand of the Alba- embraced the insurge,nt .dlbanian people, or that country, rnortal{y afraid of the to nian National Liberation Army to put an and the Co'rnmunist Party which led it. revolutiton, are trying every rneans i'n big inlpe- e,nd ,to the ,civi,l war", that is, the fight "For ,reactiott and its traitor o'rganisation' find a base of support 'one paying the against the i Balli Komb6tar" 66f, r[,ega- - ex trains comrade Erver Hoxha - *th€ rialist power or the other, part Iiiteti,, cornrade Enver Hoxha answered main contrad,ictions were the i'nternal highest price for rthis supporrt' with indepern- hirn: *Therr,e are no iinrbernal quarrels, let contradi,ctions with the Communis't Party or the whole of thei'r national it alone a civil war, in Albania, There is anrd the Na'tional Liberatio'n Front, which dence a,nd sovereignty' For this reason or only one quarrel a,nd one war i war they converted into antagonirstic contra- is difficutrt to -tlave a iberation war jusl against the ,occupier in the first place dictions by attacking us with arms, toge- revolution which is speanheaded or jtrst against and agai,nst its traltorous 'tools.o l/r ther with the occupiers,, at a time when against the foreign enemy separately' The Commurnist Parby always opposed the Cornmunisrt Party "tried and did every- the internal enemy, taken the launching of a fratricidal war and the thing possible to preYent the developme'nt The struggle will inevitably be wa- turning of the' Natioo:al f,iberation War of the contradictions with ,the .Balli' and ged against bo'th one a'nd the other enemy com' inrtto a cir.irl war, at a time when the ,Legaliteti" into antagonistic principal simrultaneously, that is, it will be a coun,try had been invaded and strbjugated contrad,ictio'ns,. tG bined one' by the Italian irnperiali,sts, and later, by In spite of this attitude of the Party Th,is is what happened in our National the the German i,mperialists, and whe.n the and the General Counoil, the class struggle Li eratio,n war, too, during which' unity and mobilisation of the entire Al' grew extremely sharp, and 4s was men- fight a'gainst the trtatrian an'd German occu' banian people in the fight against the tioned above, Lthe sooial - politioal forces piers became cornbined with the struggle occupier were indis,pensable. .You must of the country split into two groups, mor- agaiost the local reacti'onary classes' may expose and fight all those who criticise tally hostile to each other' Under these But no rnatter ltow profo'ulrd it th,e Party and the National Liberation conditions, the victory of the National have been, this combinabion did not chan- cha- 'lVar, - cornrade Enver Hoxha instructed, Liberation Wa,r could not help sweeping ge the over-al,l nati'onal 'liberration to fimish' - *always rernembering [hat 'the war away the political ,ru,le of the big la'nded racte,r of the war. from start roust not degenerafte inrto a civil war, prioprietors, the fetrdal chiefs, and the the oooupiers re'mained the rnain enemy' which the rocflrpier is trying to kindle reactionary bourgeoisie, along with the The local enemies, even though they did and through its agents., 15 foreign dornination, as it really happemed. not represent just individtral elemernts The Italian and German occupiers made No'netheless, I don't think it is correct groupings, btlt entire social classes and teac- great efforts to hind,le a fratricidal war to call the war o,f the National Libera- s,tratta such as the landowners, the the in order to split and weaken the unity tion Fronrt with the "Balli, and .Legaliteti, tionary bourgeoisie, the feudal chiefs' as of the people around the Natiornal Li,be- a civil war, though it contains elernents well-to-do peasants, we're mot fought ration Front, and consequently to wipe of such a war, both in content and in exploiting cla'sses and strata but always The out the Nationail Liberatiron Movement. form. as traitors, as tools of the 'occupiers' Li- Apart from the occu,piers, this was also It was not a civil war because it did Comn:runist Party amd the Nationail in the interests, of the big landed pro- not constitute a war in itself, but was an beration Gerneral Council never conside- plat- prietors, the reactionary bourgeoisie, the integral part of ,the war against the occu- red it correct to ohange the politicail to feudal chiefs and the reactionary clergy, piers. form of the Conference of Peza and the who saw the end of their rnrle arnd privi- In the present epoch, it is impossible put forward slogans for war against the leges in the revolutionary devel'opment to avoid a combination, to thi,s or that beys, against the bourge'oisie, against and the victory of the National Libera- extent, .between the war for natioual li' tr;ibal chiefs, and 'so on' They regarded tion War. Upon the instiga.tion o,f the berati,on and the war for social tribera' any atternpt at changing this platforrn Ce,rman occupiers, these class,es launched tion, between the wav against the ext.ernal and any disrtortions of it as grave etr'ors' a fratricidal war, imposing it on the i'rnperialist enernies and the struggle They never allowed the main e{remy' to Communist Party and the Na,tionatr Libe- against the inte,rnal reactionary enemies. be forgotten or Put aside, or the Na- a ration Front. Fror them th,is really was The i,nternaltiomal bourgeoisie uses atrl its tional Liberation war to be turlred into a civil war, that is, a very fierce armed forces and means to plolong the lifespan civ'il war, in the sense that the' spearhead ithe struggle agai,nst the masses of the insur' of the world capitalist system. Imperia- of the war could be shifted from occu' gent people - the working class, the lism is trying every mreaus tto pres,erve its pier to the local teactiom' Whiter waging poor and middle peasantry, a,nd all the 'positions, irte,spective of the new forms the fiercest possible struggtre against the 52.21211,1975 ALBANIA TODAY

Ballists, the Zogites, and other rea,ctio- vernment were p,repared for this even- This groups, steel-like unity lras withstood eve- nary always as traitors and lac_ tuality, too, But as is known, this did not ry test and weathered atl the storm and keys of the occupier, they nwer, for a corne abou,t. The .Balli* and ,Legaliteti,, termpests history, moment, of It has served as a ceased their efforts to have any- the two biggest organisations of reaction, decisive weapon to smash the plans and one, irrrespective of his class, strata, or were rotrted as early as September-Octo- activity of the external imperialist and political comvictions, who had come ts ber, 1944- All the endeavours of the r,evisionist enemies, as well as of ,the in- understand that he wac on the road of Anglo-.dmericans ,rescue to the home reac- ternal enernies, and has ensured the de- treachery and was wilIing to abandon tion from disaster came to nothing. Any velopment of the co,untry at a rapid pace, this r'oad, break away from the ranks of direct interference on rtheir part in the on the road of socialism. Always united the rBalli, and and ortherr co,l- "Legaliteti, inte,rnal affairs of the Nationa,l Liberation ar,o,und the Party, always led by its pro. laborationist forces. War and every attempt at landing and letarian policy and ideology and by the Bearing in mind thart the main eoremies ,their stationing milirtary forces in Albania, Ma,rxist-Leninist teachings of comrade were the fascist occupiers and not the were defeated, The frantic efforts made Enver Hoxha, the Albanian people will Iocal reaction, that ithe main spearhead by the British and American governments remain invincible and will always score of the war was direoted against the occu_ after liberation to revive the defeated viotories. piers and not agaias,t local ,reaotion, that ho,me reactiotr and to throw it into a civil the war against local reaction was con_ war against the victorious revolutiornary 7. Resolution of the Conlerence o! peza, ducted as a war agaimst rtraitors, against Septembet democratic forces and the people,s sta;te 16, 1942. Docutttents ol the the lackeys Supreme Organs oI t\rc Rauol. of the ooculriers, and not power led by the Communist partll Nat. Lib. against rthe were Power, Tirana, 1962, p. 18 (Alb. od.). exploiting classes, rthat ithe smashed, too. 2. Resolution of the Conterence pem, sbnuggle against the l,ocal ol enemy was While ens,uring for the Albanian people September 16, 1942. DocueTents ol ,tke subor:dinate to the struggle against the tlre historic Supreme Org,ans of rthe Reuolutionaty Na- vioDory of Nwember 29, 1944, l;iberation foreign enemy, it cam ber ooacluded that tional Potoet, Tfuana, 1962, the Party of f,abour of Albania at the pp. 12-13. the war against the .Balili KombEtar,, same time, gaine,d a great tempering and 3. E. Hoxha, Repo,rt ctt the lst Cong. ot against ulegaliiteti, and other reactiona,ry experience, very valuable for the later aPA, Works, 5, p. 277. gro,upi,ng should not be called 4. PLA, Princitpal Dofiadents, uoL. a civil stages of revolution. The unity of the l. war. p. 28. bload masses of the people around the It could have been turned into 5. 'PLA, Pdncipal Dacumemts, uol. I, a civil Party was to se,rve as a decisive weapon p. 64. wa,r only after the fascist occupierrs had in achieving th,e ,strategic objective of these 6. lbidem, p. 78. been driven out, if the ,Balti,, *f,egaliteti, 7. Emuer Hoxha, Works, uo1. I, p. 76, stages too, just as it did in the Aniti- and ,other reactionarry groups (A1b. ed.). had not fascist National Liberation War. 8. Enuer Hoxha's Letter add,r,essed to the been routed prio.r j to Novernber 29, 1944, After the war the party used the great G irokastr a Re Eional C ornmitttee, F,ebruar y 23. 1943. Wcths, u'ol. p. 199. Atrb. ed. and had continued rtheir armed resis,tance experience I, of the National Liberation 9. E. Hoxha. Repont at the 4th Congrcss to resto,re the feudal-bourgeois political Front, to organise the Democratic Front oI rtke Democratic Fromt, Saptember 74, order. In this case, too, the ,the 1964. Repofis and Speeches, 7967-7968, war with to_ as most suitable fo,rm, as the embo- Tir.ana, 1969, p. 162, AJb. ed. cal counter-revo,lution would ceritaiflty diment of the trnity of the broad working 10. The lirst Ca1tr ol the Genetal Na- have been combimed wlth the war agaiEst masses under the new conditions, tional Liber.atian Couneil issued ttom the foreign enernies. This time, Peza Conter.enc,e, September 7942, Docu- the foreigm During the thirty years since the day ments of the Suprerne Organs, etc. . . enernies would have been rthe British-Uni- of Liberation, the experience in uniting p. 17. ted States imperiali,srts, 77. who had worked the people around the party has been Enuer Hoxha. Dir.eatiu,as oI the CC oI the CPA, Nou,ambet 7943. Wotks, out a special plan intended to prevent the fu.rther enriched. 3, The roots of this unity, uol. U, pp. 14-15, AIb. ed. vi'otory of the National f,iberation Front which developed during the Anti-fascist 72. Enu,er Hoxka. Diraaliues of the Cofti- aq:d the people's revolution in Albania, National Liberation War, penetrated even munist IntetnaLionaT, F.ebruary 1943. and to support in every way Works, uol. il, p. 222, Alb. ad. the struggle deeper, always on ,the basis of the com- 73, Enuer Hoxha, Raport at tihe 2nd of the Alba,nian exploiting classes and mon ideal and i,nberests of the masses of Congruss of the PLA, March 1952, Works, reactionary forces to resitore the feudal- uol. Ix, p. the people, of 'their profo,und conviatiom 260, Alb. ed. bourgeois orde,r. 74. Enuet H,oxha, Answe.t to tlte note in the correctness of the party,s political Despite his combination, of C,enetal Wilson, July 12. 1944, Works, the main Iine, o,f the broad, active and direct parti- uol. Il, p. 223. Alb. ed. tlndeilined by enemy would have beem trocal comrade EruJ,er Hoxha. reaction cipation of these masses in the revolu- 75. E. Hoxha, Latter addressed (counter-revolution) so long as the British_ tionary to the a,ctivi,ty for'the devetopment of Central Committee of the CpA tor the Ametican armies had not ocoupied AI_ the economy and culture, for the socialist Gjirokastr,a tegion, February 23, 1942. bania. transformation Works, uoil. I, p. 198, Alb. ,ed. of the society, for the go- 76. Enuer Hoxka, The Party, the Front, Repoat o,t the 4t11 the National Li_ vern,ing of the country and the defmce Congress ol the Damoct,atic Front, Septem- beratiou Army, and the Democratic Go_ of the Homeland. ber 16, 7967. F.epor,ts and Speeches 1962- 1968, Tirana 1969, pp. 164-165, Alb. ed. press revtewa

F'ULL SOVEREIGNTY OVEB THEIR NATIONAL RICHES INDISPUTABLE RIGHT OF THE PEOPLES

,ZERI I POPULLIT,, organ of the CC of the pLA.

The conference of the deve- this, in spite of their many na- nornic and political indepen- loping countries on raw mate- tural riches, manpo.iver, and the dence. "Real econornic and so- rials, which was hetrd in Dakar, o,ther great possibilities fo,r pro- cial development,, - emphasised was another irnportant event in gress, these cou,ntries have lag- the Algerian president, Houari the struggle of the peoples for ged behi,nd. Bcumedinne, in his message to iheir liberation frorn economic Being arware o,f the great the Dakar Conference, - 'cat plunder, fro,rn the conrtrol and strength of the ,peoples of these be achieved only when the peo- inlerference of 'the imperialist countries, the imperialis,ts and ple,s of every country take con- powers, and pa-rticularly of the social imperia,lists are seeking trol of their own nationa,l xe- two superpowers, the Uni,ted to change the forms of explo,i- SOUrCeStr. States and ,the Swiet Union, tati,on and plunder. Under the It is an indisputabl,e sovereign for the use of their national guise of .aid", "e,conomic and righit of the raw materials pro- riches in the interests of their technical collaboration,, ncre- dtlcing countries 'to decide for independenrt developm.enit a,nd dits,,,joint organisatio,ns" etc., themselves the pri,ces of these social pro,gress. It constitutes a lhey ar,e striving to preserve ma,terials, the quantities, and continuation of the efforts of lheir domination and economic the markets on which they will lhe developing countries for plunder of,the developing coun- be sold, in conformity with their eccnomic and political tries, to hinder the independent lheir national interests, outside emancipation, which reached a cievelopment of 'these coun- a,ny imperialist dicta,te and ar- higher 1evdl during the past tries and undermine their strug- bitrary beha,viour. The solution year at the special ,session of gle for freedom and national of the fundamental probtrems of the UN General Asseimbly on the independence. But the ctrevelo- international econornic relations problems of development and ping countfies, too, have risen in our days is not a monopoly raw rnaterials, at the UN c,on- a,gainst this ,enslaving policy of the two superpolvers, or of ferences on the 1aw of the sea a.nd. are demanding ithat an end other imperialist powers and the problems of pop'r-r1ation, etc. be put rto the unequal relations nei,ther should it be. These pro- The developing countries of that exist between the coun- blems can be solved only with Asia, Aftica, and Latin Ameri- tries im,por ing raw materials the participation of all coun- ca, ate the main producers of and ,those producing them, bet- tries, irrespective of their size fuels and other raw materials. ween the very high prices o,f a,nd economic po,tential, on the They carry very great weigh,t equipment and machinery, on basis of equality, mutu,al ben,e- in the world in regard to both the one hand, and the very low fit, respect for econo,mic and po- human potential arnd natural re- prices of the raw traterials, on litical independence. This is sources, But for a very long the other ha,nd. They are str rg- r,uhat the developing countries time the imperialist powers im- gling for 'lhe es,tablishment of are aspiring to and striving posed utterly unequal and en- full sovereignty over their riches for. slaving reLations on these coun- and to place them at the ser- The developing countries are tries. And precisely because of vice of strengthening their eco- faced with many and urgent 54.212U, 1975 ALBANIA TODAY

press tevrew problems which have to do territo,ries and riches, their in- more uni,ted and deienmined with their freedom and inde- ciependent development a,nd the ;peoples of the developing pendence, with their present further progress. With a view coun,tries, 'the stron,ger ttheir so- and futur,e. Experience has to preservin,g the o1d, unequal iidari,ty, the more numerous and shown that rthe so,lution of therse and enslaving relations, the certain witrl be the vicbories problerns depends, primarily, im'periali,st porwers are creating they will achieve. "The revo- on resolute strugg,le fo,r the con- a common front, the mission of lution, the struggle for political solidartion of ttheir sovereignty which is to coun,terpose the jusit and economic independence, and political and economic in- measures of the raw materials -said ,comrade Enver Hoxha in dependence, on the rnobilisatio,n producing countries. In these his Octo,ber 3, 7974 speech, - oI all ,their material; financial. cond:itio,n,s, self-reliance, unit5l constitute and unceasing his,to- and human resources in favo,ur and solidarity in the struggle rical process. The pxesent con- of progress and allround deve- againsg imperialism and neo- ditions of social devetropment in lopment. The developing coun- colonialism, and par,ticularly the wortrd drive them forward tries are aware tha,t they have against the US imperialists and with ever greater force and sti1l rnuch to do to achieve their the Soviet social irnperialists; is n':ake them indispensable. This rthe aspirations, esba,blishment of an imperative necessity for a1l also constittutes a ,guaran,tee of cornple,te sovereignty over their the developing countries. The their tri'r.rmph,.

I

SOCIALIST CHINA IS FORGING AHEAD EVERY DAY TOWARDS EVER HIGHER PEAKS

,BASIIRIMI,, oenfta7 orgam ol the D,emocratic Front ol Albania.

On October 7,'1.949, announ- People's Republic of China have tory after another in the strug- cing the founding peo- of the fu1,ly confirmed 'the bri,lliant gle agains,t the eneirnies of so. ple's Bepublic of China, the truth of this state,ment of Chair- cialism and the revolution, at great leader of the Chinese peo- man Mao Tse-tung. Radical chan- home and abr.oad. ple, Charirman Mao Tse-tung, ges have ocourred all- over the The great Proletarian Cultu- declared: "The Chinese people, country and in all fields of ral Revol.rtion marked another in'ho constitu,te the one quarter life compl,etely transfo,rming great victory of the proletariat of mankind, have risen to their the appeara,nce of ,the former over the bourgeoisie, of Mar- feeto. poor and backward China, xisrn-Leninism over revisionism This decl,arartio,n of cornrade which h,as now become a very and overthrew the black head- Mao Tse-tung's was a profound powerful and prosperous socia- quarters of the counterr,evolu- expression of the unshakea,ble list state. Guided by the correct tionaries and trairtors, Liu Shao determination of the talented revolutionary line o,f Chairman Chi and Lin ,Piao. During this Chinese peop,le, to march for- Mao Tse-tung the Cornmunist rEvolution, and during the criti- ward on the roa,d o,f the re- Parrty of China has constantly cism against Lin Piao and Confu- volution a,nd so,cialisrn. The 25 developed the socialist r,evolu- cius, the precepts of Marxism- years and rnore that have elap- tion i,n d,epth on all fronts and Leninism and Mao Tsetung's sed since the founding of the has reaped one magnificent vic- thought were further studied ATBANIA TODAY 2 1211, 1975 . 55

against anY press teview and mastered by the broad my o,f the country, now the and soaialisrn masses hundreds of millions quantity of meat, fisfrr, medica- arggressor of coalition of imPe- strong, raisinE to a higher ments, ho,usehold goods, fruit, rialist-revisionist aggressors' great level their consciousness for vegetabtres, and other broad As a resul,t of the unitY the continuation of the re- consumption articles has in- oI tho,r.rght and acbion in the vo,lution under ,the dictatorship creased from 10 to 100 times, ranks of the Party and of the of the prole'tariat, ,to bar all the market is thriving, and the broad m.ultirnillion masses and the pathways to capitalisl resto- living s,tandard of ,the masses ol these brilliant victories, a lation and to forge co,nstantly has risen beyond any compari sound foundation has been laid ahead on the road of socialis,m. son with the past. to speed up the rates of the The imperialis,ts, social im,pe- Chinese science has success- construction of socialism in rialists, and ,the ,other enemies fu1ly solved a series of very China even further. of China and the revolution, important technological pro- Guided by the latest instruc- have slandered and screamed blems, such as that of a,tomic tions o,f Chairman Mao Tse-tung tha,t allegedly the Proletarian energy, the production of air- and on the basis of the victo- Cultural Revoluttion and the mo- craft, co,r,nputers, semi-conduc- ries achieved, the recent session vement to criticise [-in Piao and tors, etc. of the National People's Con- Confucius have seriously dama- A great revolution has been gress of the People's Republic ged production. But incontesta- carried out in the field of art of China defined the objectives b1e facts show very clearly that and culture. for the allround development of ciuring these last ten years two- The art and culture o,f people's ag.riculture, industry, national fold succes,ses and victories have China are the art and culture of defence, and science and tech- been achieved, both in deerpen- the Chinese revolution. They ex- nology in two stages over the ing he revolution a,nd in in- press the colossal transfoma- next 15-20 years, to transform creasing productio,n. Thus, over tions of the consciousness of the China into a very powerful and this period Chinese agriculture new Chinese man, who, guided cieveloped socialist country, so has had good harvests for thir- by the Marxist-Leninist thought that it wi,ll stand in the front teen years on end and the pro- of Chairman Mao TsetunE, has ranks of the countries of the blem of food and clothing for placed his mind and talents world in regard to the deve. a population of abo,ut 800 mi- af the service of the peo- lopment of the people's econo- llion, as well as ,of raw mate- ple, the revolr.rrtion, and so- my, too. Albanian rial,s for industry has been de- cia1ism. The people ar€ finibely solved. Likewise, over Today the People's Republic inmeasurably rejoiced by these these last 10 years industry has of China has an invincible de- brilliant viclories and prospects developed at very rapid rates, fence potential, based, first of of rthe frraternal Chinese people. 1100 big and middle-sized units all, on the colossal s,treength They consider them as their have been built throughout the of the glorious Chinese people's own triumphs, and wholehear- country, and the problem of liberation a,rrmy and om the en- tedly wish the Chinese people the distribution ,of products in tire armed peo,ple, educated new magnifioent victories and correot pro,polltions all over the with the teachi,ngs of Chairman successes in the tutfilrnen,t and country is on the way to so- Mao Tse-tung and equipped overfulfilment of these plans, lution. with all kinds o,f the most upto- fo,r the triumph of the great Thanks to ,the irmpetuous de- date arms, capable of defen- cause of the revolution and so- velopment of the whole econo- ding the gains of the revolution cialism throughout the world, - 56.2 1975 1211, ALBANIA TODAY

press re9iew GREAT RENAISSANCE ARTIST

,DRITA" otgan of the Albanian Wri,ters and Attists, League.

Five-hundred years have galleries in order to express the epoch, its nost progressive elapsed sin,ce March 6,7475 their ,emotions', in that mons- aesthetic ideals. For us, the ar- when Michelangelo was born truosity of f orms, colours, and tists of socialist realism, Mi- in the horne of a stonecutter figures, the humanitarian art chelangelo 'is close to us be- in Fiorence. The history of art of the Renaissance, that lofty cau,se of his love for rnan, the knows [!any artists. Many ideal for man which is seen in powerful realisrn of his work, ma,sterpieces have been created these works, makes a particu- his force of expression, dyna- during the ce,nturies; Michelan- iar impressi,or,. mism and the clarity of his gelo, too, cr,eated, but when you The Party has ta'ught us to artistic figure. In the struggle stand face to face with his look at the creativity of the against the distortions of the works, you ar.e filled with past with a critical eye, disco- present-day b,oulgeois and revi- a feeling joy of and pride. This ver in it the positive and pro- sionist art, Michelangelo's work is the great force of true works gressive features, and cr:iticise is splendid support along with of art. In those yea,rs of the reactionary and regressive phe- the creati,ons o,f value of other Renaissance, Leonardo, Raphael, ncmena. We must place Michel- progressive a,nd revolutionary and Titian, wete working at angelo's creativity in those so- epochs and artists. the same time a,s Michelangelo, cio-political and economic con- Michelangelo never used his But Michelangelo occupies a dition,s in which it wa6 folTned. art to illustrate the religious special place among those wor.ld He saw Italy dismembered, doctrines blindly. True to his figures. Although rich in out- plundered, and betrayed, he crvn ideals, and ideological and standing figures, the Renaissan- saw the fall of the Republic of cornpcsitional prir-roip1es, he ce did not produce a second Florence, he saw the hypocrislr su;bmiited neither to dogmas or Michelang,elo, with such love of the popcs. His world outlook routine, nor to conventions of for mankind, so universal and assurned a tragic character. A1. forms. In many of his wolks majestic, so profound in though he did not merge u,ith he manifested the independence thought, and resolute in his the counter-reformist move- from religion of his ideological convictions, so morally pur.e and tnent, Michelangelo felt that and esthotic concepts. Rather caparble of moving one,s emo- sensualism of the early Renais- than illustrations of the subjects tions in such a corn,plex way, as sance was far away, it wa,s being of the Bible, his figu,r,es are Michelangelo Buonarroti. replaced with asceticism, he was more a,n expressicn of the emo- In present-day bourgeois-revi- rior,i'living in aworldwhich was tions of the epoch in which the sionist Europe, in the Europe alien to him. Michetangelo mar. artists 1ived. Michelangelo re- of the formalist decaden,t ked the culmination of the Re- cognised the force of action of ar,t, weary of advertisements, naissance, but also the begin- the work of art, not so much drugs, religio'us preachings, ning of its declin,e. In his crea- through the illustration of fa- alon,g side the concited nonsen- tivity, which was almost enti- b1es, facts, stories, as through se of the modernist artists who lely specially commissioned, generalisations of moments try and to weld together bits of Michelangelo ,did not express phen,omena. iron and gather up roots, tins, the requirements of the client So many centuries have elap- and stones in the modern afi of the tirne, no ! He expressed sed and the work of Michelan- ALBANIA TODAY 2 (21), 1975 o 57

press reyrew ge,1o lives on. In the present- When you see the ccld sta- people, who want their works day bourgeois Italy of govern- tues i,n many mus,eums and to be imbued with the powerful mental crises, the work of this squares ycu understand what emotions of o,ur epoch, to be artist of genius has been sur- genius 1ay hidden i,n those po- hymns to the beauity and heroism rounded by the bourgeois ma- werful hands, in ithose sharp of men and women, to inspire, niacs, by the p,riests and nuns, eyes, iin the aching heart of move, and educlte, with their and has been transformed, into that stocky figure of a man. ideologicrl and esthetic values. a means of profit. Near the He could not ,endure flatterers Michelangelo, this indornitable statue of Moses, placed at gro- and servility. He preserved his believer in the Repr.rblic, never und level (not as conceived own dignity, being very stern lost his democratic features. He b1, the author 4-5 me,tres above towards the mtandane society. d.id not become a caurtier for the level of the eyes) an illumi- He worked with an unrestraina- title and rank, and never dressed nating apparatus functions. To b1e tem,po which stemmed from in the expensive silks and vel- see Michelangelo's work i11u- scrupulous prepa,ratory work on vets of his contemporaries. minated you must put coins in his drawings, models and rough On this 500th anniversary of the s1ot. You must pay to visit copies. Even at the age of 89, Michelangelo's birth, we go museurns, you al,so have to pay he did not 1ay down his chisel beyond the bourgeois ugliness, the guide for acc:mpanying you urrtil six days before his death. beyond the rusty bits of iron, around the works of this great Now progressive mankind boxes, and tins of the present- artist, as well as for the hire of bcws with veneration befor.e day bourgeois art; Michelan- an apparatus which plays a re- the great work of Michelangelo gelo's beautiful drawings, fres- ccrded commentary. But-no bar- Buonarroti. c.es and statues march right rier whatever crts off Michelan- Through his esthetic i,deals over them, bringing to the pre- gelo from the hum,an emotiolls, Michelangelo is alive even now sent day from the dimness of which he knerv and expressed in the hearts of those artists centuries gone by, their vivid so well in his works. who want to be sons of the and innovatinE humanism.

I ATU RESOLUTELY STRUGGTE FOR THE TBIUMPH OF THE ANTI.IMPEEIALIST REVOLUTIONABY CLASS LINE IN THE WORI,D TR,q.DE UNION MOVEMENT

,PUNA., organ oI the Cenrttal Oouncil ol ,tlte ATU.

The Albanian Trade Unions, pr:ogress, and against racial Lhe tleachery of the leaders of party, led and inspired by the di s,crimination. the Wortrd Trade Union Federa- are carrying out extensive vi- Implementing the line of the tio'n, who, strictly applying the gorous and many-sided a,ctivi- PLA, the Albanian Trade Unions ideology and policy of the So- ties in the world tra.de union have waged on exte,nsive and viet revisionists, abandoned the movement. They have unreser- irreccncilable struggle in the line of the class and anti-impe- vedly backed and supported the trade union and international rialist struggle of the trade national liberation sti.uggles of field to expose all the anti- union movement, e,mbra,ced the the peoples for freedom, natio- worker, opportunist, and refor- line of capitulation and class nal independence and 6ocia1 mist trends and, in particular, ccllaboration with the monopo- 5E.2 1211, 1975 ALBANIA TODAY

press feuiew 1y bourgeoisie, transforming power,s, with their arnbitions In the present collditions of themselves into a fire brigade for world domination and the the further deepening of the to restrict and quell the revo- division of spheres o,f influence. general crisis of capitalism, lutionary actions of the workinE It is precisely as a lesult of which has engulfed all the po- clarss. In the fierce class battles irts internationalist line and con- litical, ideologicrl, economrc, so- the differentiation of for,ces is sirstent principled struggle cial, and other sph,eres, in the be'coming increasingly accen- against imperialism,,social i,mpe- condilions of a further intensi- tu,aLted, while the new ,revolu- rialism and reactio'n that our fjcation of the class struggle tionary force,s led by the real working class and its trade in the capi,talist and revisionist Marxist-Leninist parties, are in- u,uions, enjoy the friendship, countries against US impcria- creasing and becoming tempered respect, anld revolutionary sup- lism and Soviet social imperia- tn strugEle against reformism port ,of the worring ,cla,ss a,nd lism, of the ex[ension of the and revisionisrn. In this strrlggle the trade union and progressi- na.tional liber.abion s,truggles in they will become even stronger ve movement in the world. Not various areas of the world, as and will s,co,-re new victories. o,nly were they not i,solated as in Africa, Asia, La[in America, As an organisation with a the Soviet revisionist trade and elsewhere, the ATU, 1ed marked political characterr, the un,ion chieftains and those of by the Party and alrned with Albanian Trade Uni,ons have the WFTU strove to bring about, comrade Enver Hoxha's tea- waged and continue to wage a but o,n bhe contrary, they in- chings as always, will fight sti1l grealt stru,ggle for the exposure creased the number of their harder to stren,gthen worker of the aggressive po1iry and fri,ends all al1ies in all parts of solidaritty and wa,ge the anti- plots of the two sllrperpowers the wdrld and extended and iraperialist olass struggle against against the freedom and inde- strengthened their international imperialism, social imperialism, pendence of the pe,oplres of the ties and relations. Thus, now and all the enemies of the work- entine wo,rld. They have drawn the ATU maintain fraternal ties inE class, aga.inst capitalist the attention of the working of coltraboration wibh more than exploi,tation, for democracy and class in all counLries to the dan- 210 national trade union certres social jus,tilce, for the final vic gers posed by the collaboration and fed,erations in 82 countries tory of the cause of the prole- anC ,rivalry of the two s,uper- of the world. ta,riat and sccialism. r A MEMORABLE EVENT IN THE FRATERNAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ALBANIAN AND VIETNAMESE PEOPLES ,BASHKIMIfr

Twen,ty-five years ago diplo- consolri,dation of the fraternal Enven Hoxha at the head, al- matic retrations were esLablished friendship and close oollabora- ways standing sthoulder to between p,e,opleis the Republic tion between our two coiun'tries. shoulder with the Vietnamese of Albania and the Demccratic The Albanian peopl,e, educa- people, have followed their Rep,ublic of Vietn,am. This me- ted in the srpirit of proletarian struggl,e against the imperialist morable event paved the way internationalism, by their pa,r- cclonisers and 1oca1 traitors, for to the furLher exten,sion and ty of Labour with oomrade national liberatio,n and sccial ALBANIA TODAY 2 1211, 1975 . 59

heavY lance, to defend the socialist press tevtew progress, with d,eeP sYmPathy. gon too1s. Despite the gains North, to an The establishment of the Peo- blows received from the libera- in the Put plets power in our two coun- tion strugg1e of the brave an'd end once and for atrl to the imPeria- tries creatred conditions for all- freed'om-loving Vietnamese Peo- interference of the US lound fraternal ties and real ple, and flagrantly violatin'g the lists, to liberrabe Soruth Vietnam militant friendship. Paris Agreement, the United and reunite the homeland. The gleat victories of the State,s is cc,ntinuing its rrilitary The Atrbanian people will al- ju,st Vietnamese people, achieved un- engagemen,t in that cou'ntrY in way's support the struggl€ der the leadership of the Viet- many ways. US imperialism is of the Vietnamese people for namese Wolkers PartY, wifh striving to achieve its fiendish the reali'sation o,f their lawf u1 the respeched FIo Chi Minh at aims of forcing the Vietnamese aspirations. Commemorating the the head, in the sccialist con- people to their kne,es, of Per- 25lh annlersary of the estab- structio,n of the Demccratic Re- petuating the ocoupation of lishmenrt of diptromatic relationrs pu'blic of Vi,etnam, in the de- South Viertnam and turning it between ou,r two countries, the fence of independence and for into a ,oolorny and a base f or Alhanian people extend warm the unificetion of the homeland, aggression against the Dernocra- levolutionary greetings to their against US imperialism and its tic Repu,blic of Vietnam and the brothers of heroic Vietnam. We Saigon p,uppets, are considered other Asian countries. The coI- express our firm ccnviction that by our people as their own vic- losa1 sums of money granted to the friendlship and olose colla- tories. ,Our countl'y,, comrade the puppert Thie,rl clique, are boration between our two peo- Enver Hoxha pointed out in his another expression of this ag- ples and countries will d,evelop October 3 speech, ,r,esolutelY gre,ssive policy being oibstinate- and grow ever stronger. On supp,orts the just struggle of iy pursued by the Washington this mornorable day in the his- the Vietnamese people for the However the Vietnamese peo- tory of our mutual fraternal re- people liberalion o,f South Vietnam, the p1e, who have a weahh of ex- lations, the Atrbania.n bhe Viet- cief enoe of the Democratic Re- perie,nce in their strug,g e for whole-heartedly wish public of Vietnatr, and the reu- freedom and ind,ependence, are name,se people, under the leader- r':ification of the ho'meland,. not afraid of brute force and ship of their Workers Party, new, The great successes achieved are no,t deceived by the ma- sti1l greater victor.ies in the so- by the VieLn'amese p,e,ople on noeuvres and plolts 'of their ene- cialisi construction of the North, their road to freedom, indePen- nries. Life has taught therr to the rdefence of the Democratic dence, and social progress, have keep a firm grrip at their wea- Republic of Vietna,m, the libera- always disturbed the US imPe- porls and to ceaselessly in- tio,n of the South, and the reu- rialis'ts and their obedient Sari- crease their revolutionary vigi- nification of the ho,meland. r THE SOVIET ARMY.AN ARMY OF OCCUPATION AND OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLES

,ZERJ I POPTJLLIT,

The lransiiion of Soviet revi- volutionary trans'f ormatio,ns 1n Soviet Union. In the framework sio,n,ism to social im,perialism is the base, and the politi,cal and oI the comp,lete liquidati,on of connected with all the counLerre- ideological superstructure of the the dictatorshi,p o,f the Proleta- 60.2 1211,197s ALBANIA TODAY

press reuiew riat and its replacement rthe with of new bourgeoisie. Un- and independenoe, into arl army the dlctatorship of the new bridled careerism, the m,ilitarist of cccupation and oppression of bourgeoisie, the Soviet party a,nd aggressive spirit, conceit, bhe peoples, moulded wirth the and ,state chan,ged their charac- arbitrarity and dornineeri,ng ar.e spirit of gteat Russi,an chauvi- ter, being transform,ed into tools some of the characieristics o,f nism, witth the spirit of colonial of the revisionists to pr,eserve the Marsha,ls, Generals, and the nationa,l enslavement. Now and strengthen therir politioal other senio,r officers of the put- Russian chauvinism is using the and eoo,nomic do,mination. The schist and fascist Soviet army. army to keep the other non- army, too, in that country, as These,strutting rank-bearer,s are Rus,sian nations ,in capbivity, to an element of the sup,erstruc- zealous executers of the orders que1l any national feeling of ture, has b,een transformed to ci thre Kremlin rulers; they are those nations and to Russify its very foundations, from an watch.i6g5 in defence of the them completely. More than army o,f the workers and pea- inrterests o,f the domi.nation of once the ar:ny and the tanks sa,nts, frorn an army the the new of Soviet capitalists. As of the new Kremlin czars have dicLatorship of the proletariat, such, they also influence the been sent rto suppres,s revolts into an army of the bo,r.rr.geois home and foreign polioies of and demonstrations in Georgia, type, an aggressive, putschis,t, the cor.lntry. The squabbles and the Ukraine, the Baltic Repu_ fascist, barracks army. divisitons in the ranks of the bl,ics, and o,ther regions of the Whose hand it is in, the inte- ruling dlique of the Kremlin courltry. rests of which class irt defends, have made reliance oa special ,US imperialism and Bus- define the characber groups of of an ar. the mitritary caste sian imperiali,sm", comrade my. At present the Sovie,t army neoessary. In order rto strengthen Enve,r Hoxha has poi,nted out, iis a weapo,n in the hands of the his position in the ruling *are cli- leadi,ng the world to a,no- r.cw Soviet bourgeoisie, que, 1n rece,nt years ser.ving Brezhniev, ther wortrd war more terrible to strengthen its rule himself, the head and its of Soviet so- than alll the o,thers. These two imperialist aims, cial im,perialism, brought the are responsible for the great The anti-Marxist and. Defense Minister, fascist Gnechko, in,to cri,ses of the prers,ent-day, they character of the present-day the ::anks political So- of the are cornpeting with one another viet army is seen Bureau in the fact of the revisionist par- for wortrd hegemony, struggling that irt has rai,sed and aimed ty to capture markets, which i,ls weapons against own The its Soviet Union has been means to occupy and enslave people, and has s,uppressed and transformed into a prison of peoplers,. The present-day Soviet cirowned i,n blood the r:evolts the peoples. The regime iln po- army iis o,ne of the pillars of of the Soviet working people. wer is ba,sed on violence and this aggressive and expansio,nist The present day Soviet army has fascist oppregsrion, o,n the reci- policy pursued by the Soviet been moulded with reactionary procal distrust, disputes and socral imperialist in their inter_ fasoist ideology, with counterre- enmities, among the different national relations. It has been volotionary and a,ntiiporpular national,ities. The army, too, as transformed into an aggressive, id,eas and concepts. It has ptraced part a of this superstructure occupation army, educated in the interelsts o.f the class domi" has been transformed from an the spirit of hatred fo,r the peo- nation of the Soviet bourgeoisie atmy of fraternisation arrrong ples of other co,untries, with th,e above everythi:ng. The men di- nations, frorn a,n army of the desir,e to oppress and persecute recti,rlg it forrn a special caste liberabion ,oppressed of nations them. The reaility of our days which e,njoys speciarl the care and of defe,nce of their freedom provides numerous facbs testi- ALBANIA TODAY 2 1211, 1975 . 61

press revrew fying to the anti-Marxist, ag- countries werer increased by tries. On the other hand, contra- gressive, fascist, characler and more than 100.000 in oompari- dictions exist between the revi- nature of the Soviet arrny. son with one year ago, 18 joint sionists of the countries of the The ba,lbarous a,ggression military exercises were carried Moscrw emplre and the Soviet against Czechoslovakia, catried out, which is 25 per cent more soci,al imper,ialists irn all fields, o't.lt y the Soviet army, cMas the than in 7973, and 2.000 tanks the military field in,olud,ed. first rnanifestation of the appli- of the ,T-62. lype were adderd, Thus, for instancq the Hunga- cation in practice of an aggr,es- etc. The rnain theme of the mi- ria",n revisionists want to reduce sive and chauvinistic policy of litary rnanoeuvres has been of- tleir financial obligations for the fascist typ,e, the signal f or. fensive warlare and paratroop the Soviet troops in that coun- the beginning of a great o,ns- exercises. The Soviet social im- try; the Poles and Czechoslovaks laught ,against the freedom and perialists have afiso created a,n are opposed to the irncrease of independence of the p,eoples. army with specialized para- nrilitary expenditure in the fra- The armed provocatio,ns and troopers and a mobile corrps mework of the aggress,ive War- arttacks against the People's Re- with 100.000 soldiers who move saw Tr,eaty, for such a thinE has public of China in 1969 showed from one country to anorther. In a negative influence on and in- that the rnadness of the fascist order to com,ptre,te1y e,nslave the creases their economic diffcul- adventurers ruling itn the Krem- East European revisionist coun- ties. Ihere ar,e other contradic- lin knows no limits; they de- tries from ,the political and mi- tions also,, with ,rega,rd to the monstrated the application ln litary viewpo,int, the Kremlin increase of the effective of the practice of the o1d great-Rus- neo-czarisrt rutrers and their ar- Soviet arrnies ,in ,these coun- sian expansionist czarist policy. my Generals have dermanded tries, over the question of the Paratrtrel with this ibla,tantly the steppinrg up o,f miilirtary ma- produotion o,f ar.maments and aggressive actlvity, on the quiet noeuvres in these ,countries, the military equipment, and over the Soviet army has also rein- buiiding or arllocating of special supplying weapoms, etc. Al1 this, forced its occupation of Polancl, ra-ilway ,lines for rnili,tary trans- however, is expressed within the I:Wlgary, the Ger.man Democra- porb, that the respecrtive cou1l- limit defined by the conductor's tic Republic, Bulgar.ia, and Mon- tries pay the costs of military baton. golia. In these co,untries it has constructions for the Soviet ar- The aggressive Soviet army is been concentrated in cities and my, ,that the military industries ,seen today also in oither regions villages, and enjoys a special of the German Democralic Re- of th,e world'. For exa;mple, the status which only an aggressor public, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Soviet naval fl,eeit is present on and occupationist army can and other countries, specia- all the seas and oceans, in the have. Thro,ugh the Warsaw lise in producing spare parts Mediterranean, the Indian Trearty, this instru,ment of op- for Soviet weapons and so Ocean, the Atlantic, Pacific, and pression and aggressio,n, the So- on. other oceans. It openly carries viet sooial imperialists also de- The occupation regim.e of the out the policy of strengttr and cide the policy and rnake law Scviet social i.mperialists in the b1a.ckrna,il1, everywherg aoti,ng in these countries. In order to East European revi,sionist coun- parallel with the policy and di- preserve their irnperial rtrle, tries has aroused the indignation plornacy of pressure exerted by from y,ear ,to year they are an,d revolt of the working mas- the Russiam ilnperialists on the increasing theil military forces, ses. There,is open ho,stility which peoples of sovereign coun- armaments, and manoeuvres. is growing with every passing lries. During ithe past year atrone, the day between the occupabionists The peoples of the world who Soviet occupation troops in these and ,the peoples of these coun- have still fre,sh in their memory 62'o 2 l2rl, 1975 ATBANIA TODAY

press reuiew the glorious epic of the army of army of the counterrevolution one pointed out by comrade Sta,lin in World War Two, clearly and the bourgeois d,ictatorship; Enver Hoxha, that *rthe Soviet see how 1ow the present Soviet from an army of the liberation sotrdier must turn the weapons arrny has isunk. Frorn an army of the oppnessed and enslaved they give him to enslave others, of the r.evolution and the dicta- peoples, it has now become an against the trsurrper clique, in torship of the proletariat, as aggressive army, an army of ord.er to return to his counrtry Lenin and Stalin creafted it 57 occupa.tion and oppressiool of irts former gflory, the narne and ,ears ago, it has been transfor- the peoples. The only way to honour tramrpled in the rnud by med by the revisionists into an overturn rthis sifuaHon is the the traitors a,nd renegades,.

r SPIRITUAL ALLIANCE AND PRACTICAL COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE VATICAN AND THE REVISIONIST CTIQUES

,ZERI I POPULLITo

Two prelates of the Va'tican, shop Poggi's visit to Poland will they feudals, ibourgeois or revi- the arch-bishops Casaroli and oontribute to the further pro- sionists and rthe spiritual ensla- Poggi have been visiting Cze- gress of the process of norma- vement of the working masse6, chos,lovakia and Poland, respec- lisation n,ot only as a result of the general curbi,nrg ,of all revo- tively. Their me,etirngs and talks his tatrks and ,meeting with the lutionary and progressive mo- with the official and religious representatives of the Polish vement. uOn the general bac- circles of tlese countries wer.e authorities, but also as a result ground of bourgeois degtenera- centered on finding new ways of his direct contacts with the tion,, comrade Enver Hoxha has and means to str.eng'then the clergy*. pointed out referring to the si- po,sitions of the ob,scurantist The visils of ,emi,ssaries of tuation in the revisionist co,un- clergy and to pr.o,mote ithe rela- the Valica,n to these countries tries, ,because of the internal ti,ons and collaboration between are now quite usual and wel- and external political circum- the centrre of medioeval obscu- comed by ithe revisionist cli- stances, indeed using even the rantisrn and the new Czechostro- ques. This is because there is church for social imperialist r,,ak and Polish bo'urgeoisie. Ac- conformity of interests beLween aimrs, r.eligious propaganda is cording to the Czechoslovak re- the new revisionist rbourgeoisie being extended there, churches vrtsionist news ageacy ,,GETE- and clerica,l reaction at home and the clergy are increasing, KA-, the talks in Pragrue, were and abroad. In all the countries the reactionary, old obscuran- held in a ,frank realistic and in which the revisionisbs are in tist ru;bbish of ,the Middle Ages positiver atrnosphere. On the power today, religion, as an or- is being revived*. Now, in the other ha,nd, the Polish revisio- ganic part of the superstruc- Soviet Union and the other re- nist newspaper, ,Zycie Wars- ture, has that tsame lole and visionist countries, religion and zawys wrote in connection with mission it has had thr,ough ,the its inslitutions have gained com- the visit of ,the other missionary centuries: the sanctification plete freedom of ac[ion. The of the ,Holy See,, rlha! archbi- of the power of ithe nr,lers, be new Soviet bourgeoisie has suP- r-

ATBANIA TODAY 2 1211. 1975 o 63

press teYrew ported and financed the con- the individual with 6ocielY,, ve visited the Pontiff's palace. struction of churches in all parts but has always tied up the The epoch of close political co- of the country. Today the So- oppressed ctrasses with belief in llaboration between the clerical viet Union has 7.500 parishes the divine character of the oP- reaction and the Soviet social and 73 dicceses. In Poland the- pressorstr. In the present day imperialists which was opened re are, at present 27 arch-d,io- conditions the clergy, whether by Khrushchov, has been ,even ceses and dioceses with 7.000 of the west or o.f the east is more zealously continued by the parishes. In recent years alone, adapting itself to the ,new inLer- Brezhnev clique which has sent 500 churches have been re- nal and external cilcurnstances, Pod,gorny, to see the Pope, and constructed and 600 new ones and i,ts propaganda has become Gromyko, too, on several oca- have been built in Poland. In more sophisticated and danrge- sions. On the o her hand, the Hungary, too, the advent to po- rous. In the revisionist co rntries revi,sionist cliques of Eastern wer of the revisionists, br.ought the clergy it training !,arge con- Europe, on Moscow's example, happy days, also for clerical tinEents of priests, preachers did not lag behind in this di- obscurantisrn and Jesuitism. and d,emagogues of obssuran- rection. The revisionist Ministers The head of the Hung,arian re. tism with university diplomas. and the emissaries of the ,Holy visionists hirnself, Kadar, has The Soviet Unio,n has religious Seen come and g,o, declared that ,the Roman ca- seminaries and universities in The Soviet social imperialists tholic church is striving to Mos.cow, LeninErad, Odessa, and and the other revisionist part- find i,ts place in this modern eXsewhere. Zagorsk, in the vici- ners need the s'ervices of the wor1d,, uity of Moscow, otherwise called clergy and the Vatican, not only The revival of religion as an the Russ,ian Vatican, has been to be,fuddle and rnistread the obscurantist ideol,ogy and coun- transformred into a centre where toi,ling masses in their countries, terrevolutionary and reactiona- hundreds of priests are trained but also to spread the pacifist ry practice is connecLed wi,th fo,r the parishes in the Soviet ra,i,nd of capitula,tion and the spi- the en,tire process of the capi- Union. lit of reconciliatio.n and com- promis;e talist degeneration which has In view of the extension and in the inter.national occurred in the Soviet Union preaching of r,eligious ideologv arena. The various demagogic and in the other revisionist the bourgeoisie of the revisio- irnperialist-revi:sionist conferen- counrtries of Eastern Europe. I,ts n,ist ,cou,ntries has also encoura- ces being held in Europe now, extension and development are ged the setting up of a whote and the bilateral Soviet-US talks, a necessity to defend the dicta- network of mass media. In the have united the preachers of torship of the bourgeoisie, to Sovlet Union religious obscuran- imperialism, revisio'nism, and befuddtre the proletariat and tist lirterature is published and l.he Vatican, in a single chorus, the other labotrring masses of sold. In Polan'd thele are a num- The,Holy See, has begun to ta- these countrie,s and keep them ber of press orEans which are ke an active part in the discu- in ignoramce ssion of nrany probl,ems pre- and darkness. "The Cirectly administered by the Ro- of idea of god,, V.I. Lenin points man catholic dlergy, sent-d,ay international relartions. ,lulled out, rfi4s alway,s to sleep The attitude of the revisionist Casaroli, who is known in fact, and stupefied ,social feelingso cliques towards internal clerical as the Minister of Foreign Af- replacing the living with the reaotion has also led to the fails of the Vatican, during his dead, and is always the idea strengthening o,f collaboration recent visit to Czechoslovakia, of slavery (the worst slavery with the ehief eentre of medie. talked with depu,ty Premier Lu- witho,ut any way ourt). The val obscurantis,m, the Vatikan. kan and Foreign Minister Hnou- idea of god has n,ever ,linked Many revisionist chiefbain,s ha- pek, also about a series of in- 64a2 lztl, 1975 ATBANIA TODAY

press reuiew ternational problems and, parti- but sternrs from their having the countries into capitalist coun- cu1ar1y, about European pro- same class character, from their bries. But neither the fascist blems. In connectio,n with these common interests and aims, violence and revisionist demago- talks the Czechoslovak revisio- The r.evival of re,ligious obscu- gy, nor the preachings of the nist news agency "QETEKA", rantist ideoloEy and the streng- lccal priests and he po,pes of pointed out tha,t the two sides thening of ties and collaboratio,n the Vatikan will be able to en- .had identical or very similar with the Vatican are one of the s,lave the soutrs of the peoples .the views about majority of the aspects of the process of coun- of these countries in their problems discusse,d". This iden- terrevolutionary changes in the efforts to win real freedom and lity of views is not accidental, degeneration of the revisionist socia,li6m, - ,loy oF THE V.CTORY,, work ol the pai:tter N. jonuzi, beauti lully r etlecting lhe joy of the partisans tuho shelled the Assembly ol the traitors Qathered in Tirana on Oc'tobet 1E,1943 to serue the Nazi occtrpationists. Albaniatoday